1.

Compare and contrast important features of the constitution of Afghanistan and

India. (250 Words)
2. Examine in what uni!ue" wa#s India"s Ci$i% &ia'i%it# for (uc%ear )amages Act* 2010 (the
Act) dea%s with supp%ier %ia'i%it#+ A%so throw %ight on how the present act impacts nuc%ear
commerce. (250 Words)

What's in the new Afghan constitution?
The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, approved January 4 by a 502member
assembly in !abul, creates a nation that pledges to be both Islamic and democratic" It establishes
a presidential system that roughly follo#s the $"%" model, dividing government po#er among
e&ecutive, legislative, and 'udicial branches" (hile it does not include an e&plicit reference
tosharia, or Islamic la#, it states that no Afghan la# )can be contrary to the beliefs and
provisions) of Islam" *&perts say the e&tent of Islam+s influence in practice #ill hinge on #ho
controls Afghanistan+s government"
Share

0
How was the constitution created?
A ,5member team that included Afghans and foreign legal e&perts spent a year #or-ing on the
draft constitution" At a nation#ide series of public meetings, nearly a halfmillion Afghans #ere
as-ed #hat they thought should be included in the constitution" The draft #as #ritten in relative
secrecy and, after several delays, the final version #as released in .ovember 200," /eginning in
mid0ecember, a constitutional loya jirga, or grand council, consisting of a diverse set of Afghan
representatives appointed by provincial authorities and transitional government officials, began to
debate the document" It #as approved after three #ee-s of council sessions"
When will it go into effect?
The constitution became the official la# of the land #hen it #as approved" /ut until general
elections are held, po#er #ill remain #ith Afghanistan+s transitional government, #hich has been
in place since June 2002 and is headed by 1resident 2amid !ar3ai" 1residential elections are
scheduled for June 2004, but e&perts say that delays in voter registration caused by the nation+s
dangerous security conditions #ill delay them" %eptember is the earliest that elections can go
for#ard, says /arnett Rubin, the director of studies at the Center on International 4ooperation at
.e# 5or- $niversity and a constitutional adviser to the Afghan government" *lections for the
.ational Assembly #ill li-ely be delayed furtherperhaps until mid2005, Rubin says"
When will judicial reform take place?
6a'or 'udicial reform and the creation of the ne# %upreme 4ourt #ill not get under #ay until the
ne# government is seated, e&perts say" The transitional 'udicial system is beginning to function,
but most of the 'udges are religiously trained mullahs, says %aid Ar'omand, a sociology professor
at the %tate $niversity of .e# 5or- at %tony /roo- and an adviser to Afghanistan+s
constitutional loya jirga" The nation+s current chief 'ustice, 7a3l 2adi %hin#ari, has outla#ed
cable television, opposes coeducation, and is said to practice the strict form of Islam called
(ahhabism" Ar'omand says there is a government #or-ing group on 'udicial reform, but as of
last month it hadn+t yet met"
What is the main barrier to implementing the constitution?
(idespread la#lessness, #hich has increased since the fall of the repressive Taliban regime in
2008, many e&perts say" 4ontributing to the problem are regional militias controlled by socalled
#arlords, #idespread opium cultivation, and the #ea-ness of the poorly funded national army,
#hich has fe#er than 80,000 soldiers" 9utside of the capital, !abul, the central government+s
authority is #ea-" .ational acceptance of the constitutionand the success of the Afghan state
depend on a steady spread of the government+s #rit"
How will the new executive branch be structured?
It #ill be headed by a president #ho #ill be directly elected to a fiveyear term" The president
must be 6uslim, an Afghan citi3en born of Afghan parents, and may be reelected only once" 2is
responsibilities #ill include:
%erving as the commanderinchief of the armed forces of Afghanistan
0etermining the fundamental policies of the government #ith the approval of the
.ational Assembly"
Appointing the nation+s ministers, the attorney general, the director of the central ban-,
and the 'ustices of the %upreme 4ourt #ith the approval of the main legislative body, the Wolesi
Jirga"
Appointing the nation+s first and second vice presidents" The office of the second vice
president #as created as a compromise in the constitutional negotiationsoriginally, many
delegates favored the creation of the office of a prime minister to dilute the president+s po#er"
How will the legislative branch be structured?
The .ational Assembly of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan #ill consist of t#o houses:
theWolesi Jirga, or 2ouse of the 1eople, and the Meshrano Jirga, or 2ouse of *lders" TheWolesi
Jirga is the more po#erful house" Its 250 delegates #ill be directly elected through a system of
proportional representation" According to the constitution, at least ;4 delegatest#o from each
provincemust be #omen" It has the primary responsibility for ma-ing and ratifying la#s and
approving the actions of the president"
The Meshrano Jirga #ill consist of an unspecified number of local dignitaries and e&perts
appointed by provincial councils, district councils, and the president" It must also ratify la#s, but
its decisions about the state+s budget and development programs can be overruled by theWolesi
Jirga"
How is the judicial branch structured?
The republic+s top court is the Stera Mahkama, or %upreme 4ourt" Its members #ill be appointed
by the president for 80year terms" There are also 2igh 4ourts, Appeals 4ourts, and local and
district courts" *ligible 'udges can have training in either Islamic 'urisprudence or secular la#"
What laws will the court system apply?
It #ill base its 'udgments on e&isting Afghan la#much of #hich is rooted in Islamic la#and
the ne# constitution" In cases in #hich no la# covers a particular issue, the courts+ decisions #ill
be )#ithin the limits of the constitution) and in accord #ith Islamic 'urisprudence" 9n cases of
possible discord bet#een the constitution and Islam, the %upreme 4ourt #ill have to arrive at a
compromise" )A secular 'udge could overrule sharia, but a fundamentalist court could rule the
other #ay around,) says Ar'omand" )It all depends on #ho #ill revie# the la#s")
What are some areas of potential discord?
(omen+s rights is one main area" The constitution states that )the citi3ens of Afghanistan
#hether man or #omanhave e<ual rights and duties before the la#) and includes special
provisions to encourage #omen+s access to education and government" /ut traditional Islamic la#
treats men and #omen differently in some cases, and e&isting la# in Afghanistan maintains some
of these distinctions" )I am not really satisfied because of the contradictions,) said Ahmad
.adery, commissioner of Afghanistan+s independent human rights commission, in an intervie#
#ith The Los Angeles Times" )If a conflict arises bet#een an international =human rights
declaration> and the country+s la#, it doesn+t say #hich has precedence" If #e have a conservative
'udicial system#hich #e doit #ill interpret the la#s in a conservative #ay")
What other civil liberties are guaranteed in the constitution?
Among them:
Religious freedom" The )sacred religion of Islam) is the state religion of Afghanistan"
2o#ever, follo#ers of other religions are )free to e&ercise their faith and perform their religious
rites) #ithin the limits of the la#" There is no mention of freedom of conscience, ho#ever, and
some e&perts say they are concerned that there is no protection for 6uslims #ho may not #ish to
practice their faith"
Right to life and liberty"
Right to privacy"
Right of peaceful assembly"
7reedom of e&pression and speech"
If accused of a crime, the right to be informed of the charges, represented by an advocate,
and presumed innocent until proven guilty"
7reedom from torture"
9ther rights, as included in international agreements signed by Afghanistan, such as the
$niversal 0eclaration of 2uman Rights"
What does the constitution say about Afghanistan's many ethnic
groups?
All people living in Afghanistan are to be considered Afghan, regardless of their ethnic
bac-ground" 2o#ever, the constitution does grant each of the nation+s 84plus ethnic groups the
right to spea- its o#n language" The country+s official languages #ill be 1ashto, spo-en by
1ashtuns, the nation+s largest ethnic group, and 0ari, a form of 1ersian spo-en predominately by
Ta'i-s and 2a3aras, #ho together are some ,5 percent of the population" The national anthem
#ill be sung in 1ashto only" 2o#ever, in a finalhour concession that saved the constitutional
negotiations from failure, other languages #ill be recogni3ed as third national languages in
regions #here they are spo-en by a ma'ority"
More on... Afghanistan
India"s Ci$i% &ia'i%it# for (uc%ear )amages Act* 2010 (the Act)* was a watershed moment in
internationa% nuc%ear %ia'i%it# ,urisprudence 'ecause of the uni!ue wa# in which it dea%t with
supp%ier %ia'i%it#. -p unti% this enactment* a%% %ia'i%it# in re%ation to a nuc%ear power p%ant was
channe%%ed exc%usi$e%# to the operator. .he on%# two situations in which a operator cou%d c%aim a
su'se!uent right of recourse against a supp%ier under internationa% %ia'i%it# %aw as we%% as under
domestic %aw of other countries were i) where the nuc%ear incident arose out of an act or omission
'# the supp%ier with an intent to cause damage (which is co$ered under /ection 10(c) of the Act)1
and ii) a contractua% right of recourse (which is co$ered under /ection 10(a) of the Act).
.he Act howe$er* a%so introduced a no$e% concept of supp%ier %ia'i%it# in /ection 10(') '# which
the operator wou%d ha$e the a'i%it# to rec%aim an# compensation it ma# pa#* from a supp%ier* if
the product supp%ied has patent or %atent defects or the ser$ice pro$ided is su'standard.
Section 17(b)
.his expanded concept of supp%ier %ia'i%it# is $ehement%# resisted '# ma,or supp%ier countries
inc%uding the -nited /tates* 2ussia and 3rance* on the ground that these pro$isions are not
consistent with internationa% norms pertaining to nuc%ear %ia'i%it#. 4ar%iament* howe$er* deemed
it fit to de$iate from these internationa% norms owing to India"s histor# with industria% accidents*
particu%ar%# the 5hopa% gas traged#* and fe%t that this additiona% re!uirement contained in /ection
10(') was necessar# in the Indian context.
2ecent news reports (16 /eptem'er 2017* The Hindu) now indicate that the Attorne# 8enera% has
pro$ided a %ega% opinion to the go$ernment opining that /ection 10(a) pro$ides for a right of
recourse if such right is express%# pro$ided for in a contract in writing and the operator is
therefore free to choose not to incorporate such a pro$ision in its contract with the supp%ier. It is
understood that the opinion goes on to confirm that the operator can either incorporate a c%ause
in the contract to co$er the right of recourse under /ection 10 or can wai$e such a right. It is a%so
understood that the Attorne# 8enera% ga$e this opinion from a strict%# %ega% point of $iew and not
po%ic#.
An important point to note here is that a p%ain reading of /ection 10 seems to suggest that /ection
10(a)* (') and (c) are distincti$e and separate. 9ere%# 'ecause a contractua% right of recourse in
terms of /ection 10(a) has 'een used or not used '# an operator in his contract with a supp%ier*
wou%d ha$e no 'earing on /ections 10(') and (c). .his argument is strengthened* as it wou%d 'e
unthin:a'%e for the go$ernment to wai$e a right of recourse in situations co$ered under /ection
10(c) that dea%s with causing of nuc%ear damage with an intent to cause such damage. In other
words* h#pothetica%%#* can the operator ta:e a stand that it wou%d wai$e its right of recourse
against a supp%ier who causes nuc%ear damage intentiona%%#+ .he answer wou%d o'$ious%# 'e no.
.herefore* if the exc%usion cannot 'e made for su';c%ause (c)* exc%usion for su';c%ause (') is a%so
not possi'%e and /ection 10(a) cannot 'e the 'asis for reading such a right of wai$er.
Another point to note is that in India* the nuc%ear operators* $i<. the (uc%ear 4ower Corporation
of India &imited ((4CI&) and the 5harti#a (a'hi:i#a =id#ut (igam &imited (5>A=I(I)* are
who%%# go$ernment owned. .herefore* the entire responsi'i%it# of setting up and running a
nuc%ear power p%ant rests with these entities. Conse!uent%#* under nuc%ear %ia'i%it# %aws* in the
e$ent of a nuc%ear accident* compensation that ma# 'e pa#a'%e wou%d ha$e to 'e 'orne '# these
entities. /ince these entities are go$ernment entities* the funding is a%so entire%# '# the
go$ernment and* therefore* u%timate%# '# the taxpa#ers of India. In this 'ac:drop* can the Indian
operator contractua%%# agree with a supp%ier to wai$e its right of recourse under /ection 10(') of
the Act to reco$er such compensation from a supp%ier who ma# ha$e pro$ided a component with
?patent or %atent defects@+
Unsustainable
A pre%iminar# ana%#sis suggests that it wou%d 'e difficu%t to %ega%%# sustain such a '%an:et wai$er.
.he %aw in re%ation to wai$er of a statutor# right is we%% sett%ed. .he /upreme Court of India has
he%d that a statutor# right in fa$our of a part# can 'e wai$ed '# such part# as %ong as no pu'%ic
interest or pu'%ic po%ic# is ad$erse%# affected (see for e.g. Krishna Bahadur v. Purna
Theatres (200A)). If (4CI& were to wai$e its right to c%aim su'se!uent compensation against a
supp%ier who has pro$ided a product with a ?patent or %atent defect@ or has pro$ided
?su'standard ser$ice*@ it wou%d mean that the compensation is u%timate%# 'eing footed '# the
taxpa#er despite the fact that there is a %aw which ena'%es (4CI& to see: such compensation from
a neg%igent supp%ier. .his wou%d s!uare%# 'e against pu'%ic interest and appears to 'e %ega%%#
unsustaina'%e.
If 4ar%iament* in its wisdom* has decided to introduce an expanded concept of supp%ier %ia'i%it# in
the Act* it can a%so 'e argued that this forms part of the pu'%ic po%ic# of India B a consideration*
which it is understood* is express%# exc%uded from the Attorne# 8enera%"s %ega% opinion. 3urther*
/ection 27 of the Indian Contract Act* 1C02 a%so pro$ides that the consideration or o',ects of a
contract wou%d 'e un%awfu% if it wou%d defeat the pro$isions of a %aw or is opposed to pu'%ic
po%ic#. Whi%e a strong case can 'e made out that such wai$er wou%d defeat the pro$ision of the
Act* it can a%so 'e argued that it wou%d 'e against the pu'%ic po%ic# of India. .he /upreme Court
in Rattan Chand Hira Chand v. Askar Nawaz Jung (1661) he%d that a contract which has a
tendenc# to in,ure pu'%ic interests or pu'%ic we%fare is one against pu'%ic po%ic# and what
constitutes an in,ur# to pu'%ic interests or we%fare wou%d depend upon the times in which the
issue arises. It is therefore important to remem'er that the u%timate interpretation of these
pro$isions and contractua% arrangements is going to 'e '# an Indian court in the 'ac:drop of a
nuc%ear incident. In such a 'ac:drop* it is more %i:e%# for an Indian court to adopt an
interpretation that re,ects an attempt at circum$enting the pro$ision of the Act '# pro$iding a
wai$er of a right of recourse* as this wou%d 'e against pu'%ic interest.
4ar%iament has framed a %aw that has an expansi$e concept of supp%ier %ia'i%it# and a%% entities*
foreign or Indian* are su',ect to this %aw. If there were pro'%ems in the imp%ementation of the
%aw* then the right course wou%d 'e for 4ar%iament to amend such %aws. .he Act* as it stands* has
$arious am'iguities in re%ation to the scope of supp%ier %ia'i%it#. .hese am'iguities are
undou'ted%# a hurd%e for foreign supp%iers and ought to 'e c%arified or remo$ed.
/ome of these hurd%es can 'e a$oided '# pro$iding for contractua% pro$isions '# which the Indian
operator pro$ides time%# feed'ac: to the supp%ier in re%ation to the functioning of a particu%ar
component or perhaps e$en certif#ing after a period of time of usage of the component* that the
component does not suffer from a ?patent or %atent defect@. .his :ind of an approach '# the
operator ma# 'e more he%pfu% for the supp%ier communit# rather than an approach in which the
Indian operator sa#s it is gi$ing a '%an:et wai$er of its statutor# right of recourse.
.he Act does ha$e its f%aws 'ut it has raised some :e# cha%%enges to internationa% %ia'i%it#
princip%es that historica%%# insu%ated the supp%ier from %ia'i%it# in practica%%# a%% situations. It
shou%d 'e 'orne in mind that these pro$isions wi%% 'e interpreted '# an Indian court in the
context of a nuc%ear incident. An# watering down of the %aw '# the operator offering wai$ers of
statutor# pro$isions wou%d on%# increase the am'iguities* and is in no one"s interests* inc%uding
those of the foreign supp%iers.
(Mohit Abraha is a Partner with P!" #aw Partners and M.P. Ra Mohan is $e%%ow& The
'nerg( and Resour)es *nstitute (T'R*+. Both are on the governing board o, the Nu)%ear #aw
Asso)iation o, *ndia. "iews e-.ressed are .ersona%+
De#wordsE Indo;-/ nuc%ear dea%* 9anmohan /ingh go$ernment* )epartment of Atomic
Energ#* )AE* Atomic Energ# Commission* nuc%ear %ia'i%it# %aw* nuc%ear damage %ia'i%it#* Ci$i%
&ia'i%it# for (uc%ear )amage Act
India wi%% stic: to its stand on two ma,or issues B c%imate change and ci$i% nuc%ear energ# B
when 4rime 9inister 9anmohan /ingh meets -./. 4resident 5arac: F'ama at the White >ouse
next 3rida#.
The Hindu had front;paged 'oth attempts* to sidestep the (uc%ear &ia'i%it# &aw and twea:
India"s stand on c%imate;damaging refrigerant gases* that wou%d ha$e ensured 'usiness worth
'i%%ions of do%%ars in the medium term for American firms.
)uring the /ingh;F'ama meeting* India wi%% refrain from pu'%ic%# airing its ire o$er American
snooping of go$ernmenta% and dip%omatic e;mai%s as 5ra<i% has done. Instead* India wi%% 'e
content with discussing it in meetings of a sectora% su';group on c#'er securit#* 3oreign
/ecretar# /u,atha /ingh to%d ,ourna%ists here on 3rida#.
/he said there wou%d 'e no $io%ation or di%ution of the Ci$i% &ia'i%it# for (uc%ear )amage Act*
especia%%# its /ection 10 '* which pena%ises foreign supp%iers if an accident is traced 'ac: to fau%t#
products or ser$ices.
Fn refrigerant gases* the 3oreign /ecretar# said 'oth sides wou%d continue with their efforts at
reconci%ing their opposing $iewpoints in a Goint Wor:ing 8roup set up ear%ier this #ear ?to meet
the shared o$era%% o',ecti$e of reducing the impact of c%imate change on human acti$it# whi%e
securing space for our de$e%opment and economic o',ecti$es.@
India has resisted -./. pressure to ta:e decisions on rep%acing g%o'a% warming refrigerant gases
under the 9ontrea% 4rotoco%* with the a%ternati$es ad$ocated 'eing up to 20 times cost%ier and
most%# under patents '# a few Western companies.
India and most de$e%oping countries want the de$e%oped wor%d to fund their reduction of g%o'a%
emissions 'ut it signed the %atest 820 communi!uH that supports techno%og# transition of
c%imate;threatening refrigerant gases to %ess c%imate damaging options through the 9ontrea%
4rotoco% which does not address such concerns in entiret#.
India"s stand on 'oth issues wi%% effecti$e%# den# -./. companies 'usiness opportunities worth
'i%%ions of do%%ars had (ew )e%hi re%axed its stand on c%imate change and the nuc%ear %ia'i%it# %aw.
>oping that discussions on a commercia% contract 'etween the (uc%ear 4ower Corporation of
India &imited ((4CI&) and Westinghouse wi%% conc%ude successfu%%#* 9s. /ingh ru%ed out an#
twea:ing of the Ci$i% &ia'i%it# for (uc%ear )amage Act to smoothen the path for the American
compan#.
?A%% contracts with foreign companies are su',ect to the Ci$i% &ia'i%it# for (uc%ear )amage Act
and ru%es. .he contract has to 'e consistent with Indian %aw and there is no !uestion of Indian
%aw 'eing $io%ated or di%uted.@
As:ed if foreign supp%iers wi%% agree to India"s insistence on fastidious app%ication of the %aw* 9s.
/ingh pointed out that an# compan#* whether foreign or domestic* wou%d ha$e to fo%%ow
procedures consistent with Indian %aw. ?.hat is the 'ottom %ine*@ she o'ser$ed.
Iuestions had arisen after the )epartment of Atomic Energ# as:ed the Attorne#;8enera%
whether the (4CI& cou%d wai$e its right of recourse against a foreign supp%ier if an accident is
caused '# fau%t# e!uipment.
)r. /ingh wi%% meet 9r. F'ama in the forenoon of /eptem'er 20 for across;the;ta'%e discussions.
.he# wi%% then mo$e o$er to the %awns for a media interaction during which some dea%s ma# 'e
announced. .he two %eaders wi%% then ho%d more discussions o$er a wor:ing %unch.
In continuing with India"s approach to ta%:s with 4a:istan* 9s. /ingh ga$e no indications a'out
)r. /ingh meeting 4a:istan 4rime 9inister (awa< /harif in (ew Jor:. /he said that due to the
short time a$ai%a'%e on the side%ines of the -.(. 8enera% Assem'%#* 'i%atera%s were sti%% 'eing
firmed up.
De#wordsE Indo;-/ nuc%ear dea%* 9anmohan /ingh go$ernment* )epartment of Atomic
Energ#* )AE* Atomic Energ# Commission* nuc%ear %ia'i%it# %aw* nuc%ear damage %ia'i%it#* Ci$i%
&ia'i%it# for (uc%ear )amage Act
1. ?Infant morta%it#* materna% morta%it# and neo;nata% death figures are unaccepta'%# high
among the /.s 'ecause of %ac: of hea%thcare infrastructure* %ow %iterac# rates and
sometimes traditiona% practice@. What measures go$ernment has ta:en in this
regard+ (200 Words)
2. ?2ise in drug;resistant diseases cou%d trigger a nationa% emergenc# compara'%e to a
catastrophic terrorist attac:* pandemic f%u or ma,or coasta% f%ooding@. )o #ou agree with
the statement+ What are the steps ta:en '# Indian go$ernment to tac:%e this menace+ (200
Words)
ARCHIVES
The governent sets u. an e-.ert )oittee to deve%o. a nationa% ,raework to
i.rove the /ua%it( o, hea%th)are avai%ab%e to triba%s
2ecognising that hea%th indicators are genera%%# poor in the countr#"s tri'a% areas* the
go$ernment has decided to de$e%op a nationa% framewor: and roadmap to impro$e the
appropriateness* access* and !ua%it# of hea%th ser$ices among the tri'a% popu%ation.
.he nationa% framewor: wi%% 'e drafted '# an expert committee constituted '# the -nion
9inistr# of >ea%th and 3ami%# We%fare to 'etter address hea%thcare cha%%enges of the /chedu%ed
.ri'es popu%ation* particu%ar%# those %i$ing in the tri'a% districts and tri'a% de$e%opment '%oc:s.
As per the 2001 Census* the tri'a% popu%ation was C.A7 crore or eight per cent of the tota%
popu%ation* with o$er 60 per cent %i$ing in rura% areas with poor socia% indicators. (orth;eastern
/tates ha$e the highest tri'a% popu%ation fo%%owed '# Chhattisgarh* Fdisha* Andhra 4radesh*
8u,arat and 9adh#a 4radesh.
Infant morta%it#* materna% morta%it# and neo;nata% death figures are unaccepta'%# high among
the /.s 'ecause of %ac: of hea%thcare infrastructure* %ow %iterac# rates and sometimes traditiona%
practices.
In addition to re$iewing the specia% schemes and programmes and inter$entions ta:en '# the
-nion 9inistr# of >ea%th and 3ami%# We%fare* identif# gaps and deficiencies in their
imp%ementation* the expert committee wi%% suggest strategic inter$entions for impro$ed
imp%ementation.
.his decision was ta:en in the wa:e of a genera% o'ser$ation that the hea%th indicators were
genera%%# poor in tri'a% areas and that there was a need to re$iew the hea%th programmes and
approach to impro$e de%i$er# and performance of hea%th programmes in these areas.
.he expert committee wi%% prepare strategic guide%ines for /tates to draw up 4rogramme
Imp%ementation 4%ans* inc%uding mode% )istrict >ea%th Action 4%ans for tri'a% hea%th 'ased on
tri'a% hea%th issues and diseases 'urden* and re$iew the a$ai%a'%e hea%th data with a $iew to
maintaining a regu%ar data'ase specific to tri'a% hea%th.
.he committee* chaired '# A'ha# 5hang (/EA2C>)* wi%% ha$e 12 mem'ers in addition to
representati$es from the -nion 9inistr# of >ea%th and 3ami%# We%fare* /ecretaries of
)epartment of .ri'a% We%fare from Chhattisgarh and Fdisha and Commissioner .ri'a% We%fare
of Andhra 4radesh as specia% in$itees.
As:ed to su'mit its report within six months* the expert group wi%% a%so re$iew the information
on hea%th infrastructure and a$ai%a'i%it# of human resources and ma:e recommendations on
inter$entions to 'e made to create* or strengthen the existing infrastructure for hea%th in tri'a%
'%oc:s.
.he experts wi%% examine and suggest inter$entions to address the specific needs of the tri'a%
popu%ation* especia%%# the 4articu%ar%# =u%nera'%e .ri'a% 8roups* and suggest specific
inter$entions necessar# in co%%a'oration with other 9inistries to impro$e the socia% determinants
of hea%th in tri'a% areas* in addition to suggesting wa#s to impro$ed super$ision and monitoring
s#stems.
De#wordsE -nion 9inistr# of >ea%th and 3ami%# We%fare* /chedu%ed .ri'es popu%ation
hea%th* Chhattisgarh* expert hea%th committee