ENGLISH PHYSIC II

Assigment 5




By :
Rizal Mustofa (K2312060)
Physic Education 2012 B

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SCIENCE
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA
2013



Writing Report
Preliminaries
1. Title
Transformers
2. Acknowledgements
Thank you for my GOD Alloh SWT, thank you for my parents Thank you for teacher
Lita Rahmasari for her helping, thank you to my friends who have always supported,
and all who helped in the works this task
3. List of Content
List of figure/tables
The abstract
The statement of the problem
Review of Literature
Design of Investigation
Measurement techniques used
Results
Discussion and conclusion
Summary of conclusion
Bibliography
Appendices
4. List of figure/tables
Results
Step-up transformer
Vp 0,5 (volt) Vs theory 0,5 (volt) Vs experiment 0,5 (volt)
3 6 6,2
6,4 12,8 12
9 18 18
12 24 25
Step-down transformer
Vp 0,5 (volt) Vs theory 0,5 (volt) Vs experiment 0,5 (volt)
3 1,5 1
6,4 3,2 2,2
9 4,5 3,4
12 6 5
Interim report
Step-up transformer
Np Ns Vp(volt) Vs(volt)
500 1000 3 6,2
500 1000 6,4 12
500 1000 9 18
500 1000 12 25
Step-down transformer
Np Ns Vp(volt) Vs(volt)
1000 500 3 1
1000 500 6,4 2,2
1000 500 9 3,4
1000 500 12 5

5. Abstrack
This experiment aims to determine the relationship between the input voltage to the
output voltage at the transformer. used method is to use a step up transformer and a
step-down transformer in the voltage measuring input and output with a voltmeter
which each measurement was done four times and methods of the graph. Menghittung
of graphical method in step up transformer Ns / Np (1.97 0.66) and step-down
transformer (0.35 +0.22). In the step-up transformer Np <Ns and Vp <Vs, Np> Ns
step-down transformer and Vp> Vs and Vs / Vp = Ns / Np
6. Statement of problems
The reason why we do experiments transformer, to verify if the step-up transformer to
raise the voltage and step-down transformer to reduce tegangan.dan we do as much as
five times the calculation so that accurate results
7. Review of literature
A transformer is a device used to raise or lower the voltage in a circuit without an
appreciable loss of power. Figure 31-25 shows a simple transformer consisting of two
wire coils around a common iron core. The coil carrying the input power is called the
primary, and the other coil is called the secondary. Either coil of a transformer can be
used for the primary or secondary. The transformer operates on the principle that an
alternating current in one circuit induces an alternating emf in a nearby circuit due to
the mutual inductance of the two circuits. The iron core increases the magnetic field
for a given current and gu ides it so that nearly all the magnetic flux through one coil
goes through the other coil. If no power were lost, the product of the voltage and the
current in the secondary circuit would equal the product of the voltage and the current
in the primary circuit. Thus, if the voltage is raised, the current is lowered, and vice
versa. Power losse s arise because of the Joule heating in the small resistances in both
coils, or in current loops within the core* and from hysteresis in the iron cores.

*The induced currents, c alled eddy currents, can be greatly reduced by using a core of laminated metal to break
up current paths.
(Paul A. Tipler, 2001:372)

Transformers are designed so that (nearly) all the magnetic flux produced by the
current in the primary coil also passes through the secondary coil, and we assume this
is true in what follows. We also assume that energy losses (in resistance and
hysteresis) can be ignored-a good approximation for real transformers, which are
often better than 99% efficient. When an ac voltage is applied to the primary coil, the
changing magnetic field it produces will induce an ac voltage of the same frequency
in the secondary coil. However, the voltage will be different according to the number
of loops in each coil. From Faraday's law, the voltage or emf induced in the secondary
coil is

where Ns is the number of turns in the secondary coil, and d
B
/ dt is the rate at which
the magnetic flux changes.
The input primary voltage, Vp , is related to the rate at which the flux changes through
it,

where Np is the number of turns in the primary coil. This follows because the
changing flux produces a back emf, Np d
B
/dt, in the primary that exactly balances
the applied voltage Vp if the resistance of the primary can be ignored (Kirchhoff's
rules). We divide these two equations, assuming little or no flux is lost, to find

Eq. 29-5
This transformer equation tells how the secondary (output) voltage is related to the
primary (input) voltage; Vs and Vp in Eq. 29-5 can be the rms values (Section 25-7)
for both, or peak values for both. DC voltages don't work in a transformer because
there would be no changing magnetic flux.
If the secondary coil contains more loops than the primary coil (N s > N p ), we
have a step-up transformer. The secondary voltage is greater than the primary voltage.
For example, if the secondary coil has twice as many turns as the primary coil, then
the secondary voltage will be twice that of the primary voltage. If N s is less than N p
, we have a step-down transformer.
Although ac voltage can be increased (or decreased) with a transformer, we don't get
something for nothing. Energy conservation tells us that the power output can be no
greater than the power input. A well-designed transformer can be greater than 99%
efficient, so little energy is lost to heat. The power output thus essentially equals the
power input. Since power P = IV (Eq. 25-6), we have

29-6
(Giancoli,Douglas C, 2001:792)


Another thing to note in the transformer, among others:
1. Transformer can not be used to convert direct current or DC voltage.
2. Power at the transformer does not change.
3. Electrical power to the primary coil ssama with electrical power on the secondary
coil.
4. If the number of secondary coil windings are more than the primary coil, secondary
coil voltage becomes greater.
(Young Freedman,1998:161)


8. Design of Investigation
based on the basic theory of the transformer is a device used to elevates or lowers the
voltage . Step-up transformer to raise the voltage and step-down transformer to reduce
the voltage . In this experiment will be verified and the recording is done with
voltmerter and do as much as 4 times that data is valid . After the data on it can be to
determine the relationship of input and output voltages used graphic method .
9. Measurement techniques used
In this experiment , I am using deferrencial formula and graphic method.
10. Results
Step-up transformer
Vp 0,5 (volt) Vs theory 0,5 (volt) Vs experiment 0,5 (volt)
3 6 6,2
6,4 12,8 12
9 18 18
12 24 25
Step-down transformer
Vp 0,5 (volt) Vs theory 0,5 (volt) Vs experiment 0,5 (volt)
3 1,5 1
6,4 3,2 2,2
9 4,5 3,4
12 6 5



Graphic Ns/Np
Step-up transformer Step-down transformer
M theory Graphic M theory Graphic
2 1,97 0,66 0,5 0,35 0,22

11. Discussion and conclusion
At the experiment, I got the result that the relationship between the input voltage to
the output voltage is directly proportional.
Step-up transformer, if Np <Ns and Vp <Vs
Step-down transformer, if Np> Ns and Vp> Vs

Step-up transformer, Ns/Np> 1
Step-down transformer, 0<Ns/Np<1
12. Summary of conclusion
I concluded that
a. Step-up transformer is used to raise the voltage, this is because the number of
primary coil less than the number of secondary coil
b. Step-down transformer to reduce the voltage to function, this is because the number
of primary coil are more than the number of secondary coil

extras
13. Bibliography
Freedman,Young.1998.Universities Physics North America : Addison Wesley
Longman LnC
Giancoli,Douglas C. 2001. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. Jakarta :
Erlangga
Tipler, Paul A. 2001. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik. Jakarta : Erlangga
14. Appendices
Interim report




Interim report
Title : Tranformer
Group : 7
Member : Nuri Istifah K
Nurul Janah
Nyanti Rizky M
Rizal Mustofa
Date : April,17 2013
Data :
Step-up transformer
Np Ns Vp(volt) Vs(volt)
500 1000 3 6,2
500 1000 6,4 12
500 1000 9 18
500 1000 12 25
Step-down transformer
Np Ns Vp(volt) Vs(volt)
1000 500 3 1
1000 500 6,4 2,2
1000 500 9 3,4
1000 500 12 5