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Threads and Fasteners

Threads-
Terminology in threads-
External thread-
Internal threads
Different Types of Thread profiles:- Different Types of Thread profiles:-
1 Square Threads 1. Square Threads.
2. V-threads.
3. ACME Threads
4 Buttress Threads 4. Buttress Threads.
5. Whitworth threads
Thread Conventions
Square Threads
V threads V- threads
ACME threads
Buttress threads
Whitworth Threads
STANDARD REPRESENTATION OF THREADS STANDARD REPRESENTATION OF THREADS
Visible screw threads - For visible
screw threads, the crests of threads should be defined by a continuous thick
line (type A), and the roots of threads by a continuous thin line (type B).
Hidden screw threads- For hidden screw threads, the crests and the
roots should be defined by dashed lines. y
Sections of threaded parts For threaded parts shown in section, hatching
should be extended to the line defining the crest of the thread.
End view of screw threads - On an end view of a visible screw thread, the thread
t h ld b t d b ti f i l d ith ti thi roots should be represented by a portion of a circle, drawn with a continuous thin
line (type B), of length approximately three-quarters of the circumference.
The above conventions apply to assemblies of threaded parts. However,
externally threaded parts should always be shown covering internally
threaded parts and should not hidden by them threaded parts and should not hidden by them
METRIC THREAD STANDARDS
ANSI standard
g external thread
H internal thread
e.g., 4H6H : for nut thread g
4g6g Tolerance Class Designation
4g for pitch diameter, 6g for major dia.
Tolerance Grade: 3 (tight fit) to 9 (loose fit)
6: for general applications
I di ti f t l d i ki d if Indication of tolerance grade is skipped if
both are of grade 6.
ISO Standard,
F t l th d (b lt t ) For external threads (bolts, etc.):
e Large allowance
g Small allowance
h No allowance
For internal threads (nuts, etc.):
G Small allowance
H No allowance
Coarse pitch: Fasteners, general application,
Fine pitch: for greater strength/vibration resistance
UNIFIED THREAD STANDARDS
UN Unified UN Unified
C- Coarse
F Fine
EF Extra fine threads EF Extra fine threads
Unified External Thread Representation
Different Class of FIT
1 loose fit (for quick assbly)
2 normal/regular fit (commonly used)
3 Tight fit with no/marginal clearance
Unified Internal Thread Representation
Representation of ACME Thread
ACME threads are of two broad categories: G (general) and C (Centralizing),
the tolerance class varies from 2G (nominal clearance for general applications)
to 5G (minimum clearance, for special applications)
G (general class of thread) is replaced by C for centralising threads
that have critical clearance fits for special applications.
Fit for centralizing threads fit range from 2C to 6C
LH additional indicator in denoting thread
means Left Hand thread; Right hand is ; g
considered default and hence not
recorded recorded.
SQ: for square thread,
Pipe threads p
NPT: American National Standard Taper Pipe Threads,
conforms to ANSI B 1.20.1
NPTF: Dryseal USA Standard Taper Pipe Thread
NPTF: Threads with min clearance/slight interference for tight fit
Designed for sealing the joint without sealing compound
Application: Hydraulic, Automotive, Refrigeration systems
Different Types of Nuts and Bolts yp
Hexagonal headed bolt
S h d d b lt Square headed bolt
Generally used when the head is to be accommodated in recess. Recess is also
made up of square shape to prevent rotation of bolt.
Square neck to avoid rotation of Square neck to avoid rotation of
Bolt while tightening a nut.
Cylindrical or cheese headed bolt
Used when-
Space for accommodating bolt head
is less. is less.
Use of spanner is to be avoided.
Rotation of bolt is prevented by p y
means of a pin
T- headed bolt
P i il d i hi t l t bl f l i Primarily used in machine tool tables, for clamping
fixtures, workpieces, etc.
Fits in T slot provided on them.
Counter sunk headed bolt.
Used in application where head of
bolt must not project above the surface
of connected piece. of connected piece.
It may provided with the neck of square
cross-section.
Hook Bolt
This bolt passes through a hole of one piece
only. other piece is gripped by the hook shaped
bolt head.
This is used when it is not possible to drill hole
in the piece adjoining bolt head.
Eye Bolt-
Bolt has circular ring as its head.
Used as an appliance to lift heavy
machines machines.
Stud-
It consists of a cylindrical shank threaded
at both sides.
The nut end N is threaded for a length slightly
More than thickness of nut.
Metal end M is threaded to length at least equal
To diameter of stud.
Fitting of stud
Washer
Approx Std. Dimensions
Hexagonal nut
T=D; W=1.5D+3mm;
R=1.4D
Rough Rule Dimensions
T=D; R=1 5D
Drawing a hexagonal nut
T=D; R=1.5D
Distance across diagonally
opposite corners: 2D
Nuts
Tommy
Bar / Pin Bar / Pin
spanner
Locking arrangements for nuts
Due to vibrations, there is always a tendency to for nuts to become slack.
LOCKING SEQUENCE:
Th tA i fi t d b lt ti htl ibl The nut A is first screwed on bolt as tightly as possible.
The nut B is then screwed on the bolt till it touches the top of nut A.
The nut B is held by spanner and nut A is turned backwards through few degrees.
The two nuts are hence locked tightly due to wedging action against each The two nuts are hence locked tightly due to wedging action against each
other and bolt.
Nut B carries all the load, hence it is made thicker than nut A. Generally nut A
thickness is kept 0 8 times of thickness of nut B thickness is kept 0.8 times of thickness of nut B
Spring washer Spring washer
Partly does the similar job as lock nut
Split pin for locking the nut in place p p g p
and prevent its unscrewing
Other means of locking
the nut in place the nut in place
Foundation bolts
Molten
Lead / Lead /
sulphur
Foundation bolts
Bolt type Picture Application Bolt type Picture Application
Square headed Bearings of shaft Square headed Bearings of shaft
Cylindrical headed
Big end of connecting rods,
Cylindrical headed
eccentrics, etc.
T-headed
Machine tool tables, boiler
mountings such as stop T headed mountings such as stop
valve, feed check valve etc.
Counter-sunk headed
Where the bolt head must
Counter sunk headed
not project above surface
Eye bolt For lifting heavy machines Eye bolt For lifting heavy machines
Connect cylinder cover to
engine cylinder
Stud
engine cylinder
Situations where there is no
space for bolt heads

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