This module focuses on the use of the 6 th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) (2010) as a style guide in academic writing. The module should help you to understand the social context of academic citation practices distinguish etween !ournalistic and academic norms of citation learn how to use APA format to cite sources in the ody of your papers learn how to format reference lists according to APA format understand how to paraphrase from sources without plagiari"ing ecome familiar with the #ef$or%s citation tool a&ailale to ' of ( students Readings & Resources Andre) *.) + ,ontgomery) -. (2010). Using sources effectively & citing sources correctly: Focus on APA format .Powerpoint/ . #etrie&ed 0eruary 1) 2011) from http233www.ucalgary.ca3 writingsupport3apa2004 APA. (2010). Four sample papers using APA format. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233search.apastyle.org35facet6stylecontenttype27ample820paper+9uery6 .:ote2 if this lin% doesn;t ta%e you to the papers) use the <sample papers= lin% on the left hand menu/ APA. (2001a). The basics of APA style. .PowerPoint/. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3asics>tutorial.aspx5imw6? APA. (2001). What's ne in the si!th e"ition . .PowerPoint/. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3rief>guide.aspx APA. (2001c). What's ne in the si!th e"ition of the APA manual. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233apastyle.apa.org3manual3whats>new.aspx APA. (2001d). Fre#uently as$e" #uestions about APA style. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233apastyle.apa.org3learn3fa9s3index.aspx APA (producer). (2001e). %igital &b'ect ("entifiers )%&(s*: +o to fin" %&(s in Psyc(,F& .&ideo/. A&ailale from http233www.apa.org3flash3pus3dataases3tutorials3doi3index.aspx -re"ible citation practice is more than a matter of selective #uotation. fluent paraphrase. accurate summary. avoi"ance of plagiarism. an" precise punctuation. (t is an act of buil"ing community. collaboratively constructing share" $nole"ge. )/ose. 0112. p. 34* Introduction: Te social conte!t o" citation #ractices ,ost students understand that in academic writing they are expected to cite their sources whene&er they orrow information or ideas from other writers@whether they 9uote directly from the source or paraphrase (present the orrowed information or ideas in their own words). Although citation styles &ary among disciplines) the practice of explicitly citing sources sets academic writing apart from other %inds of writing) including newspaper or maga"ine articles and e&en non>fiction oo%s for a general audience. Tale A.1 highlights some of the %ey differences etween !ournalistic and academic norms of citation. Table $%&: 'ournalistic vs Academic (orms o" )itation Journalistic Norms of Citation (in newspapers, magazines, etc.) Academic Norms of Citation Citations for information from a source Information about sources is often missing, incomplete, or vague (e.g., Researchers have found) ll borrowed information or references to research are accompanied b! e"plicit in#te"t source citations. Citation style $hen sources are cited, the citations are t!picall! informal references embedded directl! in sentences without footnotes, endnotes, or in#te"t parenthetical citations. %itations alwa!s follow a standard st!le li&e ', (), %hicago, or I*** st!le. In# te"t citations t!picall! ta&e the form of a footnote, numbered reference, or parenthetical citation (with author, !ear, and page number for +uotations). Reference list %omplete publication information for sources or a reference list is almost never included. reference list in a standard citation st!le is alwa!s included. %omplete publication information is given for all sources. Plagiarism ,ailure to e"plicitl! and completel! cite a source for research or borrowed information is generall! not considered a problem. -owever, cop!ing another writer.s words without ac&nowledging the source is a serious offence in /ournalism. ,ailure to e"plicitl! cite a source for bor# rowed information is a serious academic offense (plagiarism) as is cop!ing another writer.s words without using +uotation mar&s. 0tudent writers found guilt! of plagiarism ma! fail a course, face academic probation, or even be e"pelled. $hen students write academic papers) they may cite sources simply to a&oid charges of plagiarism. Bowe&er) according to #ose (1116)) students who consider citation simply as a mechanical or ethical oligation misunderstand the deeper roles that citation practices play in academic discourse. #ose writes2 The scholarly writer . . . uilds her identification with oth her readers and the other writers she cites in her text as she negotiates for a place in a relati&ely small and well>defined community. $hen she incorporates words) ideas) and conclusions which ha&e already appeared elsewhere) she does not present these ecause they are unfamiliar to her readers so much as she presents them as a reminder to the disciplinary colleague of %nowledge they presumaly ha&e in common. (1223, p. 41) 0or #ose) then) citation practices allow writers to identify them>sel&es as memers of aca> demic communities. Cy citing sources) students demonstrate familiarity with research on a topic and egin to estalish their own authority as researchers. (itation practices also reflect the understanding that new %nowledge logically uilds on pre&ious research. As Ca"erman (1144) has pointed out) ha&ing the author and year of each research source cited in the ody of a paper) as is APA>style citations) ser&es as a &isile reminder to readers that the present research uilds on past research. And ecause APA>style citations include the date of the sources) they allow writers to display their familiarity with the most current sources. $hen we consider the role that using and citing sources play in the academic acti&ities of %nowledge uilding) we can egin to understand the reasons ehind the stringent rules go&erning citation of sources in academic contexts. A note about #ara#rasing Cefore we go on to the details citation formats) let;s ta%e a minute to re&iew the asics of paraphrasing. ,any students seem to thin% that it;s all right to ta%e a passage from a source) sustitute a few words here and there) and present the resulting sentence in their paper as long as they include an in>text parenthetical reference and a corresponding reference list entry. Dn fact) e&en if they cite the source in such cases) they still could e accused of plagiarism. (onsider the following passage ta%en from Proctor and Pre&att (200E)) which discusses a model for diagnosing learning disailities2 5ra"e6level "iscrepancy mo"els) also called "eviation from gra"e level) loo% for a diff> erence etween the child;s actual grade placement and his or her achie&ement le&el as indicated y grade>e9ui&alent scores. Dn this model) actual grade placement almost ser&es as a proxy for aility@that is) where the child should e functioning. (p. F60) :ow consider the following unacceptale and acceptale paraphrases of this passage. Dn the unacceptale paraphrase) the writer cites the source ut relies too hea&ily on the sentence structure and wording from the original passage. :ote that the underlined passages are ta%en directly from the source and that the sentence structure follows the source closely. Df that paraphrase appeared in a student paper without 9uotation mar%s) it would e considered unacceptale>>and potentially as an instance of plagiarism. Dn contrast) in the acceptale paraphrase) only the %ey term>>grade>le&el discrepancy models>> has een preser&ed from the original. Df this is a commonly used term to descrie these models in the field) a writer could use the term without using 9uotation mar%s. Unacceptable paraphrase: 5ra"e6level "iscrepancy mo"els focus on the difference etween the child;s actual grade le&el and his or her achie&ement le&el. Dn this model) actual grade placement generally indicates the le&el at which the child should e functioning (Proctor + Pre&att) 200E). Acce#table #ara#rase: Grade>le&el discrepancy models can e used to diagnose learning disailities in children y comparing their actual grade le&el to their score on grade>normed tests (Proctor + Pre&att) 200E). As you can see) paraphrasing without crossing the line into plagiarism re9uires good !udge> ment and attention to detail. $hene&er you paraphrase information) always chec% to see that you ha&en;t inad&ertently used chun%s of wording from the original or relied hea&ily on the original sentence structure. Df you ha&e) you will need to re&ise or to use 9uotation mar%s around phrases lifted from the original. :ote that you may find it easier to paraphrase without ha&ing the original text open in front of you. Hf course) whether you;re paraphrasing or 9uoting) you always need to cite your source. APA documentation st*le: Te basics The next section of this module reproduces a short handout on APA style a&ail>ale from the ' of ( $riting 7upport ser&ices wesite at http566www.ucalgar!.ca6writingsupport6apa7889 Df you expect to use APA format for future courses) you should consider in&esting in a copy of the APA Publication Manual. The ,anual ser&es as a &aluale des%top reference as it pro&ides a lot of information eyond the asics of citation. 0or example) it co&ers matters of writing style) grammar) ias in language) con&entions of punctuation) spelling) and capitali"ation) and the formatting of figures) tales) running heads) and appendices.
+ocumenting ,ources: Te APA Format *ffective $riting 'rogram, :niversit! of %algar! :pdated ,eb. 7811 -at is te APA "ormat. This handout summari"es APA guidelines for documenting sources cited in written wor%I these guidelines are ased on the 6 th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010). APA style is standard in many fields) including psychology) education) nursing) and social wor%. This handout and lin%s to other APA resources are a&ailale in the $riting #esources area of the Jffecti&e $riting wesite2 http566www.ucalgar!.ca6writingsupport6apa7889 Hther helpful resources on APA style are listed elow. Information and tutorials available on the APA website: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition . (2010). :ote2 the APA ,anual is a&ailale at the uni&ersity oo%store and a copy is %ept near the reference des% in ,ac-immie Kirary. 0or the online lin%) go to http233apastyle.apa.org3 The asics of APA !tyle ..PPT with audio/. #ecommended for new users of APA) this presentation explains the asics of in>text citations and reference list entries according to the 6th edition of the APA ,anual. The presentation also includes ad&ice on formatting le&els of headings and a&oiding ias in language. 0or the online lin%) go to http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3asics>tutorial.aspx5imw6? "hat#s $ew in the !i%th &dition . .PPT with audio/. This presentation focuses on the changes incorporated in the 6th edition of the APA ,anual. 0or the online lin%) see http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3rief>guide.aspx "hat#s $ew in the !i%th &dition of the APA Manual . This resource pro&ides a rief printale summary of changes incorporated into each chapter of the latest edition of the APA ,anual. 0or the online lin%) go to http233apastyle.apa.org3manual3whats>new.aspx 're(uently As)ed *uestions about APA !tyle+ An extensi&e + helpful L+A resource a&ailale at http233apastyle.apa.org3learn3fa9s3index.aspx Four sam#le #a#ers using APA "ormat% To re&iew four sample papers including helpful annotations aout APA style) clic% on <7ample paper (F)= in the left hand margin of this page2 http233search.apastyle.org35facet6stylecontenttype27ample820paper+9uery6 APA (producer). (2001e). %igital &b'ect ("entifiers )%&(s*: +o to fin" %&(s in Psyc(,F& .&ideo/. A&ailale from http233www.apa.org3flash3pus3dataases3tutorials3doi3index.aspx -at sources must be documented in academic writing. Dn academic writing) you must cite sources for all orrowed information) &isuals) and ideas>> including material you ha&e paraphrased (put into your own words). Bowe&er) you should not cite sources for generally %nown facts. Df in dout) cite your source. -at does APA documentation consist o". (omplete APA documentation consists of two elements2 an in/te!t citation at the point in your paper where you are presenting information orrowed from a source or where you are referring to pulished researchI a re"erence list gi&ing complete pulication information for all sources cited in the paper (except for personal communications and for references to the Cile and the Lur;an). Jxamples of in>text citations and reference list entries) along with formatting guidelines) are included elow. $hile the examples are single>spaced) in APA format) you must doule space your entire paper) including inset 9uotations and your reference list. &% In/te!t citations "or #ara#rased ideas and in"ormation & re"erences to researc Example 1 ;he high infant mortalit! rate in the :.0. ma! be attributed in part to the high cost of medical insurance (0mith, 1223). 0mith (1223) found that economic... Example 2 0mith (1223) concluded that the high infant mortalit! rate in the :.0. ma! be attributed in part to the high cost of medical insurance. 0mith found that economic barriers to ade+uate prenatal health care were higher for some ethnic groups. 0uidelines "or #a#er/based and online sources (ite the author;s last name and the year of pulication in parentheses) as in example 1. Df the author;s name appears as part of the sentence (example 2)) do not include it in the citation. Place the closing period for the sentence after the parenthetical citation) as in example 1. :ote that a parenthetical citation would not normally e included for a source cited earlier in a paragraph if the author;s name is used in the narrati&e and if it;s clear that the same source is eing referred to (as in example 2). Bowe&er) a citation for the year should e included if the author;s name first appeared in a parenthetical citation) as in example 1. $hen paraphrasing) a&oid using exact wording from the source. Df you ta%e wording directly from a source) use 9uotation mar%s around the orrowed wording. Page citations are not re9uired for paraphrased material) ut you may include them <when it would help an inter> ested reader locate the rele&ant passage in a long or complex text= (APA) 2010) p. 1M1). Example 3 0ome people have found vitamin * helpful for this problem ($a!s to overcome, n.d.). 0uidelines "or a source wit no autor or no date 0or a source without an author) use a short form of the title within 9uotation mar%s in the citation) as shown in example E. 0or a source without a date) write <n.d.= (for no date) in place of the date. $ote: generally) sources without an identifiale author or date of pulication would not e considered credile sources in an academic paper. Example 4 0ome researchers have noted a positive correlation between caffeine inta&e and heart disease (%armichael, 1229< -aw&ins, 122=), while others ()umpas et al., 7888< $right > $eston, 122?) have found conflicting results. 0uidelines "or multi#le autors or multi#le sources $hen including more than one source in an in>text citation) arrange sources alphaetically (as in the reference list) and separate them y semicolons. The APA ,anual ad&ises citing <one or two of the most representati&e sources for each %ey point= (2010) p. 161). 0or sources with two authors) always cite oth authors. 0or sources with three to fi&e authors) cite all authors in the first reference) and in suse9uent citations) use only the first author;s name followed y <et al.= (not italici"ed and with a period after <al=). 0or sources with six or more authors) use the first author;s name with et al. for all in>text citations. 'se the <+= symol to connect authors; names inside parenthetical citationsI outside citations) use the word <and= 1% In/te!t citations "or 2uoted #assages less tan 34 words long: Example 5 -alloran (1228) notes that concern with grammatical correctness in *nglish was essentiall! an eighteenth#centur! invention (p. 133). Example %oncern with grammatical correctness in *nglish was essentiall! an eighteenth#centur! invention (-alloran, 1228, p.133). Example ! 0harp (788?) found that there was no evidence of a lin& between people.s voting patterns and their television viewing habits (para. @). 0uidelines "or citing #age and #aragra# numbers "or 2uoted #assages under 34 words $hen 9uoting) use 9uotation mar%s and cite the page numer. 0or online sources with no page numers) use paragraph numers (e.g.) para. A). Df necessary for clarity) cite paragraph numers from specific sections of a document) for example>> (7mith) 2001) (onclusion section) para. F) or ($eldon + #ice) 200M) <#easons for Program (hanges)= para. 2). Nelete any period or comma at the end of a 9uoted passage) ut retain 9uestion mar%s from the original text. Place the period (or other end punctuation) after the parenthetical citation. 5% In/te!t citations "or 2uotations over 34 words: Example " s -alloran (1228) notes, correct grammar has long been associated with social class# In the competitive middle#class societ! of the nineteenth#centur!, spea&ing and writing cor#rect *nglish too& on new importance as a sign of membership in the upper strata. . . . ABC! attempting to impose a h!per#correct dialect on the generall! privileged students at -arvard and the other established liberal arts colleges, -ill and others ma! actuall! have strength#ened the linguistic obstacles to upward mobilit!. . . . ;he rhetoricians prepared students to leap social hurdles, while at the same time elevating the hurdles. (p. 13=) 0uidelines "or bloc6 indent 2uotations 0or 9uotations o&er F0 words) indent the 9uoted passage fi&e spaces on the left) doule> space) and do not use 9uotation mar%s or insert extra space efore or after the 9uotation. Place the end punctuation efore the citation (not after) as with short 9uotations). 'se an ellipsis (three spaced dots) to indicate words left out of a 9uotationI use s9uare rac%ets .li%e this/ to indicate words that you;&e added for clarity. The first letter of the first word of a 9uotation may e changed from upper to lower case or &ice &ersa. To introduce a long 9uotation effecti&ely) try preceding it with what could e a complete sentence) followed y a colon (as in the example ao&e). 3% In/te!t citations "or sources ta6en "rom oter sources: Example $ $right (1222) argues that drug companies hold governments hostage when the! refuse to /ust# if! the cost of life#saving but highl! e"pensive medications (cited in ,rost > Drahn, 7888, p. 9). 0uidelines 'se original sources rather than <second>hand= sources whene&er possile. Df you must use a <second>hand= source) format your citation as shown in example 1. Pro&ide a reference list entry only for the source you are wor%ing from@in this case) 0rost and -rahn (2000). $% In/te!t citations "or #ersonal communications and class lectures: Example 1% In 7887, the profits doubled (E. Bell, personal communication, (a! 4, 7884). Example 11 ccording to Bell, the organization.s %*F, the compan!.s profits doubled in 7887 (personal communication, (a! 4, 7884). Example 12 %ritics at the time panned this film, which is now regarded as a masterpiece (B. Green, :niversit! of %algar!, ,ilm 781 lecture, (arch 78, 788?). 0uidelines 0or personal communications (con&ersations) letters) and e>mails)) in>text citations should include the name of the source) the words <personal communication)= and the date of the communication. The citation should not include information already included in the sentence. (ite course lectures only when necessaryI loo% for pulished sources ma%ing the point. Personal communications should :HT e included in your reference list. Bowe&er) reference list entries should e included for course notes if they are in hard>copy or electronic format. Formatting an APA Re"erence 7ist Page "ormatting: Type #eferences) centred at the top of a new page. Noule>space the entire list and format entries using hanging indent format) as shown in the example at the end of this handout. Arranging entries: Dnclude entries for all sources cited in your paper except personal communica> tions. Arrange entries alphaetically y the first author;s last name and y the first %ey word in a corporate author name (e.g.) The ':DOJ#7DT? of (algary). Df there is no author) place the title first and alphaeti"e y the first %ey word in the title. Autors8 names: Dn&ert all authors; names) putting the surname first) followed y initials (ne&er full first names). Kist all authors of a wor% up to se&en) then add ellipses and the last author;s name. Multi#le sources: 0or two or more wor%s y the same author or group) list the earliest wor% first. Dnclude all authors; names in each entry. 0or two or more wor%s y the same author(s) in the same year) add a lower>case letter (e.g.) 1114aI 1114) to the entries and the corresponding in>text citations. +ates: Df no pulication year is a&ailale) write (n.d.). in the date slot for the reference list entry. Titles: 'se normal type for article and chapter titlesI use italics for oo%) newspaper) !ournal) and maga"ine titles. 0or oo% and article titles) capitali"e only the first letter of the first word. (apitali"e the first letter of all %ey words of newspaper) maga"ine) and !ournal titles. Page numbers: Dnclude inclusi&e page numers for all articles. $rite <p.= (or <pp.=) efore page numers for oo% chapters and newspaper articles ut not for !ournal or maga"ine articles. +OIs "or online sources2 Nigital H!ect Ddentifiers (NHDs) are alphanumeric strings that pro&ide a persistent lin% to electronic sources. $hen a&ailale) they should e included in reference list entries for oth print and electronic sources. $hen you include a NHD in a reference list entry) no '#K) data>ase name) or date of retrie&al is re9uired. Df a NHD is una&ailale) cite the '#K of the !ournal;s home page. (Dnclude the '#K for online archi&es such as J#D( or *7TH# for documents not a&ailale &ia other routes.) :ote2 (rossref.org pro&ides a NHD search function and also pro&ides a ser&ice that ta%es readers to the online article when they input an article;s NHD. Retrieval dates: Dnclude retrie&al dates for online sources H:K? if the material is su!ect to change (e.g.) $i%is). #etrie&al dates are not re9uired for !ournal articles or other texts not li%ely to change.
Sample APA Reference List Entries 'ournal article wit doi: $ellen) -. J.) + Botamisligil) G. 7. (200A). Dnflammation) stress) and diaetes. 7ournal of -linical (nvestigation. 004(A)) 1111>1111. doi2 10.11M23*(D200A2A102 0uidelines: (apitali"e only the first letter of the first word of article titles and sutitles) ut capitali"e the first letter of all %ey words of *H'#:AK titles. Dtalici"e !ournal titles. After the !ournal title) put a comma) followed y the &olume numer in italics) followed y the page range. Df each !ournal issue egins at page 1) include the issue numer in parentheses (not italici"ed) after the &olume numer (as shown in the ao&e example). Kea&e out the is> sue numer for !ournals paginated continuously throughout the year) with the page numers of one issue pic%ing up where the page numers of the pre&ious issue left off. ?ou may ha&e to chec% se&eral issues of a !ournal in order to figure out if it;s paginated continuously or not. Df a NHD (Nigital H!ect Ddentifier) is a&ailale) cite it) as shown ao&e. The NHD can sometimes e found under a lin% or utton laelled Article. -ross6/ef) or the dataase name (e.g. PubMe"). Df necessary) you can chec% or search for NHDs at (ross#ef.org . $hen citing a NHD) lea&e out the dataase name or '#K. No not cite a retrie&al date for !ournal articles (or other sources unli%ely to change). 'ournal article wit (O doi: Baw%ins) (. (2004). Affirmations2 Bow to inspire students to re&ise. Pra!is: A Writing -entre 7ournal. 4(2). #etrie&ed from http233pro!ects.uwc.utexas.edu3praxis3 0uidelines: Df a NHD is not a&ailale for an online !ournal article) write <#etrie&ed from= and then cite the '#K of the !ournal home page) as shown ao&e. (ite the page range for the article if it;s a&ailale. (:ote2 no page numers were a&ailale for the Baw%ins article ao&e.) Maga9ine article :online & #a#er/based;: Borton) 7. (2001) August). (ourt orders release of !u&enile prisoner at Gitmo. +arper8s Maga9ine. #etrie&ed from http233www.harpers.org3 7utton) #. (111F) ,ay 10). Kandscaping trends. 5ar"ening Worl". 43(E). 2M>EE. 0uidelines: 0or maga"ine articles retrie&ed online) gi&e the '#K of the maga"ine;s home page. Dnclude the full date and the &olume numer) issue numer) and page range) if a&ailale. Article in a dail* news#a#er :online & #a#er/based;: Kowey) ,. (111F) *une 11). 0acing the techno>gap. The -algary +eral") p. C4. #ichards) G. (2001) *uly E0). Alerta police face stricter Taser rules. The -algary +eral". #etrie&ed from http233www.calgaryherald.com3index.html 0uidelines: Df an article appears on discontinuous pages) gi&e all page numers (separated b! commas). Article "rom <RI) database: 7mith) #. #. (2006). Teaching :nglish to ne immigrants. #etrie&ed from J#D( dataase. (JN2100EAE). 0uidelines: 0or informally pulished wor% on J#D() an educational resources dataase) cite the dataase and document numer =oo6s :#rint & online;: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th ed.). $ashington N(2 Author. Ca"erman) (. (1144). ;haping ritten $nole"ge: The genre an" activity of the e!perimental article in science. .$A( (learinghouse Kandmar% Pulications in $riting 7tudies./ #etrie&ed from http233wac.colostate.edu3oo%s3a"ermanPshaping3 *olliffe) N. A. (1111). (n#uiry an" genre: Writing to learn in college. Coston ,A2 Allyn and Cacon. 7cott) C. (. (2001). +ealth care for the <0 st century. doi2 10>aEr002Eal!hd.261E 0uidelines: (apitali"e only the first letter of proper nouns and of the first word of oo% titles and sutitles. Dtalici"e oo% titles. 0or print oo%s) include the place of pulication and the state are&iation followed y a colon and the name of the pulisher. Df the pulisher and writer are the same) identify the pulisher as <Author= (as in the APA example ao&e) 0or oo%s a&ailale online (i.e.) electronic &ersions)) cite the doi (or the '#K if a doi is not a&ailale)) as in the Ca"erman and 7cott examples ao&e. Article or ca#ter in an edited boo6: Balloran) 7. ,. (1110). 0rom rhetoric to composition2 The teaching of writing in America to 1100. Dn *. *. ,urphy (Jd.)) A short history of riting instruction from ancient 5reece to tentieth6century America (pp. 1A1>142). Na&is (A2 Bermagoras Press. 0uidelines: Dnclude editors; names (with initials efore surnames). Dnclude the page range in parentheses after the title and prefaced y pp. <nc*clo#edia or re"erence wor6 entr*: (affeine. (n.d.). The American heritage= ;te"man's me"ical "ictionary. #etrie&ed from Nictionary.com wesite2 http233dictionary.reference.com3rowse3caffeine 0uidelines: Cegin with the author;s name) if a&ailale. Df no author is gi&en) egin with the article title Tecnical and researc re#orts: 7tatistics (anada. (2001). <>>2 -ensus: (mmigration in -ana"a: A portrait of the foreign6born population. <>>2 -ensus: Fin"ings. (#eport :o. 1M>AAM>QDJ2006001). #etrie&ed from http233www12.statcan.ca3census>recensement320063as>sa31M>AAM3index>eng.cfm 0uidelines: 0or paper>ased reports) include the place of location and the pulisher) as you would for a oo%. Df the pulisher is the author) then write <Author= for the pulisher;s name. >ideo: Card) #. ($riter)) + Coynton) G. (Nirector). (200A). Going away .Tele&ision series episode/. Dn #. -elley (Jxecuti&e producer)) Mystery Archives. Toronto) H:2 HTOA Croadcasting. :o&a 7cience :ow (Producer). (2001). The science of pic$y eaters .NON/. A&ailale from http233www.ps.org3wgh3no&a3sciencenow3archi&e3date>20010M21.html 0uidelines: 0or a t& program episode) use the same format as for a oo% chapter) ut list the script writer and director in the author position and the producer in the editor position. =log #ost: 7herman) A. (2001) *uly 24). Jxtra&agant eggs. #etrie&ed from http233coo%ingwithamy .logspot.com3 0uidelines: Df the author uses a screen name) use that in place of the author;s actual name. Message #osted to a newsgrou#? online "orum? or discussion grou#: *enson) (. (2001) April F). :e&er again .Jlectronic mailing list message/. #etrie&ed from http233socialpower.groups.yahoo.com3group3calendula3message3F10 -eb sites: 'ni&ersity of ,innesota Kiraries. (n.d.) J&idence ased practice. #etrie&ed Hctoer 2E) 2004) from http233www.iomed.li.umn.edu3learn3ep3index.html $ays to o&ercome pain. (n.d.). #etrie&ed ,ay E) 2001) from http233www.painrx.com.html 0uidelines: Cegin with the author;s nameI if no author or corporate author can e identified) mo&e the title to the author slot. The second sample entry ao&e) with no author) would e cited in a paper as follows2 (<$ays to H&ercome)= n.d.) Df no pulication date is a&ailale) insert <(n.d.)= in that slot. No not italici"e the title of an article on a wesite (!ust as you would not italici"e the title of an article in a maga"ine). No italici"e the title of a report or oo% found on a wesite (as you would for a print copies). (apitali"e only the first letter of the first word (plus proper nouns). Pro&ide the retrie&al date if the content is li%ely to change or e updated. (ite the '#K (with no period after it). Crea% long '#Ks efore punctuation mar%s. =rocure: (anadian Kandscapers 7ociety. (200E). ?eriscaping your yar" .Crochure/. Toronto2 Go Press. 0uidelines: Dtalici"e oo% titles. (apitali"e only the first letter of proper nouns and of the first word of oo% titles and sutitles. (0or rochures) add <.Crochure/= after the title.) A sam#le APA/st*le Re"erences #age "ollows% TIP: ,ow to format a hanging-indent reference list in "ord .//0 1. ,a%e sure left !ustification is on (to pre&ent weird word spacing issues). 2. Type each entry as if it were a paragraph) putting in a single hard return (y hitting J:TJ#) only at the end of the entry (not at the end of each line). No not insert any tas. E. 7elect (highlight) your entire reference list y using the 7BD0T R arrow %eys. F. Hn the toolar) clic% on 0H#,AT) then clic% on PA#AG#APB. A. Dn the pop>up window for paragraph formatting) under 7PJ(DAK) choose BA:GD:G and specify the amount as .A=. 6. Dn the same window) ad!ust the line spacing if necessary) and clic% H-. N&'E# (or )&R* 2%%!, follow the above steps, but in step 4, access the paragraph formatting bo" from the -ome tab. ,am#le APA re"erence #age: #eferences American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th ed.). $ashington N(2 Author. Card) #. ($riter)) + Coynton) G. (Nirector). (200A). Going away .Tele&ision series episode/. Dn #. -elley (Jxecuti&e producer)) Mystery Archives. Toronto) H:2 HTOA Croadcasting. Ca"erman) (. (1144). ;haping ritten $nole"ge: The genre an" activity of the e!perimental article in science. ($A( (learinghouse Kandmar% Pulications in $riting 7tudies.) #etrie&ed from http233wac.colostate.edu3oo%s3a"ermanPshaping3 (affeine. (n.d.) The American heritage ;te"man8s me"ical "ictionary. #etrie&ed from Nictionary.com wesite2 http233dictionary.reference.com3rowse3caffeine (anadian Kandscapers 7ociety. (200E). ?eriscaping your yar" .Crochure/. Toronto2 Go Press. Balloran) 7. ,. (1110). 0rom rhetoric to composition2 The teaching of writing in America to 1100. Dn *. *. ,urphy (Jd.)) A short history of riting instruction from ancient 5reece to tentieth6century America (pp. 1A1>142). Na&is (A2 Bermagoras Press. Baw%ins) (. (2004). Affirmations2 Bow to inspire students to re&ise. Pra!is: A Writing -entre 7ournal. 4(2). #etrie&ed from http233pro!ects.uwc.utexas.edu3praxis3 Borton) 7. (2001) August). (ourt orders release of !u&enile prisoner at Gitmo. +arper8s Maga9ine. #etrie&ed from http233www.harpers.org3 *olliffe) N. A. (1111). (n#uiry an" genre: Writing to learn in college. Coston2 Allyn and Cacon. Kowey) ,. (111F) *une 11). 0acing the techno>gap. The -algary +eral") p. C4. :o&a 7cience :ow (Producer). (2001). The science of pic%y eaters .NON/. A&ailale from http233www.ps.org3wgh3no&a3sciencenow3archi&e3date>20010M21.html #ichards) G. (2001) *uly E0). Alerta police face stricter Taser rules. The -algary +eral". #etrie&ed from http233www.calgaryherald.com3index.html 7mith) #. #. (2006). Teaching :nglish to ne immigrants. #etrie&ed from J#D( dataase. (JN2100EAE). 7tatistics (anada. (2001). <>>2 -ensus: (mmigration in -ana"a: A portrait of the foreign6 born population. <>>2 -ensus: Fin"ings. (#eport :o. 1M>AAM>QDJ2006001). #etrie&ed from http233www12.statcan.ca3census>reensement320063as>sa31M>AAM3index>eng.cfm 7utton) #. (111F) ,ay 10). Kandscaping trends. 5ar"ening Worl". 43) 2M>EE. 'ni&ersity of ,innesota Kiraries. (n.d.). J&idence ased practice. #etrie&ed Hctoer 2E) 2004) from http233www.iomed.li.umn.edu3learn3ep3index.html $ays to o&ercome pain. (n.d.). #etrie&ed *une 1M) 2001) from http233www.painrx.com.html $ellen) -. J.) + Botamisligil) G. 7. (200A). Dnflammation) stress) and diaetes. 7ournal of -linical (nvestigation. 004(A)) 1111>1111. doi210.11M23*(1200A2A102. Note5 (an! e"amples used here are ta&en from actual sources< others are h!pothetical. ;his handout is available in the ' section of the $riting Resources area of the *ffective $riting $ebsite at http566efwr.ucalgar!.ca It ma! be freel! reproduced with attribution. boo6? #ublised b* te autor tv e#isode online boo6 enc*clo#edia entr* :online; brocure :#rint; article or ca#ter in a #rint boo6 online journal article@ no doi maga9ine article :online; boo6 :#rint; news#a#er article video news#a#er article :online; article "rom <RI) researc re#ort maga9ine article article "rom a website article "rom a website? no autor journal article wit doi@ 1 autors )itations in e!tended #assages 7tudents sometimes wonder aout how to handle citations in a passage with se&eral sentences all dealing with the same sources. Bere;s an example2 Dn a study on academic writing in nursing and midwifery) Gimene" (2004) found that students <sometimes fail to recogni"e the real &alue of referencing their wor%. They usually see referencing as a re9uirement to get a passing grade) and as% 9uestions li%e Show many references do D need to use for this assignment5;= (p. 1A1). Gimene" suggests that instructors should help students understand that sources are important ecause they pro&ide e&idence to support claims put forward in written papers. The study also reinforced the idea that instruction in academic writing should e discipline>specific) emphasi"ing genres that students will need in their academic programs (Gimene") 2004). :ote that in the passage ao&e) the year is cited immediately after the author;s name is used and a page citation is pro&ided at the end of the 9uoted passage. Dn the sentence eginning <Gimene" suggests= no year citation is needed) as the passage is clearly referring to Gimene" from two sentences earlier. Bowe&er) in the final sentence in this passage) Gimene";s name does not appear in the sentence itself) ut the idea is ta%en from his article. Dn this case) a regular citation is re9uired) with the author;s name and year included. $hene&er an author;s name is included in an in>text citation) the year should also e pro&idedI if the citation is for a 9uoted passage) the page numer should also e cited. A "ew APA 2uir6s to 6ee# in mind wen editing As you proaly noted) the APA documentation style has a few 9uir%s. $hen editing your papers) don;t forget to chec% that you;&e followed these rules2 In te bod* o" *our #a#er: For #uote" passages of more than 3> or"s. "o not use #uotation mar$s@ instea". in"ent the hole #uote" passage 4 spaces from the left margin. For parenthetical citations that inclu"e more than one source. arrange the references alphabetically. In *our re"erence list: Use authors8 last names ritten out in full. ith first an" mi""le initials only. an" an & symbol before the last author8s name -apitali9e only the first letter of the first or" )an" all proper nouns* in the titles an" subtitles of boo$s an" articles. but capitali9e the first letter of all $ey or"s in the titles of 'ournals. nespapers. an" maga9ines. Introduction to Re"-or6s These days) you can uy a numer of software pac%ages to manage and format your citations for you. Bowe&er) it might interest you to %now that 'ni&ersity of (algary students ha&e free access to #ef$or%s) a we>ased citation management system. To access the program) go to http233lirary.ucalgary.ca3ser&ices3refwor%s3index.php Df you are on>campus) you can ta%e a free #ef$or%s tutorial through ,ac-immie Kirary. Df you are off campus) you might ta%e some time to try out the #ef$or%s program. The program is relati&ely simple to use and may sa&e you a lot of time formatting your reference lists. The program also allows you to automatically import full pulication information from sources from online research dataases. Module 6 / Module Assignment There is no separate module assignment for ,odule 6. Dnstead) you will e gi&en a grade for ,odule 6 ased on how well you ha&e edited for APA style in formatting the in>text citations and reference list entries in your proposal. Jdit carefullyT Re"erences Andre) *.) + ,ontgomery) -. (2010). Using sources effectively 1 citing sources correctly: 'ocus on APA format .Powerpoint/ + #etrie&ed 0eruary 1) 2011) from http233www.ucalgary.ca3writingsupport3apa2004 APA. (2010a). The publication manual of the American Psychological Association )2th e".*. $ashington N(2 APA. APA. (2010). Four sample papers using APA format. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233search.apastyle.org35facet6stylecontenttype27ample820paper+9uery6 APA. (2001a). The basics of APA style. .PowerPoint/. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3asics>tutorial.aspx5imw6? APA. (2001). What's ne in the si!th e"ition . .PowerPoint/. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233www.apastyle.org3learn3tutorials3rief>guide.aspx APA. (2001c). What's ne in the si!th e"ition of the APA manual. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233apastyle.apa.org3manual3whats>new.aspx APA. (2001d). Fre#uently as$e" #uestions about APA style. #etrie&ed 0eruary 4) 2010) from http233apastyle.apa.org3learn3fa9s3index.aspx APA (producer). (2001e). %igital &b'ect ("entifiers )%&(s*: +o to fin" %&(s in Psyc(,F& .&ideo/. A&ailale from http233www.apa.org3flash3pus3dataases3tutorials3doi3index.aspx Ca"erman) (. (1144). ;haping ritten $nole"ge: The genre an" activity of the e!perimental article in science. ,adison $D2 ' of $isconsin P. Gimene") *. (2004). Ceyond the academic essay2 Niscipline>specific writing in nursing and midwifery. 7ournal of :nglish for Aca"emic Purposes A) 1A1>16F. doi2 10.10163!.!ueap.2004.0E.00A Proctor) C.) + Pre&att) 0. (200E). Agreement among four models used for diagnosing learning disailities. 7ournal of Bearning %isabilities C2(A)) FA1>F66. #ose) 7. -. (1116). $hat lo&e got to do with it5 7cholarly citation practices as courtship rituals. Banguage an" Bearning Across the %isciplines. 0(E)) EF>F4. #etrie&ed from http233wac.colostate.edu3llad3issues.htm