I / Give the correct forms of the words in brackets.

1. Remember to turn off all the lights before you leave to save ( electrify ).
2. Scientists are searching for ( alternate )..fuels, such as the energy of the sun.
3. People should conserve ( nature ).resources because once used up, it can never be replaced.
4. ( Sun ) energy is not only plentiful and infinite but also clean and safe.
5. Farmers add fertilizers to their land to make it (production)..
6. Vehicles are one of the ( majority )causes of air pollution.
7. Renewable energy sources such as wind and the Sun are ( limit )..and clean.
8. An important part of conservation is the ( prevent ).of waste.
9. Power demand is increasing ( rapidity ).
10. Geothermal heat comes from ( depth )..inside the earth.

11. Thanh Ba Post Ofiice has a and pleasant front office. ( space )
12. A person who receives something is called a .. ( receive )
13. Express Money Transfer is speedy and ..service of transferring money. ( security )
14. We are always .. and courteous to customers. ( think )
15. There is a live. of the tennis championship on TV now. ( transmit )
16. We offer a very .rate for parcels under 15 kg. ( compete )
17. Sai Gon Giai Phong is a .newspaper. ( day )
18. I like all her novels, but her latest is .good. ( particular)
19. All mail.were suspended during the strike. ( deliver )
20. He tried to swim across that river but he was .............................. ( succeed )

21. To protect our environment, industrial factories must stop releasing ..into the atmosphere.
(pollute)
22. The red squirrel is now virtually .. in England (extinction)
23. The giant panda is an ... species. (endanger)
24. When did the world come into ? (exist)
25. Things have been going badly at work . ( recent )
26. The rainforests are being systematically (destroy )
27. He is working for the World Health ( organize )
28. beings are changing the environment. ( man )
29. They coexist (peace)
30. Thousands of national parks all over the world have been to protect animals.( establishment )

31. The aim of the conference is to promote international (friend).
32. The (participate).in the Asian Games come from all over Asia.
33. The news is almost (certain)true although its not yet official.
34. You have to be highly (compete)..to do well in sport nowadays.
35. He has the ability to generate (enthusiast)..in others.
36. ( Cycle)..is Europes second most popular sport.
37. We all need (various).in our diet.
38. The government always encourages the (develop).of small businesses.
39. Their efforts were much (appreciation).when they won 2 gold medals.
40. The 15
th
Asian Games was a (succeed)sporting event.

41. Hobbies keep me ( occupy )..and Im glad Im able to do them.
42. Tom has a large ( collector )..of foreign coins.
43. My ( admire )..for my mother is infinite.
44. My doctor advised me to avoid excessive ( indulge ).in sweets and canned drinks.
45. The books are ( classification )into different categories.
46. Confidence is the key to ( succeed )..
47. The room was littered with ( discard )newspapers.
48. You should practise your English ( regular ).
49. I find it (interest)that she claims not to know him.
50. They look so (beauty)..

51. Can you play any (music)..instruments?
52. The new law should produce a significant (improve).in working conditions.
53. Jogging is the most (popularity)..form of exercise.
54. her leisure activities include tennis and (paint)
55. Shes the most (sophistication).young woman Ive ever known.
56. I can recommend him without (qualify)
57. They share the housework (equality)between them.
58. Among her (recreation).activities are chess and gardening.
59. She has played a (decide)..role in the peace negotiations
60. The proposals for better health care are being (action)..considered

61. Yuri Gagarin became the first person to eat and drink in . ( weight )
62. Before Gagarins .flight, there were still enormous uncertainties. ( history )
63. Gagarin might never get back to the Earth if there were a failure. ( technique )
64. Movies have influenced standards of ( beautiful ).
65. Your time should be spent ( use )
66. The success of Gagarins flight attracted ..attention. ( world )
67. She got great from helping people learn. ( satisfy )
68. The ..flight of Shenzhou 5 marked a milestone in Chinas space project. ( succeed )
69. China was the third country in the world to be able to carry out manned space flight.( depend )
70. .., Gagarin died in a plane crash on a routine training flight in March 1968. ( fortunate )

71. She collected up her personal ..and left. ( belong )
72. We want to give him a decent Christian .. ( bury )
73. They are investigating the disappearance of the plane. ( mystery )
74. Many forgotten .have been discovered in the attics of the old houses. ( treasury )
75. The film is about a .of the word. ( wonderful )
76. The of this lamp post is 10 metres. ( high )
77. Ill meet you again at the main ..to the theatre. ( enter )
78. He sets standards that are likely to be .( surpass )
79. The structure consisted of . 2 million blocks of stone. ( approximate )
80. He works as a worker for a .company. ( construct )


RELATIVE CLAUSES & REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
A. RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Mnh quan h (hay mnh tnh ng) b ngha cho danh t ng trc n.
- Mnh quan h c t sau danh t m n b ngha, c bt u bng cc i t quan h: WHO, WHOM,
WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, v trng t quan h: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.
Danh t ng trc
(Antecedent)
Ch ng (Subject) Tn ng
(Object)
S hu cch
(Possesive Case)
Ngi (person) Who/That Whom/That Whose
Vt (Thing) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose
1. i t quan h (Relative Clauses)
a. WHO: thay th cho ngi, lm ch t trong MQH.
Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friends son.
I need to meet the boy who is my friends son.
- The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.
The woman who is standing over there is my sister.
b. WHO/ WHOM: thay th cho ngi, lm tc t trong MQH.
Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.
The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
c. WHICH: - thay th vt, lm ch t, tc t trong MQH.
Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars
She works for a company which makes cars.
- The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.
The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
- Thay th cho c mnh ng trc n
Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dng du phy trc i t quan h)
d. THAT: thay th cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MQH hn nh
Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friends son.
- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.
* Nhng trng hp thng dng THAT:
- Sau cm t quan h va ch ngi v vt:
Ex: He told me the places and peoplethat he had seen in London.
- Sau i t bt nh: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much ....
Ex: Ill tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours.
- Sau cc tnh t so snh nht, only, first, last
Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cu trc It + be + + that (chnh l )
Ex: I t is my friend that wrote this sentence.
(Chnh l bn ti vit cu ny.)
* Nhng trng hp khng dng THAT:
- Trong mnh tnh t khng xc nh.
Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- Sau gii t
Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.
e. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay th cho s hu ca ngi, vt (his-, her-, its-, their-).
Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.
- This is the student. I borrowed his book.
This is the student whose book I borrowed.
f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of themare teachers.
Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldnt answer most of them.
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldnt answer.
g. Gii t t trc mnh tnh ng: (WHOM/WHICH)
Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to himlast night.
The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.
- The house is for sale. I was born in it.
The house in which I was born is for sale.
* LU : KHNG dng THAT sau gii t.
2. Trng t quan h (Relative Adverbs)
a. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay th cho cm t ch ni chn
Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay th cho cm t ch thi gian
Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
Do you remember the day when we first met?
c. WHY (for which): thay th cho cm trng t ch l do
Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.
Tell me the reason why you are so sad.
C 2 LOI MNH LIN H:
RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Restrictive Relative Clauses:
- Dng b ngha cho danh t ng trc cha c xc nh r, nu b i mnh chnh s khng r ngha.
Ex: - I saw the girl. Shehelped us last week.
I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
* LU : Ta c th b i t quan h: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chng lm tn ng trong MQH xc nh.
II. Non-restritive Relative Clauses:
- Dng b ngha cho danh t ng trc c xc nh r (n ch l phn gii thch thm), nu b i mnh
chnh vn r ngha.
- Mnh ny ngn cch vi mnh chnh bng du phy.
- Ta dng mnh quan h khng xc nh khi:
+ Trc i t quan h c: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/
+ T trc i t quan h l tn ring, danh t ring, vt duy nht, cm trng ng ch ni chn
Ex: - My father is a doctor. Heis fifty years old.
My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
- Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday.
The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
- The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise.
The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students.
* LU : + KHNG c b i t quan h trong MQH khng xc nh.
EXERCISE 1 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.
1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday.
...
2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen
...
3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City.
...
4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike.
...
5. Im reading the book. I bought it in 1996.
...
6. Do you know the man? He is sharing the flat with me.
...
7. The young man is Bas brother. He is talking to our teacher.
...
8. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago.
...
9. The boys are interested in the game. It is a popular game all over the world.
...
10. You have no need to tell me the reason. You are often late for work for that reason.
...
11. We visited the people. They are homeless after the flood.
...
12. I dont like the films. They have unhappy ending.
...
13. I know the man. His son broke your windows.
...
14. The girl is very kind. Her parents work with me.
...
15. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers.
...
16. She hasnt eat anything. This makes her parents worried.
...
17. The student is from China. He sits next to me.

18. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.

19. Mr. Pike is excellent. I am taking his course.

20. Shakespeare wrote plays . People have enjoyed them for four centuries.

B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
1) Dng phn t:
a) Dng cm V-ing :
Dng cho cc mnh mang ngha ch ng
Ex: a. The man who is standing there is my brother.
b. The man standing there is my brother
b) Dng cm P.P: (V3/ V-ed)
Dng cho cc mnh mang ngha b ng .
a. I like books which were written by Nguyen Du.
b. I like books written by Nguyen Du.
2) Dng cm to inf: (... Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P... )
-Dng khi danh t ng trc c cc t sau y :
ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND...
Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem.
This is the only student to do the problem.
-ng t l HAVE, CAN, COULD, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, NEED,
Ex: I have something that I must do now.
I have something to do now.
-Cu bt u bng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today.
There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NH :
Trong phn to inf ny cn nh 2 iu sau:
- Nu ch t 2 mnh khc nhau th thm cm for sb trc to inf.
Ex: We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhin nu ch t l i t c ngha chung chung nh: we, you, everyone.... th c th khng cn ghi ra.
Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.
- Nu trc relative pronoun c gii t th phi em xung cui cu.
Ex: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
We have a peg to hang our coat on.
3) Dng cm danh t (ng cch danh t )
Dng khi mnh quan h c dng:
S + BE + DANH T /CM DANH T/CM GII T
Cch lm:
-b who ,which v be
Ex: a. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
Ex: b. Do you like the book which is on the table?
Do you like the book on the table?
4) Lc b Relative Pronoun (who, whom, which, that) khi Relative Pronoun i t quan h lm chc nng tn ng
trong Mnh quan h.
Ex: He is the man who/whom I told you about last night.
He is the man I told you about last night.

EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses
1. He would be happier if he had someone that he could play with.

2. Ive got a bottle of wine but I havent got anything that I could open it with.

3. I want to have a garden that my brother could play in.

4. The floor is dirty but I havent got a brush that I can sweep it with.

5. My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box that I could keep them in.

6. She said that she wasnt going to buy any cards; she hadnt anyone to whom she could send cards.

7. You are the last person who saw her alive.

8. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.

9. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which had been built on the Clyde.

10. He was the second man who was killed in this way.

11. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.

12. Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament.

13. Here are some accounts that you must check.

14. People who listen to very loud music will suffer gradual hearing loss .

15. He was the man who was saved in the fire .

16. Anyone who doesnt want to take part in the meeting informs the board.

17. The teacher who takes the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan.

18. .Shes just bought a handbag which was made of crocodile skin.

19. I met a man who had been working in this factory for a long time.

20. The story which was told by my grandma was interesting.



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (CU IU KIN)
1. Type 1:iu kin c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai

If clause Main clause
If + S + V1 / V s(es)
(dont / doesnt + V1)
S + will / can/ may + V1
(wont / cant + V1)

Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
If Mary doesnt feel better tomorrow, she will seea doctor.

2. Type 2:iu kin khng c tht hin ti

If clause Main clause
If + S + V-ed / V2
(didnt + V1)
To be: were / werent
S + would / could / should + V1
(wouldnt / couldnt + V1)

Ex: If I wereyou, I would tell the truth.
If she knew your address, she would send you a letter.

3. Type 3: iu kin khng c tht trong qu kh

If clause Main clause
If + S + had + P.P
(hadnt + P.P)
S + would / could / should + have + P.P
(wouldnt / couldnt + have + P.P)

Ex: If I had known the answer, I would have told her.
I would have gotten the scholarship if I had studied harder.

4. Nhng cch khc din t cu iu kin:
a. Unless = If .not
If you dont work hard, you cant earn enough money for your living.
= Unless you work hard, you cant earn enough money for your living.

b. Suppose / Supposing (gi s nh), in case (trong trng hp), even if (ngay c khi, cho d), as long as, so
long as, provided (that), on condition (that) (min l, vi iu kin l)
Suppose the news is true, what will you do?
Ill change my decision provided that you accept my offer.
In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.

c. Without: khng c
Without water, life wouldnt exist.
= If there were no water, life wouldnt exist.
Note:
1. C th din t cu iu kin m khng cn dng if hay unless bng cch o ch ng ra sau should, were,
had. (Khng c lm vi cc ng t khc)
WereI rich, I would help you.
= If I were rich, I would help you.
Had I known her, I would have made friend with her.
= If I had known her, I would have made friend with her.
If you should run into Peter, tell him to call me.
= Should you run into Peter, tell him to call me.

2. C th kt hp iu kin 2 v iu kin 3 trong mt cu.
If I hadnt stayed up late last night, I wouldnt be so tired now.
You wouldnt be so hungry if you had had breakfast this morning.

3. i khi th hin ti n c dng cho c hai mnh ca cu iu kin din t mt s tht hin nhin; n c gi
l zero conditional.
If we dont water these flowers, they die.

4. Mnh chnh trong cu iu kin loi 1 c th l mt cu ngh hoc li mi.
If you see Peter at the meeting, please tell him to return my book.
If you are free now, have a cup of coffee with me.

5. i t if sang unless:

IF UNLESS
Khng nh Khng nh (ng t trong mnh chnh i sang ph nh)
Ph nh Khng nh (mnh chnh khng thay i)

Ex: If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster.
Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldnt grow faster.
If she doesnt work harder, she will fail the exam.
Unless she works harder, she will fail the exam.

6. Dng cu: Mnh lnh + or + Clause
- If you dont + V1, Clause
- If you arent + , Clause
Ex: Go away or I will call the police. If you dont go away, I will call the police.
Be careful or you will cut yourself. If you arent careful, you will cut yourself.

Rewrite sentences into conditional sentences:
1. Its too cold, we cant go swimming.
If .
2. She didnt go to the concert because she was ill.
If ..
3. The wall isnt painted, so it looks dirty.
If ..
4. The wall wasnt painted so it looked dirty.
If ..
5. She didnt answer his letter because she was angry with him.
If
6. Hes fat because he doesnt jog regularly.
If
7. People didnt understand him because he spoke too fast.
If .
8. They didnt speak English to her, thats why her English didnt improve.
If .
9. We came by bus because there were no taxis.
If
10. The bridge was too weak. We had to take another road.
If
11. Its raining, so we stay at home.
If .
12. Shes fat. Thats why she cant get through the bathroom window.
If ..
13. She was lazy. She didnt make better in English.
If ..
14. I would have visited you, but I didnt know that you were at home.
If ..
15. It would not have been a good meeting without Rosa.
If .
16. I couldnt have finished the work without your effective help.
If
17. I stepped on the brake. Otherwise I would have hit the child on the bicycle.
If .
18. Write down the number onto your notebook or youll forget it.
If ..
19. Because John never eats breakfast, he always overeats at lunch.
If .
20. I dont ride the bus to work every morning because I live near my office.
If ....
21. Today isnt Sunday, so we cant go to the beach.
If
22. She had a headache and couldnt come with us.
If
23. Come early, or else you wont find a seat.
If ..