Title: Torsion test.

Name: mohanad yousef Al-Tahrawi.

Date of submission: 2/4/2014



Lecturer name: Eng. Hamad Al- Amaireh.




1


Objective:
We want from this experiment to:
o Determine the behavior of materials when subjected to torsion.
o Obtain some of their mechanical properties.


Theory:
Introduction:

In many applications, such as axles, coil springs, and derives shafts;
an engineering material must have good resistance to stresses
induced by twisting (TORSION). The stress resulting from such
torsion load can be determined by means of the torsion test. This test
resembles the tension test in that a load deflection curve is also
development (which is transformed to a shear-strain curve).

In a torsion test, a solid or hollow cylindrical specimen is twisted and
the resultant deformation, measured as the angle through which the
bar is twisted. The test then consists of measuring the angle of twist,
(rad) at selected increments of torque, T (N.m). Expressing as the angular deflection curve per unit
gage length, one is able to plot a T- curve that is analogous to the load deflection curve of the torsion test.
To be useful for engineering purpose, its necessary to convert this T- curve to the shear stress , and shear
strain .

So, to obtain a relationship between the internal torque and the stresses it sets up in members with
circular and tubular cross sections, it is important to make few assumptions:
1. A plane section of material perpendicular to the axis of a circular member remains plane after
the torque is applied (note that this is not true for large deformations).
2. In a circular member subject to torque, shearing strains vary linearly from the central axis.
3. Shearing stress is proportional to shearing strain.
Consider a bar, or shaft, of circular cross-section, twisted by torque T acting at its ends (fig.1a). A rotation at
one end of the bar relative to the other end will occur. The rotation angle of the cross section, is known as
the angle of twist. Also, there is a longitudinal distortion formed along the length of the shaft at angle, .


If we take a longitudinal section of length dx (fig. 1b), we find





2
1
2



In pure torsion, the rate of change is constant. This constant value is defined as , Where, then:




For linear elastic material, the shear stresses in the bar is proportional to the shear strain by Hook's
law in shear, that is:
= G

Where: G is the modulus of elasticity (modulus of rigidity).

Also the shear stress distribution is uniform across the section as shown in figure (2).



Since the distribution is linear, the shear stress at any radius a is related to the maximum shear stress

max
at r thus;



Elastic Region:



Where:
: shear stress in N/m.
T : Torque in N.m.
r : radius of the shaft in m
J : polar moment of inertial J = ( * r
4
) / 2


Where: -
: shear strain.
: twisted angle in radian.
L : specimen length in mm.

3
1
2

Equipment:
1. Torsion machine .
2. Three samples (steel , copper and aluminum) .
3. Six weights each weight 6 kg .

Calculation and figures :
Law that use in the report :
R : the radius of Pulley for device .
d : the diameter of samples .

N = m*g .

T = F * R

Data for each samples:


J = 6.14 * 10
-11
m
4

*Calculation for steel :
load
(kg)
force
(N)


Torque
(N.m)

(Mpa)


(N/m
2
)
G
(Gpa)
G
(avg)

1 9.81 1 0.0175 0.343 14 0.122*10
-3
114.75


75.6
2 19.62 3 0.0524 0.687 28 0.364*10
-3
76.92
3 29.43 5 0.0873 1.030 42 0.606*10
-3
69.31
4 39.24 7 0.1222 1.373 56 0.85*10
-3
65.88
5 49.05 9 0.1571 1.717 70 1.1*10
-3
63.64
6 58.86 11 0.1920 2.06 83.88 1.33*10
-3
63.07

L = 0.36 m d = 0.005 m R = 0.035m
4

*Calculation for copper :
load
(kg)
force
(N)



Torque
(N.m)

(Mpa)


(N/m
2
)
G
(Gpa)
G
(avg)

1 9.81 3 0.0524 0.343 14 0.364*10
-3
38.46


33.08
2 19.62 6 0.1047 0.687 28 0.727*10
-3
38.5
3 29.43 11 0.1920 1.030 42 1.333*10
-3
31.5
4 39.24 15 0.2618 1.373 56 1.818*10
-3
30.8
5 49.05 19 0.3316 1.717 70 2.303*10
-3
30.4
6 58.86 24 0.4189 2.06 83.88 2.910*10
-3
28.8




*FIGERS FOR COPPER :

SLOPE = 0.2149

SLOPE = 27.179

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

(
r
a
d
)

Torque (N.m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

(
M
p
a
)

()
(N/m2)*10^-3
*THE SAMPLE OF ALUMINUM WAS FAILED .

5

*FIGERS FOR STEEL :

SLPOE =0.1016

SLPOE =57.627

Discussion & Conclusion:

This test used to study behavior of material when subjected to torsion. In this test we tested some
the materials finding it is unlike into the mechanical properties for brittle, ductile of material and
this materials unlike into time of the test and the type & shape of fracture (the shape of fracture
expected 90but it is 45or other this due to the specimen is not standard (error in industrialization
of the specimen materials). We did experimental just as stag before , intake the T- curve ,and
constructing the shear stress- shear strain curve, used this curve in finding the old results.


SOURSE OF ERROR
1. Errors in taking and recording readings.
2. Errors in calculating the results.
3. The using of unequal units.
4. Errors in putting the sample in the testing unit and in connecting it to the devices such
as the strain gauge on top and bottom of the sample.



0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

(
r
a
d
)

Torque (N.m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

(
M
p
a
)

()
(N/m2)*10^-3
6

VIEW POINTS
o To be useful for engineering purpose, its necessary to convert the T- curve to the
shear stress , and shear strain .
o The torque is measured using a metering shaft equipped with a strain gauge.
o This test is so important to obtain some of the mechanical properties of the materials.
o When a circular bar, either solid or hollow, is subjected to torsion, shear stresses act
over the cross sections and on the longitudinal planes.
o The normal stress reaches a maximum value at = 45o , and the shear stress reaches a
maximum value at = 90o (fracture is occur perpendicular to the axial axes). Where
is the orientation of the inclined plane.


References:

1. Strength of material lab. Manual.
2. Mechanics of Materials by James M. Gere.