Sei sulla pagina 1di 16

Name: ____________________________

Lab: Basic Genetic Crosses


Scientific Problem: Can we accurately predict the results of basic genetic crosses?
Background:
Allele: an alternate form that a gene may have for a single trait
Dominant allele / gene: allele masks / covers up recessive allele, expressed even if only 1 dominant allele
present
Recessive allele / gene: allele is masked / covered up by dominant allele, only expressed if have 2 recessive
alleles
Genotype: the genetic makeup or allele combinations of an organism
Phenotype: visible traits of an organism, the result of an organisms genotype
Homozygous: an organism that has 2 identical alleles for a single trait
Heterozygous: an organism that has 2 different alleles for a single trait
Probability: the likelihood that a particular event will occur
Materials:
1. Cups (red, green)

2. Beads (yellow, black)

Procedure:
1. Cups will be used to represent parents as follows:
a. Green cup = male parent, father
b. Red cup = female parent, mother
2. Beads will be used to represent alleles as follows:
a. Black bead = dominant allele for black color, represented by B
b. Yellow bead = recessive allele for yellow color, represented by b
Cross #1: Homozygous Recessive Parent x Homozygous Recessive Parent
1. Both parents in this cross will homozygous recessive.
a. What are the parents genotypes (expressed as letters)?
________________________________
b. What are the parents phenotypes?
________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in each parents cup?


_______________________________________

2. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:

a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________
b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
3. For trial #1:
a. Remove 1 bead from the female parents cup without looking. Record your result.
b. Repeat step a for the male parents cup. Record your result.
c. Combine the 2 beads to represent fertilization. Record the offsprings genotype and
phenotype.
d. Return both beads to their original cups.
4. If necessary, repeat step 6 for 9 additional trials or automatically fill in the remaining trials.
Cross #2: Homozygous Dominant Parent x Homozygous Dominant Parent
5. Both parents in this cross will homozygous dominant.
a. What are the parents genotypes (expressed as letters)?
________________________________
b. What are the parents phenotypes?
________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in each parents cup?


_______________________________________

6. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________

b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
7. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Cross #3: Homozygous Recessive Parent x Homozygous Dominant Parent
8. The female parent for this cross will be homozygous recessive.
a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in this parents cup?


________________________________________

9. The male parent for this cross will be homozygous dominant.


a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in this parents cup?


________________________________________

10. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________

b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
11. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Cross #4: Homozygous Recessive Parent x Heterozygous Parent
12. The female parent for this cross will be homozygous recessive.
a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in this parents cup?


________________________________________

13. The male parent for this cross will be heterozygous.


a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in this parents cup?


________________________________________

14. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________

b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
15. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Cross #5: Homozygous Dominant Parent x Heterozygous Parent
16. The female parent for this cross will be homozygous dominant.
a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in this parents cup?


________________________________________

17. The male parent for this cross will be heterozygous.


a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in this parents cup?


________________________________________

18. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________

b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
19. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Cross #6: Heterozygous Parent x Heterozygous Parent
20. The female parent for this cross will be heterozygous.
a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in this parents cup?


________________________________________

21. The male parent for this cross will be heterozygous.


a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.

What beads will you put in this parents cup?


________________________________________

22. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________

b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
23. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Data:
Cross #1:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)

Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10

Phenotype(s)
Observed

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)

Cross #2:
Trial
#
1
2

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

Trial
#
6
7

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

3
4
5

8
9
10
Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)

Phenotype(s)
Observed

% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)

Cross #3:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)

Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10

Phenotype(s)
Observed

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)

Cross #4:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)

Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10

Phenotype(s)
Observed

Offspring
Genotype

% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)

Offspring
Phenotype

Cross #5:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)

Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10

Phenotype(s)
Observed

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)

Cross #6:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5

Offspring
Genotype

Offspring
Phenotype

Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)

Questions:

Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10

Phenotype(s)
Observed

Offspring
Genotype

% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)

Offspring
Phenotype

1. Identify the phenotype for the genotypes given:


a. BB: _________

b. Bb: _________

c. Bb: _________

2. How can Punnett Squares be used?


_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
3. Create a Punnett Square and probability chart for each cross (express probability in simplest
form, example: 1 in 2):
Cross #1:
Genotype(
s)

Probability

Percentage

Genotype(
s)

Probability

Percentage

Genotype(
s)

Probability

Percentage

Cross #2:

Cross #3:

Cross #4:

Genotype(
s)

Probability

Percentage

Genotype(
s)

Probability

Percentage

Genotype(
s)

Probability

Percentage

Cross #5:

Cross #6:

4. The percentages of genotypes found in your trials may not have matched the percentages
calculated in the Punnett Squares.
a. Why might this happen?
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
b. What could you do to get your results to more closely match those of the Punnett
Squares?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________

5. A couple is planning on having a baby and would like to use Punnett Squares to predict some
of the babys traits. The couple knows their phenotypes for the traits they would like to predict.
a. Could this couple use Punnett Squares?
_____________________________________________
b. Explain:
______________________________________________________________________
_
______________________________________________________________________
________
6. Having dimples is a dominant trait. A couple has been told that there is a 25% chance that
their child will not have dimples. Use the letters D and d to represent genotypes for the
following questions.
a. What genotypes must the parents have?
____________________________________________
b. This couples first child had dimples. The couple was then told that there is now a 50%
chance that their child will not have dimples. Is this correct?
___________________________________
c. Explain your answer to the previous question:
________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
7. Having hitch-hiker thumb is a recessive trait. Two parents have straight thumbs.
a. Is there any way these two parents could have a child with hitch-hiker thumb?
______________
b. Explain your answer to the previous question:
________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
________

Name: ____________________________

8. Parent #1 has hitch-hiker thumb and Parent #2 has a straight thumb but is heterozygous. Use the
following letters to complete the questions below:

T = straight thumb
t = hitch-hike thumb
a. What is parent #1s phenotype?
__________________________________________________________
b. What is parent #1s genotype:
____________________________________________________________
c. What is parent #2s phenotype?
__________________________________________________________
d. What is parent #2s genotype:
____________________________________________________________
e. Complete the Punnett Square below for these parents:

f.

What possible phenotypes could these offspring have?


________________________________________

g. What possible genotypes could these offspring have?


_________________________________________
h. What is the likelihood (expressed as a %) that an offspring could have a straight thumb?
_____________
i.

What is the likelihood (expressed as a %) that an offspring could have hitch-hiker thumb?
____________

Name: ____________________________
j.

What is the likelihood (expressed as a %) that an offspring could be homozygous dominant?


__________

k.

What is the likelihood (expressed as a %) that an offspring could be homozygous recessive?


__________

l.

What is the likelihood (expressed as a %) that an offspring could be heterozygous?


_________________

Name: ____________________________
9. A person has attached earlobes.
a. What must this persons genotype be for earlobes?
___________________________________________
b. How do you know this is their genotype?
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________
c. Why cant we be certain of a persons genotype if they have free earlobes?
_______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________
d. What additional information might help us to try to determine a persons genotype if they have
free earlobes?
____________________________________________________________________________
_
____________________________________________________________________________
_________

Potrebbero piacerti anche