1. General Overview of debate Research question: How can we explain aggression? Our Stance: Nature is the primary cause of aggression My role within the debate: Presenter: Summarizes the theory for the class Summarizer: Summarizes the arguments for the class and makes final rebuttals. Arguments that the debaters will discuss: -Evolution as a catalyst for aggression (the survival instinct)- Melody -Genetics as a role in aggression (can link to evolution- aggression from previous generations inherited as a result of wanting to survive) - Roshni -Chemicals as a catalyst for aggression (again, can link to genetics)- Phoebus 2. What are my criteria (points to cover) in this debate? As a presenter: - Provide an interesting hook to grab the audiences attention. - Relate the theory to the research question. - Define aggression in a way that will sway the audience towards nature as the cause of aggression. - Provide overview on general theory of the debate. - List broad, persuasive points. -(If possible/ if second group to speak) Rebut the first presenters definition of aggression so that it appeals more to the nature side of arguments As a summarizer: -Rebut final points made by opposite team -Provide a clear and concise summary of the arguments being discussed in the debate. -Provide explanations on why the following points are important. - Find an interesting way to end the debate that seals all three points together and leaves an impression on the audience 3. Notes for debate: Presenter: Hook/Attention Grabber: There is one question that psychologists have struggled to answer throughout the years: How can we explain aggression? -Some believe nurture, some believe nature. -Aggression has appeared in all different parts of history (Roman, 1960s discrimination, now),throughout all different kinds of circumstances, in different forms Accept or reject the definition (if 2nd speaker): because of this, external factors do not take account all members of society, therefore internal factors have an effect/are instrumental in causing aggression. Basic Information: -Merriam Webster definition: a forceful action or procedure, intended to dominate or master Hayley Wu 10.6 -Aggression is defined as any behavior directed to a certain individual (whether it is towards others or oneself) with the general intention to cause harm. -The aforementioned behavior can take many forms- physical, verbal, direct, passive. -Present team line: Aggression is caused by nature as a biological response for survival. -(If first speaker) external factors do not take account all members of society, therefore internal factors have an effect/are instrumental in causing aggression. -Our main goal as species-continue our bloodline, and nature has programmed us with certain aspects that cause us to be aggressive. -In the following debate, we will discuss natures role in aggression through the survival instinct, genetics and the chemical makeup of our body. Summarizer: Hook/Attention Grabber: Rebuttal here: SEE BELOW. Basic Information: -Transition: Therefore, nature as a reasoning for aggression remains the more valid of the two arguments. -Survival instinct causes aggression: history + nature shows how it protects us from harm, and helps us create stronger members of society. -Genetics causes aggression: some people are more aggressive than others for various reasons e.g. an extra X or Y chromosome can make you more aggressive- possible response to survival instinct. -Chemicals also cause aggression: high levels of testosterone and low levels of serotonin make people more aggressive, and these levels are often dictated by genetics. Through this, it becomes evident that aggression is a product of nature as a response in order for humans to survive, and that while external factors may have an affect on this, it is largely a biological phenomenon. 4. Rebuttals- points that can be raised. Guide: You have to show why the other side is wrong. This is best done by taking a main point of the other side's argument and showing that it does not make sense. Also, try to rebut the most important points of the other side's case. Begin with: First, Id like to address a few issues with what youve said. While I can understand......however, there are a few flaws in this argument. Media is a cause of aggression/exposure to images of violence: - People attracted to violence/ have an aggressive personality will naturally gravitate to more violent games/programs- their affinity towards aggression is not a result of the media they absorb, but rather their choice of media is a reflection of personality. - You have to consider the large amounts of people consume violent media and yet are not prone to aggression- this argument does not in account the majority. - Therefore, people that commit aggression must have a separate reasoning for it, stemming back to nature as its cause. (also can apply to influence of peers, family life and neighborhood factors) Frustration/Aggression Theory (also applies to environmental factors): -Frustration doesnt always lead to aggression, and aggression is not always the result of frustration. -Frustration only leads to aggression when it is seen as malicious or intended to cause harm- is a result of a protective instinct, leading back into the survival instinct as a reason for aggression. Hayley Wu 10.6 Social learning theory: -(ref. Bobo doll experiment) Critics argue that children were manipulated into behaving aggressively rather than through example. -The experiment was under a very artificial circumstance- would not happen in real life and does not reflect reality accurately. -Aggression can be seen as playfighting, as the doll did not resemble a human greatly. In the event of a real child/human replacing the doll, it is unlikely the results would be replicated. (note- this argument may be weaker as it does not have any connections to how nature relates to this, may be better to avoid if possible) -Completely disregards an individuals biological state- is a depersonalized theory and not effective. 5. Bibliography References 1. Aggression [Def. 1]. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved September 28, 2013, from http:// www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aggression 2. Aggression. (2007). In World of Health. Gale. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?query=&prodId=SUIC&displ... 3. Aggressive behaviour. (2013). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved from http:// global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/9093/aggressive-behaviour/ 4. Anderson, C., & Bushman, B. (2002). Human Aggression [Scholarly project]. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2000-2004/02AB.pdf 5. Beck, H. (2011, August 20). An Ethological Analysis of Aggression. Skip Beck's Social Psychology Course. Retrieved from http://www1.appstate.edu/~beckhp/aggethology.htm 6. Boundless. (n.d.). Critiquing the Social-Cultural Perspective. Retrieved from https:// www.boundless.com/psychology/personality/social-cognitive-perspective/critiquing-the-social- cultural-perspective/ 7. Dennen, J. (n.d.). Psychoanalytic Theories of Aggression. Psychoanalytic Theories of Aggression. Retrieved from http://rint.rechten.rug.nl/rth/dennen/a-panal.htm 8. Drumwright, B. (2009). Criticisms on the social learning theory. Retrieved from http:// www.bdrum.com/Bandura/Criticisms.htm 9. Drumwright, B. (2009). Criticisms on the social learning theory. Retrieved from http:// www.bdrum.com/Bandura/Criticisms.htm 10. Ferguson, T., & Eyre, H. (1999). Aggression. Utau State University. Retrieved from http:// www.usu.edu/psy3510/aggression.html 11. Oxford Dictionaries. (n.d.). Definition of aggression in English. Aggression: Definition of Aggression in Oxford Dictionary (British & World English). Retrieved from http:// oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/aggression 12. Personality. (2013). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved from http://school.ebonline.com/ levels/high/article/108533#36151.toc Hayley Wu 10.6 13. Rummel, R. (n.d.). Aggression and the Conflict Helix. Understanding Conflict and War: Vol. 3: Conflict in Perspective. Retrieved from http://hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP2.HTM 14. Samenow, S. (2012, February 24). Watching violence in the media does not cause crime. Psychology Today. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-criminal- mind/201202/watching-violence-in-the-media-does-not-cause-crime 15. Skills You Need. (n.d.). Dealing with Aggression. Skills You Need. Retrieved from http:// www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/dealing-with-aggression.html 16. The Student Room. (n.d.). Revision:Bandura and Social Learning Theory. The Student Room RSS. Retrieved from http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/ Revision:Bandura_and_Social_Learning_Theory Hayley Wu 10.6
Chris Langan's Answer To Are There Any Theoretical Universal Models That Are Not Causal by Nature - For Instance, If This Was A Simulation As Suggested, Then How Might The Rules Be Different - Quora