Experiment 22 Final

Michael Cheung
Daniel Parker
Lab Section 1225
2/24/14
Introduction
For this lab, a calorimeter is being used to find the amount of salt is needed to change the
temperature of water to 0 Celsius or 63 Celsius. Four different salts are given and the goal is to
find the cheapest way to get the temperatures needed in 100 mL of water using only one of the
salts. While doing the experiment one of the sub goals would be to find out which of the salts
results in endothermic or exothermic reactions. By using this, the next goal would be to find out
which of the salts would be cheaper to achieve the desired temperature change while keeping the
budget under $5.
The Dyston Medical Supply Company is attempting to reduce the costs in the production
of cold/hot packs. The teams are performing this experiment to find the most cost effective way
to make the heat packs. Heat in this case can be hot or cold. The reason why one of the goals is
to make it less expensive is so that the company can get a profit from selling the heat pack while
selling the product. Knowing which salt to put in the packs is also important because if the
wrong salt is put in it can cause problems to the consumer such as make conditions worst.
Calorimetry can be used to determine the molar enthalpy of each salt and to calculate the
mass of each salt needed to obtain the desired results. By first finding the calorimeter constant
and accounting for this during the calculations, one can determine how many kJ of heat per mole
is released or absorbed by the dissociation. By knowing this, the amount of moles can be
determined and then converted to grams to get the market price for the amount of salt needed. At
least two trials will be needed for each salt to get accurate results.
Experimental
A. Ammonium Nitrate 3 grams
B. Calcium Chloride 3 grams
C. Lithium Chloride 3 grams
D. Potassium Chloride 3 grams
To begin this experiment the calorimeters constant would need to be found. To do this
one must first set up the MeasureNet and get it zeroed. The zeroing should be done by putting
the temperature probe into a bath of ice water and getting a reading around zero while stirring the
mixture and then set the max temperature a couple degrees around the max such as 78 if one
would expect 75. After zeroing out the system, measure out a known quantity of water, for
example 10 mL, and measure the temperature. This would be the cold water. To prepare the hot
water, one would pour water in to a beaker and put on top of a hot plate that is turned on. After
the temperature reaches around the high seventies the temperature of the hot water should be
recorded and measured out while having the MeasureNet sampling to pour the hot water in
quickly into the calorimeter.
After getting the calorimeter constant, one can begin getting the data needed to find the
molar heat of dissolution. To do this one would first clean the calorimeter by empting the water
out. After empting the cup, a known amount of distilled, in this case 50 mL, water should be
measured out and recorded then poured into the calorimeter. After pouring the water into the
calorimeter, the temperature of the water should be recorded. A clean stir bar should now be
dropped into the water and the calorimeter should be moved on top of a magnetic stirrer. One
should then measure out a known quantity, for this lab about 1 gram, of the salt that is going to
be used and the number should be recorded. Afterwards start sampling the data and then with the
magnetic stirrer turned on pour the salt in. This should be repeated for each test, however, the
calorimeter should be rinsed thoroughly with distilled water ever time to not mess with the
subsequent test as well as the stir bar and probe. The data collected should then be plotted using
a spreadsheet. If the graph ends with the data points above the beginning temperature the
reaction is found to be exothermic however if it is found to be below then the reaction is found to
be endothermic. For this experiment the theoretical amount of heat needed to increase the
temperature to 65 Celsius from 25 Celsius is 8.36 kJ found by using Q=MCT, sample
calculation : (4.18 J/gC)((65-25)C)(50 g). To reach a temperature of zero 5.23 kJ is needed.
Results
Experimental Data and Calculations
Calorimeter Constant
Trial 1
51 grams of Warm Water at 80.0 C
50 grams of Cold Water at 21.0 C
Equilibrium Temperature 43.0 C
Trial 2
51 grams of Warm Water at 70.0 C
50 grams of Cold Water at 22.6 C
Equilibrium Temperature 42.0 C
Average Calorimeter Constant



NH
4
NO
3

Trial 1
1.006 g
50 grams of water
Trial 2
1.032 g
50 grams of water
Trial 3
1.088 g
50 grams of water
Average molar Heat of Dissolution


CaCl
2
Trial 1
1.014 g
50 grams of water
Trial 2
1.000 g
50 grams of water
Trial 3
1.016 g
50 grams of water
Average molar Heat of Dissolution


LiCl
Trial 1
1.067 g
50 grams of water
Trial 2
1.023 g
50 grams of water
Trial 3
1.062 g
50 grams of water
Average molar Heat of Dissolution


KCl
Trial 1
1.017 g
50 grams of water
Trial 2
1.008 g
50 grams of water
Trial 3
1.015 g
50 grams of water
Average molar Heat of Dissolution



Calculations of Amount of Salt needed to Raise Temperature to Desired Temperature
NH
4
NO
3



CaCl
2



LiCl



KCl

Discussion
The significant of the results found are that some salt are more cost effective when trying
to get a desired heat. They are more cost effective because the salt can produce the desired
temperature with less amount of salt.it was found that NH
4
NO
3
and KCl were Exothermic while
the CaCl
2
and LiCl were endothermic. The experiments were done three times to reduce the
amount of error to make the results more accurate. The results are precise in the sense that the
numbers before the averages were close to each other. Possible errors in this experiment could
come from the salt to being poured into water but getting stuck to the probe and not dissolving
evenly. It could also come from the salt not coming off the weight paper completely messing up
the measured amount of salt.
Conclusion
The data found during experimentation was sufficient to find the answers to the question asked.
The salts that the Dyston Medical Supply Company should be reported as NH
4
NO
3
and CaCl
2
,
NH
4
NO
3
for the cold pack and CaCl
2
for the hot pack. For the cold pack only 20.85 grams would
be needed costing about $1.09 for the salt alone or $2.37 total. For the hot pack it would take
20.21 grams of CaCl
2
costing $1.28 for the salt or $2.56 total. Dyston Medical Supply Company
will make the most profits these salts. Profits: Hot $2.63 per pack Cold $2.44 per pack.
Bibliography
Stanton, B., Zhu, L., & Atwood, C. (2012). Experiments in general chemistry: Featuring
MeasureNet . (2nd ed.). Mason: Cengage Learning.