Mechanical Properties of Metal Beams

Lab: 1 Three-Point Bending 08-31-04

Lab: 2 ol!mn B!c"ing 0#-0$-04
Lab: 3 Torsion Test 0#-21-04
Lab written by:
%aron &' (' )right
Group Members:
Billy Bryant
David Dix
Michael Herbachek
Table of ontents
Page Number
(b*ecti+es 3
Theor, and %nal,sis 3
-Three-point Bending 3
-ol!mn B!c"ling 4
-Torsion Test $
-ata and .es!lts 8
-Three-point Bending 8
-ol!mn B!c"ling 10
-Torsion Test 12
oncl!sions 13
-Three-point Bending 13
-ol!mn B!c"ling 14
-Torsion Test 14
%ppendices 1/
-Materials and 01!ipment 2%-03 1/
-Three-point Bending 2%-13 14
-ol!mn B!c"ling 2%-23 1$
-Torsion Test 2%-33 18
Bibliograph, 1#
(riginal -ata 5heets %ttached
2
(b*ecti+es:
Three-point Bending:
- Determine the modulus o elasticity !0" o a metal specimen by a three point
bendin# test$
Column Buckling:
- %ompute the theoretical load that will buckle an aluminum pipe$
- %ompare the #raphs o calculated and actual bucklin# load or the pipe$
Torsion Test:
- Determine the &hear Modulus !6" o a steel rod$
Theor, and %nal,sis:
Three-Point Bending
'he three-point bendin# test uses the principle o beam delection to establish the
modulus o elasticity !0" o a specimen$ %onsider 7ig 1'1 below$
(ccordin# to the beam delection e)uation or this case* the maximum delection occurs
at the center where the orce is applied and described by e)uation 01: 1$
+
01: 1
EI
PL
,-
+
=
.here: is delection !in"
P is orce !lb

"
L is eective len#th !in"
0 is the Modulus !psi"
8 is Moment o /nertia!in
,
"
'his test was run usin# a 1020 HR teel tube with s)uare cross section$ 'he Moment o
/nertia !8" o a tube o s)uare cross section is described by 01: 2$
01: 2
" !
02
0
, ,
i o
D D I =
.here: -
o
is outer len#th !in"
-
i
is inner len#th !in"
'he 'hree-point bendin# test yields data on the load applied !P" and the delection !"$
&ince the Moment o inertia !8"* and specimen len#th !L" are known* the delection
e)uation !01: 1" can be rewritten to solve or the Modulus o 1lasticity* 01: 3$
01: 3

P
I
L
E =
,-
+
01: 3 will be applied in the data analysis to #enerate the experimental value o the
Modulus o 1lasticity o this specimen$
Column Buckling
( column is essentially a beam* with the load applied lon#itudinally* compressin#
the column* as shown in 7ig 2'1$ Lon#er columns tend to buckle* while shorter ones tend
to ail in compression$ 'he &lenderness 2atio !5." is the actor that determines what
type o ailure will occur$ 'his ratio is deined in 01: 4$
01: 4
k
L
SR
e
=
,
.here: 5. is the slenderness ratio
L
e
is the eective len#th !in"
" is the radius o #yration !in"
'he radius o #yration* !k"* is deined by 01: /$
01: /
A
I
k =
.here: % is cross sectional (rea !in
2
"
8 is moment o /nertia !in
,
"
'his experiment used an !llo" #0#1-T# !luminum tube o circular cross section* the
Moment o inertia* and area e)uations ollow$
01: 4
" !
3,
, ,
i o
D D I =

01: $
" !
,
2 2
i o
D D A =

4
.here: -
o
is outer len#th !in"
-
i
is inner len#th !in"
'he critical slenderness ratio must be calculated* !
c
"* in order to determine which
bucklin# e)uation describes the particular case$ 'his ratio is described by 01: 8$
01: 8
y
c
E
C

2
2
=
.here:
,
is the yield stress !psi"
0 is modulus o elasticity !psi"
'he two methods o determinin# the critical load !P
cr
" or a column are 0!ler9s method*
and the :'B' :ohnson method$ 'hese two e)uations are valid over a ran#e o slenderness
ratios$ / the column5s slenderness is less than the critical slenderness ratio* the :'B'
:ohnson method is used$ %onversely* i the slenderness is #reater* than the critical ratio*
0!ler9s method is valid$ 'hese methods are shown below$
0!ler:
01: #
2
2
" !SR
EA
P
cr

=
:'B' :ohnson:
01: 10
( )

=
2
2
2
0
c
y cr
C
SR
A P
.here: P
cr
is Load !lb

"

,
is the yield stress !psi"
0 is modulus o elasticity !psi"
% is cross sectional (rea !in
2
"

c
is the critical slenderness
Torsion Test
/n addition to an elastic modulus* materials have a shear modulus !6"$ &hear
stress and shear strain are related much as normal stress and strain$ 01: 11 shows this
relationship$
3
01: 11
G =
.here: is shear stress !psi"
is shear strain
6 is shear modulus !psi"
'he torsion test was perormed on a solid cylindrical specimen o 1020 HR carbon teel$
/t consisted o placin# the rod into a collar that was #raduated in de#rees o twist* ixin#
one end o the rod in the torsion test machine* and applyin# a tor)ue to the other end* as
in 7ig 3'1* below$
&ince the input tor)ue !T" and the an#le o twist !" are known rom this test* the
relationships between shear stress !01: 12" and shear strain !01: 13" are used to relate
this data to the shear modulus$
hear tress
01: 12
J
Tr
=
hear train
6
01: 13
L
r
=
.here: r is radius !in"
T is tor)ue !in lb"
: is polar moment o inertia !in
,
"
L is len#th o rod !in"
is an#le o twist !rad"
'he polar moment o inertia o a solid cylinder o radius r is described in 01: 14$
01: 14
,
2
r J

=
&olvin# e)uations 02 and 0+ or radius and e)uatin# them* yield 01: 1/$
01: 1/

T
J
L
=
7rom 01: 11* the ollowin# substitution can be made into 01: 1/* to yield the
relationship between tor)ue* twist* and shear modulus* 01: 14$
01: 14

T
J
L
G =
-ata and .es!lts
Three-Point Bending
'he specimen used or this test was a 02in lon# 1020 HR carbon teel tube with
hollow s)uare cross section$ 'he outer side dimension !-
o
" was determined to be 8$489
in* the inner dimension !-
i
" was ound to be 8$+66 in$ Detailed bendin# test data can be
ound in %ppendi; %-1$ 'he specimen was loaded into the :niversal 'estin# Machine
and the ollowin# data recorded !Table 1'1"$
Table 1'1 -eflection and Load &al!es for 3-Point Bending
%ct!al
-eflection 2in3 Load 2lbs3
8 8
8$80 ,2
-
8$82 46
8$8+ -2
8$8, 08-
8$84 020
8$83 0,-
8$86 030
8$8- 06+
8$89 0-4
8$0 28+
8$00 204
8$02 223
8$0+ 2+4
8$0, 2,,
8$04 242
8$03 249
8$06 233
8$0- 262
8$09 266
8$2 2-2
8$20 2-3
8$22 2-9
8$2+ 292
8$2, 29,
8$24 293
8$23 29-
8$26 +88
'he ollowin# #raph !7ig 1'2" shows the plot relationship between the applied load and
the measured delection$ 'he tick-marked line connects the data points* while the solid
line represents the slope o the irst ew points* beore yieldin#$ 7rom the calculated
slope* 01: 3 can be applied to ind the Modulus o 1lasticity$
9
7i g: 1'2 Three Poi nt Bendi ng: Load +s' -efl ecti on !r+e
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
De f le c t io n ( in)
7rom the slope o this tan#ent line* which represents

P
* the modulus can be ound by
multiplyin# this ratio by the known )uantity o
I
L
,-
+
$ :sin# the ;slope< unction in
1xcel*

P
was ound to be 2348$ .ith
I
L
,-
+
= 90+6$3* the modulus o elasticity o this
specimen was ound to be: 0 < 233#2244'2# psi* or 233#2 "si$
Column Buckling
'o determine the load ailures o the !llo" #0#1-T# !luminum pipe* the
:niversal 'estin# Machine was used$ 'he pipe was loaded so that the ends were pin
supported* and a centric load was applied to the top$ ( total o 3 specimens were used
startin# at 02 in and decreasin# by about 2 in to a minimum len#th o 2 in$ 'he outer
08
diameter !-
o3
o these tubes was recorded as 8$488 in and the inside diameter !-
i
" was
8$+3- in$ 'he data rom this test is shown in Table 2'1$
Table: 2'1 .ecorded -ata from ol!mn B!c"ling
Length 02 9$9+64 - 4$9 , 2 in
L=" 66$2,932 3+$962+, 40$,996, +6$9-083 24$6,9-6 02$-6,9, in
Load 23-8 2648 2-98 ++64 +448 +968 lbs
(pplyin# these values to 01: # and 01: 10* the theoretical loads were calculated$
Graphically* these values are shown in 7ig 2'2$
7ig 2'2 ritical Load +al!es for ol!mn B!c"ling Test
8
2888
,888
3888
-888
08888
02888
0,888
03888
8 28 ,8 38 -8 088
5lenderness .atio 2L="3 2in3
L
o
a
d

2
l
b
s
3
(bser+ed
0!ler
:'B' :ohnson
'he numerical values o these theoretical loads* as well as additional data* are available in
%ppendi; %-2$
Torsion Test
00
( solid cylinder o 0828 H2 carbon &teel with an outside diameter !-
o
" o 8$-8,
in* and len#th o 4$88 in was loaded into the torsion test collar !triptometer"* and ali#ned
at a twist o 8 de#rees$ 'his apparatus was loaded into the torsion-testin# machine and a
tor)ue applied$ 'his data appears in Table 3'1$
Table 3'1: Torsion Test -ata Tor1!e and T>ist %ngle
? 2deg3 ? 2rad3
Tor1!e
2lbf in3
8 8 8
8$4 8 8
0 8$806,4+ 0,-8
0$4 8$8230- 2428
2 8$8+,986 +8-8
2$4 8$8,+3++ +088
+ 8$842+3 +008
+$4 8$8308-6 +004
, 8$839-0+ +004
7ig: 3'2a: Torsion Test Tor1!e +s' T>ist
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
'wist (n#le !rad"
T
o
r
1
!
e
2
l
b

i
n
3
!
e
7ig 3'2a shows the plot o the recorded data in Table 3'1$
02
:sin# 01: 12 and 01: 13* the shear stress and shear strain were calculated$ 'his data is
represented in 7ig: 3'2$
7ig: 3'2: 5hear 5tress +s' 5hear 5train
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
5hear 5train
5
h
e
a
r

5
t
r
e
s
s

2
p
s
i
3
7rom this data* applied to 01: 14* the &hear Modulus o the specimen was ound to be:
6< 1104#'8# "si$ Detailed data and analysis can be ound in %ppendi; %-3$
oncl!sion
Three-Point Bending
'he calculated value o the Modulus o 1lasticity o 0828 H2 carbon &teel was
ound to be: 0 < 233#2244'2# psi* or 233#2 "si$ 'he known value o >oun#5s Modulus
o this particular type o steel is 0< 2#000 ksi$ 1rror can be attributed to the
measurements o the inner and outer diameters o the specimen* as well as human error
readin# the data rom the testin# machine$ 'he data does* however* show very well the
principle o yieldin#* shown by the asymptotic behavior o the curve in 7ig 1'2* as the
strain #rew$
0+
Column Bucking
7rom 7ig 2'2* it is apparent that the theoretical load values closely match the
observed values$ 'oward the lesser values o slenderness ratio* the ?$B$ ?ohnson e)uation
under predicts the observed values by a small mar#in* then* near the critical slenderness
ratio* 1uler5s method approximates the observed value$ @ossible dierences can be
attributed to non-centric load* or the eective len#th bein# shorter than the assumption*
due to the type o connection to the testin# e)uipment$
Torsion Test
'he calculated value o the &hear Modulus by the data rom this torsion test was
ound to be 6< 1104#'8# "si$ 'he known value o the shear modulus o 1020 HR
carbon teel is 6< 11000 "si$ 'he calculated value and the known value show sli#ht
error* which was probably caused by inaccurate readin# o the triptometer$ 7ig 3'2 also
shows the apparent yield point or this specimen$
0,
%ppendi; %-0 Materials and 01!ipment
Three-Point Bending
'inus Alsen :niversal 'estin# Machine
Beam @in &upport 7ittin#s
Dial /ndicator !8$880 in"
Bernier %alipers
2uler
Hollow &)uare cross-section 0828 H2 carbon &teel 2od
Column Bucking
'inus Alsen :niversal 'estin# Machine
%olumn @in &upport 7ittin#s
Bernier %alipers
2uler
Hollow circular cross-section (lloy 3830-'3 (luminum @ipe
Torsion Test
'inus Alsen 'orsion 'est Machine
'riptometer
Bernier %alipers
2uler
&olid circular cross-section 0828 H2 carbon &teel 2od
04
%ppendi; %-1 Three Point Bending Test -ata
Meas!rement 1 2 3 %&6
do< 8$40 8$48- 8$489 in 8$489in 8< 8$88+9,inC,
di< 8$+60 8$+6- 8$+66 in 8$+64+++in L@3=248A83< 90+6$38+
L< 02 in
Meas!red %ct!al
-eflection 2in3 Load 2lbs3 -eflection 2in3 Load 2lbs3
8 +38
8$80 +66 8 8 delta=P< 2438
8$82 ,82 8$80 ,2
8$8+ ,06 8$82 46 0< 2++9223,$29 psi
8$8, ,,2 8$8+ -2
8$84 ,3- 8$8, 08-
8$83 ,-0 8$84 020
8$86 48- 8$83 0,-
8$8- 420 8$86 030
8$89 4++ 8$8- 06+
8$0 4,4 8$89 0-4
8$00 43+ 8$0 28+
8$02 464 8$00 204
8$0+ 4-3 8$02 223
8$0, 494 8$0+ 2+4
8$04 38, 8$0, 2,,
8$03 302 8$04 242
8$06 309 8$03 249
8$0- 323 8$06 233
8$09 3+2 8$0- 262
8$2 3+6 8$09 266
8$20 3,2 8$2 2-2
8$22 3,3 8$20 2-3
8$2+ 3,9 8$22 2-9
8$2, 342 8$2+ 292
8$24 34, 8$2, 29,
8$23 343 8$24 293
8$26 34- 8$23 29-
8$2- 338 8$26 +88
03
%ppendi; %-2 ol!mn B!c"ling Test -ata
1 2 3 a+g L 2act!al3
8-< 8$4 8$482 8$4 8$488336in %< 8$898402inC2 02
(-< 8$+3- 8$+3- 8$+3- 8$+3-in 8< 8$8820-,inC, 9$9+64
B< 8$044+,0in
0< 08088888psi 4$9
sigma2,3< +4888psi
c< 64$,6299
Length 02 9$9+64 - 4$9 , 2 in
L=" 66$2,932 3+$962+, 40$,996, +6$9-083 24$6,9-6 02$-6,9,
Load 23-8 2648 2-98 ++64 +448 +968lbs
5tress 29389$,2 +8+-2$- +0929$43 +62-6$99 +9220$,, ,+-30$62psi
23-8 2648 2-98 ++64 +448 +968lbs
0!ler 0368,$+0 2,+46$62 +64-,$39 39080$,0 048++-$- psi
0!ler Load 0400$9+3 228,$349 +,80$-44 324,$,-- 0+386$,2 lbs
:B :ohnson 03333$, 22,23$9- 23-40$6, +843-$00 +2932$9+ +,,98$6+psi
:'B' Load 048-$484 2829$984 2,+8$+96 2633$662 29-+$4+2 +020$-03lbs
06
%ppendi; %-3 Torsion Test -ata
dia < 8$-8,in :< 8$8,08226in,
L< 4in
r< 8$,82in L=:< 020$--+6-in-+
phi phi rad Tor1!e lbf in
8 8 8 T=phi< 98-2+$+,4
8 8 8
0 8$806,4++ 0,-8 6< 00839-9+psi
0$4 8$8230699 2428
2 8$8+,9833 +8-8
2$4 8$8,+3++2 +088
+ 8$842+499 +008
+$4 8$8308-34 +004
, 8$839-0+2 +004
5hear 5tress 5hear 5train
2psi3 2psi3
8 8
8 8
0,48+$094 8$880,8+2,4
2,39,$329 8$88208,-36
+80-2$+2, 8$882-83,-9
+8+6-$+0+ 8$88+48-002
+8,63$+8- 8$88,2896+,
+8424$+84 8$88,900+46
+8424$+84 8$884302969
0-
09
Bibliograph,:
%allister* .illiam D$ ?r !288+"$ Material Science and Engineering an Introduction$
:&(: ?ohn .iley D &ons* /nc$
Beer* 7erdinand @$ !2882"$ Mechanics of Materials$
Boston: McGraw Hill$
Matweb Material @roperty Data http:EEwww$matweb$com F26 &ept 288,G
28