Internal www.huawei.com ODA030010 BGP Routing Protocol ISSUE 1.4 PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 1 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: [ Understand the principle of BGP [ Understand the features of Attributes PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 2 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Chapter Chapter 1 1 Principle of BGP Principle of BGP Chapter Chapter 2 2 BGP Route Attributes BGP Route Attributes PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 3 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Overview Of BGP l BGP is an exterior routing protocol, used to transmit routing information between ASs l It is a kind of distance-vector routing protocol and avoids the occurrence of loop in design. It provides additional attribute information for the route l Transfer protocol: TCP; port No.: 179 l It supports Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) l Route updating: transmit incremental routes only l Abundant route filtering and routing policies PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 4 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Autonomous System l What is an Autonomous System (AS)? l which routing protocol running inside the AS l Which routing protocol running between ASs The Autonomous System (AS) refers to a set of routers, which are managed by the same technical management organization and adopt the unified routing strategy. Each AS has a unique AS number, which is allocated by the management organization authorized by the Internet. IGP routing protocol such as static route, OSPF , IS-IS etc BGP only PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 5 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Working Mechanism Of BGP AS1 AS7 AS6 AS5 AS4 AS3 AS2 PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 6 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved IBGP Neighbor & EBGP Neighbor EBGP RTB RTC IBGP RTA RTD RTE EBGP AS100 AS200 AS300 PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 7 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Route Advertising Principles of BGP l BGP Speaker only selects the best one for its own use l BGP Speaker only advertises the routes used by itself to its neighbors l For the routes obtained from EBGP, the BGP Speaker will advertise them to all its neighbors (including EBGP and IBGP) l For the routes obtained from IBGP, the BGP Speaker will not advertise them to its IBGP neighbors l For the routes obtained from IBGP, whether the BGP Speaker will advertise them to its EBGP neighbors depends on the synchronization state of IGP and BGP l Once the connection is established, the BGP Speaker will advertise all its BGP routes to the new neighbors PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 8 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved BGP Synchronization EBGP EBGP RTB RTC IBGP RTA RTD RTE RTF E0:10.1.1.1/24 S0 S1 AS100 AS200 AS300 PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 9 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Full Dynamic Redistribution l OSPF discovers route 18.0.0.1/8 l Dynamically redistribute the route discovered by IGP (OSPF) into the BGP routing table of RTB 18.0.0.1/8 OSPF RTB AS200 PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 10 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Semi Dynamic Redistribution l OSPF discovers the route 18.0.0.1/8 l Semi-dynamically redistribute the route discovered by IGP (OSPF) into the BGP routing table of RTB 18.0.0.1/8 RTB AS200 OSPF PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 11 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Static Redistribution l Manually configure the static route 18.0.0.1/8 l Redistribute the static route manually configured into the BGP routing table of RTB 18.0.0.1/8 AS200 RTB PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 12 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved BGP Messages l There are four types of BGP messages: [ Open: greeting--"hello, let's make friends!" [ Keepalive: I'm alive, don't leave me alone [ Update: fresh news... [ Notification: i won't play with you any more! PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 13 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved BGP Message Header l BGP messages have the same format: "message header + packet body" l The BGP header is given as follows: Marker(16 byte) Length(2 byte) Type(1 byte) PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 14 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Open Message l Open Message consists of the Message header and the structure below Optional Parameters Length (1byte) Hold Time (2byte) Version(1byte) My Autonomous System (2byte) BGP Identifier (4byte) Optional Parameters PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 15 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Keepalive Message l Keepalive Message only has the header Marker(16 byte) Length(2 byte) Type(1 byte) PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 16 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Update Message l An Update Message consists of the header and the following structure Withdrawn Routes (variable length) Unfeasible Routes Length (2byte) Path Attribute Length (2byte) Network Layer Reachability Information (variable length) Path Attributes (variable length) PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 17 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Notification Message l A Notification packet consists of the header and the structure below Data (variable length) Error Code (1byte) Error Subcode (1byte) Header error 1 OPEN Massage error 2 UPDATE Massage error 3 Hold time expiry 4 State Machine error 5 Exit Error Type 6 Error Code PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 18 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Finite State Machine of BGP Active Open-sent Open-confirm Established Idle Connect Connect-Retry timer expiry TCP connection fails Connect-Retry timer expiry Start Others TCP connection fails Error Error Error KeepAlive timer expiry KeepAlive packet received 1. KeepAlive timer expiry 2. Update received 3. KeepAlive received Correct OPEN packet received TCP connection setup TCP connection setup Others PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 19 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Application of Messages in BGP l The Open message is sent when establishing a BGP connection via TCP l After the connection is established, the UPDATE message is sent to notify the peer of the routing information if a route needs to be sent or route change occurs l After stabilization, it is necessary to send the KEEPALIVE message periodically to keep the validity of the BGP connection l When an error is found during the running of local BGP, NOTIFICATION message shall be sent to notify the BGP peer PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 20 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Chapter Chapter 1 1 Principle of BGP Principle of BGP Chapter Chapter 2 2 BGP Route Attributes BGP Route Attributes PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 21 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved BGP Path Attributes l A Path Attribute is a characteristic of an advertised BGP route. l Each Path Attribute falls into one of four categories: [ Well-known mandatory [ Well-known discretionary [ Optional transitive [ Optional nontransitive PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 22 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Path Attribute Well-known mandatory ORIGIN AS-Path Next hop Well-known discretionary Local-Preference Atomic-Aggregate Optional transitive Aggregator Community Optional nontransitive Multi-Exit-Disc (MED) ORIGINATOR-ID Cluster-List Destination Pref (MCI) Advertiser (Baynet) Rcid-Path (Baynet) MP_Reach_NLRI MP_Unreach_NLRI Extended_Communities PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 23 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved ORIGIN Attribute l ORIGIN specifies the origin of the routing update. When BGP has multiple routes, it uses ORIGIN as one factor in determining the preferred route. [ IGP NLRI (Network layer Reachability Information) was learned from a protocol internal to the originating AS. BGP routes are given an origin of IGP if they are learned from an IGP routing table via the network statement. [ EGP NLRI was learned from the Exterior Gateway Protocol. [ Incomplete NLRI was learned by some other means. Incomplete imply that the information for determining the origin of the route is incomplete. Routes that BGP learns through redistribution carry the incomplete origin attribute. l Which one is preferred? IGP > EGP > Incomplete PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 24 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved AS_PATH Attribute l AS-PATH uses a sequence of AS numbers to describe the inter-AS path or route to the destination specified by the NLRI. l AS-PATH describes all AS it has passed through ,beginning with the most recent AS and ending with the originating AS. D(18.0.0.0/8) AS200 AS300 AS400 AS100 AS500 RTA RTB 30.0.0.1 30.0.0.2 D (400 300 200) D (500 200) PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 25 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved AS_PATH Attribute l The Function of AS-PATH [ AS can influence its incoming traffic by changing the AS_PATH of its advertising route [ AS_PATH can be used for loop avoidance D(18.0.0.0/8) AS200 AS300 AS400 AS100 AS500 RTA RTB 30.0.0.1 30.0.0.2 D (400 300 200) D (500 200,200,200) D (200 200 200) PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 26 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Next Hop Attribute 18.0.0.0/8 20.0.0.0/8 RTA RTC RTB RTD 19.0.0.0/8 21.0.0.2 21.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.1 AS100 AS200 IBGP IBGP EBGP RTB I can reach 18.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.2 I can reach 20.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.3 RTA I can reach 18.0.0.0/8 via the next hop10.0.0.2 I can reach 20.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.3 I can reach 19.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 21.0.0.1 RTC I can reach 19.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.1 I can reach 20.0.0.0/8 via the next hop 10.0.0.3 PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 27 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved LOCAL_PREF Attribute l LOCAL_PREF is used to communicate a BGP routers degree of preference for an advertised route. l LOCAL_PREF is only in updates between internal BGP peers and it is not passed to other AS. l If an internal BGP speaker receives multiple routes to the same destination, it compares the LOCAL_PREF attribute of the routes. The route with highest LOCAL_PREF is selected. l The LOCAL_PREF attribute affects only traffic leaving the AS. PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 28 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved LOCAL_PREF Attribute l Dlocal-pref1 100 l Dlocal-pref2 200 RTA will select local-pref2 that has higher local preference AS400 AS100 AS300 AS200 RTA RTB RTC RTD RTE RTF D (18.0.0.0/8) 30.0.0.1 30.0.0.2 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 Dlocal-pref1 100 Dlocal-pref2 200 PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 29 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved MULTI-EXIT-DISC (MED) Attribute l MED is carried in EBGP updates and allows an AS to inform another AS of its preferred ingress points. It is meant only for a single AS to demonstrate a degree of preference when it has multiple ingress points. l MED attribute affects only the incoming traffic to the AS. l If all else is equal , an AS receiving multiple routes to the same destination compare the MED of the routes. The lowest MED value is prefered. MEDs are not compared if two routes to the same destination are received from two different AS. l The MED is passed between internal peers of the receiving AS but not passed beyond the receiving AS. MED is used only to influence traffic between two directly connected AS. PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 30 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved MULTI-EXIT-DISC (MED) Attribute D(18.0.0.0/8) RTA RTB RTC 30.0.0.1 30.0.0.2 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 AS100 AS200 D,metric1 10 D,metric2 20 D,metric1 10 D,metric2 20 RTA will select the lower metric IBGP PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 31 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Community Attribute l Community is designed to simplify policy enforcement. It identifies a destination as a member of some community of destinations that share one or more common properties. l The COMMUNITY attribute is a set of four octets values AA:NN. AA is AS number. NN is an administratively defined identifier. PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 32 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Well-known Community [ NO_EXPORT ! Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised to EBGP peers and outside of the confederation [ NO_ADVERTISE ! Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised at all to either EBGP or IBGP peers. [ LOCAL_AS ! Routes received carrying this value cannot be advertised to EBGP peers including peers in other AS within a confederation. [ INTERNET ! All routes belong to this community by default. Received routes belonging to this community are advertised freely PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 33 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved BGP Route Selection Procedure l In general, the procedure of local BGP route selection is: [ 1. If the next hop of this route is unreachable, this route is not selected. [ 2. Select the route with a higher local preference. [ 3. Select the originated route by the local router (same local precedence). [ 4. Select the route with shortest AS path. [ 5. Select the route with lowest origin code (IGP lower than EGP, EGP lower than Incomplete ). [ 6. Select the route with smallest MED . [ 7.Performing load sharing on multiple routes according to the configured number of routes (in case load sharing is configured and there are multiple external routes to the same AS) [ 8. Select the route with smallest Router ID . PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Page 34 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Summary l Feature of BGP l Difference with the IGP and EGP l Principle of BGP l The route attributes of BGP Microsoft Excel Worksheet PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com www.huawei.com Thank You PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com