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Module 6: Using APA Format

Overview & Objectives


This module focuses on the use of the 6
th
edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (APA) (2010) as a style guide in academic writing. The module
should help you to
understand the social context of academic citation practices
distinguish etween !ournalistic and academic norms of citation
learn how to use APA format to cite sources in the ody of your papers
learn how to format reference lists according to APA format
understand how to paraphrase from sources without plagiari"ing
ecome familiar with the #ef$or%s citation tool a&ailale to ' of ( students
Readings & Resources
Andre) *.) + ,ontgomery) -. (2010). Using sources effectively & citing sources correctly: Focus on
APA format .Powerpoint/ . #etrie&ed 0eruary 1) 2011) from http233www.ucalgary.ca3
writingsupport3apa2004
APA. (2010). Four sample papers using APA format. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233search.apastyle.org35facet6stylecontenttype27ample820paper+9uery6 .:ote2 if this
lin% doesn;t ta%e you to the papers) use the <sample papers= lin% on the left hand menu/
APA. (2001a). The basics of APA style. .PowerPoint/. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3asics>tutorial.aspx5imw6?
APA. (2001). What's ne in the si!th e"ition . .PowerPoint/. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3rief>guide.aspx
APA. (2001c). What's ne in the si!th e"ition of the APA manual. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233apastyle.apa.org3manual3whats>new.aspx
APA. (2001d). Fre#uently as$e" #uestions about APA style. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233apastyle.apa.org3learn3fa9s3index.aspx
APA (producer). (2001e). %igital &b'ect ("entifiers )%&(s*: +o to fin" %&(s in Psyc(,F& .&ideo/.
A&ailale from http233www.apa.org3flash3pus3dataases3tutorials3doi3index.aspx
-re"ible citation practice is more than a matter of selective #uotation. fluent paraphrase.
accurate summary. avoi"ance of plagiarism. an" precise punctuation. (t is an act of buil"ing
community. collaboratively constructing share" $nole"ge. )/ose. 0112. p. 34*
Introduction: Te social conte!t o" citation #ractices
,ost students understand that in academic writing they are expected to cite their sources
whene&er they orrow information or ideas from other writers@whether they 9uote directly
from the source or paraphrase (present the orrowed information or ideas in their own
words). Although citation styles &ary among disciplines) the practice of explicitly citing
sources sets academic writing apart from other %inds of writing) including newspaper or
maga"ine articles and e&en non>fiction oo%s for a general audience. Tale A.1 highlights
some of the %ey differences etween !ournalistic and academic norms of citation.
Table $%&: 'ournalistic vs Academic (orms o" )itation
Journalistic Norms of Citation
(in newspapers, magazines, etc.) Academic Norms of Citation
Citations for
information
from a source
Information about sources is often
missing, incomplete, or vague (e.g.,
Researchers have found)
ll borrowed information or references
to research are accompanied b! e"plicit
in#te"t source citations.
Citation style
$hen sources are cited, the citations
are t!picall! informal references
embedded directl! in sentences without
footnotes, endnotes, or in#te"t
parenthetical citations.
%itations alwa!s follow a standard st!le
li&e ', (), %hicago, or I*** st!le. In#
te"t citations t!picall! ta&e the form of a
footnote, numbered reference, or
parenthetical citation (with author, !ear,
and page number for +uotations).
Reference list
%omplete publication information for
sources or a reference list is almost
never included.
reference list in a standard citation st!le
is alwa!s included. %omplete publication
information is given for all sources.
Plagiarism
,ailure to e"plicitl! and completel! cite
a source for research or borrowed
information is generall! not considered
a problem. -owever, cop!ing another
writer.s words without ac&nowledging
the source is a serious offence in
/ournalism.
,ailure to e"plicitl! cite a source for bor#
rowed information is a serious academic
offense (plagiarism) as is cop!ing another
writer.s words without using +uotation
mar&s. 0tudent writers found guilt! of
plagiarism ma! fail a course, face
academic probation, or even be e"pelled.
$hen students write academic papers) they may cite sources simply to a&oid charges of
plagiarism. Bowe&er) according to #ose (1116)) students who consider citation simply as a
mechanical or ethical oligation misunderstand the deeper roles that citation practices play
in academic discourse. #ose writes2
The scholarly writer . . . uilds her identification with oth her readers and the other
writers she cites in her text as she negotiates for a place in a relati&ely small and
well>defined community. $hen she incorporates words) ideas) and conclusions
which ha&e already appeared elsewhere) she does not present these ecause they
are unfamiliar to her readers so much as she presents them as a reminder to the
disciplinary colleague of %nowledge they presumaly ha&e in common. (1223, p. 41)
0or #ose) then) citation practices allow writers to identify them>sel&es as memers of aca>
demic communities. Cy citing sources) students demonstrate familiarity with research on
a topic and egin to estalish their own authority as researchers.
(itation practices also reflect the understanding that new %nowledge logically uilds on
pre&ious research. As Ca"erman (1144) has pointed out) ha&ing the author and year of
each research source cited in the ody of a paper) as is APA>style citations) ser&es as a
&isile reminder to readers that the present research uilds on past research. And ecause
APA>style citations include the date of the sources) they allow writers to display their
familiarity with the most current sources. $hen we consider the role that using and citing
sources play in the academic acti&ities of %nowledge uilding) we can egin to understand
the reasons ehind the stringent rules go&erning citation of sources in academic contexts.
A note about #ara#rasing
Cefore we go on to the details citation formats) let;s ta%e a minute to re&iew the asics of
paraphrasing. ,any students seem to thin% that it;s all right to ta%e a passage from a
source) sustitute a few words here and there) and present the resulting sentence in their
paper as long as they include an in>text parenthetical reference and a corresponding
reference list entry. Dn fact) e&en if they cite the source in such cases) they still could e
accused of plagiarism.
(onsider the following passage ta%en from Proctor and Pre&att (200E)) which discusses a
model for diagnosing learning disailities2
5ra"e6level "iscrepancy mo"els) also called "eviation from gra"e level) loo% for a diff>
erence etween the child;s actual grade placement and his or her achie&ement le&el
as indicated y grade>e9ui&alent scores. Dn this model) actual grade placement almost
ser&es as a proxy for aility@that is) where the child should e functioning. (p. F60)
:ow consider the following unacceptale and acceptale paraphrases of this passage. Dn
the unacceptale paraphrase) the writer cites the source ut relies too hea&ily on the
sentence structure and wording from the original passage. :ote that the underlined
passages are ta%en directly from the source and that the sentence structure follows the
source closely. Df that paraphrase appeared in a student paper without 9uotation mar%s) it
would e considered unacceptale>>and potentially as an instance of plagiarism. Dn
contrast) in the acceptale paraphrase) only the %ey term>>grade>le&el discrepancy models>>
has een preser&ed from the original. Df this is a commonly used term to descrie these
models in the field) a writer could use the term without using 9uotation mar%s.
Unacceptable paraphrase:
5ra"e6level "iscrepancy mo"els focus on the difference etween the child;s actual
grade le&el and his or her achie&ement le&el. Dn this model) actual grade placement
generally indicates the le&el at which the child should e functioning (Proctor +
Pre&att) 200E).
Acce#table #ara#rase:
Grade>le&el discrepancy models can e used to diagnose learning disailities in
children y comparing their actual grade le&el to their score on grade>normed tests
(Proctor + Pre&att) 200E).
As you can see) paraphrasing without crossing the line into plagiarism re9uires good !udge>
ment and attention to detail. $hene&er you paraphrase information) always chec% to see
that you ha&en;t inad&ertently used chun%s of wording from the original or relied hea&ily on
the original sentence structure. Df you ha&e) you will need to re&ise or to use 9uotation
mar%s around phrases lifted from the original. :ote that you may find it easier to paraphrase
without ha&ing the original text open in front of you. Hf course) whether you;re paraphrasing
or 9uoting) you always need to cite your source.
APA documentation st*le: Te basics
The next section of this module reproduces a short handout on APA style a&ail>ale from
the ' of ( $riting 7upport ser&ices wesite at http566www.ucalgar!.ca6writingsupport6apa7889
Df you expect to use APA format for future courses) you should consider in&esting in a copy
of the APA Publication Manual. The ,anual ser&es as a &aluale des%top reference as it
pro&ides a lot of information eyond the asics of citation. 0or example) it co&ers matters of
writing style) grammar) ias in language) con&entions of punctuation) spelling) and
capitali"ation) and the formatting of figures) tales) running heads) and appendices.

+ocumenting ,ources: Te APA Format
*ffective $riting 'rogram, :niversit! of %algar! :pdated ,eb. 7811
-at is te APA "ormat.
This handout summari"es APA guidelines for documenting sources cited in written wor%I these
guidelines are ased on the 6
th
edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (2010). APA style is standard in many fields) including psychology) education)
nursing) and social wor%. This handout and lin%s to other APA resources are a&ailale in the
$riting #esources area of the Jffecti&e $riting wesite2 http566www.ucalgar!.ca6writingsupport6apa7889
Hther helpful resources on APA style are listed elow.
Information and tutorials available on the APA website:
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition .
(2010). :ote2 the APA ,anual is a&ailale at the uni&ersity oo%store and a copy is %ept
near the reference des% in ,ac-immie Kirary. 0or the online lin%) go to
http233apastyle.apa.org3
The asics of APA !tyle ..PPT with audio/. #ecommended for new users of APA) this
presentation explains the asics of in>text citations and reference list entries according to the
6th edition of the APA ,anual. The presentation also includes ad&ice on formatting le&els of
headings and a&oiding ias in language. 0or the online lin%) go to
http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3asics>tutorial.aspx5imw6?
"hat#s $ew in the !i%th &dition . .PPT with audio/. This presentation focuses on the
changes incorporated in the 6th edition of the APA ,anual. 0or the online lin%) see
http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3rief>guide.aspx
"hat#s $ew in the !i%th &dition of the APA Manual . This resource pro&ides a rief
printale summary of changes incorporated into each chapter of the latest edition of the APA
,anual. 0or the online lin%) go to http233apastyle.apa.org3manual3whats>new.aspx
're(uently As)ed *uestions about APA !tyle+ An extensi&e + helpful L+A resource
a&ailale at http233apastyle.apa.org3learn3fa9s3index.aspx
Four sam#le #a#ers using APA "ormat% To re&iew four sample papers including helpful
annotations aout APA style) clic% on <7ample paper (F)= in the left hand margin of this
page2 http233search.apastyle.org35facet6stylecontenttype27ample820paper+9uery6
APA (producer). (2001e). %igital &b'ect ("entifiers )%&(s*: +o to fin" %&(s in Psyc(,F&
.&ideo/. A&ailale from http233www.apa.org3flash3pus3dataases3tutorials3doi3index.aspx
-at sources must be documented in academic writing.
Dn academic writing) you must cite sources for all orrowed information) &isuals) and ideas>>
including material you ha&e paraphrased (put into your own words). Bowe&er) you should not
cite sources for generally %nown facts. Df in dout) cite your source.
-at does APA documentation consist o".
(omplete APA documentation consists of two elements2
an in/te!t citation at the point in your paper where you are presenting information
orrowed from a source or where you are referring to pulished researchI
a re"erence list gi&ing complete pulication information for all sources cited in the paper
(except for personal communications and for references to the Cile and the Lur;an).
Jxamples of in>text citations and reference list entries) along with formatting guidelines) are
included elow. $hile the examples are single>spaced) in APA format) you must doule space
your entire paper) including inset 9uotations and your reference list.
&% In/te!t citations "or #ara#rased ideas and in"ormation & re"erences to researc
Example 1 ;he high infant mortalit! rate in the :.0. ma! be attributed in part to the high cost of medical
insurance (0mith, 1223). 0mith (1223) found that economic...
Example 2 0mith (1223) concluded that the high infant mortalit! rate in the :.0. ma! be attributed in part
to the high cost of medical insurance. 0mith found that economic barriers to ade+uate
prenatal health care were higher for some ethnic groups.
0uidelines "or #a#er/based and online sources
(ite the author;s last name and the year of pulication in parentheses) as in example 1. Df the
author;s name appears as part of the sentence (example 2)) do not include it in the citation.
Place the closing period for the sentence after the parenthetical citation) as in example 1.
:ote that a parenthetical citation would not normally e included for a source cited earlier in a
paragraph if the author;s name is used in the narrati&e and if it;s clear that the same source is
eing referred to (as in example 2). Bowe&er) a citation for the year should e included if the
author;s name first appeared in a parenthetical citation) as in example 1.
$hen paraphrasing) a&oid using exact wording from the source. Df you ta%e wording directly
from a source) use 9uotation mar%s around the orrowed wording. Page citations are not
re9uired for paraphrased material) ut you may include them <when it would help an inter>
ested reader locate the rele&ant passage in a long or complex text= (APA) 2010) p. 1M1).
Example 3 0ome people have found vitamin * helpful for this problem ($a!s to overcome, n.d.).
0uidelines "or a source wit no autor or no date
0or a source without an author) use a short form of the title within 9uotation mar%s in the
citation) as shown in example E. 0or a source without a date) write <n.d.= (for no date) in
place of the date. $ote: generally) sources without an identifiale author or date of
pulication would not e considered credile sources in an academic paper.
Example 4 0ome researchers have noted a positive correlation between caffeine inta&e and heart
disease (%armichael, 1229< -aw&ins, 122=), while others ()umpas et al., 7888< $right >
$eston, 122?) have found conflicting results.
0uidelines "or multi#le autors or multi#le sources
$hen including more than one source in an in>text citation) arrange sources alphaetically
(as in the reference list) and separate them y semicolons. The APA ,anual ad&ises citing
<one or two of the most representati&e sources for each %ey point= (2010) p. 161).
0or sources with two authors) always cite oth authors. 0or sources with three to fi&e
authors) cite all authors in the first reference) and in suse9uent citations) use only the first
author;s name followed y <et al.= (not italici"ed and with a period after <al=). 0or sources
with six or more authors) use the first author;s name with et al. for all in>text citations.
'se the <+= symol to connect authors; names inside parenthetical citationsI outside
citations) use the word <and=
1% In/te!t citations "or 2uoted #assages less tan 34 words long:
Example 5 -alloran (1228) notes that concern with grammatical correctness in *nglish was essentiall! an
eighteenth#centur! invention (p. 133).
Example %oncern with grammatical correctness in *nglish was essentiall! an eighteenth#centur!
invention (-alloran, 1228, p.133).
Example ! 0harp (788?) found that there was no evidence of a lin& between people.s voting patterns and
their television viewing habits (para. @).
0uidelines "or citing #age and #aragra# numbers "or 2uoted #assages under 34 words
$hen 9uoting) use 9uotation mar%s and cite the page numer. 0or online sources with no
page numers) use paragraph numers (e.g.) para. A). Df necessary for clarity) cite
paragraph numers from specific sections of a document) for example>> (7mith) 2001)
(onclusion section) para. F) or ($eldon + #ice) 200M) <#easons for Program (hanges)=
para. 2).
Nelete any period or comma at the end of a 9uoted passage) ut retain 9uestion mar%s from
the original text. Place the period (or other end punctuation) after the parenthetical citation.
5% In/te!t citations "or 2uotations over 34 words:
Example " s -alloran (1228) notes, correct grammar has long been associated with social class#
In the competitive middle#class societ! of the nineteenth#centur!, spea&ing and writing
cor#rect *nglish too& on new importance as a sign of membership in the upper strata. . . .
ABC! attempting to impose a h!per#correct dialect on the generall! privileged students at
-arvard and the other established liberal arts colleges, -ill and others ma! actuall! have
strength#ened the linguistic obstacles to upward mobilit!. . . . ;he rhetoricians prepared
students to leap social hurdles, while at the same time elevating the hurdles. (p. 13=)
0uidelines "or bloc6 indent 2uotations
0or 9uotations o&er F0 words) indent the 9uoted passage fi&e spaces on the left) doule>
space) and do not use 9uotation mar%s or insert extra space efore or after the 9uotation.
Place the end punctuation efore the citation (not after) as with short 9uotations).
'se an ellipsis (three spaced dots) to indicate words left out of a 9uotationI use s9uare
rac%ets .li%e this/ to indicate words that you;&e added for clarity. The first letter of the first
word of a 9uotation may e changed from upper to lower case or &ice &ersa.
To introduce a long 9uotation effecti&ely) try preceding it with what could e a complete
sentence) followed y a colon (as in the example ao&e).
3% In/te!t citations "or sources ta6en "rom oter sources:
Example $ $right (1222) argues that drug companies hold governments hostage when the! refuse to
/ust# if! the cost of life#saving but highl! e"pensive medications (cited in ,rost > Drahn, 7888,
p. 9).
0uidelines
'se original sources rather than <second>hand= sources whene&er possile. Df you must use
a <second>hand= source) format your citation as shown in example 1. Pro&ide a reference list
entry only for the source you are wor%ing from@in this case) 0rost and -rahn (2000).
$% In/te!t citations "or #ersonal communications and class lectures:
Example 1% In 7887, the profits doubled (E. Bell, personal communication, (a! 4, 7884).
Example 11 ccording to Bell, the organization.s %*F, the compan!.s profits doubled in 7887 (personal
communication, (a! 4, 7884).
Example 12 %ritics at the time panned this film, which is now regarded as a masterpiece (B. Green,
:niversit! of %algar!, ,ilm 781 lecture, (arch 78, 788?).
0uidelines
0or personal communications (con&ersations) letters) and e>mails)) in>text citations should
include the name of the source) the words <personal communication)= and the date of the
communication. The citation should not include information already included in the sentence.
(ite course lectures only when necessaryI loo% for pulished sources ma%ing the point.
Personal communications should :HT e included in your reference list. Bowe&er) reference
list entries should e included for course notes if they are in hard>copy or electronic format.
Formatting an APA Re"erence 7ist
Page "ormatting: Type #eferences) centred at the top of a new page. Noule>space the entire list
and format entries using hanging indent format) as shown in the example at the end of this handout.
Arranging entries: Dnclude entries for all sources cited in your paper except personal communica>
tions. Arrange entries alphaetically y the first author;s last name and y the first %ey word in a
corporate author name (e.g.) The ':DOJ#7DT? of (algary). Df there is no author) place the title first
and alphaeti"e y the first %ey word in the title.
Autors8 names: Dn&ert all authors; names) putting the surname first) followed y initials (ne&er full
first names). Kist all authors of a wor% up to se&en) then add ellipses and the last author;s name.
Multi#le sources: 0or two or more wor%s y the same author or group) list the earliest wor%
first. Dnclude all authors; names in each entry. 0or two or more wor%s y the same author(s)
in the same year) add a lower>case letter (e.g.) 1114aI 1114) to the entries and the
corresponding in>text citations.
+ates: Df no pulication year is a&ailale) write (n.d.). in the date slot for the reference list
entry.
Titles: 'se normal type for article and chapter titlesI use italics for oo%) newspaper) !ournal)
and maga"ine titles. 0or oo% and article titles) capitali"e only the first letter of the first word.
(apitali"e the first letter of all %ey words of newspaper) maga"ine) and !ournal titles.
Page numbers: Dnclude inclusi&e page numers for all articles. $rite <p.= (or <pp.=) efore
page numers for oo% chapters and newspaper articles ut not for !ournal or maga"ine
articles.
+OIs "or online sources2 Nigital H!ect Ddentifiers (NHDs) are alphanumeric strings that
pro&ide a persistent lin% to electronic sources. $hen a&ailale) they should e included in
reference list entries for oth print and electronic sources. $hen you include a NHD in a
reference list entry) no '#K) data>ase name) or date of retrie&al is re9uired. Df a NHD is
una&ailale) cite the '#K of the !ournal;s home page. (Dnclude the '#K for online archi&es
such as J#D( or *7TH# for documents not a&ailale &ia other routes.) :ote2 (rossref.org
pro&ides a NHD search function and also pro&ides a ser&ice that ta%es readers to the online
article when they input an article;s NHD.
Retrieval dates: Dnclude retrie&al dates for online sources H:K? if the material is su!ect to
change (e.g.) $i%is). #etrie&al dates are not re9uired for !ournal articles or other texts not
li%ely to change.

Sample APA Reference List Entries
'ournal article wit doi:
$ellen) -. J.) + Botamisligil) G. 7. (200A). Dnflammation) stress) and diaetes. 7ournal of
-linical (nvestigation. 004(A)) 1111>1111. doi2 10.11M23*(D200A2A102
0uidelines:
(apitali"e only the first letter of the first word of article titles and sutitles) ut capitali"e the
first letter of all %ey words of *H'#:AK titles. Dtalici"e !ournal titles.
After the !ournal title) put a comma) followed y the &olume numer in italics) followed y the
page range. Df each !ournal issue egins at page 1) include the issue numer in parentheses
(not italici"ed) after the &olume numer (as shown in the ao&e example). Kea&e out the is>
sue numer for !ournals paginated continuously throughout the year) with the page numers
of one issue pic%ing up where the page numers of the pre&ious issue left off. ?ou may ha&e
to chec% se&eral issues of a !ournal in order to figure out if it;s paginated continuously or not.
Df a NHD (Nigital H!ect Ddentifier) is a&ailale) cite it) as shown ao&e. The NHD can sometimes
e found under a lin% or utton laelled Article. -ross6/ef) or the dataase name (e.g.
PubMe"). Df necessary) you can chec% or search for NHDs at (ross#ef.org . $hen citing a NHD)
lea&e out the dataase name or '#K.
No not cite a retrie&al date for !ournal articles (or other sources unli%ely to change).
'ournal article wit (O doi:
Baw%ins) (. (2004). Affirmations2 Bow to inspire students to re&ise. Pra!is: A Writing -entre
7ournal. 4(2). #etrie&ed from http233pro!ects.uwc.utexas.edu3praxis3
0uidelines:
Df a NHD is not a&ailale for an online !ournal article) write <#etrie&ed from= and then cite the
'#K of the !ournal home page) as shown ao&e. (ite the page range for the article if it;s
a&ailale. (:ote2 no page numers were a&ailale for the Baw%ins article ao&e.)
Maga9ine article :online & #a#er/based;:
Borton) 7. (2001) August). (ourt orders release of !u&enile prisoner at Gitmo. +arper8s Maga9ine.
#etrie&ed from http233www.harpers.org3
7utton) #. (111F) ,ay 10). Kandscaping trends. 5ar"ening Worl". 43(E). 2M>EE.
0uidelines:
0or maga"ine articles retrie&ed online) gi&e the '#K of the maga"ine;s home page.
Dnclude the full date and the &olume numer) issue numer) and page range) if a&ailale.
Article in a dail* news#a#er :online & #a#er/based;:
Kowey) ,. (111F) *une 11). 0acing the techno>gap. The -algary +eral") p. C4.
#ichards) G. (2001) *uly E0). Alerta police face stricter Taser rules. The -algary +eral".
#etrie&ed from http233www.calgaryherald.com3index.html
0uidelines:
Df an article appears on discontinuous pages) gi&e all page numers (separated b! commas).
Article "rom <RI) database:
7mith) #. #. (2006). Teaching :nglish to ne immigrants. #etrie&ed from J#D( dataase.
(JN2100EAE).
0uidelines:
0or informally pulished wor% on J#D() an educational resources dataase) cite the
dataase and document numer
=oo6s :#rint & online;:
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (6
th
ed.). $ashington N(2 Author.
Ca"erman) (. (1144). ;haping ritten $nole"ge: The genre an" activity of the e!perimental
article in science. .$A( (learinghouse Kandmar% Pulications in $riting 7tudies./ #etrie&ed
from http233wac.colostate.edu3oo%s3a"ermanPshaping3
*olliffe) N. A. (1111). (n#uiry an" genre: Writing to learn in college. Coston ,A2 Allyn and Cacon.
7cott) C. (. (2001). +ealth care for the <0
st
century. doi2 10>aEr002Eal!hd.261E
0uidelines:
(apitali"e only the first letter of proper nouns and of the first word of oo% titles and sutitles.
Dtalici"e oo% titles.
0or print oo%s) include the place of pulication and the state are&iation followed y a
colon and the name of the pulisher. Df the pulisher and writer are the same) identify the
pulisher as <Author= (as in the APA example ao&e)
0or oo%s a&ailale online (i.e.) electronic &ersions)) cite the doi (or the '#K if a doi is not
a&ailale)) as in the Ca"erman and 7cott examples ao&e.
Article or ca#ter in an edited boo6:
Balloran) 7. ,. (1110). 0rom rhetoric to composition2 The teaching of writing in America to 1100.
Dn *. *. ,urphy (Jd.)) A short history of riting instruction from ancient 5reece to
tentieth6century America (pp. 1A1>142). Na&is (A2 Bermagoras Press.
0uidelines:
Dnclude editors; names (with initials efore surnames). Dnclude the page range in parentheses
after the title and prefaced y pp.
<nc*clo#edia or re"erence wor6 entr*:
(affeine. (n.d.). The American heritage= ;te"man's me"ical "ictionary. #etrie&ed from
Nictionary.com wesite2 http233dictionary.reference.com3rowse3caffeine
0uidelines:
Cegin with the author;s name) if a&ailale. Df no author is gi&en) egin with the article title
Tecnical and researc re#orts:
7tatistics (anada. (2001). <>>2 -ensus: (mmigration in -ana"a: A portrait of the foreign6born
population. <>>2 -ensus: Fin"ings. (#eport :o. 1M>AAM>QDJ2006001). #etrie&ed from
http233www12.statcan.ca3census>recensement320063as>sa31M>AAM3index>eng.cfm
0uidelines:
0or paper>ased reports) include the place of location and the pulisher) as you would for a
oo%. Df the pulisher is the author) then write <Author= for the pulisher;s name.
>ideo:
Card) #. ($riter)) + Coynton) G. (Nirector). (200A). Going away .Tele&ision series episode/. Dn #.
-elley (Jxecuti&e producer)) Mystery Archives. Toronto) H:2 HTOA Croadcasting.
:o&a 7cience :ow (Producer). (2001). The science of pic$y eaters .NON/. A&ailale from
http233www.ps.org3wgh3no&a3sciencenow3archi&e3date>20010M21.html
0uidelines:
0or a t& program episode) use the same format as for a oo% chapter) ut list the script writer
and director in the author position and the producer in the editor position.
=log #ost:
7herman) A. (2001) *uly 24). Jxtra&agant eggs. #etrie&ed from http233coo%ingwithamy
.logspot.com3
0uidelines:
Df the author uses a screen name) use that in place of the author;s actual name.
Message #osted to a newsgrou#? online "orum? or discussion grou#:
*enson) (. (2001) April F). :e&er again .Jlectronic mailing list message/. #etrie&ed from
http233socialpower.groups.yahoo.com3group3calendula3message3F10
-eb sites:
'ni&ersity of ,innesota Kiraries. (n.d.) J&idence ased practice. #etrie&ed Hctoer 2E) 2004)
from http233www.iomed.li.umn.edu3learn3ep3index.html
$ays to o&ercome pain. (n.d.). #etrie&ed ,ay E) 2001) from http233www.painrx.com.html
0uidelines:
Cegin with the author;s nameI if no author or corporate author can e identified) mo&e the title
to the author slot. The second sample entry ao&e) with no author) would e cited in a paper
as follows2 (<$ays to H&ercome)= n.d.)
Df no pulication date is a&ailale) insert <(n.d.)= in that slot.
No not italici"e the title of an article on a wesite (!ust as you would not italici"e the title of an
article in a maga"ine). No italici"e the title of a report or oo% found on a wesite (as you would
for a print copies). (apitali"e only the first letter of the first word (plus proper nouns).
Pro&ide the retrie&al date if the content is li%ely to change or e updated.
(ite the '#K (with no period after it). Crea% long '#Ks efore punctuation mar%s.
=rocure:
(anadian Kandscapers 7ociety. (200E). ?eriscaping your yar" .Crochure/. Toronto2 Go Press.
0uidelines:
Dtalici"e oo% titles. (apitali"e only the first letter of proper nouns and of the first word of
oo% titles and sutitles. (0or rochures) add <.Crochure/= after the title.)
A sam#le APA/st*le Re"erences #age "ollows%
TIP: ,ow to format a hanging-indent reference list in "ord .//0
1. ,a%e sure left !ustification is on (to pre&ent weird word spacing issues).
2. Type each entry as if it were a paragraph) putting in a single hard return (y hitting J:TJ#)
only at the end of the entry (not at the end of each line). No not insert any tas.
E. 7elect (highlight) your entire reference list y using the 7BD0T R arrow %eys.
F. Hn the toolar) clic% on 0H#,AT) then clic% on PA#AG#APB.
A. Dn the pop>up window for paragraph formatting) under 7PJ(DAK) choose BA:GD:G and
specify the amount as .A=.
6. Dn the same window) ad!ust the line spacing if necessary) and clic% H-.
N&'E#
(or )&R* 2%%!, follow the above steps, but in step 4, access the paragraph formatting bo" from the -ome
tab.
,am#le APA re"erence #age:
#eferences
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6
th
ed.). $ashington N(2 Author.
Card) #. ($riter)) + Coynton) G. (Nirector). (200A). Going away .Tele&ision series episode/.
Dn #. -elley (Jxecuti&e producer)) Mystery Archives. Toronto) H:2 HTOA
Croadcasting.
Ca"erman) (. (1144). ;haping ritten $nole"ge: The genre an" activity of the
e!perimental article in science. ($A( (learinghouse Kandmar% Pulications in
$riting 7tudies.) #etrie&ed from http233wac.colostate.edu3oo%s3a"ermanPshaping3
(affeine. (n.d.) The American heritage ;te"man8s me"ical "ictionary. #etrie&ed from
Nictionary.com wesite2 http233dictionary.reference.com3rowse3caffeine
(anadian Kandscapers 7ociety. (200E). ?eriscaping your yar" .Crochure/. Toronto2 Go
Press.
Balloran) 7. ,. (1110). 0rom rhetoric to composition2 The teaching of writing in America to
1100. Dn *. *. ,urphy (Jd.)) A short history of riting instruction from ancient 5reece
to tentieth6century America (pp. 1A1>142). Na&is (A2 Bermagoras Press.
Baw%ins) (. (2004). Affirmations2 Bow to inspire students to re&ise. Pra!is: A Writing -entre
7ournal. 4(2). #etrie&ed from http233pro!ects.uwc.utexas.edu3praxis3
Borton) 7. (2001) August). (ourt orders release of !u&enile prisoner at Gitmo. +arper8s
Maga9ine. #etrie&ed from http233www.harpers.org3
*olliffe) N. A. (1111). (n#uiry an" genre: Writing to learn in college. Coston2 Allyn and Cacon.
Kowey) ,. (111F) *une 11). 0acing the techno>gap. The -algary +eral") p. C4.
:o&a 7cience :ow (Producer). (2001). The science of pic%y eaters .NON/. A&ailale from
http233www.ps.org3wgh3no&a3sciencenow3archi&e3date>20010M21.html
#ichards) G. (2001) *uly E0). Alerta police face stricter Taser rules. The -algary +eral".
#etrie&ed from http233www.calgaryherald.com3index.html
7mith) #. #. (2006). Teaching :nglish to ne immigrants. #etrie&ed from J#D( dataase.
(JN2100EAE).
7tatistics (anada. (2001). <>>2 -ensus: (mmigration in -ana"a: A portrait of the foreign6
born population. <>>2 -ensus: Fin"ings. (#eport :o. 1M>AAM>QDJ2006001). #etrie&ed
from http233www12.statcan.ca3census>reensement320063as>sa31M>AAM3index>eng.cfm
7utton) #. (111F) ,ay 10). Kandscaping trends. 5ar"ening Worl". 43) 2M>EE.
'ni&ersity of ,innesota Kiraries. (n.d.). J&idence ased practice. #etrie&ed Hctoer 2E)
2004) from http233www.iomed.li.umn.edu3learn3ep3index.html
$ays to o&ercome pain. (n.d.). #etrie&ed *une 1M) 2001) from http233www.painrx.com.html
$ellen) -. J.) + Botamisligil) G. 7. (200A). Dnflammation) stress) and diaetes. 7ournal of
-linical (nvestigation. 004(A)) 1111>1111. doi210.11M23*(1200A2A102.
Note5 (an! e"amples used here are ta&en from actual sources< others are h!pothetical. ;his handout is
available in the ' section of the $riting Resources area of the *ffective $riting $ebsite at
http566efwr.ucalgar!.ca It ma! be freel! reproduced with attribution.
boo6? #ublised
b* te autor
tv e#isode
online boo6
enc*clo#edia
entr* :online;
brocure :#rint;
article or ca#ter
in a #rint boo6
online journal
article@ no doi
maga9ine article
:online;
boo6 :#rint;
news#a#er article
video
news#a#er article
:online;
article "rom <RI)
researc re#ort
maga9ine article
article "rom a
website
article "rom a
website? no autor
journal article wit
doi@ 1 autors
)itations in e!tended #assages
7tudents sometimes wonder aout how to handle citations in a passage with se&eral
sentences all dealing with the same sources. Bere;s an example2
Dn a study on academic writing in nursing and midwifery) Gimene" (2004) found that
students <sometimes fail to recogni"e the real &alue of referencing their wor%. They
usually see referencing as a re9uirement to get a passing grade) and as% 9uestions
li%e Show many references do D need to use for this assignment5;= (p. 1A1). Gimene"
suggests that instructors should help students understand that sources are important
ecause they pro&ide e&idence to support claims put forward in written papers. The
study also reinforced the idea that instruction in academic writing should e
discipline>specific) emphasi"ing genres that students will need in their academic
programs (Gimene") 2004).
:ote that in the passage ao&e) the year is cited immediately after the author;s name is
used and a page citation is pro&ided at the end of the 9uoted passage. Dn the sentence
eginning <Gimene" suggests= no year citation is needed) as the passage is clearly
referring to Gimene" from two sentences earlier. Bowe&er) in the final sentence in this
passage) Gimene";s name does not appear in the sentence itself) ut the idea is ta%en from
his article. Dn this case) a regular citation is re9uired) with the author;s name and year
included. $hene&er an author;s name is included in an in>text citation) the year should also
e pro&idedI if the citation is for a 9uoted passage) the page numer should also e cited.
A "ew APA 2uir6s to 6ee# in mind wen editing
As you proaly noted) the APA documentation style has a few 9uir%s. $hen editing your
papers) don;t forget to chec% that you;&e followed these rules2
In te bod* o" *our #a#er:
For #uote" passages of more than 3> or"s. "o not use #uotation mar$s@ instea".
in"ent the hole #uote" passage 4 spaces from the left margin.
For parenthetical citations that inclu"e more than one source. arrange the
references alphabetically.
In *our re"erence list:
Use authors8 last names ritten out in full. ith first an" mi""le initials only. an" an &
symbol before the last author8s name
-apitali9e only the first letter of the first or" )an" all proper nouns* in the titles an"
subtitles of boo$s an" articles. but capitali9e the first letter of all $ey or"s in the
titles of 'ournals. nespapers. an" maga9ines.
Introduction to Re"-or6s
These days) you can uy a numer of software pac%ages to manage and format your
citations for you. Bowe&er) it might interest you to %now that 'ni&ersity of (algary students
ha&e free access to #ef$or%s) a we>ased citation management system. To access the
program) go to http233lirary.ucalgary.ca3ser&ices3refwor%s3index.php
Df you are on>campus) you can ta%e a free #ef$or%s tutorial through ,ac-immie Kirary. Df
you are off campus) you might ta%e some time to try out the #ef$or%s program. The
program is relati&ely simple to use and may sa&e you a lot of time formatting your reference
lists. The program also allows you to automatically import full pulication information from
sources from online research dataases.
Module 6 / Module Assignment
There is no separate module assignment for ,odule 6. Dnstead) you will e gi&en a grade
for ,odule 6 ased on how well you ha&e edited for APA style in formatting the in>text
citations and reference list entries in your proposal. Jdit carefullyT
Re"erences
Andre) *.) + ,ontgomery) -. (2010). Using sources effectively 1 citing sources correctly:
'ocus on APA format .Powerpoint/ + #etrie&ed 0eruary 1) 2011) from
http233www.ucalgary.ca3writingsupport3apa2004
APA. (2010a). The publication manual of the American Psychological Association )2th e".*.
$ashington N(2 APA.
APA. (2010). Four sample papers using APA format. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233search.apastyle.org35facet6stylecontenttype27ample820paper+9uery6
APA. (2001a). The basics of APA style. .PowerPoint/. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3asics>tutorial.aspx5imw6?
APA. (2001). What's ne in the si!th e"ition . .PowerPoint/. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3rief>guide.aspx
APA. (2001c). What's ne in the si!th e"ition of the APA manual. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233apastyle.apa.org3manual3whats>new.aspx
APA. (2001d). Fre#uently as$e" #uestions about APA style. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from
http233apastyle.apa.org3learn3fa9s3index.aspx
APA (producer). (2001e). %igital &b'ect ("entifiers )%&(s*: +o to fin" %&(s in Psyc(,F& .&ideo/.
A&ailale from http233www.apa.org3flash3pus3dataases3tutorials3doi3index.aspx
Ca"erman) (. (1144). ;haping ritten $nole"ge: The genre an" activity of the e!perimental article
in science. ,adison $D2 ' of $isconsin P.
Gimene") *. (2004). Ceyond the academic essay2 Niscipline>specific writing in nursing and
midwifery. 7ournal of :nglish for Aca"emic Purposes A) 1A1>16F. doi2
10.10163!.!ueap.2004.0E.00A
Proctor) C.) + Pre&att) 0. (200E). Agreement among four models used for diagnosing learning
disailities. 7ournal of Bearning %isabilities C2(A)) FA1>F66.
#ose) 7. -. (1116). $hat lo&e got to do with it5 7cholarly citation practices as courtship rituals.
Banguage an" Bearning Across the %isciplines. 0(E)) EF>F4. #etrie&ed from
http233wac.colostate.edu3llad3issues.htm

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