WIKIPEDA

Yogyakarta (/jjkrt/ or /jojkrt/;

[1]
also Jogja, Jogjakarta) is a city and the capital
of Yogyakarta Special Region in Java, Indonesia. It is renowned as a centre of
classical Javanese fine art and culture such asbatik, ballet, drama, music, poetry, and puppet shows.
Yogyakarta was the Indonesian capital during the Indonesian National Revolution from 1945 to
1949. One of the districts in Yogyakarta, Kotagede, was the capital of theMataram
Sultanate between 1575 and 1640. The city is named after the Indian city of Ayodhya from
the Ramayana epic. Yogya means 'suitable, fit, proper', and karta, 'prosperous, flourishing' (i.e., 'a
city that is fit to prosper').
[2]
History[edit]
Mataram Kingdom (8th - 10th Century CE)[edit]
According to Canggal inscription dated 732, the area traditionally called as "Mataram" became the
capital of Medang Kingdom, identified as Mdang i Bhumi Mataram established by King Sanjaya.
Mataram became the center of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture, for
about three centuries its heartland in Kewu Plain (southern slope of Mount Merapi)
around Prambanan witnessed the construction of
numerous candi includingBorobudur and Prambanan.
Around the year 929, the centre of the kingdom was shifted to East Java byMpu Sindok, who
established the Isyana Dynasty. The exact cause of the move is still uncertain; however, a severe
eruption of Mount Merapi volcano or a power struggle probably caused the move. Historians suggest
that, some time during the reign of King Wawa of Mataram (924929), Merapi volcano erupted and
devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram. Although missing from the historical record since the
migration of the capital of Medang kingdom in the 10th century to the eastern Java, the valley area in
the south of Mount Merapi since the 15th century still inhabited and according to later account,
perhaps become part of the region called "Pengging".
Majapahit Empire (1293 - 1527)[edit]
During the Majapahit era, the area surrounding modern Yogyakarta identified again as "Mataram"
and recognize again as one of Majapahit 12 provinces in Java ruled by a Duke titled 'Bhre Mataram'.
During the reign of Hayam Wuruk (1350 to 1389), the title of Bhre Mataram was held by king's
nephew also son in-law Wikramawardhana.
Mataram Sultanate (1575 - 1620)[edit]
Kotagede (now part of districts in Yogyakarta) was established as the capital of Mataram Sultanate.
The palace of the founder of Mataram Sultanate, Panembahan Senopati established in scene of part
of Alas Mentaok. During the reign ofSultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613-1645), Sultanate
Mataram reach its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, expanded its influence to Central Java,
East Java and half of West Java. After a two times move its capital, (Palace of Pleret and Place of
Kerta, both located in Bantul Regency), the capital of Mataram Sultanate moved to Kartasura.
Aftermath of the Gianti Treaty (1745 - 1945)[edit]


The Yogyakarta sultanate palace's main pavilion


The Taman Sari Water Castle
During the reign of Pakubuwono II, a civil war broke out in Mataram Sultanate. The civil war was
fought between Prince Mangkubumi and his elder brother, Sunan Pakubuwono II. The civil war
started when Sunan Pakubuwono II agreed to cooperate with the VOC, ceded some of Mataram
territory to the Dutch, and submitted to foreign powers. His younger brother,Prince
Mangkubumi stood against the agreement due to concern that his people would become slaves
under Dutch rule. Prince Mangkubumi defeated the Pakubuwono forces and declared sovereignty in
the Kingdom of Yogjakarta occupying southern parts of the former Mataram Sultanate.
The Yogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of the Treaty of Giyanti (Perjanjian Gianti) by
Prince Mangkubumi, who later ascended the throne as Sultan Hamengkubuwono I. Officially, the
creation of Yogyakarta Sultanate is dated at 7 October 1756 as a result of civil war among the
princes of The Mataram Sultanate. This civil war marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate and
resulted in the birth of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate.
However, in later years both of the heir of Mataram, the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta
Sunanate confined their power and were reduced as Dutch East Indiesprotectorate kingdoms under
the crown of the Kingdom of Netherlands, identified asVorstenlanden Mataram.
Republic of Indonesia era (1945 - present)[edit]
In 1942 the Japanese Empire invaded Dutch East Indies and ruled Java until they were defeated in
1945. Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the Indonesian Republic on August 1945.
Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX promptly send a letter to Sukarno, expressing his support for the newly
born nation of Indonesia and acknowledging Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian
Republic. The Sunanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were
awarded special status as 'Special Region' within the Indonesian Republic. However because of a
leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative
status in 1946 and was absorbed into Central JavaProvince.
Yogyakarta's support was essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence, during
theIndonesian National Revolution (1945-1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the
Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1948, after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch. Later the Dutch also
invaded Yogyakarta, causing the Republic's capital to be transferred once again, to Bukittinggi in
West Sumatra on 19 December 1948. Because of its significant contribution to the survival of the
Indonesian Republic, Yogyakarta was given the status of Special Administrative Region, making
Yogyakarta the only region headed by a monarchy in Indonesia.
Geography[edit]
The area of the city of Yogyakarta is 32.5 square kilometres (12.5 square miles). While the city
spreads in all directions from the kraton (the Sultan's palace), the core of the modern city is to the
north, centring around Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district. Jalan Malioboro, with
rows of pavement vendors and nearby market and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists
in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north, is a shopping district more frequented by locals. At the
southern end of Malioboro, on the east side is the large local market of Beringharjo, not far from Fort
Vredeburg a restored Dutch fort.
At Yogyakarta's centre is the kraton, or Sultan's palace. Surrounding the kraton is a densely
populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain.
Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls and the ruined Taman Sari, built in 1758
as a pleasure garden. No longer used by the sultan, the garden had been largely abandoned. For a
time, it was used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began
in 2004, and an effort to renew the neighbourhood around the kraton has begun. The site is a
developing tourist attraction.
[citation needed]

Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is Mount Merapi. The northern outskirts of the city run up to the
southern slopes of the mountain in Sleman Regency (Indonesian languageKabupaten). Gunung
Merapi (literally Mountain of Fire in Indonesian/Javanese), is an active Stratavolcano located on the
border between Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia
and has erupted regularly since 1548. The volcano last erupted in November 2010.
Climate[edit]
Yogyakarta features a tropical monsoon climate. The city features a lengthy wet season running
from October until June and a short dry season that only covers the months of July, August and
September. The city averages roughly 2,200 mm (87 in) of precipitation annually. Yogyakarta
experiences particularly heavy rainfall from November through April. Temperatures remain relatively
constant throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures at around 30 degrees
Celsius and average lows at around 22 degrees Celsius.
[hide]Climate data for Yogyakarta
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high C (F)
29
(84)
29
(84)
29
(85)
31
(87)
30
(86)
30
(86)
29
(85)
30
(86)
31
(87)
31
(88)
30
(86)
29
(85)
30
(86)
Average low C (F)
22
(72)
22
(72)
22
(72)
22
(72)
22
(72)
21
(70)
21
(69)
21
(69)
22
(71)
22
(72)
22
(72)
22
(72)
22
(71)
Precipitation mm (inches)
350
(13.78)
330
(12.99)
310
(12.2)
210
(8.27)
120
(4.72)
80
(3.15)
40
(1.57)
20
(0.79)
30
(1.18)
90
(3.54)
220
(8.66)
340
(13.39)
2,180
(85.83)
Source: http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=35869&refer=&units=metric
Administration[edit]
Yogyakarta Special Region is actually a special district on the provincial level, of which Greater
Yogyakarta is located within. The regencies of Bantul and Sleman have population densities far
higher than the surrounding countryside (over 1,500 per square kilometer) and effectively are
bedroom communities of Yogyakarta. Within Greater Yogyakarta lies the municipality of Yogyakarta,
called Kota Yogyakarta.
Yogyakarta City is divided into 14 districts (kecamatan).
1. Gondokusuman
2. Jetis
3. Tegalrejo
4. Umbulharjo
5. Kotagede
6. Mergangsan
7. Ngampilan
8. Danurejan
9. Kraton
10. Wirobrajan
11. Pakualaman
12. Mantrijeron
13. Gedongtengen
14. Gondomanan
Economy[edit]
In 2011, Yogyakarta's Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) is IDR 12.960 trillions with per
capita income is around IDR 33.185 millions.
Demographics[edit]
Large majority of the population are native Javanese. However as the city with large numbers of
Universities (the most famous is Gadjah Mada University) and relatively lower cost of living
compared to other Indonesian cities, Yogyakarta has attracted large numbers of students from all
over Indonesia. As the result there are many other Indonesian ethnic groupsliving in Yogyakarta,
especially from eastern parts of Indonesia. Yogyakarta also has large numbers of Chinese
Indonesianethnic, clustered in and around Yogyakarta Chinatown near Malioboro. The inter-ethnic
relations between Chinese Indonesian and native Javanese in Yogyakarta are mainly harmonious as
Chinese Indonesian here were absorbed within Javanese culture and cultural exchanges is
common. For example the Yogyakarta bakpia sweet pastry is actually derived from Chinese pastry.
As the second most popular tourist destination in Indonesia after Bali, Yogyakarta has attracted
large numbers of foreign visitors. However, there are also significant numbers of foreign people
residing in the city. Most of them are foreign students that usually stay to
learn Indonesian or Javanese culture. This status makes Yogyakarta as one of the most
heterogeneous cities in Indonesia.
[citation needed]

Tourism[edit]


Borobudur is world's largest Buddhist archaeological site.
[3]

Because of its proximity to world famous Borobudur and Prambanan temples, also because having
unique Javanese court Kraton culture of Kraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta has become the second
most important tourist destination in Indonesia after Bali. Most tourists come to Yogyakarta as an
accommodation base on visiting Borobudur and Prambanan and also for its strong Javanese culture
and tradition. This makes it prominent among other Javanese cities, along with Surakarta or Solo, a
city lying about 64 kilometres (40 miles) to the east, Yogyakarta is the centre of Javanese culture.
Culture[edit]


The Wayang Kulit performance by an Indonesian famous "dalang" (puppet master) Ki Manteb Sudharsono.


Kawung Motif in batik from Yogyakarta.
Some of the famous culture of Yogyakarta are:
Batik fabrics production area, the most famous batik marketplace is inBeringharjo market.
Silverwork, fine filigree jewellery, the production center is in Kotagede area
Traditional Javanese dance performance, especially Ramayana Wayang wongdance performed
in Prambanan and Purowisata. Other Javanese court dances are also performed in Kraton
Yogyakarta.
Wayang kulit, a traditional Javanese leather puppetry used for shadow plays.
Contemporary puppetry and theatre, for example Papermoon Puppet Theatre
[4]

Gamelan music, including the local Gamelan Yogyakarta which was developed in the courts.
Annually held traditional Javanese festival such as Sekaten or Gerebeg Mulud.
Visual artists including Taring Padi community in Bantul.
[citation needed]

Cuisine[edit]
Main article: Javanese_cuisine Yogyakarta
Gudeg Yogya: a traditional food from Yogyakarta
[5]
and Central Java which is made from young
unripe jack fruit boiled for several hours with palm sugar, andcoconut milk. This is usually
accompanied by opor ayam (chicken in coconut milk), hard boiled egg stew, and krechek a spicy
beef inner skin and tofu stew. This dish has a unique sweet and savoury taste. The Yogyakarta
gudeg is dryer and have reddish coloring because the addition of Java teak leaf.
Ayam goreng Kalasan: chicken, stewed in spices consist of coriander, garlic, candlenut, and
coconut water feature strongly, then deep-fried until crispy. Served with sambal and raw
vegetable salad.
Sego kucing: rice with side dishes in small portion.
Bakpia: a sweet pastry filled with sugared mung bean paste. Derived from Chinese pastry. The
famous bakpia producing area is pathok area near Malioboro thus the famous bakpia is bakpia
pathok.
Ronde (wedhang ronde): a hot Javanese dessert containing glutinous rice balls stuffed with
peanut paste, floating in a hot and sweet ginger and lemongrass tea.
Angsle (wedhang angsle): a hot soupy dessert of sago pearls, pre-cooked glutinous rice and
mung beans, putu mayang (brightly colored, noodle-shaped flour cakes), fried peanuts all
drowned in hot, sweet coconut milk.
Kipo: the name derived from Javanese word iki opo? (what is this?), a small sweet snack
from Kotagede made of glutinous rice flour and coconut milk dough filled with grated coconut
and palm sugar.
Museums[edit]
Main article: List_of_museums_in_Indonesia Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta contains several site museums in Hindu period temple such as Candi Prambanan,
museums in the royal court, and museums in colonial buildings such as Museum Benteng
Yogyakarta, the former Dutch Fort Vredeburg. Due to the importance of Yogyakarta during the war
of independence from the Dutch, there are numerous memorials and museums such as Yogya
Kembali.
To the east of the town centre is a large air force museum; as Indonesia was for a period in the
Soviet sphere of influence this museum contains a number of vintage Russian aircraft not widely
available for inspection in the NATO sphere of influence. The collection includes examples of
the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 trainer, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-
19, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 and Tupolev Tu-16, together with an assortment of American and
British aircraft.
Museum Pusat Dirgantara Mandala (Muspurdila) or Mandala Air and Space Museum Center has 36
aircraft in the building and six aircraft in the yard of the museum.
[6]

Education[edit]


Main office of Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Yogyakarta is well known as home of University of Gadjah Mada,
[7]
one of Indonesia's most
prominent universities. The others public university in Yogyakarta are Yogyakarta State
University,
[8]
Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University,
[9]
Indonesia Arts Institute.
[10]
This city also
houses several well-known private universities such as Muhammadiyah University of
Yogyakarta,
[11]
Ahmad Dahlan University,
[12]
Islamic University of Indonesia,
[13]
Atma Jaya
University
[14]
and Sanata Dharma University.
[15]

Transportation[edit]
Airport[edit]


Adisucipto International Airport. Seen from runway.
Yogyakarta is served by Adisucipto International Airport which connects the city with some other
major cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar,Makassar, Balikpapan, Banjarmasin,
Pekanbaru, Palembang and Pontianak. It also connects the city with Singapore (operated
by Indonesia AirAsia) and Kuala Lumpur(operated by AirAsia).
Rail[edit]


Tugu railway station.
The city is located on one of the two major railway lines across Java
between Jakarta/ Bandung and Surabaya. It has two passenger railway stations, Tugu railway
stationwhich serves business and executive class trains, and Lempuyangan Station which serves
economy class trains. Both stations are located in the heart of the city. Commuter train in
Yogyakarta is Prambanan Ekspress, also known as Prameks, this train goes from Lempuyangan
Station to Solo Balapan Station at Surakarta (Solo) (East of Yogyakarta), Kutoharjo Station at
Kutoharjo (West of Yogyakarta). The other commuter train is Madiun Jaya (Madiun-Lempuyangan),
and Joglosemar(Semarang-Lempuyangan).
Roads[edit]
The city has an extensive system of public city buses, and is a major destination for inter-city buses
to elsewhere on Java or Bali, as well as taxis, andongs, and becaks. Motorbikes are by far the most
commonly used personal transportation, but an increasing number of residents own automobiles.
Yogyakarta also have a highway named Ringroad. An Overpass including Janti Overpass, and
Lempuyangan Overpass.
Buses[edit]


Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta City.
Starting from early 2008, the city has operated a bus rapid transit system calledTrans Jogja, also
known as "TJ" (Indonesian), Abbervation from "T" for 'Trans', and "J" for 'Jogja'. This system is
modeled after TransJakarta. But unlike Trans Jakarta, there is no particular lane for Trans Jogja
buses, they run on main streets. Currently there are six lines of Trans Jogja service, with routes
throughout main streets of Yogyakarta, which some overlap one another. The lines extend
from Jombor bus station in the north as far as Giwangan main bus terminal in the south
andPrambanan bus shelter in the east via Adisucipto International Airport. Trans Jogja has now
become a new trademark of Yogyakarta and frequently used by local citizens and tourists alike.
Future transportation[edit]
In a recent
[when?]
forum discussion on long-term transportation plans in Yogyakarta held
at Universitas Gadjah Mada, the head of the Yogyakarta region transportation master plan team,
Prof Ahmad Munawar, said that in 2016 modern transport modes including monorail, aerobus,
and tram will begin operating in the city and the region.
[16]

Health facilities[edit]


Main building of Panti Rapih Hospital.
The notable hospitals in Yogyakarta including :
Rumah Sakit Dr. Sardjito (State owned, the largest hospital in Yogyakarta)
Bethesda Hospital
Panti Rapih Hospital
Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah