Introduction. General Aspects.

Concrete. Reinforced Concrete.

Prestressed Concrete.
Z.Kiss, T.Onet - Proiectarea Structurilor de Beton dupa SR-EN-1992-1
T.Onet, R.Olar - Reinforced Concrete Handbook - Part 1.
SR EN 1992-1-1 - Proiectarea structurilor de beton.
Partea 1-1: Reguli generale si reguli pentru cldiri.
Eurocode 2 (EC2) - Design of concrete structures.
Concrete
materialwitha
mixedstructure
inhomogeneous anisotropic
[SR EN 1992] ; [EC2]
1. Analysis
2. Design
3. Detailing
Concrete Mixture.
Characteristic and Design Strengths.
Loads. Combinations of Loads.
10
0
m 10
-1
m 10
-2
m 10
-3
m 10
-4
m 10
-5
m 10
-6
m 10
-7
m 10
-8
m 10
-9
m
macro micro nano
Sand dimension
< 4 mm = 4 million nm
Multi-walled nanotubes
ext.diameter : 2-25 nm
Steel bars reinforcement
d = 628mm
Reinforced concrete
elements
Ex. The effect of silica fume in concrete
The smaller particles
have greater surface area
per unit mass compared
with larger particles
d=30 nm => 5% of atoms/surface
d=10 nm =>20% of atoms/surface
d= 3 nm =>50% of atoms/surface
Decrease the size =>
Increase the reactivity.
Decrease the size => Increase the
density and compressive strength.
The mechanical behaviour of concrete is directly affected by the processes that occur at micro- and nano-scale.
Concrete
Mixture
I. Portland
Cement
Mineral
Admixtures
water
III. Chemical
admixtures
II.
Aggregates
Cement is a material that has
adhesive and cohesive properties
enabling it to bond mineral
fragments into a solid mass.
It can set and harden in the
presence of water (the socalled
hydraulic cement).
consists primarily of silicates and
aluminates of lime made from
limestone and clay (or shale)
which is ground, blended, fused in
a kiln, and crushed to a powder.
the usual hydraulic cement used
for r.c. is known as Portland
Cement.
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ConcretemadewithPortlandcement ordinarilyrequiresabout14days toattainadequate
strengthsothatformscanberemovedandconstructionanddeadloadscarried.
Thedesignstrength ofsuchconcreteisreachedat28days.
Aggregatesareinertgranularmaterialssuchas:
sand,
gravel,
crushedstone.
Foragoodconcretemix,aggregatesneedtobe:
clean,
hard,
strongparticles,
freeofabsorbedchemicalsor
coatingsofclayandotherfinematerials
thatcouldcausethedeteriorationofconcrete.
Aggregates,whichaccountfor60to75percentofthe
totalvolumeofconcrete,aredividedintotwodistinct
categories:
fine
coarse.
04mm
48mm
816mm
1631mm
crushedstone
04,48,816,
1625,2563mm
Grading referstothedeterminationof
theparticlesizedistributionforaggregates.
Gradinglimitsandmaximumaggregatesizearespecifiedbecausegradingand
sizeaffecttheamountofaggregateusedaswellascementandwater
requirements,workability,pumpability,anddurabilityofconcrete.
Particleshapeandsurfacetextureinfluencethepropertiesoffreshlymixed
concretemorethanthepropertiesofhardenedconcrete.Roughtextured,
angular,andelongatedparticlesrequiremorewatertoproduceworkable
concretethansmooth,roundedcompactaggregate.
Consequently,thecementcontentmustalsobeincreasedtomaintainthe
watercementratio.Generally,flatandelongatedparticlesareavoidedorare
limitedtoabout15percentbyweightofthetotalaggregate.
Theamountofwaterintheconcrete
mixturemustbeadjustedtoinclude
themoistureconditionsofthe
aggregate.
Abrasionandskidresistanceofan
aggregateareessentialwhenthe
aggregateistobeusedinconcrete
constantlysubjecttoabrasionasin
heavydutyfloorsorpavements.
Differentmineralsintheaggregate
wearandpolishatdifferentrates.
Harderaggregatecanbeselectedin
highlyabrasiveconditionstominimize
wear.
Admixturesareusedtomodifytheproperties
oftheconcretetomakeitbetterserveits
intendeduseorforbettereconomy.
Themaintypesofadmixturesareclassedaccordingtotheirfunction:
airentraining,
waterreducing,
retarding,
accelerating,
plasticizers(superplasticizers).
Otherfunctionsofspecialadmixtures:
corrosioninhibition,
shrinkagereduction,
workabilityenhancement,
bonding,
coloring.
Airentrainingadmixtures
reducetherequiredwatercontentforaconcretemixturebyabout5 10%,
concreteneedslesswatertoreacharequiredslumpthanuntreatedconcrete,
thetreatedconcretecanhavealowerwatercementratio=>ahigherstrength
concretecanbeproducedwithoutincreasingtheamountofcement.
Waterreducingadmixtures
theamountofentrainedairisusuallybetween
5 8%ofthevolumeoftheconcrete,butmaybe
variedasrequiredbyspecialconditions.
theconcreteishighlyresistanttoseverefrost
actionandcyclesofwetting dryingorfreezing
thawing
theconcretehasahighdegreeofworkability
anddurability.
slowthesettingrateofconcrete,
usedtocounteracttheacceleratingeffectof
hotweatheronconcretesetting.
retarderskeepconcreteworkableduring
placementanddelaytheinitialsetofconcrete.
Acceleratingadmixtures
increasetherateofearlystrengthdevelopment,
reducethetimerequiredforpropercuringandprotection,
speedupthestartoffinishingoperations.
usefulformodifyingthepropertiesofconcreteincoldweather.
Retardingadmixtures
Superplasticizers:
arealsoknownasplasticizersorhighrange
waterreducers(HRWR),
reducewatercontentby12 30%,
canbeaddedtoconcretewithalowtonormal
slumpandwatercementratiotomakehigh
slumpflowingconcrete,
flowingconcreteisahighlyfluidbutworkable
concretethatcanbeplacedwithlittleorno
vibrationorcompaction,
theeffectofsuperplasticizerslastsonly30to
60minutes,dependingonthebrandanddosage
rate,andisfollowedbyarapidlossin
workability,
asaresultoftheslumploss,superplasticizers
areusuallyaddedtoconcreteatthejobsite.
contributetothepropertiesofhardenedconcretethroughhydraulicor
pozzolanicactivity(a pozzolanisamaterialwhich, combinedwithcalcium
hydroxide Ca(OH)
2
,exhibitscementitiousproperties),
Typicalexamplesare:
naturalpozzolans,
flyash,
groundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag,
silicafume.
Thesematerialsreactchemicallywithcalciumhydroxidereleasedfromthe
hydrationofportlandcementtoformcementcompounds.
Thesematerialsareoftenaddedtoconcretetomakeconcretemixturesmore
economical,reducepermeability,increasestrength,orinfluenceotherconcrete
properties.
Flyash
themostcommonlyusedpozzolaninconcrete,
afinelydividedresiduethatresultsfromthecombustionof
pulverizedcoal,
carriedfromthecombustionchamberofthefurnaceby
exhaustgases.
commerciallyavailableflyashisabyproductofthermal
powergeneratingstations.
Blastfurnaceslag
knownalsoasironblastfurnaceslag,
nonmetallicproductconsistingessentiallyof
silicates,aluminosilicatesofcalcium,andother
compounds
isdevelopedinamoltencondition
simultaneouslywiththeironintheblast
furnace.
Silicafume
alsocalledcondensedsilicafumeormicrosilica,
finelydividedresidueresultingfromtheproductionofelementalsiliconor
ferrosiliconalloysthatiscarriedfromthefurnacebytheexhaustgases.
silicafume,withorwithoutflyashorslag,isoftenusedtomakehighstrength
concrete.
consistsprimarilyofamorphous(noncrystalline)silicondioxide(SiO
2
),
theindividualparticlesareextremelysmall,approximately1/100ththesizeof
anaveragecementparticle,
becauseofitsfineparticles,largesurfacearea,andthehighSiO
2
content,silica
fumeisaveryreactivepozzolanwhenusedinconcrete.
silicafumeconcretewithalowwatercontentishighlyresistanttopenetration
bychlorideions.
usedinconcreteforconstructionofnewbridgesorrehabilitationofexisting
structures.
Characteristic Material Strengths
The characteristic strengths of materials, corresponding to the 5% fractile, are
those strengths values of the tests results below which less than 5% will fall.
the normal (or Gaussian) distribution
Characteristic Loads
represent the limits within which at least 95% of values will lie in practice.
its expected that not more than 5% of cases will exceed the upper limit.
*usually,themaximumvalueoftheactionsonastructuralmemberiscritical,sothepositivesignin
theexpressionisused,
**minimumvalueisusedwhenforstabilitycasesorforthebehaviourofthecontinousmembers.
Partial Factors of Safety
Design situations - sets of physical conditions representing the real
conditions occurring during a certain time interval for which the design will
demonstrate that relevant limit states are not exceeded.
persistentdesignsituations,(theconditionsofnormaluse),
transientdesignsituations,(temporaryconditions),
accidentaldesignsituations,(exceptionalconditions),
seismicdesignsituations.
Limit States
aredefinedasthe
statesbeyound
whichthestructure
nolongersatisfies
thedesign
performance
UltimateLimitState(ULS)
associatedwithcollapse,lossofequilibriumof
thewholestructure,failureby excessive
deformation,ruptureorlossofstability
ServiceabilityLimitStates(SLS)
correspondtoconditionsbeyondwhich
specifiedservicerequirementsforastructure
orstructuralmemberarenolongermet:
deformations,
deflections,
vibrations,
crackingsoftheconcretethataffectdurability.
Loads types. Loads transmission to the ground. Ground reactions.
Actions
permanent [G]: self-weight of the structure, fixed equipment
variable [Q]: live loads, wind, snow, temperature
accidental [A]: fire, explosions, impact, seism.
seismic load
snow load wind load
Combinations of Actions for ULS
Rangeofvalues
for variable
actions
Recommended
valuesof factors
forbuildings.