Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy

MAPS
AND
CARTOGRAPHY
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
What is a MAP?
- helps to extend our normal range
of vision
- use to portray the world around
us
- use to portray information about
the earths surface
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
Aerial photos from the second
worldwar (near Germany)
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
THEMATIC MAP
SAMPLE MARIJUANA GROWTH DATA
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
WHAT IS A THEMATIC MAP?
Thematic maps can cover a variety of
characteristics from soil types to
popul ati on densi ty. I t i s the
cartographers responsibility to make
sure that the map shows the correct
distribution or the relationship
between the various attributes.
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
WHEN DO WE USE THEMATIC
MAPS?
Thematic maps can show not only the
distribution of a single attribute, such as the
result of a presidential election by state, but
they can also show the relationship between
several different attributes. For instance, a
thematic map could show the results of that
same presidential election with the number of
votes divided according to the gender or age
group of the voters.
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
WHAT MAKES A
GOOD THEMATIC
MAP?
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
PLANIMETRIC MAP
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
What is Planimetric map?
A map designed to portray the horizontal
positions of features; vertical information is
specifically ignored.
Sometimes called a line map. It shows line
drawings of ground features.
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
Planimetric maps describe the world
as if it were a flat surface. They
typically show basic details like main
trails, lakes and campsites.
Use a planimetric map only when
traveling short distances along well-
established trails.
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
Topographic maps
Topographic maps describe the physical features
of the land. They show elevation gains and
losses, the steepness of hills and valleys, and the
location of natural features. This topographic
information is essential for navigating using a
map and compass. Some topographic maps (but
not all) combine topographic information with
basic information about trails, campsites and
natural attractions. The main supplier of
topographic maps in the US is the United States
Geological Survey (USGS).
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
COMPUTER-GENERATED
MAP
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
Can be manipulated
Is easy to update
Can be viewed in different angles
GIS produces outputs like this
Colors can sometimes be misleading
Features may be fake!
Essential for future spatial planning.
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
Orthophoto Map
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
The ortho process corrects for distortions caused by the terrain,
the orientation of the airplane and the camera lens.
Orthorectification results in a planimetric image that allows
users to accurately measure distances and areas.
In the simplest terms, an ortho image is like a photo that has
been draped over the ground like spreading a blanket over an
uneven surface. The ground is represented by an elevation
model. Orthophotography is a product which has the geometric
accuracy of a map but contains the immense detail of a
photograph.
Since the development of the G.I.S., orthophoto have been
primarily developed for use in a digital environment. A digital
orthophotograph is a photo-quality digital image (a raster image)
of surface features in their geometrically-corrected, true map
position. The popularity of digital orthophotography is growing
fast with the advent of more powerful computers and software.
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
BASIC MAP COMPONENTS
1. North Arrow
2. Map Title
3. Map Scale
4. Map Symbols
a. Point Symbol
b. Line Symbol
c. Area Symbol
5. Notes and Legends
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
NORTH ARROWS
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
S Y M B O L S F O R V E G E T A T I O N
S Y M B O L S F O R V A R I O U S F E A T U R E S
S Y M B O L S F O R B O D I E S O F W A T E R
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
Choose the Right Scale
The scale of a topographic map determines how much land the
map covers and how much detail it provides. Scales are described
in ratios (1:24,000, for example, means that one inch on the map is
equal to 24,000 inches -or 2,000 feet- on the ground). The scale of
a map is usually displayed along the bottom edge of the map.
Small-scale maps maps with smaller scales cover a lot of area,
but they provide less detail as a result. They tend to be a poor
choice for beginning backpackers.
Large-scale maps focus on more specific areas and provide more
detail. You may have to carry more than one to cover your route.
But they provide much more useful information for basic
backpacking.
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
BASIC
GEODESY
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
Different Shape, Different Position
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
GEODESY DEFINED
- Is the study of the shape and size of
the earth in the geometrical sense.
- Study of certain physical phenomena,
such as gravity, in seeking explanation
of fine irregularities in the earths
shape.
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
THREE OBSERVATIONS WHY
THE EARTH IS NOT FLAT
1
st
OBSERVATION
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
2
ND
OBSERVATION
3
RD
OBSERVATION
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH
- SPHERICAL EARTH
- ELLIPSOIDAL EARTH
- GEOIDAL EARTH
Chapter 3: Cartography and Basic Geodesy
GEOID - ELLIPSOID RELATIONSHIPS