3

Axis Visualization and Extruded View

To change the visualisation default options, use Menu View, Set Display Options (Ctrl+E)
Check Frame/Cables/Tendons Local Axes and Extrude View.



Questions:
- What values, distances, and directions should we use for the two intermediate concentrated loads?
Check supplementary document.
- Extract all results for point P (Displacement and internal forces).
- Plot internal forces diagrams (N, T, and M)
- What would happen if we forget to modify the concrete material?


3. Load Combination (ref. CE321)












New features: Load Combination, Output stations, Tabular Output.
Name
Material,
4000 Psi for
Concrete
Quick
preview of
the Section
t3 =70 cm
t2 =125 cm
tf =15 cm
tw =25 cm
5 m 2.5m
Units kN, m, C
Material Concrete
Section 300x650mm
2

Self-Weight included
in Dead Load
Live Load =
L2 =15 kN/m
Live Load =
L1 =15 kN/m
Dead Load =
WD =10 kN/m
and PD =60kN
PD
WD
4

Load Combination
Use Menu Define with Load Patterns, Load Cases, and Load Combinations commands.



We define first three load patterns D, L1, L2 as linear static.
When assigning the loads, make sure to assign them to the appropriate load pattern.
Define the load combinations.

Consider the following combinations:
1.4 D
1.25 D +1.5 L
1

1.25 D +1.5 L
2

1.25 D +1.5 (L
1
+L
2
)
0.9 D +1.5 L
1

0.9 D +1.5 L
2

0.9 D +1.5 (L
1
+L
2
)

Output stations
By default SAP2000 uses 1 intermediate point (on top of the two end nodes) to show internal forces.
When this is not sufficient, it is recommended to use more intermediate points. Five to nine output
stations seems to be reasonable.
Select the elements for which you want to modify the output station, and go to Menu Assign >Frame >
Output Stations



Tabular Output
Graphic output is very friendly and useful, but sometimes difficult to analyse or to visualise. An
exhaustive listing of the input and/or output is in these cases inevitable. To see the structure parameters
in tabular form use Menu Display >Show Tables or Ctrl +T
There are many functionalities to explore.

5


Questions
- Which one, of the previous combinations, gives the Maximum Positive Moment and which one gives
the Maximum Negative Moment?
- Why is it important to consider the combination 0.9 D since it is smaller than 1.25 D?
- Plot the linear envelope for these seven combinations.


4. Multi Story Building


7 m 5 m 6 m 6 m
4

m

3

m

3

m



New features: Modify Grid, Editing, Selection

Units kN, m, C
Mat. Steel
Self Weight =0
Beam S10x35
Column1 W10x45
Column2 W10x15
6
Choose 2D Frames from the new model. Enter portal Frame Dimensions as shown below.



For Section Properties click on button to access the sections dialogue box.
Click on Import New Property then select material steel and click on I / Wide Flange.

Then Select S10x35 for beams and select W10x45 for columns.

Modify Grid according to our example
Menu Define >Coordinate Systems/Grids click on Modify/Show System
Change Values for coordinates X and Z Grid Data as required such as X (-12,-6,0,5,12) and Z
(0,4,7,10) and check Glue to Grid Lines box.



Another way to reach the same result is to use Menu Edit >Move and/or Replicate

Selection
- Selection of the basement nodes (difference between right and left)
- Selection by Element Properties
- Selection by Coordinate Specification

Questions:
- Find the position and the value of the Maximum Base Reactions.
- Find the position and the value of the Maximum horizontal displacement.
- What change would you suggest for the structure to be more balanced?
- Do the same Analysis assuming the horizontal forces multiplied by two. Is it possible to implement
the change in a single action?