CUSTOMERS Material Characteristics

1 Areva Strategic Assessment Review 2007-2011 1
Materials for Vibro-

Acoustic applications
01dB-SCS solutions
Gianni Amadasi
Materials main groups
Fluids
Isotropic solid (Structure Materials elastic with same properties in all directions):
steel, glass, etc.
Orthotropic solid (Structure Materials elastic with different properties vs. directions):
composite
Parameters: Density, Youngs Modulus, Poissons ratio, Damping Loss factor
Mass materials (un-elastic):
septum, rubbers, EPDM, etc.
Density, Insertion Loss, Transmission Loss
Spring like Materials:
Felts, Foam
Acoustic Absorption and Impedance, Porosity, Flow Resistance, Tortuosity, Complex Modulus, Bulk Loss Factor
Damping Materials (un-elastic):
Parameters: Density, Youngs Modulus, Poissons ratio, Damping Loss factor
Key Words:
Noise control, Vibration comfort
Rawmaterials: Produced, Recycled
Trims: Single function, multiple function, Multilayers
Simulation: Multilayered Charactersitics, Vibro-
acoustic models
Single and Multilayered
Single elastic:
Steel
Single
+
Damping
Single
+
Porous
Single
+
Damping
+
Porous
Foam
Textile
Recycled
Foam
Multilayered:
Double wall
P
o
r
o
u
s
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
Foams & Fibers Intrinsic Properties
E
l
a
s
t
i
c
P
o
r
o
u
s
-
F
o
a
m
Kinematic viscosity
Fluid speed of sound
F
l
u
i
d
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
Fluid density
F
i
b
e
r
R
i
g
i
d
P
o
r
o
u
s
-
F
i
b
e
r
L
i
m
p
P
o
r
o
u
s
-
F
i
b
e
r
F
l
u
i
d
B
u
l
k
Flow resistivity
Prandtl number
Specific heat ratio
Viscous characteristic length
Tortuosity
Porosity
Thermal characteristic length
Loss factor
Poisson ratio
Bulk modulus
E
l
a
s
t
i
c
B
u
l
k
Bulk density
Materials definitions and physical parameters
Material definitions
Fluids (air, water)
Isotropic solid (Structure Materials elastic having
same properties in all directions):
steel, glass, etc.
Orthotropic solid (Structure Materials elastic with
different properties vs. directions):
composite
Damping Materials (unelastic):
Mass materials (unelastic):
Density, Insertion Loss, Transmission Loss
Spring like Materials:
Felts, Foam
Physical parameters
Density
Youngs Modulus
Poissons ratio
Damping Loss factor
Insertion Loss
Transmission Loss
Acoustic Absorption
Impedance
Porosity
Flow Resistance
Tortuosity
Complex Modulus
Bulk Loss Factor
01dB has solutions available to measure
all above marked physical parameters?
Type of Data
Acoustic and Vibration materials properties cannot easily be
found in bibliography
must be determined using different standards (ISO, SAE,
ASTM, DIN, BS).
Each parameter is measured with an independent technology
and with different equipment,
data format
consistency in the data base
Type of Data
D
a
t
a

c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
Density
Youngs Modulus
Poissons ratio
Damping Loss factor vs frequency typically FFT
Insertion Loss vs frequency typically 1/3 octaves
Transmission Loss vs frequency typically 1/3 octaves
Acoustic Absorption vs frequency typically FFT
Impedance vs frequency typically FFT
Porosity
Flow Resistance
Tortuosity
Complex Modulus vs frequency typically FFT
Bulk Loss Factor vs frequency typically FFT
D
a
t
a

c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
PSD Normalization
It is possible to normalize the Frequency resolution of the measured spectrum
data by scaling it in PSD (Power Spectral Density units
It describes how Power of time series is distributed with frequency.
Practically is the squared Fourier transform, i.e. auto-power spectrum, divided
by frequency resolution in Hz.
It can be applied to spectra related to:
Insulation IL or TL spectra
Damping Loss factor
Acoustic Absorption
Impedance
Complex Modulus
Bulk Loss Factor
[ ]
f
aa
psd aa
G
G
=
FFT to 1/3 octaves (Energy average)
Transfer function derived FFTs are not necessarly concerned with Energy averaging, as it is
the case of an Acoustic absorption coefficient measured according to ASTM standards.
In this case only the energy values of FFT lines corresponding to 1/3 octave center bands
are taken in account
Where Energy average is an issue, like Acoustic insulation spectra as IL or TL, FFT lines
fromthe PSD spectrumare added together within a Frequency interval (F1 F2)
corresponding to the given 1/3 octave filter
Definitions:
F =Frequency range
N =FFT lines
f =Frequency resolution
Ns =minimum number of lines required for 1/3 octave filter
Fi =Frequency of i-th data sample
Minimum 1/3 octave band =
Example: F =20 kHz, N =3720, Ns =3
1/3 octave band width =21.5 Hz 100 Hz 1/3 octave filter
( )
N
F
N
s
+1
Poro-acoustic parameters
Main parameters
experimental determination
Poro-acoustic parameters
Most common parameters:
Impedance at 1!
2 general parameters:
Sound Insulation TL
Sound Absorption
2 general cases:
Randon incidence sound wave
Normal incidence sound wave
Impedance definitions
Point Impedance (structures)
the ratio of the applied force to resulting velocity of response.
Typically, the force and velocity, both being vectors, the impedance is a tensor. The
complex phase of a component of impedance indicates the relative phase of force to
velocity.
Impedance of acoustic materials (plane waves)
Specific Acoustic Impedance (at x distance from a sample surface) is the ratio between
pressure p(x,) to the normal component of fluid velocity u
n
(x,)
) , (
) , (
x u
x p
Z
n
=
TL RANDOM INCIDENCE: <Rw>Sound Insulation Index
Transmission Loss ISO 140/x ISO 717/1 dBBati
m
material empty
V
c T c T
V A
f

= 4
1 1
3 . 55
, 60 , 60
) (
Surface
RoomAbsorption
RoomEmission
RoomReceiving
Partition
Which is this?
200 m
3
Reverberant Room
RANDOM INCIDENCE<>
Absorption Ceefficient ISO 354 dBBati
( )
=
= =
+ =
c Log
m V
S T
V
S S A
A
S
Log L L R
m
f
i i
f
f
f
R eq
f
E eq f
w
f
f
f
10
4 3 . 55
10
) ( 60
) (
10 ) (
,
) (
, ) (
'
) (
) (
) (

dBBati 6 channels Rw,
NetdB
Transmission Loss TL
Insertion Loss IL
2 small rooms on top of each other
2 alternatives:
dBBati 6 channels Rw
NetdB
dBFA server-TCP-IP
Excel Macro TL
SCS VS Application TL
NetdB 4-12 channels, dB4 4 channels
Audio Ampllifier
Internal light
absorption
Walls with TL of
30 dB at 100 Hz
Microphones system
Steel plate and
sample position
1
.
6
-
2

m
Transmission Loss TL
Insertion Loss IL
Reverberant room and
Semi-anechoic chamber
on top of each other
Audio Ampllifier
4 alternatives:
dBPower 10 channels - NetdB
Lw,f (without-with sample) on steel plate = IL or TL
dBFA ISO9614- NetdB, Symphonie
Lw,f (without-with sample) on steel plate = IL or TL
dBBati 6 channels - NetdB
TL/Rw
dBFA server-TCP-IP - NetdB 4-12 ch, dB4
Excel Macro IL, TL
SCS VS Application IL, TL
Insertion or Transmission Loss
Reverberant
room in the
ground
Acoustic
transparence
Anecoich
chamber
7 x 7 x 5 m
Absorption coefficient for random incidence:
Small abs-cab
Wallswith TL of 30
dBat 100 Hz
Internal high
reflection
Loudspeaker
system
Amplifier system
Rotating
Microphonesystem
PC with DAQ-ANA System:
Generator and analyzer
Ca 3 m
Ca 3 m
Ca 2.5 m
Lifting holes
Not yet available on dBFA.
Please ask for SCS 902A solution
Impedance Tube System
dBFA server-TCP-IP
NetdB 4ch, dB4 , Symphonie
SCS80FA Application , Z
s
, TL
Impedance of acoustic materials (plane waves)
Specific Acoustic Impedance (at x distance froma sample surface) is the ratio
between pressure p(x,) to the normal component of fluid velocity u
n
(x, )
Zs: Surface Impedance, Zc: Transfer impedance (complex)
) , (
) , (
x u
x p
Z
n
=
Microphones
positions
1 2
Sample
Sound Source
u
n
Zs Zc
Rigid wall
Microphones
positions
1 2
Microphones
positions
3 4
Sample
Sound Source
1 or 2 Loads
(anechoic
terminations)
u
n
u*
n
Audio Ampllifier
TL
Normal Incidence Absorption Coefficient
ISO standard 10534-2 it is not very good actually and we do
not recommend to follow it in total.
Our recommendation it is to use the positions M1 and M2 or
M2 and MII which are the original positions in the earlier ISO
and are also the best one in our experience.
Mic. Positions R and MI have been introduced due to the
latest revision of ISO 10534-2 which requires a higher
Microphones distance for low frequencies.
However, if you want to use position R, you shall move the
sample about 15cm away to assure a minimum distance
between the Mic. R and the sample.
You just have to move backward the piston, it is very simple.
SCS9020B-standard tube (double)
RM2 M1MII MI
Large Tube
M2 M1
Small Tube
R M2 M1 MII MI
Configuration of Impedance Tube for
Audio Ampllifier
dBFA Suite version 4.82 & 4.9
Command line dbFA.exe --server
Transducers Data Base, Calibration, etc standard
Function FFT FRF Ref. Ch 1 (see Manual)
Display at user choice (no infoluence on the software)
Configuration of dBFA RT part for Normal
Incidence Absorption Coefficient
TASKS:
Calibration
Performs the phase adjustment between 2
microphones, including mics. 1 to 4 on the
TL
Measurement
Performs TF measurement
Calculation
Use TF measurement to calculate and Zs
Recall Data
Recall internal Data Base
Software SCS80FA - Alpha Measurement
for Normal Incidence Absorption Coefficient
Info and
instruction
to the
user step
by step
Graphic
Display
SCS80FA Main Panel
Link to dBFA/RT
SCS80FA COnfiguration
SCS80FA Results
Continous Frequencies FFT
1/3 octave bands
SCS80FA Results
Zs Surface Impedance
Re/Im
Plane waves Transmission Loss TL
Loudspeaker Test sample Anechoic end
p1 p2 p3 p4
A
1
B
1
A
2
B
2
d
s
2
x
3
x
4
x
1
x
2
s
1
x
From the general definition of TL in which:
TL measurements in a tube is based on the
Transmission Loss Matrixa unique
parameter for each material.
We are interested just in the 1st term of the
Matrix (f) which is the same as in the
definition of TL
Notes:
Material sample with Symmetric
thickness yeld to error in Cremer
method for calculating the Matrix
Determinant
TL results with Kundt method are
very similar to 2 rooms method
There are 4 waves to consider:
The Forward travelling wave is defined by its
incident part A
1
and transmitted part B
2
The Backward travelling wave is defined by its
incident part A
2
and transmitted part B
1
And we can calculate the coefficient in terms
of Sound Pressure p measured at each
microphone positions at distance x

System of equations in 4 unknowns can
be reduced to a two loadscase in which the
Sound Pressure (G
1
autospectrum) p1 is
assumed as reference for cross-spectra taken
for 2 measurements conditions, using
different anechoic ends, indicated as pedix
Oand C( )
SCS9020B-standard tube for TL measurement
Transmission Loss measurement using Kundt Tube device are not covered by
ISO or ASTM standard
3 microphones method or single load TL Modulus only
4 microphones method or two-loads TL Mod, , Zc
Microphones
positions
1 2
Microphones
positions
3 4
Sample
Sound Source
1 or 2 Loads
(anechoic
terminations)
u
n
u*
n
Audio Ampllifier
dBFA server-TCP-IP - NetdB 4ch, dB4
SCS80FA Application TL, Zc
Transmission Loss measurement using Kundt Tube
device is very similar to Absorption mesurement
From ISO 10534 it can be seen that Sound absorption coefficient of the material can be determined using
Standardized Kundt apparatus with 2 methods:
SWT standing wave ratio and TF transfer function method
While the SWT intrinsically get to single Frequency values, steady state sinusoidal excitation, the TF is based
on FFT and FRF so it get to expressed in a full spectrum
A problem: how to derive 1/3 or 1/1 octave values from TF method?
Common sense says: take the values at the Frequencies corresponding to 1/3 octave bands nominal value!
New methodology based on the measurement of the reverberation time in the tube.
It can be considered a kind of hybrid among ISO 10534 but it is more precise and energetically correct.
The sound signal is an exponential sine sweep of which it is measured the Impulse Response Function IRF.
By convoluting the IFR with 1/3 octaves IIR we obtain the from a whole 1/3 octave bands and not just
from a single Frequency line!
Kundt Tube extended metodologies (T60)
Sine Sweep
IRF
Kundt device with add.on elements for T60
Kundt Tube extended metodologies (T60)
Available!
As SCS 902A solution
Everything is compatible
with standard Kundt
device
Circled items are add-on for
T60
Squared items are standard
Sample II
Sample I
Loudspeaker
Only 1 micorphone is necessary
Impulse Response (from T60 measurment)
A newmethod for the measurement of single and coupledabsorption coefficients
It is basedon the reverberation time in the Kundt tube
The method produces 1/3 octave band sound absorption values and complies with ISO-ASTM results
but resolves ambiguities in the conversionof FFT values into 1/3 octave values.
The sound energy is injected at side and moves in both directions and build up the standing waves
After each impact of the plane waves with the samples at the ends the intensity of the waves is reduced
yelding to the concept of Reverberation Time
Reverberation time (T60) is obtained from the measurement of the impulse response using a
methodologyknownas exponential sine sweep:
Squared Impulse Response
and Schroeder back-
integration to evaluate the
reverberation time in the tube
with an exceptional S/N ratio.
F2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Frequency [Hz]
RT TF
Comparison of results for 0
using ISO-ASTM method (TF)
and the Impulse Response
(TF) for T60 evaluation
Transmission Loss measurements in a tube can
also be performed.
The excitation signal is a sine sweep and the
impulse response of each microphone position is
determined. The maxima peaks shift of the
measurements gives the distance x1 to x4 and
the amplitude coefficient of the Complex Pressure
function are determined and used to estimated
the coefficient of Transfer Function Matrix
SCS-902A: Software suite (1) example
Poro-acoustic and Poro-elastic parameters
Additional parameters
experimental determination
Damping Loss Factor
Young Modules
Dynamic stiffness
Flow Resistance
Tortuosity
Bulk Modulus
Damping Loss Factor (SAE Method)
Instrumented
hammer
Accelerometers
Vibration testing
Available!
For dBFA with TCP-IP
commands on any 01dB
platforms supported
Tensile elastic (Youngs) modulus
Shear modulus
Damping Loss factor
Poissons ratio computed from
the shear and elastic moduli provided.
The bulk elastic or Youngs modulus of the foam, when measured in a vacuum
for the bulk frame material.
Bulk Loss Factor
the complex part of the bulk elastic or Youngs modulus of the porous material,
when measured in a vacuum. It is a unitless quantity that describes the percent of
total energy that is lost to heat in the process of propagation.
Defined as: is the power lost to heat
E is the total energy of the material
Youngs Modulus - Poissons Ratio
Oberst device SCS 902A / 9021
* SAE device SCS 902A / 9022
E
lost

=
Damping Loss Factor (Oberst Method)
Vibration testing
Available!
platforms supported
Damping measurements
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
Resonance peaks of the beam
plate are analysed with FFT
analysis and damping coefficient
can be derived from the
Frequency Response Function
FRF with 3 methods:
Half power frequency band at 3dB
points
Circle fitting of resonance peaks
(see figure at side)
Exponential decay of synthesized
SDOF
Impedance, Dynamic Stiffness
Point Impedance (structures)
the ratio of the applied force to resulting velocity of response (F/v).
Typically, the force and velocity, bothbeing vectors, the impedance is a tensor.
The complex phase of a component of impedance indicates the relative phase of
force to velocity.
Excitation can be provided by a small shaker (100-200 N) or by an Impact
Hammer
Response is measured using an accelerometer (conversion to v by dBFA)
Available!
platforms supported
F
a, v
sample
Small
shaker
Porosity:
the density fraction of the porous material that is comprised of fluid.
Defined as:
where is the mass density.
porous
solid
h
=1
Porosity & Flow Resistivity
Flow Resistivity: a measure of the resistance to
fluid flowing through the porous material
Defined as:
where
p
is the static pressure differential across
a layer of thickness
x
, and is the velocity of
airflowthrough the material.
x
p
v
R
=
1
Flow resistivity device
SCS 902A / 9021
Flow Resistivity
Available!
SCS-902A: Software suite example for Flow Resistance
Tortuosity or Structure Factor: a unitless quantity relating the average fluid
path length through the material normalized by the thickness of the bulk foam
material. Defined as:
Tortuosity is a measure of the deviation within the porous material of both the
pore axis from the direction of wave propagation, and of the pores
nonuniformity in cross-sectional dimension.
Tortuosity can also be expressed as a function of porosity h and impedance Z:
where is the porosity and Z the impedance
2
2
Re

=
fluid
absorber
Z
Z
h
Tortuosity
absorber
fluid
R
R
=
Tortuosity
Available!
Bulk Modulus
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
Bulk Modulus
Derived by measuring the
transfer function between two
accelerometers
Damping estimated on the
system resonance as Df/f at
3 dB below peak
Mechanical Impedance
method
Bulk Modulus
Available!
System to measure:
Young modulus static
Poisson ratio static
Young modulus dynamic
Dynamic stiffness
Damping Loss factor
Bulk modulus in vaccum
Vibro-acoustic materials parameters mesurement:
APPLICATIONS DOMAINS
Vibro-Acoustic Materials
Mass elements
insulation
Elastic elements
insulation
Limp film
absorption
Textiles
absorption
Foams
absorption
Septum
damping
I
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
/
o
u
t

e
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
A
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
/
o
r

e
l
a
s
t
i
c
BUILDINGS
Concrete
Bricks
Steel plates
Honeycomb
Plywood
Wood
panels
Rockwool
Glasswool
Glassfiber
Preformed
Vegetal
fibers
Fabric
Textile
layers
PU Foam
Stirolic
Rubber and
EPDM
TRANSPORTATION
INDUSTRIES
Insulation
Skeleton &
Absorption
Septum
Ceiling absorption
Absorption coefficient
ISO 354 Rev.Room
Walls insulation
TL Rw Rw
ISO 140/717
Floors insulation
TL impact
ISO 140-717
Vibration insulation
Losss factor
Stiffness
Building Vibro-Acoustic Materials
And the winner is:NetdB + dBBati
Damping
PU Foam
Insulation
Rubber & PU Foam
EPDM
Plywood
Woodstock
TL - damping
Septum
Oberst -
SAE
Transportation Vibro-Acoustic Materials
Screen
PU EPDM
TL - Kundt
Absorption
Textile
Kundt
absorption
And the winner is:dB4/NetdB + dBFA
Industries Vibro-Acoustic Materials
Insulation
Steel
PU Foam
Glasswool
TL, Normal Incidence & Z
Absorption
Glasswool
Fabric
Random incidence
Damping
Septum
Stiffness, Loss Factor
Absorption
Glasswool
Fabric
Normal Incidence & Z
Workshop noise
Enclosures
Silencers
Vibration isolation
Rubber
Stiffness, Loss Factor
And the winner is:dB4 + dBFA
Environmental Acoustic Materials
Sound Absorption
Kundt tube low frequencies
Impulse method on site (Adrienne)
SPB Statistical pass-by ISO 11819-1
CPX Close-proximity ISO 11819-2
Sound Absorption + TL
Sound Absorption + TL
T60 to obtain
Sound Barriers
Tunnelling
Sound Absortion
Asphalt
And the winner is: SYMPHONIE + dBBati and dBFA
Whos winning now? .

CUSTOMERS Material Characteristics

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1 Areva Strategic Assessment Review 2007-2011 1

Materials for Vibro-

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