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Procedure:
1. Cups will be used to represent parents as follows:
a. Green cup = male parent, father
b. Red cup = female parent, mother
2. Beads will be used to represent alleles as follows:
a. Black bead = dominant allele for black color, represented by B
b. Yellow bead = recessive allele for yellow color, represented by b
Cross #1: Homozygous Recessive Parent x Homozygous Recessive Parent
1. Both parents in this cross will homozygous recessive.
a. What are the parents genotypes (expressed as letters)?
________________________________
b. What are the parents phenotypes?
________________________________________________
c.
2. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________
b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
3. For trial #1:
a. Remove 1 bead from the female parents cup without looking. Record your result.
b. Repeat step a for the male parents cup. Record your result.
c. Combine the 2 beads to represent fertilization. Record the offsprings genotype and
phenotype.
d. Return both beads to their original cups.
4. If necessary, repeat step 6 for 9 additional trials or automatically fill in the remaining trials.
Cross #2: Homozygous Dominant Parent x Homozygous Dominant Parent
5. Both parents in this cross will homozygous dominant.
a. What are the parents genotypes (expressed as letters)?
________________________________
b. What are the parents phenotypes?
________________________________________________
c.
6. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________
b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
7. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Cross #3: Homozygous Recessive Parent x Homozygous Dominant Parent
8. The female parent for this cross will be homozygous recessive.
a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.
10. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________
b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
11. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Cross #4: Homozygous Recessive Parent x Heterozygous Parent
12. The female parent for this cross will be homozygous recessive.
a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.
14. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________
b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
15. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Cross #5: Homozygous Dominant Parent x Heterozygous Parent
16. The female parent for this cross will be homozygous dominant.
a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.
18. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________
b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
19. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Cross #6: Heterozygous Parent x Heterozygous Parent
20. The female parent for this cross will be heterozygous.
a. What is this parents genotype (expressed as letters)?
__________________________________
b. What is this parents phenotype?
__________________________________________________
c.
22. Place the correct beads in the male and female parent cups. Make the following predictions
before going to the next step:
a. What genotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross (expressed as letters)?
_________
______________________________________________________________________
________
b. For each genotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each genotype?
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
c. What phenotype(s) do you predict could occur from this cross?
__________________________
d. For each phenotype predicted in the previous question, what percentage of the offspring
do you predict will have each phenotype?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
23. Repeat steps 3 & 4 for this cross.
Data:
Cross #1:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)
Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10
Phenotype(s)
Observed
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)
Cross #2:
Trial
#
1
2
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
Trial
#
6
7
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
3
4
5
8
9
10
Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)
Phenotype(s)
Observed
% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)
Cross #3:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)
Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10
Phenotype(s)
Observed
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)
Cross #4:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)
Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10
Phenotype(s)
Observed
Offspring
Genotype
% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)
Offspring
Phenotype
Cross #5:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)
Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10
Phenotype(s)
Observed
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)
Cross #6:
Trial
#
1
2
3
4
5
Offspring
Genotype
Offspring
Phenotype
Genotype(s)
Observed
(expressed as
letters)
Questions:
Trial
#
6
7
8
9
10
Phenotype(s)
Observed
Offspring
Genotype
% Offspring
Showing
Genotype(s) /
Phenotype(s)
Offspring
Phenotype
b. Bb: _________
c. Bb: _________
Probability
Percentage
Genotype(
s)
Probability
Percentage
Genotype(
s)
Probability
Percentage
Cross #2:
Cross #3:
Cross #4:
Genotype(
s)
Probability
Percentage
Genotype(
s)
Probability
Percentage
Genotype(
s)
Probability
Percentage
Cross #5:
Cross #6:
4. The percentages of genotypes found in your trials may not have matched the percentages
calculated in the Punnett Squares.
a. Why might this happen?
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
b. What could you do to get your results to more closely match those of the Punnett
Squares?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________
5. A couple is planning on having a baby and would like to use Punnett Squares to predict some
of the babys traits. The couple knows their phenotypes for the traits they would like to predict.
a. Could this couple use Punnett Squares?
_____________________________________________
b. Explain:
______________________________________________________________________
_
______________________________________________________________________
________
6. Having dimples is a dominant trait. A couple has been told that there is a 25% chance that
their child will not have dimples. Use the letters D and d to represent genotypes for the
following questions.
a. What genotypes must the parents have?
____________________________________________
b. This couples first child had dimples. The couple was then told that there is now a 50%
chance that their child will not have dimples. Is this correct?
___________________________________
c. Explain your answer to the previous question:
________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
7. Having hitch-hiker thumb is a recessive trait. Two parents have straight thumbs.
a. Is there any way these two parents could have a child with hitch-hiker thumb?
______________
b. Explain your answer to the previous question:
________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________
Name: ____________________________
8. Parent #1 has hitch-hiker thumb and Parent #2 has a straight thumb but is heterozygous. Use the
following letters to complete the questions below:
T = straight thumb
t = hitch-hike thumb
a. What is parent #1s phenotype?
__________________________________________________________
b. What is parent #1s genotype:
____________________________________________________________
c. What is parent #2s phenotype?
__________________________________________________________
d. What is parent #2s genotype:
____________________________________________________________
e. Complete the Punnett Square below for these parents:
f.
What is the likelihood (expressed as a %) that an offspring could have hitch-hiker thumb?
____________
Name: ____________________________
j.
k.
l.
Name: ____________________________
9. A person has attached earlobes.
a. What must this persons genotype be for earlobes?
___________________________________________
b. How do you know this is their genotype?
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________
c. Why cant we be certain of a persons genotype if they have free earlobes?
_______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________
d. What additional information might help us to try to determine a persons genotype if they have
free earlobes?
____________________________________________________________________________
_
____________________________________________________________________________
_________