CHAPTER 4

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE

MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT
Objectives
After finish this lesson, you will be able to:
Define the temperature
Convert temp unit
Realize the categories of temp device
Understand the important of thermowells Understand the important of thermowells
in temp device
Apply the principle and operation of temp
device (RD! C, filled"system, bimetallic#
Introduction
emperature emperature emperature emperature is a physical property of
matter that $uantitatively e%presses
the common notions of hot and cold!
most widely used since &'(' by most widely used since &'(' by
)alileo
technology is continuously improved
typical assembly consists of a
thermowell, temperature element,
e%tension, temperature transmitter
Measurement Unit
common: *ahrenheit + Celsius
*, C + , recognized internationally
* + C developing from - fi%ed point: ice
+ steam, at atmospheric pressure + steam, at atmospheric pressure
conversion

=
5
9
C F
15 . 273 = K C
. used to protect the element protect the element protect the element protect the element
. /f well not re$uired, clear label attached to
element to indicate no well present
. 01s create time delay! 1ithout well has
Thermoe!!s
. 01s create time delay! 1ithout well has
&"&2s time delay, a well -2"(2s delay
. Used in most cases, where temperature
elements are installed!
. here are e%ceptions to this rule, such as in
./nternals of some e$uipment
(compressors, turbines#
.3earings, where space is very limited
.4urface temperature measurement
.*ast response applications
.Air"space temperature measurements
01 construction +
material must carefully
matched with process
re$uirement
5aterial vary with the
application + re$uired
speed of response speed of response
" metal: ma% varies from
622* (iron# " -722*
(inconel#
" ceramic: ma% &'22* (fused
silica# " 7222* (silicon
carbide#
TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT "E#ICES
8rinciples
every metal 9 uni$ue composition + has a
different resistance to flow electrical
Resistance Tem$erature
"etector %RT"&
different resistance to flow electrical
current
most metal " changes in electrical resistance
directly proportional to change in
temperature: linear
it is called temperature coefficient of
electrical resistance (CR#
RD is regarded high precision wire
wound resistor: resistance varies with
temperature temperature
by measuring resistance, temperature can
be measured
RD
Constructions Constructions Constructions Constructions
pure metals pure metals pure metals pure metals (platinum, nic;el, copper#
typical probe contains a coil coil coil coil of very fine
metal wire: allowing large resistance
change without great space re$uirement change without great space re$uirement
common: platinum RD " accuracy +
linearity
Accurate sensor " can measure
temperature change of 2!2222& C
usually protected from the environment
by a sheath sheath sheath sheath made of stainless steel or
another temperature + corrosion
resistance material resistance material
element fits snugly inside sheath to
produce high rate of heat transfer
fine powder fine powder fine powder fine powder used to eliminate air poc;ets
ceramics insulators ceramics insulators ceramics insulators ceramics insulators used to isolate
internal lead wires!
At the end of tube a hermetic seal, a hermetic seal, a hermetic seal, a hermetic seal, to
protects the element
assembly may be terminated with lead
wires0 may supplies with an appropriate
terminal bloc; similar to C assembly
<perations
o detect small variations of resistance,
temperature transmitter in form of
1heatstone bridge 1heatstone bridge 1heatstone bridge 1heatstone bridge is used
the circuit compared RD value with three the circuit compared RD value with three
;nown + highly accurate resistors
1heatstone: available - wire, 7 wire, =
wire elements
1heatstone bridge consist: 7 resistors,
voltmeter, voltage source
when current flow in the meter is zero
(voltage point A > voltage point 3#: null
balance
this is set point on RD temperature this is set point on RD temperature
output!
As RD temp increase, voltage increase
voltage transducer replaces voltmeter, ="-2
mA signal can be monitored
when RD is install some distance away some distance away some distance away some distance away
from transmitter, it caused problem
long connecting wires: resistance of wires
changes as ambient temperature fluctuates
variations in wire resistance would variations in wire resistance would
introduce error error error error in the transmitter
eliminate problem: 7"wire RD is used
(impedance in wires will cancel because
they are in opposite legs of the bridge#
RTD
RD Advantages
most stable, more accurate at moderate
temperature
less susceptible to electric noise less susceptible to electric noise
operate higher level of electrical signal
response time very fast compared
thermocouple (faction in sec#
more sensitive + more linear than C
not e%perience drift problems because not
self"powered
not re$uired special e%tension cable not re$uired special e%tension cable
radioactive radiation has minimal effect
RD Disadvantages
more e%pensive (purest metal#
not capable measuring as wide temp range
as C
power supply failure, cause erroneous power supply failure, cause erroneous
reading
small changes in resistance (vibration, not
tight, corrosion# 9 create error
resistance curve vary from manufacturer
accuracy + service life are limited at high
temperature
RD can found in reactor area temperature
measurement + fuel channel coolant measurement + fuel channel coolant
temperature
8rinciples
consist - pieces of dissimilar metals with
their ends ?oined together (twisting,
soldering, welding#
Thermocou$!e
soldering, welding#
when heat applied, voltage (m@# is
generated
the ?oined produce a thermal
electromotive force (emf# when ?unctions
at different temperature
C is self"powered
ypical response time of bare C
(2!- "&-s#
Constructions
C wires are manufactured to close
tolerances + tend to be e%pensive
their limited is to probe itself
C e%tension wires, used as a lin; between C e%tension wires, used as a lin; between
C + measuring device0transducer
hermocouple
7 basic types of C construction
Ceramic beaded
/nsulated (plastic, glass, ceramic fiber#
5etal"sheathed mineral"insulated
(545/#: e%truded (sheath 9 stainless (545/#: e%truded (sheath 9 stainless
steel0inconel + mineral 9 Al
-
<
7
05g<#
C can be constructed to be protected0
e%posed
protected: can be grounded0ungrounded
grounded: give faster response, but
susceptible to electrical noise
ungrounded: slower response, electrically
isolated
C may be spring"loaded, so the tip + well
surface remain in contact to ensure good
heat transfer
if e%posed, the faster response is provided,
but the wires are totally unprotected
when C get thinner:
the recommended upper temp limit is
reduced reduced
the error decreases + the response is
faster to temp changes
the element becomes more fragile
at high temp, accuracy is more sensitive to
material (wire impurities#
<perations
C: - ?unctions for measuring!
hot ?unction: the end inserted in the medium to
measured temperature
Hot junction
cold ?unction: connected to measurement
device (e!g! milimeter, potientiometer,
galvanometer#
A voltage generated depends on temperature
Co!d junction
in a circuit, loop current
depends on relative
magnitude of voltage!
Detect by galvanometer
to measure temp, one
end contact with end contact with
process, other end ;ept
at const temp
emf thermocouple
increases when the
difference in ?unction
temp increases
relationship between total circuit voltage
(emf# + emf at the ?unction is:
if circuit emf + reference emf ;nown,
Circuit emf > 5easurement emf 9 Reference emf
if circuit emf + reference emf ;nown,
measurement can be calculated
convert to ="-2 mA signal, transmitted is
needed: temperature transmitter
the temp measurement circuit consists a C
connected directly to temperature transmitter!
hot + cold ?unction can located wherever re$uired
to measure temp diff
Beed monitor the temp rise to ensure the safe
operation
rise of a device is the operating using ambient
or room temperature as the reference!
ypes of C
Copper9constantan (ype #
pure copper (Cve# element +
constantan ("ve# element constantan ("ve# element
Constantan: group of alloys, contain
appro%imately ((D copper + =(D
nic;el!
/ron 9 constantan (ype E#
" iron (Cve# element + constantan (9ve#
element
" can be applied in o%idizing 0 reducing " can be applied in o%idizing 0 reducing
atmospheres!
Chromel 9 Alumel (ype ,#
" Chromel (Cve# element + alumel ("ve#
element
" Chromel is an alloy with a nominal
composition of '2 D nic;el + &2 D composition of '2 D nic;el + &2 D
chromium
" Alumel contains '( D nic;el plus
aluminum and silicon with manganese
" Chromel 9 alumel C must be used in
o%idizing 0 neutral atmospheres
Chromel 9 constantan (ype F#
" Chromel (Cve# element + Constantan
("ve# element
" highest emf per degree change of
temp of any commonly used C
" suitable for o%idizing atmospheres + " suitable for o%idizing atmospheres +
not corrode at sub"freezing temp
" operating limits of "&62
o
C and C6G2
o
C
when protected and is available in
wire
Advantages
oresistance to corrosion in moist atmosphere,
limits error below 2
o
C, suitable for
subfreezing temperature measurement!
ocan be furnished higher degree of accuracy ocan be furnished higher degree of accuracy
for temp between "-G2 + C=22
o
C than any
other commonly used thermocouple
ocan be applied in either o%idizing 0reducing
atmospheres between stated temp
o used on most transformers
(hot ?unction inside the transformer oil +
cold ?unction at the meter mounted on the
outside#!
o used e%clusively around the turbine hall
because of their rugged construction and because of their rugged construction and
low cost!
o capable of measuring a wider temperature
range than an RD
o self"powered
o simple + rugged
o ine%pensive (half"price of RD#
o wide choice of physical forms
can be calibrated to generate a specific o can be calibrated to generate a specific
curve + easy to interchange
o fast response + measurement at one
specific point
Disadvantages
C located some distance away from the
measuring device, e%pensive e%tension
wires 0 compensating cables have to be
used! used!
C are not used in areas where high
radiation fields are present!
generate non"linear output + low voltage
re$uired a reference ?unction
have a low sensitivity
limited in accuracy
need type"matching e%tension wires need type"matching e%tension wires
slower response than RDs
susceptible to stray electrical signal
8rinciples
metallic assembly consists a
bulb, small"diameter
tubing (capillary# +
3ourdon spring
'i!!ed(S)stems
3ourdon spring
indicator lin;ed to
3ourdon tube indicates
temp
sometimes bellows +
diaphragm are used
system filled with a li$uid 0
gas that e%pands + contract
as the temp sensed at the
bulb increased + decreased
e%pansion 0 contraction
translated to mechanical translated to mechanical
motion
li$uid causes volume changes
+ gas causes press changes
this device generally used for
local indication
*illed"systems
<perations
an improvement
li$uid9in"glass
thermometer
need no power to need no power to
function, simple,
rugged, self"
contained, accurate
over narrow temp
span
bulb may be too large for e%isting
application + on system failure, the whole
system must be replaces
capillary tubing is limited to a distance of
-(2 ft
slow to respond + relative e%pensive slow to respond + relative e%pensive
it is susceptible to ambient temp changes
around the capillary + ambient temp
compensation is often re$uired
occasional chec;ing + testing
re$uired to maintain accuracy
capillary tubing should be
continuously supported +
protected against damage
capillaryHs construction material capillaryHs construction material
should be compatible with the
surrounding environment
bulb must be immersed
sufficiently to ensure that the
actual temp is being measured
@apor
Ii$uid
8rinciples
a spiral made of two different metals,
having different coefficient of e%pansion:
*imeta!!ic
having different coefficient of e%pansion:
e%pands as the temp increase
movement by e%pansion drives an
indicator on a scale
industrial bimetallic use a helical: coil to fit
inside a stem
most temp
switches operate
on this principle:
but guides
provide min of
friction for the friction for the
moving
component
<perations
generally used in local temp gages +
switches
o facilitate reading 9 Jall"angleK types
usually are selected with a ( in! diameter usually are selected with a ( in! diameter
dial
capillary type is sometimes used for
operating visibility
if vibration e%ist: thermometer may be
filled with a dampening fluid (compatible
with the process fluid, in case of lea;age#
simple construction, has few moving parts
+ re$uired little maintenance + re$uired little maintenance
lowest cost among temp device, low
accuracy + provides no remote indication
o calibrate: must be immersed in a bath of
;nown temp
hey are simple,
robust and ine%pensive!
heir accuracy is
between Cor" -D to (D
of the scale!
hey are not
recommended for
temperature above
=22
2
C!
1hen regularly used,
D/4AD@ABA)F4 AD@ABA)F4
of the scale!
hey can with stand
(2D over range in
temperatures!
1hen regularly used,
the bimetallic may
permanently deform,
which in turn will
introduce errors!
Coefficient of e%pansion!
he following are the important properties a
material should have to be selected for bimetallic
thermometers!
Coefficient of e%pansion!
5odulus of elasticity!
Flastic limit after cold rolling!
Flectrical conductivity!
Ductility!
5etallurgical ability!
hermometer, resistance bulb, C + bulb systems
are placed in thermowell!
hermowell protects the measuring device from
corrosive and erosive effect of measured
Tem$erature Measurement
Sa+et)
corrosive and erosive effect of measured
medium!
3are C is install to increase measurement speed
and sensitivity!
8rimary temp measuring devices can be
connected to indicator, recorder + controller!