1

UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCLG226: Society and Culture in Ancient
Egypt







2012-13
Option, 0.5 unit, term II, Tu 4.00-6.00



Co-ordinator: Richard Bussmann
r.bussmann@ucl.ac.uk
Room 409
Tel: 020 7679 1539
(from within UCL: 2 1539)



2
1 OVERVIEW

Short description
The course reviews major long-term developments and mechanisms of ancient
Egyptian society and culture from the late 4
th
millennium BC to the late Antique, ca.
to 500 AD. It provides training in the application of research models developed in
social anthropology and cultural history to Ancient Egyptian case studies. Based on
quantitative and qualitative methods the course is designed for students of Egyptian
Archaeology and related disciplines interested in the integration of archaeol ogical,
iconographic, and textual data with the social sciences and cultural studies.

Week-by-week summary

1 Introduction: Concepts of Society and Culture in Ancient Egypt 08.01.2013

2 Daily life in Ancient Egypt: Ethnohistory and ethnoarchaeology, 15.01.2013

3 Great and Little Traditions: Cultural diversity in Ancient Egypt, 22.01.2013

4 Representations of society, 29.01.2013

5 Quantifying society: Structure and practices in Amarna 05.02.2013


--- READING WEEK ---


6 Interregional trade and early urbanism in Egypt, 19.02.2013

7 Cultural constructions of death: from predynastic to dynastic, 26.02.2013

8 Object categories across the time: Change and transformation in late Middle
Kingdom funerary practices, 05.03.2013

9 Rewriting the history of Dark Ages: the apparent continuity of the Third
Intermediate Period, 12.03.2013

10 Appropriation of Christianity: Modelling culture breaks, 19.03.2013



3
Basic texts
Note also the online resources listed below in chapter 4 of this handbook.

Introductions and overviews, Ancient Egypt:
Baines, J. and J. Mlek 2000. Cultural atlas of Ancient Egypt. Revised edition. New
York: Fact on file. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 2 BAI; ISSUE DESK IOA BAI
2
Bard, K. 2007. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Malden, Mass.,
Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 29
Kemp, B.J. 2006. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 2
nd
edition. London:
Routledge. INST ARCH ISSUE DESK KEM; EGYPTOLOGY B 5 KEM
Lloyd, A. B. (ed.) 2010. A Companion to Ancient Egypt. 2 volumes. Chichester:
Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO
Sasson, J. et al. (eds.) 1995. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Peabody, Mass.:
Hendrickson. INST ARCH DBA 100, ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B 5 SAS
Shaw, I. (ed.) 2000. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA
Trigger, B. G. and A. Lloyd, B. Kemp, D. OConnor 1983. Ancient Egypt. A social
history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI,
ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 1
Trigger, B. G. 1993. Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in context. Cairo: The
American University in Cairo Press. INST ARCH BC 100 TRI; ISSUE DESK
IOA TRI 6
Wendrich, W. (ed.) 2010. Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformation in North-
East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
EGYPT B 11 WEN, ISSUE DESK IOA WEN 7
Wilkinson, T. (ed.) 2007. The Egyptian World. London: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY A
5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10
Wilkinson R. H. (ed.) 2008. Egyptology Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 9 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 16

Encyclopedias, Ancient Egypt:
Bard, K. 1999. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London:
Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 BAR; ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 17
Redford, D. B. (ed.) 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF
Otto, E. and W. Helck (eds.) 1975ff. Lexikon der gyptologie. Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz. [includes English, German, and French articles] EGYPTOLOGY
A 2 LEX
Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, reliefs, and
paintings. 8 volumes. EGYPTOLOGY A 1 [Originally compiled by R. Porter
and R. L. B. Moss, hence nicknamed the Porter/Moss]

Introductions and overviews, Social Anthropology, Cultural History, Sociology:
Alexander, C. A. and S. Seidman (eds.) 1990. Culture and society: Contemporary
debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Science Library
ANTHROPOLOGY D 2 ALE
4
Bonnell, V. E. and L. Hunt 1999. Beyond the cultural turn: New directions in the study
of society and culture. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California
Press. STORE F.L.S. A 6:5 BON
Burke, P. 2008. What is cultural history? 2
nd
edition. Cambridge: Polity. Main Library
HISTORY 6 a BUR
Chartier, R. Cultural History: Between practices and representations. Cambridge:
Polity Press. Main Library HISTORY 6 a CHA; School of Slavonic and East
European Studies Library Misc. XVIII CHA
Elliott, A. 2009. Contemporary social theory: An introduction. London: Routledge.
Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 10 ELL
Eriksen, T. H. 2010. Small places, large issues: An introduction to social and cultural
anthropology. 3
rd
edition. London: Pluto. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D
2 ERI; School of Slavonic and East European Studies Library Misc.IV ERI
Gibbon, G. 1984. Anthropological Archaeology. New York: Columbia University
Press. INST ARCH BD GIB
Gosden, C. 1999. Anthropology and archaeology: A changing relationship. London:
Routledge. INST ARCH BD GOS
Hendry, J. 1999. An introduction to social anthropology: Other peoples worlds.
Basingstroke: Macmillan. Science Library ANTHROPOLGY D 2 HEN
Hunt, L. 1989. The new cultural history. Berkley, London: University of California
Press. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 6 HUN, Main Library HISTORY
82 ab HUN
Keesing, R. M. (ed.) 1998. Cultural anthropology: a contemporary perspective. 3
rd

edition. New York, London: Harcourt Brace. INST ARCH BD KEE; Science
Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 6 KEE
Mnch, R. 1994. Sociological theory. 3 volumes. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers.
ANTHROPOLOGY D 10 MUN
Seidman, S. and J. C. Alexander (eds.) 2008. The new social theory reader. 2
nd

edition. London: Routledge. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 10 SEI

Encyclopedias, Social and Cultural Anthropology:
Barnard, A. and J. Spencer (eds.) 2002. Encyclopedia of social and cultural
anthropology. London: Routledge. INST ARCH BD BAR; Science Library
ANTHROPOLOGY A 2 BAR; School of Slavonic and East European Studies
Library Misc.REF 3-b ENC
Bennett, T. and J. Frow (eds.) 2008. The SAGE Handbook of Cultural Analysis.
London: SAGE. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 2 BEN
Ingold, T. (ed.) 2002. Companion encyclopedia of anthropology. New edition.
London: Routledge. INST ARCH BD ING; ISSUE DESK IOA ING 2; Science
Library ANTHROPLOGY A 2 ING
Rappoport, N and J. Overing 2007. Social and Cultural Anthropology: The key
concepts. 2
nd
edition. London: Routledge. INST ARCH BD RAP


Egyptian Texts in translation:
Allen, J. P. 2005. The ancient Egyptian pyramid texts. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of
Biblical Literature. EGYPTOLOGY V 30 ALL
Breasted, J. H. 2001 [1906-7], Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical documents from
the earliest times to the Persian conquest. Chicago: Chicago University
Press/Urbana: University of Illinois EGYPTOLOGY T 6 BRE
5
Faulkner, R. O. 2004 [1973]. The ancient Egyptian coffin texts: spells 1-1185 and
indexes. Oxford: Aris and Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY V 30 FAU
Frood, E. 2007. Biographical texts from Ramessid Egypt. Atlanta: Society of Biblical
Literature. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 FRO
Lichtheim, M. and H.-W. Fischer-Elfert 2006. Ancient Egyptian literature: a book of
readings. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. EGYPTOLOGY
V 20 LIC
Lichtheim, M. and A. Loprieno 2006. Ancient Egyptian literature: a book of readings.
Berkeley, California: University of California Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 20 LIC
Lichtheim, M. and J. G. Manning 2006. Ancient Egyptian literature: a book of
readings. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. EGYPTOLOGY
V 20 LIC
Murnane, W. J. 1995. Texts from the Amarna period in Egypt. Altanta, GA: Scholars
Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 50 MUR
Pritchard, J. B. 1955. Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament, 2
nd

edition. Princton, NJ: Princton University Press. INST ARCH DBA 100
QUARTOS PRI
Quirke, S. 2004. Egyptian literature 1800 BC: Questions and readings. London:
Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS V 50 QUI
Ritner, R. K. 2009. The Libyan anarchy: Inscriptions from Egypts Third Intermediate
Period. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. EGYPTOLOGY T 6 RIT
Simpson, W. K. and R. K. Ritner 2003. The literature of ancient Egypt: An anthology
of stories, instructions, and poetry. 3rd ed . New Haven, Connecticut, London:
Yale University Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 20 SIM
Strudwick, N. 2005. Texts from the pyramid age. Atlanta: Society of Biblical
Literature. EGYPTOLOGY T 6 STR
Tailor, J. H. 2010. Journey through the afterlife: ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead.
London:British Museum Press. EGYPTOLY QUARTOS V 50 BOO
Wente, E. F. 1990. Letters from ancient Egypt. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press.
EGYPTOLOGY V 50 WEN


Methods of assessment
This course is assessed by means of a book review of 4000 words. The submission
deadline is Tu, 23.04.2013. There is no examination for this course. The topics and
deadlines for each assessment are specified below.

Teaching methods
The course is taught by Richard Bussmann (RB), David Wengrow (DW), and
Gianluca Miniaci (GM) through a series of 10 two hours seminar sessions.

Workload
There will be 20 hours of seminars. Students will be expected to undertake around
100 hours of reading for the course, plus 60 hours preparing for and producing the
assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 180 hours for the course.

Prerequisites
There are no prerequisites for this course.

2 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT
6

Aims
The aims of the course are:
To introduce students from a wide range of disciplines, including archaeology,
history, and anthropology to Egyptian society and culture
To provide training in in-depth analysis of social and cultural mechanisms of
Egyptian society in a long-term perspective
To connect Egyptology to wider discussions in the social and cultural sciences
To define innovative research designs in the context of ancient Egypt

Objectives
After successful completion of the course students should
Understand long-term developments and mechanisms in Egyptian society
Be able to combine texts, images, and material culture within coherent
frameworks of interpretation
Be able to apply research models of the social and cultural sciences to data
from ancient Egypt
Know approaches to society and culture relevant for early complex civilizations
Demonstrate a critical awareness of the potential of Ancient Egypt for
understanding early complex civilizations

Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of the course students should be able to:
Asses reasonably and critically multiple sources
Use library/archival facilities independently
Solve problems based on real data sets
Produce logical and structured arguments supported by relevant evidence
Make effective and appropriate forms of visual presentation

Coursework
Use the introductions, encyclopaedias and lexica listed above in the section Basic
Texts for orientation, draw on the bibliographic references listed under the individual
lectures and explore the online resources listed below in chapter 4 of this handbook.
Students, especially those from disciplines other than Egyptian Archaeology, are
welcome to take a comparative perspective on the essay questions.


Book review
Submission date: Tuesday, 23.04.2013, Word limit: 4,000

Review a book you choose in agreement with the course coordinator. The review
should include a) a summary of the book, including of its structure and main findings,
b) the contribution of the book to Egyptian Archaeology by reference to previous and
subsequent scholarship, c) a discussion of the book in light of theoretical issues
discussed in class.

The nature of the assignment and possible approaches to it will be discussed in
class, in advance of the submission deadline.

7
Word-length
Strict new regulations with regard to word-length have been introduced UCL-wide. If
your work exceeds 4200 words your mark will be reduced by 10%, subject to a
minimum mark of a minimum pass, assuming that the work merited a pass. If your
work is more than 10% over-length, a mark of zero will be recorded.
The following should not be included in the word-count: bibliography, appendices,
and tables, graphs and illustrations and their captions.

Submission procedures
Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the course co-
ordinators pigeon hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the appropriate
deadline. The coursework must be stapled to a completed coversheet (available from
the web, from outside Room 411A or from the library)

Please note that new, stringent penalties for late submission have been introduced
UCL-wide. Late submission will be penalized in accordance with these regulations
unless permission has been granted and an Extension Request Form (ERF)
completed.

Date stamping will be via Turnitin (see below), so in addition to submitting hard
copy, students must also submit their work to Turnitin by the midnight on the day of
the deadline.

Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin should
email the nature of the problem to ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk in advance of the deadline
in order that the Turnitin Advisers can notify the Course Co-ordinator that it may be
appropriate to waive the late submission penalty.

If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should
telephone or (preferably) e-mail the Course Co-ordinator, and follow this up with a
completed ERF.

The Turnitin 'Class ID' is 436768 and the 'Class Enrolment Password' is IoA1213
Further information is given on the IoA website. Turnitin advisors will be available to
help you via email: ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk if needed.

Timescale for return of marked coursework to students.
You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the official
submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written
explanation from the marker, you should notify the IoAs Academic Administrator,
Judy Medrington.

Keeping copies
Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be
electronic) of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you,
you should return it to the marker within two weeks.

Citing of sources
Coursework should be expressed in a students own words giving the exact source of
any ideas, information, diagrams etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any
8
direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed
between inverted commas. Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity
which can carry very heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to read and abide by
the requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be
found in the IoA Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website

3 SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS

Teaching schedule
Seminars will be held 4:00-6:00 on Tuesday, in room 209 of the Institute of
Archaeology.

Syllabus
The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and
supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to
where in the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and
Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be
accessed on the eUCLid computer catalogue system.

1 Introduction: Concepts of Society and Culture 07.01.2013 (RB)
The first session familiarises students with debates in the social and cultural studies
relevant for the course.

Essential reading
Bonell, V. E. and L. Hunt 1999. Introduction. In Bonnell, V. E. and L. Hunt (eds.),
Beyond the cultural turn: New directions in the study of society and culture, 1-
32. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Store F.L.S.
A 6:5 BON
Frood, E. 2010. Social Structure and Daily Life: Pharaonic. In Lloyd, A. B. (ed.), A
Companion to Ancient Egypt. Volume 1, 469-490. Chichester: Wiley-
Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO

Further reading
Bennett, T. 2008. Sociology and culture. In Bennett, T. and J. Frow (eds.), The SAGE
Handbook of Cultural Analysis, 86-106. London, Los Angeles, New Delhi,
Singapore: Sage. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 2 BEN
Burke, P. 2008. Cultural History. In Bennett, T. and J. Frow (eds.), The SAGE
Handbook of Cultural Analysis, 107-125. London, Los Angeles, New Delhi,
Singapore: Sage. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 2 BEN
Burke, P. 2008. What is cultural history? 2
nd
edition. (especially chapter 4: A new
Paradigm? P. 49-73) Cambridge: Polity. Main Library HISTORY 6 a BUR
Chartier. R. 1993. Introduction. In Chartier, R. Cultural History: Between practices
and representations, 1-16. Cambridge: Polity Press. Main Library HISTORY 6
a CHA; SSES Library Misc. XVIII CHA
Hobsbawm, E. J. 1972. From social history to the history of society. In Gilbert, F. and
S R. Graubard (eds.), Historical studies today, 1-26. New York: American
Academy of Arts and Sciences. Library of the School of Slavonic and East
European Studies Misc.V HIS
Hodder, I. 2007. The Social in archaeological theory: An historical and
contemporary perspective. In Meskell, L. and R. W. Preucel (eds.), A
9
companion to Social Archaeology, 3-22. Oxford, Malden, Carlton: Blackwell.
INST ARCH AG MES
Ingold, T. 2002. Introduction to culture. In Ingold, T. (ed.), Companion encyclopedia
of anthropology. New edition, 329-349. London: Routledge. INST ARCH BD
ING; ISSUE DESK IOA ING 2; Science Library ANTHROPLOGY A 2 ING
Richards, J. E. 2005. Society and death in ancient Egypt: mortuary landscapes of the
Middle Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Part One: The
study of ancient social systems, p. 11-46). EGYPTOLOGY E 7 RIC
Sewell, W. H. Jr. 1999. The Concept(s) of Culture. In Bonnell, V. E. and L. Hunt
(eds.), Beyond the cultural turn: New directions in the study of society and
culture, 35-61. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
Store F.L.S. A 6:5 BON
Trigger, B. G. 2009. A history of archaeological thought, 2
nd
edition. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. (chapter 6 Culture-historical archaeology, 211-
313). INST ARCH AG TRI; ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 2
10
2 Daily life in Ancient Egypt: Ethnohistory and ethnoarchaeology
15.01.2013 (RB)
Egyptian Archaeologists are argued to deal primarily with the remains of ancient
Egyptian elites, i.e. with the culture of a small percentage of ancient Egyptian
population understood to represent ancient Egyptian culture as a whole. The bias
towards monuments is due to the research interest of Egyptian Archaeologists and
the perishable nature of remains usually classified as belonging into the sphere of
Folk Culture. One approach for retrieving information of ancient Egyptian Folk
Culture is a comparison to contemporary Egypt. Travellers and writers, starting from
Herodotus, have compiled compendia of contemporary Egyptian customs, e.g.
magical practices, medical techniques, story telling, or birth rites, and modern
anthropologists have written ethnographies, sometimes with explicit comparisons to
Pharaonic Egypt. They demonstrate the diversity and vividness of a society similar to
what Pharaonic Egypt must have been. Experiments in modern Egypt, for example
on pottery techniques and basket production, add an archaeological element to
reconstructions of Ancient Egypt beyond the monumental discourse. However,
ethnohistory and ethnoarchaeology play a rather marginal role in Egyptian
Archaeology, possibly due to the controversial assumptions on which they are based.
In the seminar session, we will review some relevant sources and discuss their
potential and limitation for analysis of ancient Egyptian Folk Culture.

Essential
Blackman, W. S. 2000 [1927]. The fellahin of Upper Egypt, 280-316. With a new
introduction by Salima Ikram. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 20 BLA
Gazin-Schwartz, A. and C. Holtorf 1999. As long as ever Ive known it ...: on folklore
and archaeology. In Gazin-Schwartz, A. and C. Holtorf (eds.), Archaeology
and Folklore, 3-25. London, New York: Routledge. INST ARCH BD GAZ
Wendrich, W. 1999. The world according to basketry: An ethno-archaeological
interpretation of basketry production in Egypt. Leiden: Leiden University.
(Chapter 2 The fabric of archaeology, p. 5-23). INST ARCH KK WEN.
Available online: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6n42w0rg#page-3

Ancient Egyptian customs in pre WW I European scholarship
Erman, A. 1894. Life in Ancient Egypt. Translated from the German by H, M, Tirard.
London: Macmillan. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 ERM. [Revised 1923 edition by H.
Ranke only in German: Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum.
Tbingen: Mohr. Stores 392 B 20 ERM; Stores STORE 03-0410/2;
EGYPTOLOGY B 20 ERM]
Wilkinson, J. G. 1878 [1841]. The manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians.
Revised edition by Samuel Birch. London: Murray. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 WIL
Budge, E. a. W. 1914. A short history of the Egyptian people: With chapter on their
religion, daily life, etc. London: Dent. Stores STORE 02-10240

Travellers accounts, ethnographies, and studies on modern Egypt and Sudan
Abu-Lughod, L. 1986. Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society.
Berkley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. Science Library
ANTHROPOLOGU QF 91 ABU
Antes, J. 1800. Observations on the manners and customs of the gyptians, the
overflowing of the Nle and its effects: With remarks on the plague, and other
11
subjects. Written during a residence of twelve years in Cairo and its vicinity.
London: Stockdale.EGYPTOLOGY RARE A 30 ANT
Ammar, H. 1954. Growing up in an Egyptian village: Silwa, Province of Aswan.
London: Routledge. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGU QF 15 AMM
Armbrust, W. 1996. Mass culture and modernism in Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGU QF 15 ARM
el-Aswad, el-Sayed 2002. Religion and Folk Cosmology: Scenarios of the visible and
invisible in rural Egypt. Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger. Science
Library ANTHROPOLOGU QF 31 ELA
Ayrout, H. H. 1963. The Egyptian peasant. Translated from the French by John Alden
Williams. Boston: Beacon Press. Stores STORE 01-07748
Boody, J. 1989. Wombs and Alien Spirits: Women, men and the Zar Cult in Northern
Sudan. Madison: The University of Wisonsin Press. Science Library
ANTHROPOLOGU QG 239 BCD
Cunnison, I. and W. James (eds.) 1972. Essays in Sudan Ethnography presented to
Sir Edwards Evans-Pritchard. London: C. Hurst and Company. Science
Library ANTHROPOLOGU QG 116 PRI
Early, E. A. 1993. Baladi Women of Cairo: Playing with an egg and stone. Boulder,
London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGU QF 23
EAR
Gilsenan, M. 1973. Saint and Sufi in modern Egypt: An essay in the sociology of
religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGU QF 30
GIL
Haeri, N. 2003. Sacred Language Ordinary People. New York: McMillan. Science
Library ANTHROPOLOGU QF 90 HAE
Hivernel, J. 1996. Balat: tude ethnologique d'une communaut rurale. Cairo: Institut
Franais d'Archologie Orientale. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 HIV
Hoodfar, H. 1997. Between marriage and the market: Intimate politics and survival in
Cairo. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Science
Library ANTHROPOLOGU QF 23 HOO
Holy, L. 1991. Religion and custom in a Muslim society: The Berti of Sudan.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGU
QG 148 HOL
Hopkins, N. and R. Saad (eds.) 2004. Upper Egypt: Identity and change. Cairo:
American University in Cairo Press. (especially the chapter W. S. Blackman
and the Anthropological Research 35-48). EGYPTOLOGY B 6 HOP
Jacobsen, F. F. 1998. Theories of sickness and misfortune among the Hadandowa
Beja of the Sudan: Narratives as points of entry into Beja cultural knowledge.
London, New York: Kegan Paul International. Stores ANTHROPOLOGY QG
185 JAC
Khattab, H. and N. Younis, H. Zurayk (eds.) 1999. Women, reproduction, and health
in rural Egypt. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. Science Library
ANTHROPOLOGU QF 23 KHA
Lane, E. W. 1973 [1842]. An account of the manners and customs of the modern
Egyptians, written in Egypt in 1833-35. 5
th
edition by Edward Stanley Poole.
Reprinted with an introduction by Jon Manchip White. New York: Dover
Publications; London: Constable. EGYPTOLOGY A 30 LAN
Lane-Poole, S. 1800. Social life in Egypt: A description of the country and its people.
New York: Collier. Main MOCATTA FOLIO FS 4 POO
12
Mainardus, O. F. A. 2002. Coptic Saints and Pilgrimages. Cairo, New York: The
American University in Cairo Press. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGU QF 48
MAI
Mitchell, T. 2002. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. Berkley, Los
Angeles, London: University of California Press. Science Library
ANTHROPOLOGU QF 28 MIT
Morsey, S. H. 1982. Childbirth in an Egyptian Village. In Kay, M. A. (ed.),
Anthropology of Human Birth, 147-174. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. Science
ANTHROPOLOGY D 90 KAY
Remmy, J. 1799. An account of the present state of Egypt. New York. Available
through SFX
Sengers, G. 2003. Women and demons: Cult healing in Islamic Egypt. Leiden,
Boston: Brill. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGU QF 44 SEN
Stanley, C. V. B. 1912. A report on the oasis of Siwa. No place. Stores
EGYPTOLOGY PAMPHLETS FOLIOS A 20 STA
Winkler, H. A. 1936. gyptische Volkskunde. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Stores 02-
11263

Ethnohistory
Dawson, W. R. 1929. Magician and leech: A study in the beginnings of medicine with
special reference to Ancient Egypt. London: Methuen. EGYPTOLGY S 5
DAW; Stores M.H. 3 a 7; Stores FOLKLORE E 30 DAW
Eyre, C. 1999. The Village Economy in Pharaonic Egypt. In Bowman, A. K. and E.
Rogan (eds.), Agriculture in Egypt: From pharaonic to modern times.
Proceedings of the British Academy 96, 33-60. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY S 5 BOW
Harkin, M. E. 2010. Ethnohistorys Ethnohistory: Creating a discipline from the
ground up. Social Science History 34/2: 113-128. Available through SFX
Simmons, W. S. 1988. Culture theory in contemporary ethnohistory. Ethnohistory
35/1: 1-14. Available online through SFX
Vansina, J. 1972. Once upon a time: Oral traditions as history in Africa. . In Gilbert, F.
and S R. Graubard (eds.), Historical studies today, 413-439. New York:
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Library of the School of Slavonic
and East European Studies Misc.V HIS
Vansina, J. 1985. Oral tradition as history. London: James Currey. SSES Library
Misc.XXIV.4 VAN; Sciences Library ANTHROPOLOGY A 9 VAN

Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology: Egypt
Driskell, B. N. 1986. Egyptian basketry technology in cultural and historical
perspective. American Research Center in Egypt Newsletter 134: 17-23.
Holding in London?
Guksch, Christian E. 1988. Ethnoarchaeology in Egyptology: A view from
anthropology. In Schoske, S. (ed.), Methoden und Geschichte der
gyptologie: Informatik, Keramologie, Anthropologie. Akten des vierten
Internationalen gyptologen-Kongresses, Mnchen 1985, 41 51. Hamburg:
Buske. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 CON
Hester, T. R. 1981. Making stone vases: Ethnoarchaeological studies at an alabaster
workshop in Upper Egypt. Malibu: Undena Publications. EGYPTOLOGY M 20
HES
13
Khler, E. C. 1996. Archologie und Ethnographie: Eine Fallstudie der
prdynastischen und frhzeitlichen Tpfereiproduktion von Tell el-Fara'in
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3 Great and Little Traditions: Cultural diversity in Ancient Egypt 23.01.2013
(RB)
Egyptian Culture is a unifying way of referring to core elements of Egyptian beliefs
and style. It overwrites social and chronological diversity and has repercussions for
understanding social and cultural change. Some Egyptologists have drawn on the
terminology coined by social anthropologist Robert Redfield in order to address
cultural diversity. Redfield argues that complex societies develop Great and Little
Traditions that broadly refer to High Culture and Folk Culture. While the model has
good potential to frame the Egyptian evidence in an anthropological horizon its
application to Egyptian data raises fundamental questions on social and cultural
hierarchies, definitions of High and Folk Culture, the nature of the evidence, and the
comparative use of the model.

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Egyptian folk culture, villages, and daily life (see also session 2)
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and D. W. Hobson (eds.), Law, politics and society in the ancient
Mediterranean World. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press. Main Library
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Malek, J. 2000. Old-Kingdom rulers as local saints in the Memphite area during the
Middle Kingdom. In Brta, M. (ed.), Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000.
Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute.
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Manning, J. G. 2003. Edfu as a central place in Ptolemaic history. In Vandorpe, K.
and W. Clarysse (eds.), Edfu, an Egyptian provincial capital in the Ptolemaic
period, 61-73. Brussels: Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van Belgi voor
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Martin-Pardey, E. 1976. Untersuchungen zur gyptischen Provinzialverwaltung bis
zum Ende des Alten Reiches. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg. EGYPTOLOGY B 12
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McDowell, A. G. 1999. Village life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry lists and love songs.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAC; ISSUE DESK
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Menu, B. (ed.) 2004. La dpendance rurale dans lantiquit gyptienne et proche-
orientale. Cairo: Institut franais dArchologie orientale. EGYPTOLOGY B 20
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Meskell, L. 1998. An Archaeology of Social Relations in an Egyptian Village. Journal
of Archaeological Method and Theoy 5/3: 209-243. Available through JSOTR
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Moreno Garcia, J. C. 2005. lite provincials, transformations sociales et idologie
la find du lancien empire et la premire priode intermdiaire. In Pantalacci,
L. and C. Berger-el Naggar (eds.), Des Nferkar aux Mentouhotep: Travaux
archologiques en cours sur la fin de la VIe dynastie et la premiere Priode
intermdiaire, 215-228. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Mditerrane.
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Moreno Garcia, J. C. (ed.) 2006. Lagriculture institutionelle en gypte ancienne: tat
de la question et perspectives interdisciplinaire. Lille: Universit de Charles-
de-Gaulle-Lille 3. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20 MOR
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Pardey, E. 2001. Provincial administration. In Redford, D. B. (ed.), The Oxford
Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Rathbone, D. 1990. Villages, land and population in Graeco-Roman Egypt.
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 36: 103-142. Holding in
London?
Rathbone, D. 1991. Economic rationalism and rural society in Third-Century A.D.
Egypt: The Heroninos Archive and the Appianus Estate. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGy B 20 RAT
Romano, J. F. 1990. Daily life of the Ancient Egyptians. Pittsburgh: Carnegie
Museum of Natural History. British Museum Library, Egypt and Sudan,
Standard Shelving Location FA.ROM
Ruiz, A. 2004. Daily life in ancient Egypt. London: Souvenir Pr. Holding in London?
Seidlmayer, S. 2003. Vom Sterben der kleinen Leute: Tod und Bestattung in der
sozialen Grundschicht am Ende des Alten Reiches. In Guksch, H. and E.
Hofmann, M. Bommas (eds.), Grab und Totenkult im Alten gypten, 60-74.
Mnchen. Beck. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 GUK
Seidlmayer, S. 1996. Town and state in the early Old Kingdom: A view from
Elephantine. In Spencer, J. (ed.), Aspects of early Egypt, 108-127. London:
British Museum. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 SPE
Seidlmayer, S. J. 2009. Prestigegter im Kontext der Breitenkultur im gypten des 3.
und 2. Jahrtausends. In Hildebrandt, B. and C. Veit (eds.), Der Wert der
Dinge: Gter im Prestigediskurs. Mnchen: Utz. Holding in London?
Szpakowska, K. (ed.) 2006. Through a glass darkly: Magic, dreams, and prophecy in
Ancient Egypt. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 SZP
Szpakowska, K. 2008. Daily life in Ancient Egypt: Recreating Lahun. Oxford:
Blackwell. EGYTPOLOGY B 20 SZP
Van Minnen, P. 1998. Boorish or bookish? Literature in Egyptian villages in the
Fayum in the Graeco-Roman period. Journal of Juristic Papyrology 28: 99-
184. Main Library PAPYROLOGY PERS
Verhoogt, A. 1998. Land tenure in Late Ptorlemaic Egypt: The case of Kerkeosiris. In
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Winlock, H. E. 1955. Models of daily life in Ancient Egypt, from the tomb of Meket-
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Egyptian magic and medicine
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London: Yale University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS S 5 ALL
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of the Conferences Held in Cairo (2007) and Manchester (2008), BAR
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colloque organis par le muse du Louvre les 29 et 30 septembre 2000, Paris:
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seal. Discussions in Egyptology 1: 27-34. INST ARCH PERS
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Archaeology and cult: General
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24
4 Representations of society, 29.01.2013 (RB)
Egyptologists often use the term Egyptian society as an equivalent of Ancient
Egypt implying, accidentally, that everything is social. This reflects an increased
concern with society across various disciplines since the 19th century. Society is
believed to govern behaviour and to structure ideas behind the scenes of
individuals. However, it is difficult to define methods that help reveal the mechanisms
of society. The approach followed in this session is based on the assumption that
society exists only in representations. These include images, words, spatial
arrangement of objects etc. Society can, therefore, be analysed only through its
materialised forms. Ancient Egyptians produced representations of their society by
using words for social groups, e.g. family, king, or by expressing social hierarchies
and relationships in cemetery organization. A particularly challenging source is the
decoration of elite tombs. They show the tomb owner in interaction with other
members of his social environment creating a complex representation of society. This
type of representation can be compared to archaeological representations (cemetery)
or linguistic representations (language, titles) and raises the question of how the
rules of language, archaeology, and art work.

Essential
Seidlmayer, S. J. 2006. People at Beni Hassan: Contributions to a Model of Ancient
Egyptian Rural Society. In Hawass, Z. and J. Richards (eds.), The
Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt. Essays in Honor of David B. OConnor,
volume 2, 351-368. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities. EGYPTOLOGY A 6
OCO
Ingold, T. (ed.) 1996. Key debates in Anthropology, 55-98 (chapter 1989 debate:
The conept of society is theoretically obsolete, p. 55-98). Abingdon, New
York: Routledge. INST ARCH BD ING, Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D
2 ING
Summers, D. 2003. Representation. In Nelson, R. S. and R. Shiff, Critical terms for
Art History, 2
nd
edition, 3-19. Chicago, London: Chicago University Press.
Main Library ART BK NEL

Selection of publications of decorated non-royal OK to NK tombs in Egypt:
Series Giza Mastabas, volumes I-VIII. EGYPTOLOLGY QUARTOS E 100 (various
authors)
Series Abusir, volumes I-XX. EGYPTOLOLGY QUARTOS E 100 (various authors)
Series THEBEN. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 THE
Series Private tombs at Thebes. EGYPTOLOGY E 100 (various authors)
Series Archologische Verffentlichung des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts,
Abteilung Kairo. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 60 (various volumes and
authors)
Blackman, A. M. 1914-1953. The rock tombs of Meir. 6 volumes. London: Egypt
Exploration Fund. EGYPTOLOLGY QUARTOS E 40 [23-25,28,29] and Stores
392 QUARTOS E 40 [22-25,28,29]
Davies, N. 1903-1908: The rock tombs of El Amarna I-VI. London: Egypt Exploration
Society. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 40 [13-18]
Hassan, S. 1932-1960. Excavations at Gza, 10 volumes. Cairo: Faculty of Arts of the
Egyptian University. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 10 GIZ (10th volume:
Stores 392 QUARTOS E 10 GIZ)
25
Junker, H. 1929-1955. Gza: Bericht ber die von der Akademie der Wissenschaften
in Wien auf gemeinsame Kosten mit Dr. Wilhelm Pelizaeus unternommenen
Grabungen auf dem Friedhof des Alten Reiches bei den Pyramiden Gza.
volumes. Wien: Hder-Pichler-Tempsky. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 100
JUN
Newberry, P. 1893-1900. Beni Hassan I-IV. London: Kegan Paul; later Egypt
Exploration Fund. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 40[1,2,5,7]
Willems, H. 2007. Dayr al-Barsha. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY E 100 WIL

Society and hierarchy (see also section Basic Texts)
Crompton, R. 1993. Class and stratification: An introduction to current debates.
Cambridge: Polity. (especially chapter 1 Explaining Inequality and Class
Analysis: The Classic Inheritance and its Development). Science Library
ANTHROPOLOGY D 30 CRO
Diehl, M. W. 2000. Some thoughts on the study of hierarchies. In Diehl, M. (ed.),
Hierarchies in action. Cui bono?, 11-30. Carbondale: Southern Illinois
University. INST ARCH BD DIE
Latour, B. 2005. Reassembling the social. An introduction to Actor-Network-Theory.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 10 LAT
Savage, M. 2008. Culture, class and classification. In Bennett, T. and J. Frow (eds.),
The SAGE Handbook of Cultural Analysis, 467-487. London: SAGE. Sciences
ANTHROPOLOGY D 2 BEN
Shennan, S. 1999. The development of rank societies. In Barker, G. and A. Grant
(eds.), Companion encyclopedia of archaeology, 870-907. London: Routledge.
INST ARCH AH BAR

Representation
Deaux, K. and G. Philogne (eds.) 2001. Representations of the social: Bridging
theoretical traditions. Oxford: Blackwell. Science Library PSYCHOLOGY S 65
DEA
Hall, S. 1997. The work of representations. In Hall, S. (ed.), Representation: Cultural
representations and signifying practices, 13-64. London, Thousand Oaks, New
Delhi: SAGE Publications. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 2 HAL
Moser, S. 2001. Archaeological representation: The visual conventions for
constructing knowledge about the past. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Archaeological
Theory Today, 262-283. Cambridge, Malden: Polity. INST ARCH AH HOD;
Issue Desk IOA HOD 18
Rappoport, N and J. Overing 2007. Social and Cultural Anthropology: The key
concepts, 2
nd
edition, 153-158 (chapter on Form and Content). London:
Routledge. INST ARCH BD RAP
Gebauer, G. and C. Wulf 1995. The mimetic constitution of social reality. In Gebauer,
G. and C. Wulf, Mimesis: Culture Art Society. Translated by Don Reneau,
221-232. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Main
Library LITERATURE A 6 GEB

Analyses of Egyptian society
Alexanian, N. 2003. Social Dimensions of Old Kingdom Mastaba Architecture. In
Hawass, Z. (ed.), Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century:
Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo,
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2000. II: History, Religion, 88-96. Cairo, New York: The American University in
Cairo Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 CON
Alexanian, N. 2006. Tomb and Social Status: The Textual Evidence. In Brta, M.
(ed.), The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology: Proceedings of the Conference
Held in Prague, May 31 June 4, 2004, 1-8. Prague: Charles University
Prague and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS B 12 BAR
Allen, J. P. 2002. The Heqanakht Papyri. New York: Metropolitan Museum or Art.
ISSUE DESK IOA ALL 1
Allen, J. P. 2003. The high officials of the early Middle Kingdom. In Strudwick, N. and
J. H. Taylor (eds.), The Theban Necropolis: Past, present and future, 14-29.
London: British Museum. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 STR
Anderson, W. 1992. Badarian burials: evidence for social inequality in Middle Egypt
during the Early Dynastic Era. Journal of the American Research Center in
Egypt 29: 51-80 Available online through SFX
Baines, J. 1996. Contextualizing Egyptian representations of society and ethnicity. In
Cooper, J. S. and G. Schwartz (eds.), The study of the Ancient Near East in
the Twenty-First Century, 339-384. Winona Lake, Indidana: Eisenbrauns.
Baer, K. 1960. Rank and title in the Old Kingdom: The structure of the Egyptian
administration in the Ffifth and sixth Dynasty. Chicago: Chicago University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 BAE
Balbaligo, Y. E. 2004. Egyptology beyond philology: Agency, identity and the
individual in ancient Egyptian texts. In Dann, R. J. (ed.), Current research in
Egyptology 2004: Proceedings of the Fifth annual symposium, January 2004,
Durham, 1-19. Oxford: Oxbow. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 DAN
Bard, K. A. 1987. The geography of excavated predynastic sties and the rse of
complex society in Egypt. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
24: 81-93. Available online through SFX
Bard, K. A. 1994. From Farmers to Pharaohs. Mortuary Evidence for the Rise of
Complex Society in Egypt. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
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Bard, K. A. and R. L. Carneiro 1989. Patterns of predynastic settlement location,
social evolution, and the circumscription theory. Cahiers de recherches de
lInstitut de papyrologie et dgyptologie de Lille 11: 15-23.
Boorn, G. P. F. Van den 1988. The duties of the vizier: Civil administartion in the
early New Kingdom. London: Kegan Paul. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 BOO
Campagno, M. 2009. Kinship and family relations. In Frood, E. and W. Wendrich
(eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angelos.
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Castillos, J. J. 2006. Social stratification in early Egypt. Gttinger Miszellen 210: 13-
17. INST ARCH PERS
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OConnor, D. B. 2000. Society and individual in early Egypt. In Richards, J. E. (ed.),
Order, legitimacy, and wealth in ancient States, 21-35. New York: Cambridge
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Cruz-Uribe, E. 1994. A model for the political structure of ancient Egypt. In
Silverman, D. P. (ed.), For his ka: Essays offered in memory of Klaus Baer,
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Debowska, J. 2008. Burial custom and political status of local societies: A view from
Tell el-Farkha. In Midant-Reynes and Y. Tristant (eds.), Egypt at its origins 2:
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Engelmann-v. Carnap, B. 1995. Soziale Stellung und Grabanlage: Zur Struktur des
Friedhofs der ersten Hlfte der 18. Dynastie in Scheich Abd el -Qurna und
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Perspektiven archologischer Forschung. Internationales Symposium
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Franke, D. 1998. Kleiner Mann (nds) was bist Du? Gttinger Miszellen 167: 33-48.
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Franke, D. 2006. Frsorge und Patronat in der Ersten Zwischenzeit und im Mittleren
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Gnirs, A. 1996. Militr und Gesellschaft: Ein Beitrag zur Sozialgeschichte des Neuen
Reiches. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B
20 GNI
Grajetzki, W. 2000. Die hchsten Beamten der gyptischen Zentralverwaltung zur
Zeit des Mittleren Reiches: Prosopographie, Title und Titlereihen. Berlin:
Achet-Verlag. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20 GRA
Grajetzki, W. 2006. The middle kingdom of ancient Egypt: history, archaeology and
society. London: Duckworth. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 GRA
Grajetzki, W. 2008. Class and society: Positions and possessions. In Wendrich, W.
(ed.), Egyptian Archaeology, 180-199. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
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Griswold, W.A. 1992. Measuring social inequality at Armant. In R. Friedman and B.
Adams (eds.) The Followers of Horus: Studies dedicated to Michael Allen
Hoffman, 1944-1990, 193-198. Oxford: Oxbow. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A
6 FRI; ISSUE DESK IOA FRI 4
Hays, H. M. 2006. Between identity and agency in ancient Egyptian ritual. In Nyord,
R. and A. Kjoelby (eds.), Being in ancient Egypt: Thoughts on agency,
materiality and cognition, 15-30. Oxford: Archaeopress. EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS A 6 NYO
Helck, W. 1959. Die soziale Schichtung des gyptischen Volkes im 3. und 2.
jahrtausend v. Chr. Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 2: 1-
36. Available online through JSTOR
Kanawati, N. 1977. The Egyptian administration in the Old Kingdom: Evidence on its
economic deline. Warminster: Aris and Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B
20 KAN
Khler, E. C. 2008. Early dynastic society at Memphis. In Engel, E.-M. and V. Mller,
U. Hartung (eds.), Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus gyptens
Geschichte zu Ehren von Gnter Dreyer, 381-399. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
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Kothay, K. A. 2002. Houses and Household at Kahun: Bureaucratic and Domestic
Aspects of Social Organization During the Middle Kingdom. In Gyry, H. (ed.),
Mlange offertes Edith Varga, 349-368. Budapest: Muse des Beaux-Arts.
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Lesko, B. S. 1994. Rank, roles and rights. In Lesko, L. H. (ed.), Pharaohs workers:
The villagers of Deir el Medina, 15-39. Ithaca, London: Cornell University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 LES
Loprieno, A. 2001. Literature as mirror of social institutions: The case of The
Eloquent Peasant. In Gnirs, A. (ed.), Reading the Eloquent Peasant:
Proceedings of the International Conference on the Tale of the Eloquent
Peasant at the Universtiy of California, Los Angeles, March 27-30, 1997, 183-
198. Gttingen: Seminar fr gyptologie und Koptologie, Universitt
Gttingen. INST ARCH PERS (edited volume of the periodical Lingua
Aegyptia)
Lustig, J. 1997. Kinship, gender and age in Middle Kingdom tomb scenes and texts.
In Lustig, J. (ed.), Anthropology and Egyptology: A developing dialogue, 43-
65. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS
Meskell, L. 1999. Archaeologies of social life: Age, sex, class et cetera in Ancient
Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MES
Meskell, L. 2002. Private life in New Kingdom Egypt. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MES
Parkinson, R. 1997. Individual and society in Middle Kingdom literature. In Loprieno,
A. (ed.), Ancient Egyptian literature: Histoy and Forms, 137-155. Leiden: Brill.
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Olivier, A. 2008. Social status of elite women of the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt: A
comparison of artistic features. Pretoria: UNISA. Available online:
http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-09262008-
134009/unrestricted/dissertation.pdf
Richards, J. E. 1997. Ancient Egyptian Mortuary practice and the study of
socioeconomic differentiation. In Lustig, J. (ed.), Anthropology and
Egyptology: A developing dialogue, 33-42. Sheffield: Sheffield University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS
Richards, J. E. (ed.) 2000. Order, legitimacy, and wealth in ancient States. New York:
Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 RIC
Richards, J. E. 2005. Society and death in ancient Egypt: mortuary landscapes of the
Middle Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E
7 RIC
Seidlmayer, S. J. 1988. Funerrer Aufwand und soziale Ungleichheit. Gttinger
Miszellen 104: 25-51. INST ARCH PERS
Seidlmayer, S. 2003. The First Intermediate Period (c. 2160-2055). In Shaw, I. (ed.),
The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, 108-136. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA
Stefanovic, D. 2006. The holders of regular military titles in the period of the Middle
Kingdom: Dossiers. London: Golden House. EGYPTOLOGY V 20 STE
Strudwick, N. 1985. The administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The highest
titles and their holders. London, New York: KPI. EGYPTOLOGY K 12 STR
Toivari-Viitala, J. O. 2001. Women at Deir el-Medina: A study of the status and roles
of the female inhabitants in the workmens community during the ramesside
period. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten. EGYPTOLOGY
B 20 TOI
Trigger, B. G. and A. Lloyd, B. Kemp, D. OConnor 1983. Ancient Egypt. A social
history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI,
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Trigger, B. G. 1993. Politics and culture. In Trigger, B. G., Early Civilizations: Ancient
Egypt in context, 55-85. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. INST
ARCH BC 100 TRI; ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 6
Zakrzewski, S. R. 2007. Gender relations and social organization in the Predynastic
and Early Dynastic Periods. In Goyon, J.-C. and C. Cardin (eds.), Proceedings
of the Ninth International congress of Egyptologists, Grenoble, 6-12
Septembre 2004, vol. 2, 2005-2019. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY A 6
CON

Tomb decoration (see also session 5 Egyptian Tombs: Overviews)
Anderson, J. B. and L. Donovan (eds.) 2000. Egyptian art: Principles and themes in
wall scenes. Guizeh: Prism. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 20 DON
Baines, J. 1997. Kingship before literature: The world of the king in the Old Kingdom.
In Gundlach, R. (ed.), Selbstverstndnis und Realitt: Akten des Symposiums
zur gyptischen Knigsideologie in Mainz 15.-17.6.1995, 125-174.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20 GUN
Baines, J. 2006. Display of Magic in Old Kingdom Egypt. In Szpakowska, K. (ed.),
Through a Glass Darkly: Magic, Dreams, and Prophecy in Ancient Egypt, 1-
32. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 SZP
Baines, J. 2007. Visual and written culture in ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 BAI; ISSUE DESK IOA BAI
Dawood, K. 2005. Animate decoration and burial chambers of private tombs during
the Old Kingdom: New evidence from the tomb of Kairer at Saqqara. In
Pantalacci, L. and C. Berger-el Naggar (eds.), Des Nferkar aux
Mentouhotep: Travaux archologiques en cours sur la fin de la VIe dynastie et
la premiere Priode intermdiaire, 107-127. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la
Mditerrane. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 PAN
Fischer, H. G. 2000. Egyptian women of the Old Kingdom and of the Heracleopolitan
period. 2
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Fitzenreiter, M. 1996. Totenverehrung und soziale Reprsentation im thebanischen
Beamtengrab der 18. Dynastie. Studien zur altgyptischen Kultur 22: 95-130.
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Fitzenreiter, M. 2006. Zum Phnomen der isolierten Speisetischtafel in der 4.
Dynastie. Gttinger Miszellen 208: 19-28. INST ARCH PERS
Fitzenreiter, M. (ed.) 2006. Dekorierte Grabalnagen im Alten Reich: Methodik und
Interpretation. London: Golden House. Online available: http://www2.hu-
berlin.de/nilus/net-publications/ibaes6/index.html [includes English
contributions]
Gilroy, T. D. 2002. Outlandish outlanders: Foreigners and caricature in Egyptian art.
Gttinger Miszellen 191: 35-52. INST ARCH PERS
Harpur, Y. 1987. Decoration in Egyptian tombs of the Old Kingdom: Studies in
orientation and scene content. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
EGYPTOLOGY M 20 HAR
Hartwig, M. K. 2004. Tomb painting and identity in ancient Thebes: 1419-1372 BC.
Brussels: Fondation gyptologique Reine lisabeth. EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS M 20 HAR
Janosi, P. 2005. Der Tote vor dem Opfertisch, die Opferplatten von Giza:
Besprechung des Buches Slab stelae of the Giza necropolis von Peter Der
Manuelian. SOKAR 10: 18-23. INST ARCH PERS
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Kamrin, J. 1999. The cosmos of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan. London: Kegan
Paul. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 KAM
Lustig, J. 1993. Ideologies of social relations in Middle Kingom Egypt: Gender,
kinship, ancestors. Dissertation Philadelphia. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania. Holding in London? See the following: Lustig (ed.), Egyptology
and Anthropology for a summary.
Lustig, J. 1997. Kinship, gender and age in Middle Kingdom tombs scenes and texts.
In: Lustig, J. (ed.), Egyptology and Anthropology: A developing dialogue, 43-
65. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS
el-Metwally, E. 1992. Archologische und soziologische Aspekte in der
Grabdekoration der altgyptischen Privatgrber. Atti: Sesto congresso
internazionale di Egittologia, vol. 1, 173-179. Turin. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 CON
Molyneaux, B. L. 1997. Representation and reality in private tombs of the late
Eighteenth Dynasty, Egypt: An approach to the study of the shape of meaning.
In Molyneaux, B. L. (ed.), The cultural life of images: Visual representation in
archaeology,108-129. London, New York: Routledge. INST ARCH AL MOL
Newman, K. A. Social archaeology, social relations and archaeological materials:
Social power as depicted in the wall art in the tombs of the Pharaohs tomb-
builders, Deir el-Medina, Egypt, XVIII-XX Dynasties. Dissertation Ottawa.
Ottawa: Ann Arbor. Online available: http://www.nlc-
bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22097.pdf
Richards, J. 2002. Text and context in late Old Kingdom Egypt: The archaeology and
historiography of Weni the Elder. Journal of the American Research Center in
Egypt 39: 75-102. Available through SFX
Roth, A. M. 1999. The absent spouse: Patterns and taboos in Egyptian tomb
decoration. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 36: 37-53.
Available through SFX
Robins, G. 1990. Problems in interpreting Egyptian art. Discussions in Egyptology
17: 45-58. INST ARCH PERS
Robins, G. 1988. Ancient Egyptian sexuality. Discussions in Egyptology 11: 61-72.
INST ARCH PERS
Roth, A. M. 2006. Little women: Gender and hierarchic proportion in Old Kingdom
Mastaba chapels. In Brta, M. (ed.), The Old Kingdomn art and archaeology:
Proceedings of the conference held in Prague, May 31 June 3, 2004, 281-
296. Prague: Charles University in Prague. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 12
BAR
Rhlmann, G. 1981. Zur sozialen Funktion der Beamtendarstellungen im gyptischen
Alten Reich. Dissertation Halle. Halle: Martin-Luther-Universitt. Holdings in
London?
Shirai, Y. 2006. Ideal and reality in Old Kingdom private funerary cults. In Brta, M.
(ed.), The Old Kingdomn art and archaeology: Proceedings of the conference
held in Prague, May 31 June 3, 2004, 325-333. Prague: Charles University
in Prague. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 12 BAR
Stadelmann, R. 1995. Der strenge Stil der frhen vierten Dynastie. In Stadelmann, R.
(ed.), Kunst des Alten Reiches. Symposium im Deutschen Archologischen
Institut Kairo am 29. und 30. Oktober 1991, 155-166. Mainz: von Zabern.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 6 DEU
Swinton, J. 2003. The depiction of wives of tomb owners in the later Old Kingdom.
Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 14: 95-109. INST ARCH PERS
31
Tefnin, R. 1991. Elments pour uns smiologie de limage gyptienne. Chronique
dgypte 66: 60-88. INST ARCH PERS
Vishak, D. 2006. Agency in Old Kingdom elite tomb programs: traditions, locations,
and variable meanings In Fitzenreiter, M., Dekorierte Grabalnagen im Alten
Reich: Methodik und Interpretation, 255-276. London: Golden House. Online
available: http://www2.hu-berlin.de/nilus/net-
publications/ibaes6/publikation/ibaes6-vischak.pdf
Vishak, D. 2006. Locality and community in Old Kingdom provincial tombs: The
cemetery at Qubbet el Hawa. Dissertation New York University. Ann Arbor:
UMI. Online available http://www.proquest.com
van Walsem, R. 2006. Meaningful places: Pragmatics from ancient Egypt to
modern times. A diachronic and cross-cultural approach. In Zijlsmans, K. (ed.),
Site-Seeing: Places in culture, time and space, 111-146. Leiden: CNWS
Publications. Holding in London?
van Walsem, R. 2005. Iconography of Old Kingdom elite tombs: Analysis and
interpretation, theoretical and mehtodological aspects. Leiden: Peeters.
EGYPTOLOGY E 7 WAL
van Walsem, R. 1998. The interpretation of iconographic programmes in Old
Kingdom elite tombs of the Memphite area: Methodologcial and theoretical
(re)considerations. In C.J. Eyre (ed.) Proceedings of the Seventh International
Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3-9 September 1995. Louvain: 1205-
1213. Leuven: Peeters. ISSUE DESK IOA INT 1
Whale, S. 1989. The family in the 18
th
Dynasty of Egypt: A study of the
representation of the family in private tombs. Sydney: Australian Centre for
Egyptology. British Museum Library, Egypt and Sudan, Standard Shelving
Location SERIES: ACE/S 1 Available online:
http://www.egyptology.mq.edu.au/Studies%201.htm


32
5 Quantifying society: Structure and practices in Amarna, 06.02.2013 (RB)
Egyptian religion has always been a major field of interest for Egyptologists and a
wider general public. Scholarship used to focus on religion beliefs, e.g. the theology
of a specific god, the structure of the Egyptian pantheon, or the transformation from
polytheism to monotheism and cosmotheism respectively. These approaches can be
called substantialist as they are interested in the substance/contents of religion. A
different picture emerges when religion is viewed as a field of social practices. The
emphasis moves to the actors, their relationship to each other as reflected in a
shared religious practice, the institutions in which practices are rooted, the use of a
specific range of objects, and the diversity of religious practices in different social
groups. Settlement archaeology is an important tool to outweigh the bias towards
elite religious beliefs through analysis of practices in the wider society. In the seminar
session, we will take Amarna as a prominent case study for modelling the
relationship of beliefs and practices and explore the implications arising from
approaches to religion as a field of social practice.

Essential
Barrett, J. C. 2001. Agency, the Duality of Structure, and the Problem of the
Archaeological Record. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Archaeological Theory Today, 141-
164. Cambridge, Malden: Polity. INST ARCH AH HOD; Issue Desk IOA HOD
18
Shaw, I. 1992. Ideal Homes in Ancient Egypt: the Archaeology of Social Aspiration.
Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2/2: 147-166. Available through SFX
Stevens, A. 2006. Private Religion at the Horizon of the Aten. In Stevens, A.,
Private religion at Amarna. The material evidence, 297-322. Oxford:
Archaeopress. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 STE

Egyptian theology
Assmann, J. 1992. Semiosis and Interpretation in Ancient Egyptian Religion. In
Scharfstein, B.-A. (ed.). Interpretation in religion. Leiden, New York: Brill.
ANCIENT HISTORY A 74 BID, Teaching Collection
Assmann, J. 1995. Egyptian solar religion in the New Kingdom: Re, Amun and the
crisis of polytheism. Translated from the German by Anthony Alcock. London:
Kegan Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS
Assmann, J. 2001. The search for God in ancient Egypt. Translated from the German
by David Lorton. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS
Assmann, J. 2005. Death and salvation in ancient Egypt. Translated from the
German by David Lorton. Abridged and updated by the author. Ithaca,
London: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS
Assmann, Jan.: Religion and cultural memory: Ten studies. Translated by Rodney
Livingstone. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Science Library
ANTHROPOLOGY D 100 ASS; School of Slavonic and East European
Studies Misc.XVII ASS (parts of the book are available on books.google.co.uk)
Englund, G. (ed.) 1989. The religion of the Ancient Egyptians: Cognitive structures
and popular expressions. Proceedings of Symposia in Uppsala and Bergen
1987 and 1988. Boreas: Uppsala Universtiy. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 REL
Frankfort, H. 1948. Kingship and the gods: A study of ancient near Eastern religion
as the integration of society and nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
INST ARCH DBA 200 FRA
33
Hornung, E. 1983. Conceptions of God in ancient Egypt. The one and the many.
Translated from the German by John Baines. London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 HOR
Quirke, S. 1992. Ancient Egyptian religion. London: British Museum Press.
EGYPTOLOGY R 5 QUI
Shafer, B. E. and J. Baines (ed.) 1991. Religion in ancient Egypt: Gods, myths, and
personal practice. London: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 SHA
Trigger, B. G. 1993. Religion. In Trigger, B. G., Early Civilizations: Ancient Egypt in
context, 86-108. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. INST ARCH
BC 100 TRI; ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 6
Morenz, S. 1973. Egyptian religion. Translated from the German by Ann E. Keep.
London: Methuen. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 MOR

Religious practices of ancient Egypt: evidence and discussions
Baines, J. 1987. Practical Religion and Piety. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
73: 79-98. Available through JSTOR
Baines, J. 1991. Society, morality and religious practice. In Shafer, B. E. and J.
Baines (ed.), Religion in ancient Egypt: Gods, myths, and personal practice,
123-200. London: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 SHA
Baines, J. 2002. Egyptian letters of the New Kingdom as evidence for religious
practice. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 1: 1-31. Available online
through SFX
Bell, H. 1948. Popular religion in Greaco-Roman Egypt. Journal of Egyptian
Archaeology 34: 82-97. Available online through JSTOR
David, A. R. 1991. Religious Practices in a Pyramid Workmen's Town of the Twelfth
Dynasty. Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 2: 33 40. INST
ARCH PERS
Demare, R. J. 1983. Ax iqr n Ra stelae: On ancestor worship in Ancient Egypt.
Leiden: Netherlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. EGYPTOLOGY V 30
DEM
O'Donoghue, M. 1999. The "Letters to the Dead" and Ancient Egyptian Religion.
Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 10: 87 104.
DuQuesne, T. 2009. The Salakhana trove: votive stelae and other objects from
Asyut. London: Darengo. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 DUQ
DuQuesne, T. 2007. Private devotion and public practice: Aspects of Egyptian art
and religion as revealed by the Salakhana stelae. In Schneider, T. and K.
Szpakowska (eds.), Egyptian stories: a British Egyptological tribute to Alan B.
Lloyd on the occasion of his retirement, 55-73. Mnster: Ugarit-Verlag.
EGYPTOLOGY V 6 LLO
Dunand, F. 1979. Religion populaire en gypte romaine. Leiden: Brill. Stores STORE
08-0813
Edwards, I. E. S. 1960. Oracular amuletic decrees of the late New Kingdom, 2 vols.
London: British Museum. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS T 20 EDW
Gardiner, A. H. and K. Sethe 1928. Egyptian letters to the dead mainly from the Old
and Middle Kingdoms. London: Egypt Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY
FOLIOS V 40 BAR
Gunn, B. 1916. The religion of the poor in ancient Egypt. Journal of Egyptian
Archaeology 3: 81-94. Available online through JSTOR
34
Jacquet-Gordon. H. 2003. The Graffiti on the Khonsu temple Roof at Karnak: A
Manifestation of Peronsal Piety. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Stores
392 LARGE FOLIOS T 30 JAC
Lesko, B. (2008): Household and Domestic Religion in Ancient Egypt, in: Bodel, J.,
Olyan, S. M. (eds.), Household and Family Religion in Antiquity, Malden
Oxford Carlton, 197-209.
Pinch, G. 1983. Childbirth and female figurines at Deir el-Medina and el-Amarna.
Orientalia 52: 405-414. INST ARCH PERS
Pinch, G. 1993. Votive offerings to Hathor. Oxford: Griffith Institute. EGYPTOLGOY
R 5 PIN
Pinch, G. and E. A. Waraksa 2009. Votive Practices. In Dieleman, J. and W.
Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles.
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7kp4n7rk
Quaegebeur, J. 1977. Les saints gyptiens prchrtiens. Orientalische
Literaturzeitung 8: 129-143. Stores STORE PERS
Raven, M. 1983: Wax in Egyptian magic and symbolism. Oudheidkundige
Mededeelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden 70: 7-22. INST
ARCH PERS
Ritner, R. K. 1993. The mechanics of ancient Egyptian magical practice. Chicago:
Oriental Institute. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 RIT
Ritner, R. K. 2008. Household Religion in Ancient Egypt. In Bodel, J. and S. M. Olyan
(eds.), Household and Family Religion in Antiquity, 171-196. Malden, Oxford,
Carlton: Main ANCIENT HISTORY A 74 BOD
Sadek, A. I. 1987. Popular religion in Egypt during the New Kingdom. Hildesheim:
Gerstenberg. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 SAD (ask for second copy at Issue Desk)
Schulman, A. R. 1967. Ex Votos of the poor. Journal of the American Research
Center in Egypt 6: 153-156. Available through SFX
Stevens, a. 2003. The Material Evidence for domestic religion at Amarna and
preliminary remarks on its interpretation. The Journal for Egyptian
Archaeology 89: 143-168. Available through JSTOR
Stevens, A. 2009. Domestic Religious Practices. In Wendrich. W. and J. Dieleman
(eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles.
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s07628w
Traunecker, C. 1987. Une pratique de magie populaire dans les temples de Karnak.
In Roccatti, A. and A. Siliotti (eds.), La magia in Egitto ai tempi dei faraoni. Atti
Convegno internazionale di studi, Milano 29-31 Octobre 1985, 221-242.
Verona: Rassegna internazionale di cinematografia archeologica.
EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ROC
Vernus, P. 2000. La grotte de la valle des reines dans la pit personelle des
ouvriers de la tombe (BM 278). In Demare, R. J. and A. Egberts (eds.), Deir
el-Medina in the third millennium AD: A tribute to Jac. J. Janssen., 331-336.
Leiden: EGYPTOLOGY A 6 JAN
del Vesco, P. 2010. Letti votive e culti domestici: Tracce archaeologice di credenza
religiose nellEgitto del Terzo Periodo Intermedio. Pisa: Edizioni PLUS- Pisa
University ress. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 10 DEL
von Lieven, A. 1999. Divination in gypten. Archiv fr Orientforschung 26.1: 77-126.
INST ARCH PERS
Waraksa, E. A. 2009. Female figurines from the Mut Precinct: Context and ritual
function. Fribourg: Academic Press, Gttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
EGYPTOLOGY M 10 WAR
35

Amarna: Recent archaeological work
http://amarnaproject.com/
Annaul excavation reports by B. Kemp in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology from
1977. Available through SFX and INST ARCH PERS (more recent issues)
Kemp, B. J. 1984ff. Amarna reports I-X. London: Egypt Exploration Society.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 45 KEM
Kemp, B. J. and S. Garfi 1993. A survey of the ancient city of El-'Amarna. London:
Egypt Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 45 KEM
Kemp, B. and A. Stevens, 2010. Busy lives at Amarna: Excavations in the Main City
(Grid 12 and the House of Ranefer, N49.18). 2 volumes. London: Egypt
Exploration Society and Amarna Trust. EGZPTOLOGY QARTOS E 42[90, 91]

Amarna: Old excavations and texts in translation
Borchardt, L. 1980. Die Wohnhaser in Tell el-Amarna. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. Stores
392 QUARTOS E 100 TEL
Cooney, J. D. 1965. Amarna Reliefs from Hermopolis in American Collections. Mainz
am Rhein: von Zabern. EGYPTOLOGY M 10 COO
Davies, N. 1903-1908: The rock tombs of El Amarna I-VI. London: Egypt Exploration
Society. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 40 [13-18]
Hanke, R. 1978. Amarna-Reliefs aus Hermopolis: neue Verffentlichungen und
Studien. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg. EGYPTOLOGY M 10 HAN
El-Khouly, A. and G. T. Martin 1987. Excavations in the royal necropolis at El-
'Amarna. Cairo: Institut Franais d'Archologie Orientale. EGYPTOLOGY E 10
ELK
Martin, G. T. 1989: The Royal Tomb at el-Amarna. 2 volumes. London: Egypt
Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 40 [39] EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS E 40 [35]
Moran, W. L. 1992. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 TEL
Murnane, W. J. 1993. The boundary stelae of Akhenaten. London, New York: Kegan
Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY T 30 MUR
Murnane, W. J. 1995. Texts from the Amarna period in Egypt. Atlanta: Scholars
Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 50 MUR
Pendlebury, J. D. S. 1923-1951. The City of Akhenaten I-III. London: Egypt
Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 42 [38, 40, 44]
Pendlebury, J. D. S. 1935. Tell el-Amarna. London: Lovat Dickson & Thompson.
EGYPTOLOGY E 100 PEN issue desk
Petrie, W. M. F. 1894.: Tell El Amarna. London 1894. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E
29 PET (ask at Issue Desk)
Petrie, W. M. F. 1974. Tell El Amarna. With chapters by A.H. Sayce, F.Ll. Griffith, and
F.C.J. Spurrell. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. ISSUE DESK IOA PET 17
Roeder, G. 1969. Amarna-Reliefs aus Hermopolis II. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg.
STORE FOLIOS 2638
Timme, P. 1917. Tell el Amarna von der deutschen Ausgrabung im Jahre 1911.
Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 TIM

Amarna: Religion, society, interpretation (selection)
36
Assmann, Jan 1989. State and religion in the New Kingdom, in Allen, James P. (ed.):
Religion and philosophy in Ancient Egypt, 5588. New Haven: Yale University.
EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ALL
Assmann, J. 1992. Akhanyatis theology of light and time. Jerusalem: Israel Academy
of Sciences and Humanities. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS, Teaching Collection
Bomann, A. H. 1991: The private chapel in ancient Egypt: A study of the chapels in
the workmen's village at el Amarna with special reference to Deir el Medina
and other sites. London, New York: Kegan Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY
K 7 BOM, ISSUE DESK IOA BOM
O'Connor, D. B. 1998. The City and the World: Worldview and Built Forms in the
Reign of Amenhotep III. In O'Connor, D. B. and E. H. Cline (eds.), Amenhotep
III: perspectives on his reign, 125-172. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 OCO
Crocker, P. T. 1985. Status symbols in the architecture of El-Amarna. Journal of
Egyptian Archaeology 71: 52-65. Available online through JSTOR
Hornung, E. 1999. Akhenaten and the religion of light. Translated from the German
by D. Lorton. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 HOR
Ikram, S. 1989. Domestic shrines and the cult of the royal family at el-Amarna.
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 75: 89-101. Available online thorugh JSTOR
Mallinson, M. 1999. The sacred landscape. In Freed, R. E., Y. J. Markowitz and S. H.
D'Auria (eds.), Pharaohs of the sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, 72-
79. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 5 FRE
Ricke, H. 1932. Der Grundriss des Amarna-Wohnhauses. Leipzig: Hinrich. Stores
392 QUARTOS E 100 RIC
Rose, J. and M. Zabecki 2009. The commoners of Tell el-Amarna. In Ikram, S. and
A. Dodson (eds.), Beyond the Horizon: Studies in Egyptian Art, Archaeology
and History in Honour of Barry J. Kemp, vol. 2, Cairo: Supreme Council of
Antiquities, 408-422. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 KEM
Delwen, S. 1999. Bread Making and Social Interactions at the Amarna Workmen's
Village, Egypt. World Archaeology 33.1: 121-144. Available online through
JSTOR
Seidlmayer, S. J. 2003. Zu einigen Architekturinschriften aus Tell el-Amarna.
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 39:
183-206. INST ARCH PERS
Spence, K. 2004. The Three-Dimensional Form of the Amarna House. The Journal of
Egyptian Archaeology 90: 132-152. Available online through JSTOR
Stevens, A. 2003. The material evidence for domestic religion at Amarna and
preliminary remarks on its interpretation. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 89,
14368. Available through JSTOR
Tietze, C. 1985. Amarna: Analyse der Wohnhuser und soziale Struktur der
Stadtbewohner. Zeitschrift fr gyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 112:
48-84. INST ARCH PERS
Tietze, C. 1986. Amarna/2. Zeitschrift fr gyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde
113: 55-78. INST ARCH PERS
Tietze, C. 1996. Amarna, Wohn- und Lebensverhltnisse in einer gyptischen Stadt.
In Bietak, M. (ed.), Haus und Palast im Alten gypten: Internationales
Symposium 8. bis 11. April 1992 in Kairo, 231-237. Vienna: Verlag der
sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS
K 6 BIE
37
Tietze, C. (ed.) 2010. Amarna: Lebensrume Lebensbilder Weltbilder. Weimar:
Arcus-Verlag. EGYPTOLOGY M 5 TIE [Use for search for recent bibliography]

Religion and community life beyond Amarna
Borghouts, J. F. 1994. Magical practices among the villagers. In Lesko, L. H. (ed.),
Pharaohs workers: The villagers of Deir el Medina, 119-130. Ithaca, London:
Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 LES
Dorn, A. 2005. Les objets dun dpt de sanctuarie (Hwt-kA) Elphantine et leur
utilisation rituelle. In Pantalacci, L. and C. Berger-el Naggar (eds.), Des
Nferkar aux Mentouhotep: Travaux archologiques en cours sur la fin de la
VIe dynastie et la premiere Priode intermdiaire, 129-143. Lyon: Maison de
l'Orient et de la Mditerrane. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 PAN
Dubiel, U. 2008. Amulette, Siegel und Perlen: Studien zu Typologie und Tragesitte im
Alten und Mittleren Reich. Fribourg, Gttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
EGYPTOLOGY E 7 DUB
Franke, D. 1994. Das Heiligtum des Heqaib auf Elephantine: Geschichte eines
Provinzheiligtums im Mittleren Reich. Heidelberg: Orientverlag.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS T 30 FRA
Friedman, F. M. D. 1994. Aspects of domestic life and religion. In Lesko, L. H. (ed.),
Pharaohs workers: The villagers of Deir el Medina, 95-117. Ithaca, London:
Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 LES
McDowell, A. G. 1999. Village life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry lists and love songs.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAC; ISSUE DESK
IOA MAC 6
Wegner, J. 2009. A decorated birth-brick from South Abydos: New evidence on
childbirth and birth magic in the Middle Kingdom. In Silverman, D. P. and W.
K. Simpson, J. Wegner (eds.0), Archaism and innovation: Studies in the
culture of the Middle Kingdom Egypt, 447-498. New Haven, Philadelphia: Yale
University and University of Pennsylvania. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20
SIL

Social practice and agency (see also course handbook Themes, thoughts and
theory in World Archaeology: Foundations ARCLG193)
Dobres, M.-A. and R. Hoffman 1994. Social Agency and the Dynamics of Prehistoric
Technology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1/3: 211-258.
Available through JSTOR
Gardner, A. (ed.) 2004. Agency uncovered: Archaeological perspectives on social
agency, power, and being human. London: UCL Press. INST ARCH AH GAR;
ISSUE DESK IOA GAR 7
Harker, R. and C. Mahar, C.Wilkes 1990. An introduction to the work of Pierre
Bourdieu: The practice of theory. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ANTHROPOLOGY
D 10 BOU
Mnch, R. 1994. Power and the reproduction of social structure and culture: Pierre
Bourdieu. In Mnch, R., Sociological theory III: Development since the 1960s,
139-157. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers. ANTHROPOLOGY D 10 MUN
Rappoport, N and J. Overing 2007. Social and Cultural Anthropology: The key
concepts, 2
nd
edition, 3-11 (chapter on Agent and Agency). London:
Routledge. INST ARCH BD RAP
38
Reckwitz, A. 2002. Theorizing a Theory of Social Practices: A development in
culturalist theorizing. European Journal of Social Theory 5/2: 243-263.
Available through JSTOR
Swartz, D. 1997. Habitus: A cultural theory of action. In Swartz, D., Culture and
power: The sociology of Pierre Bourdieu, 95-116. Chicago, London: University
of Chicago Press. Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 10 SWA


39
6 Interregional trade and early urbanism in Egypt, 19.02.2013 (DW)
This session addresses the major changes in settlement and economy that
accompanied the transformation of Egyptian and Nubian societies during the fourth
and early third millennium BC: in the period situated broadly between the widespread
adoption of domesticated animals and plants, and the early development of the
Egyptian state. We will consider the nature of archaeological evidence for a variety of
important technological innovations relating to: 1) land-use and agriculture; 2) craft
and industry; 3) transport and movement through the Egyptian landscape, and further
abroad.
We will also situate these developments within broader debates concerning the
nature of early urbanization in Egypt, the extent to which cities formed an important
component in Egyptian state formation, and the level of centralized control that the
Early Dynastic state may have exercised over their development. For many decades
these debates were conducted largely in the absence of direct archaeological
evidence, and on the basis of later textual sources. Increasingly, however, they are
informed by new excavations in both the valley and the delta. It is now possible, for
the first time, to begin addressing the settlement landscape of predynastic Egypt on
its own terms, albeit within the particular constraints of archaeological fieldwork in the
regions concerned.
In the seminar, this growing body of local evidence for changing patterns of
settlement will be also related to the wider interregional context of expanding trade
networks. To what extent can Egypts rapidly changing relationships with the outside
world during the fourth millennium BC be considered an essential stimulus in the
internal transformation of societies along the Nile? The processes discussed in this
session form a crucial backdrop to the more detailed analyses of social and cultural
developments that follow in Sessions 5-10.


Essential reading
Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations in
North-East Africa, 10,000-2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(chapter 1, Egypt and the outside world I; chapter 4: The urbanization of the
dead, Naqada I-II; chapter 7: Egypt and the outside world II, pp.135-150)
EGYPTOLOGY B11 WEN and ISSUE DESK IOA WEN 7

Suggested reading
Hassan, F.A. 1997. The dynamics of a riverine Civilization: A Geoarchaeological
Perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt. World Archaeology 29(1): 51-74. INST
ARCH PERS AND ONLINE: CLICK LINK FROM ARTICLE TITLE, ABOVE


Further reading

Early urbanization

Settlement patterns and the formation of the habitation record
Bard, K. 1987. The geography of excavated predynastic sites and the rise of complex
society. JARCE 24: 81-93.
Bard, K. 1989. Predynastic settlement patterns in the Hu-Semaineh region, Egypt.
Journal of Field Archaeology 16: 475-8.
40
Bard, K. 1994a. The Egyptian predynastic: a review of the evidence. Journal of Field
Archaeology 21: 265-88.
Bietak, M. 1979. Egyptology and the urban setting. In K. Weeks (ed.)
Egyptology and the Social Sciences: Five Studies. Cairo, pp.95-144.
Hassan, F.A. 1988. The predynastic of Egypt. Journal of World Prehistory 2: 136-85.
Hassan, F.A. 1993. Town and village in ancient Egypt: ecology, society and
urbanization. In T. Shaw et al. (eds.) The Archaeology of Africa. London and
New York: Routledge, 551-569.
Holmes, D. and Friedman, R. 1994. Survey and test excavations in the Badari region,
Egypt. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60: 105-42.
Krzyaniak, L. 1989. Recent archaeological evidence on the earliest settlement in the
eastern Nile Delta. In L. Krzyaniak and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.) 1989. Late
Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara. Poznan: Archaeological Museum,
267-85.
Rampersad, S.R. (2003) A re-analysis of A-Group habitation and settlement patterns.
Beitrge zur Sudanforschung 8: 89-105.
Tristant, Y. (2004) Lhabitat prdynastique de la Valle du Nil. Oxford: BAR.

The (contested) role of temples in early dynastic Egypt
Baines, J. 1997. Temples as symbols, guarantors, and participants in Egyptian
civilization. In S. Quirke (ed.), The Temple in Ancient Egypt. New Discoveries
and Recent Research, 216-41. London: British Museum Press.
Friedman, R.F. 1996. The ceremonial centre at Hierakonpolis Locality HK29A. In A.J.
Spencer (ed.) 1996. Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press,
16-35.
Kemp, B.J. 1989. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. London and New York:
Routledge, 31-46, 65-83.
OConnor, D. 1992. The status of early Egyptian temples: an alternative theory. In R.
Freidman and B. Adams (eds.) The Followers of Horus. Oxford: Oxbow, 83-
98.
Sasson, J.M. (ed.) 1995. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Volume 1. New
York: Scribner, pp.303-329. Contributions by J.Baines and D. OConnor
on temples and palaces.

Further perspectives
Kemp, B.J. 1977. The early development of towns in Egypt. Antiquity 51: 185-200.
Kemp, B.J. 2006. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 2
nd
edition. London:
Routledge, pp.73-92, 111-135, 194-211.
Trigger, B.G. 1985. The evolution of pre-industrial cities: a multilinear perspective. In
F. Geus and F. Thill (eds.), Mlanges Offerts Jean Vercoutter, 343-53. Paris:
Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
Seidlmayer, S.J. 1996b. Town and state in the early Old Kingdom. A view from
Elephantine. In A.J. Spencer (ed.) Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British
Museum, 108-27, pls. 22-3.
Williams, B.B. 1994. Security and the problem of the city in the Naqada period. In D.
P. Silverman (ed.), For His Ka. Studies Offered in Memory of Klaus Baer, 271-
83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wilkinson, T.A.H. 1999. Early Dynastic Egypt. London: Routledge, 323-365.

The growth of interregional trade networks
41

(note: these readings focus upon Egypts changing relations with Western Asia)

See generally: E.C.M. Van den Brink and T.Levy (eds.) 2002. Egypt and the Levant:
Interrelations from the 4
th
through the early 3
rd
Millennium BC. London, New
York: Leicester University Press.

Kropelin, S. and R. Kuper 2007. More corridors to Africa. CRIPEL 26: 219-229

Local and regional perspectives
Adams, B. and Friedman, R.F. 1992. Imports and influences in the predynastic and
protodynastic settlement and funerary assemblages at Hierakonpolis. In E.C.
Van den Brink The Nile Delta in Transition: 4
th
-3
rd
Millennium BC. Proceedings
of the Seminar held in Cairo, 21.-24 October 1990, at the Netherlands Institute
of Archaeology and Arabic Studies. Tel Aviv: Edwin C.M. Van den Brink, 317-
38.
Braun, E. and Van den Brink, E.C.M. 1998. Some comments on the Late EBI
sequence of Canaan and the relative dating of Tomb U-j at Umm el-Gaab and
Graves 313 and 787 from Minshat Abu Omar with Imported Ware: views from
Egypt and Canaan. gypten und Levante 7: 71-94.
Golden, J. 2002. The origins of the metals trade in the Eastern Mediterranean: social
organization of production in the early copper industries. In E.C.M. Van den
Brink and T.E. Levy (eds.) Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4
th

through the early 3
rd
Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester University
Press, 225-38.
Gophna, R. and Van den Brink, E.C.M. 2002. Core-periphery interaction between the
pristine Egyptian Nagada IIIb state, late Early Bronze Age I Canaan, and
Terminal A-Group Lower Nubia: more data. In E.C.M. Van den Brink and T.E.
Levy (eds.) Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4
th
through the early
3
rd
Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester University Press, 280-5.
Holmes, D. 1996. Lithic assemblages from Hierakonpolis and interregional relations
in predynastic Egypt. In Krzyaniak, L., Kroeper, K. and Kobusiewicz, M.
Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa. Poznan:
Archaeological Museum: 193-202.
Kroeper, K. 1989. Palestinian ceramic imports in Pre- and Protohistoric Egypt. In P.
de Miroschedji (ed.) Lurbanisation de la Palestine ge du bronze ancien.
Oxford: BAR: 407-422.
Majer, J. 1992. The Eastern Desert and Egyptian prehistory. In R. Friedman and B.
Adams (eds.) The Followers of Horus. Oxford: Oxbow, 227-34.
Oren, E.D. 1989. Early Bronze Age settlement in North Sinai: a model for Egypto-
Canaanite interconnections. In P. de Miroschedji (ed.), LUrbanisation de la
Palestine lge du bronze ancient: bilan et perspectives des recherches
actuelles, 389-405. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Rampersad, S.R. (2000) Relationships of the Nubian A-Group. JARCE 37: 127-142.
Stager, L.E. 1992. The periodization of Palestine from Neolithic through Early Bronze
times. In R. Ehrich (ed.) Chronologies in Old World Archaeology. 3
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ed., 2
volumes. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 22-41.
Smith, H.S. 1991. The development of the A-Group culture in northern Lower Nubia.
In W.V. Davies (ed.) Egypt and Africa. Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London:
British Museum Press, 92-111.
42
Tadmor, M. 2002. The Kfar Monash hoard again: a view from Egypt and Nubia. In
E.C.M. Van den Brink and T.E. Levy (eds.) Egyp tand the Levant:
Interrelations from the 4
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through the early 3
rd
Millennium BC. London, New
York: Leicester University Press,: 239-51.
Ward, C. (2006). "Boat-building and its social context in early Egypt: Intepretations
from the First Dynasty boat-grave cemetary at Abydos." Antiquity 80: 118-129.
Zarins, J. (1996). Obsidian in Predynastic/Archaic Egyptian Red Sea Trade. The
Indian Ocean in Antiquity. J. Reade (ed.). London, Kegan Paul.

Egyptian colonial presence in the southern Levant?
Ben-Tor, A. 1991. New light on the relations between Egypt and southern Palestine
during the Early Bronze Age. BASOR 281: 3-10.
Gophna, R. and Gazit, D. 1985. The First Dynasty Egyptian residency at En Besor.
Tel Aviv 12: 9-16.
Hennessey, J.B. 1967. The Foreign Relations of Palestine during the Early Bronze
Age. London: Quaritch.
Kempinski, A. 1992. Reflections on the role of the Egyptians in the Shefelah of
Palestine in the light of recent soundings at Tel Erani. In E.C.M. Van den Brink
(ed.) The Nile Delta in Transition: 4
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-3
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Millennium BC. Proceedings of the
Seminar held in Cairo, 21.-24 October 1990, at the Netherlands Institute of
Archaeology and Arabic Studies. Tel Aviv: Edwin C.M.Van den Brink, 419-25.
Levy, T.E., Alon, D., Van den Brink, E.C.M., Kansa, E., and Yekutieli, Y. 2001. The
Protodynastic/Dynasty I Egyptian presence in Southern Canaan: a preliminary
report of the 1994 excavations at Nahal Tillah, Israel. In Wolff, S.R. (ed.) 2001.
Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighbouring Lands in Memory of
Douglas L. Esse. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,
407-38.
Porat, N. 1992. An Egyptian colony in southern Palestine during the late Predynastic-
Early Dynastic period. In E.C.M. Van den Brink (ed.) The Nile Delta in Transition: 4
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-
3
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Millennium BC. Proceedings of the Seminar held in Cairo, 21.-24 October
1990, at the Netherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic Studies. Tel Aviv:
Edwin C.M.Van den Brink, 433-40.
Van den Brink, E.C.M. and Braun, E. 2002. Wine jars with serekhs from Early Bronze
Lod: appellation valle du Nil contrle, but for whom? In E.C.M. Van den
Brink and E. Yannai (eds.) In Quest of Ancient Settlements and Landscapes:
Archaeological Studies in Honour of Ram Gophna. Tel Aviv: Ramot Publishing
House, Tel Aviv University, 167-87.
Van den Brink, E.C.M. and Levy, T.E. 2002. Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from
the 4
th
through the early 3
rd
Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester
University Press. [see especially chapters by O.Ilan; E.Kansa & T. Levy]
Ward, W. 1991. Early contacts between Egypt, Canaan, and Sinai: remarks on the
paper by Amnon Ben-Tor. BASOR 281: 11-26.
Weinstein, J.M. 1984. The significance of Tell Areini for Egyptian-Palestinian
relations at the beginning of the Bronze Age. BASOR 256-63.

Large-scale and world systems perspectives
Algaze, G. 1993. The Uruk World System. The Dynamics of Expansion of Early
Mesopotamian Civilization. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Broodbank, C. (2006) The origins and early development of Mediterranean maritime
activity. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19(2): 199-230.
43
Hendrickx, S. and Bavay, L. 2002. The relative chronological position of Egyptian
predynastic and Early Dynastic tombs with objects imported from the Near
East and the nature of interregional contacts. In E.C.M. Van den Brink and
T.E. Levy (eds.) Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4
th
through the
early 3
rd
Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester University Press, 58-80.
Joffe, A.H. 1993. Settlement and Society in the Early Bronze I and II Southern
Levant. Complementarity and Contradiction in Small-Scale Complex Society.
Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
Joffe, A.H. 2000. Egypt and Syro-Mesopotamia in the 4
th
millennium: implications of
the New Chronology. Current Anthropology 41 (1): 113-23.
Kantor, H.J. 1992. The relative chronology of Egypt and its foreign correlations
before the First Intermediate Period. In R. Ehrich (ed.) Chronologies in Old
World Archaeology. 3
rd
ed., 2 volumes. Chicago and London: University of
Chicago Press, 3-21.
Marcus, E. 2002. Early seafaring and maritime activity in the southern Levant from
prehistory through the third millennium BC. In E.C.M. Van den Brink and T.E.
Levy (eds.) Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4
th
through the early
3
rd
Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester University Press, 403-17.
de Miroschedji, P. 2002. The socio-political dynamics of Egyptian-Canaanite
interaction in the Early Bronze Age. In E.C.M. Van den Brink and T.E. Levy
(eds.) Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4
th
through the early 3
rd

Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester University Press, 39-57.
Marfoe, L. 1987. Cedar forest to silver mountain: social change and the development
of long-distance trade in early Near Eastern societies. In M.J. Rowlands et al.
(eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 25-35.
Moorey, P.R.S. 1987. On tracking cultural transfers in prehistory: the case of Egypt
and lower Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC. In M.J. Rowlands et al.
(eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 36-46.
Philip, G. 2002. Contacts between the Uruk world and the Levant during the fourth
millennium BC: evidence and interpretation. In N. Postgate (ed.) Artefacts of
Complexity. Tracking the Uruk in the Near East. London: British School of
Archaeology in Iraq, 207-35.
Sherratt, A.G. 1997. Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe. Changing
Perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (chapters 7, 18)

Craft and industry in the fourth-early third millennia BC

General overviews/catalogues with relevant material
Baumgartel, E.J. 1955. The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt. London: Oxford University
Press.
Baumgartel, E.J. 1960. The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt II. London: Oxford
University Press.
Bourriau, J. 1981. Umm El-Gaab. Pottery from the Nile Valley before the Arab
Conquest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lucas, A. 1962.Ancient Egyptian materials and industries. 4th ed., revised and
enlarged by J.R. Harris. London: E. Arnold.
Needler, W. 1984. Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum. New
York: The Brooklyn Museum.
44
Nicholson, P. and Shaw, I. (eds.) 2000. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Payne, J.C. 1993. Catalogue of the Predynastic Egyptian Collection in the
Ashmolean Museum. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (see introductions to
catalogue entries)
Spencer, A.J. Catalogue of Egyptian antiquities in the British Museum Vol.5, Early
dynastic objects. London: British Museum.

Analyses of particular industries
Aston, B.G. 1994. Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels: Materials and Forms. Heidelberg:
Heidelberger Orientverlag.
Friedman, R.F. 1994. Predynastic Settlement Ceramics of Upper Egypt. A
Comparative Study of the Ceramics of Hemamieh, Nagada, and
Hierakonpolis. Unpublished PhD. Dissertation, University of California at
Berkeley. (available from the author, see course coordinator)
Friedman, R. 2000. Regional diversity in the predynastic pottery of Upper Egyptian
settlements. In Rsums des communications. Symposium de Dymaczewo,
29 aot-2 Septembre 2000. Poznan: 171-186.
Geller, J.R. 1984. The Predynastic Ceramics Industry at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. Ann
Arbor: University Microfilms International.
Geller, J.R. 1989. Recent excavations at Hierakonpolis and their relevance to
predynastic production and settlement. Cahiers de Recherches de lInstitut de
Papyrologie et dEgyptologie de Lille 11: 41-52, pls. 4-6.
Geller, J.R. 1992. From prehistory to history: beer in Egypt. In Friedman and Adams
1992: 19-26.
Joffe, A.H. 1998. Alcohol and social complexity in Ancient Western Asia. Current
Anthropology 39 (3): 297-310.
Hikade, T. 1999. An Early Dynastic flint workshop at Helwan, Egypt. Bulletin of the
Australian Center of Egyptology 10: 47-57.
Holmes, D. 1989. The Predynastic Lithic Industries of Upper Egypt. 2 volumes.
Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Holmes, D. 1992. Chipped stone-working craftsmen, Hierakonpolis and the rise of
civilization in Egypt. In Friedman and Adams (eds.) The Followers of Horus.
Oxford: Oxbow: 37-44.
el-Khouli, A. 1978. Egyptian Stone Vessels. Predynastic Period to Dynasty III.
Typology and Analysis. 2 volumes. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.
Porat, N. and Seeher, J. 1988. Petrographic analysis of pottery and basalt from
Predynastic Maadi. MDAIK 44: 215-28.

Agriculture/land-use
Boessneck, J. and A. von den Driesch (1992) Weitere Tierknochenfunde vom Tell
Ibrahim Awad im stlichen Nildelta. In E.C.M. van den Brink (ed.) The Nile
Delta
in Transition: 4
th
-3
rd
Millennium BC. Proceedings of the Seminar held in Cairo, 21.-24
October 1990, at theNetherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic Studies.
Tel Aviv: Edwin C.M. Van den Brink, 97-110.
Boessneck, J., Von den Driesch, A., and Ziegler, R. 1989. Die Tierreste von Maadi
und dem Friedhof am Wadi Digla. In I. Rizkana and J. Seeher, J. 1989. Maadi
III. The Non-Lithic Small Finds and the Structural Remains of the Predynastic
Settlement. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern, 87-128.
45
Bknyi, S. 1985. The animal remains of Maadi, Egypt: a preliminary report. Studi di
Paletnologia in onore di Salvatore M. Puglisi. Rome: 495-499.
Cappers, R.T.J. et al. 2004. Plant remains from predynastic EL Abadiya-2 (Naqada
Area, Upper Egypt). In S.Hendrickx et al. (eds.) Egypt at its Origins. Leuven:
Peeters, 277-294.
el-Hadidi, M.N. 1982. The predynastic flora of the Hierakonpolis region. In M.A.
Hoffman et al. The Predynastic of Hierakonpolis. Giza: Herbarium, 102-22.
James, T.G.H. 1995. The earliest history of wine and its importance in ancient Egypt.
In P. E. McGovern, S. J. Fleming, and S. H. Katz (eds.), The Origins and
Ancient History of Wine, 197-213. Luxembourg: Gordon and Breach.
Kroll, H. 1989. Die Planzenfunde von Maadi. In I. Rizkana and J. Seeher (eds.)
Maadi III. The Non-Lithic Small Finds and the Structural Remains of the
Predynastic Settlement. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern, 129-35.
Murray, M.A., Boulton, N. and Heron, C. 2000. Viticulture and wine production. In P.
Nicholson and I. Shaw (eds.) Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 577-608.
Rosen, A.M. 1996. Phytoliths in the predynastic: a microbotanical analysis of plant
use at HG, in the Hu-Semaineh region, Egypt. AN 6: 77-80.
Thanheiser, U. 1990. Untersuchungen zur Landwirtschaft der vor- und
frhdynastischen Zeit in Tell el-Farain-Buto. Vorbericht. gypten und Levante
2: 39-45.
Thanheiser, U. 1992. Plant-food remains at Tell Ibrahim Awad: preliminary report. In
E.C.M. Van den Brink (ed.) The Nile Delta in Transition: 4
th
-3
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Millennium BC.
Proceedings of the Seminar held in Cairo, 21.-24 October 1990, at the
Netherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic Studies. Tel Aviv: Edwin C.M.
Van den Brink, 117-21.
Thanheiser, U. 1996. Local crop production versus import of cereals during the
Predynastic period in the Nile Delta. In Krzyaniak, L., Kroeper, K. and
Kobusiewicz, M. Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern
Africa. Poznan: Archaeological Museum, 291-302.
Wetterstrom, W. 1993. Foraging and farming in Egypt: the transition from hunting and
gathering to horticulture in the Nile valley. In Shaw, T., Andah, B., Sinclair, P.
and Okpoko, A. (eds.) The Archaeology of Africa. Food, Metals, and Towns.
London: Routledge, 165-226.

Key sites with habitation remains: the Nile valley

Badari/Matmar/Mostagedda
Brunton, G. 1937. Mostagedda and the Tasian Culture. British Museum Expeditions
to Middle Egypt 1928, 1929. London: Quaritch.
Brunton, G. 1948. Matmar. British Museum Expeditions to Middle Egypt, 1929-1931.
London: Quaritch.
Brunton, G. and Caton-Thompson, G. 1928. The Badarian Civilization and Prehistoric
Remains near Badari. British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian
Research Account 46. London: Quaritch.

Armant
Ginter, B. and Koslowski, J.K. 1994. Predynastic Settlement near Armant.
Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.

46
Coptos
Petrie, W.M.F. 1896. Koptos. London: Quaritch.
Kemp, B.J. 2000. The Colossi from the early shrine at Coptos in Egypt. Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 10: 211-42.

El-Adaima
Midant-Reynes, B. and Buchez, N. 2002. Adama 1. Economie et habitat. Cairo:
Institut franais darchologie orientale.
Midant-Reynes, B., Buchez, N., Crubzy, E., and Janin, T. 1996. The predynastic
site of Adaima: settlement and cemetery. In A.J. Spencer (ed.) Aspects of
Early Egypt. London: British Museum: 93-7.

Hierakonpolis
Adams, B. 1974a. Ancient Hierakonpolis. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.
1995. Ancient Nekhen. Garstang in the City of Hierakonpolis. New Malden: SIA.
Fairservis, W.A.Jr. 1986. Excavation of the Archaic Remains East of the Niched
Gate, Season of 1981. The Hierakonpolis Project, Occasional Papers in
Anthropology 3. Poughkeepsie, N.Y.: Vassar College.
Fairservis, W.A.Jr., Weeks, K.R., and Hoffman, M.A. 1971-2. Preliminary report on
the first two seasons at Hierakonpolis. JARCE 9: 7-68.
Friedman, R.F. 1996. The ceremonial centre at Hierakonpolis Locality HK29A. In A.J.
Spencer (ed.) 1996. Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press,
16-35.
Friedman, R.F., Maish, A., Fahmy, A.G., Darnell, J.C., and Johnson, E.D. 1999.
Preliminary report on field work at Hierakonpolis: 1996-1998. JARCE 36: 1-35.
Hoffman, M.A. 1980. A rectangular Amratian house from Hierakonpolis and its
significance for predynastic research. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 39:
119-37.
Hoffman, M.A., Adams, B., Berger, M., el-Hadidi, M.N., Harlan, J.F., Hamroush, H.A.,
Lupton, C., McArdle, J., McHugh, W., Allen, R.O., and Rogers, M. 1982. The
Predynastic of Hierakonpolisan Interim Report. Oxford: Alden Press.
Hoffman, M.A., Hamroush, H., and Allen, R.O. 1986. A model of urban development
for the Hierakonpolis region from predynastic through Old Kingdom times.
JARCE 23: 175-87.
Quibell, J.E. 1900. Hierakonpolis I. Egypt Research Account 4. London: Quaritch.

Naqada
Barocas, C., Fattovitch, R. and Tosi, M. 1989. The Oriental Institute of Naples
expedition to Petries South Town (Upper Egypt), 1977-83: an interim report.
In L. Krzyaniak and M. Kobusiewicz (eds.) Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin
and the Sahara. Poznan, pp.295-301.
Baumgartel, E.J. 1970. Petries Naqada Excavation. A Supplement. London:
Quaritch.
Hassan, F.A. (1981) The Predynastic of Egypt: Subsistence-Settlement Studies in
the Nagada-Khattara Region. Final Report to the National Science
Foundation: Washington.
Hassan, F.A. et al. (1980) Agricultural developments in the Nagada region during the
predynastic period. Nyame Akuma 17: 28-33.
Petrie, W.M.F. and Quibell, J.E. 1896. Naqada and Ballas. Egyptian Research
Account 1. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Quaritch.
47

Elephantine
Andraschko, F. (1997) Vor- und frhgeschichtliche Siedlungsreste im Vorbereich des
Satettempels. In W. Kaiser et al. Stadt und Tempel von Elephantine 23/24.
Grabungsbericht. MDAIK 53: 121-126.
Dreyer, G. 1986a. Elephantine VIII. Der Tempel der Satet. Die Funde der Frhzeit
und des alten Reiches. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.
Seidlmayer, S.J. 1996a. Die Staatliche Anlage der 3. Dyn. in der Nordweststadt von
Elephantine. Archologische und historische Probleme. In M. Bietak (ed.)
Haus und Palast im alten gypten/ House and Palace in Ancient Egypt.
Vienna: sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.195-214.
Seidlmayer, S.J. 1996b. Town and state in the early Old Kingdom. A view from
Elephantine. In A.J. Spencer (ed.) Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British
Museum, 108-27, pls. 22-3.
Ziermann, M. 1993. Elephantine XVI: Befestigungsanlagen und Stadtentwicklung in
der Frhzeit und im frhen Alten Reich. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Key sites with habitation remains: the Nile delta
Van den Brink, E.C.M. (ed.) 1988. The Archaeology of the Nile Delta, Egypt:
Problems and Priorities. Amsterdam: Netherlands Foundation for
Archaeological Research in Egypt.
Van den Brink, E.C.M. (ed.) 1992. The Nile Delta in Transition: 4
th
-3
rd
Millennium BC.
Proceedings of the Seminar held in Cairo, 21.-24 October 1990, at
theNetherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic Studies. Tel Aviv: Edwin
C.M. Van den Brink.

Tell el-Farain/Buto
Faltings, D. 1988. Recent excavations in Tell el-Farain/Buto: new finds and their
chronological implications. In C.J. Eyre (ed.) Proceedings of the Seventh
International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3-9 September 1995.
Louvain: 365-375.
1998. Canaanites at Buto in the early fourth millennium BC. Egyptian Archaeology
13: 29-32.
2002. The chronological frame and social structure of Buto in the fourth millennium
BCE. In E.C.M. Van den Brink and T.E. Levy (eds.) Egypt and the Levant:
Interrelations from the 4
th
through the early 3
rd
Millennium BC. London, New
York: Leicester University Press, 165-70.
Faltings, D. and Khler, E.C. 1996. Vorbericht ber die Ausgrabungen des DAI in Tell
el-Farain/Buto, 1993 bis 1995. MDAIK 52: 87-114.
Faltings, D., Ballet, P., Frster, F., French, P., Ihde, C., Sahlmann, H., Thomalsky, J.,
Thumshirn, C. and Wodzinska, A. 2000. Zweiter Vorbericht ber die Arbeiten
in Buto von 1996 bis 1999. MDAIK 56: 131-80.
Khler, E.C. 1992. The Pre- and Early Dynastic pottery of Tell el-Farain-Buto. In Van
den Brink 1992b: 11-22.
Khler, E.C. 1998. Tell el-Farain-Buto III. Die Keramik von der spten Naqada-Kultur
bis zum frhen Alten Reich. Schichten III-VI. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.
Von der Way, T. 1987. Tell Farain-Buto 2. Bericht. MDAIK 43: 241-57.
1992. Excavations at Tell el-Farain-Buto in 1987-1989. In E.C.M. Van den Brink The
Nile Delta in Transition: 4
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-3
rd
Millennium BC. Proceedings of the Seminar
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held in Cairo, 21.-24 October 1990, at the Netherlands Institute of
Archaeology and Arabic Studies. Tel Aviv: Edwin C.M.Van den Brink, 1-10.
1997. Tell el-Farain-Buto I. Ergebnisse zum frhen Kontext Kampagnen der Jahre
1983-1989. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.

Minshat Abu Omar
Andrews, W. and J. Wunderlich (1992) Environmental conditions for early settlement
at Minshat Abu Omar. In E.C.M. van den Brink (ed.) The Nile Delta in
Transition: 4
th
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rd
Millennium BC. Proceedings of the Seminar held in Cairo,
21.-24 October 1990, at the Netherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic
Studies. Tel Aviv: Edwin C.M. Van den Brink, pp.157-166.
Kroeper, K. 1988. The excavations of the Munich East-Delta Expedition in Minshat
Abu Omar. In Van den Brink 1988b: 11-46.
Kroeper, K. 1992. Tombs of the elite in Minshat Abu Omar. In Van den Brink 1992b:
127-50.
Kroeper, K. and Wildung, D. 1985. Minshat Abu Omar. Mnchner Ostdelta-
Expedition. Vorbericht 1978-1984. Munich: Staatliche Sammlung gyptischer
Kunst.
1994. Minshat Abu Omar. Ein vor- und frhgeschichtlicher Friedhof im Nildelta I,
Grber 1-114. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.
2000. Minshat Abu Omar. Ein vor- und frhgeschichtlicher Friedhof im Nildelta II,
Grber 115-204. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.

Tell el-Farkha
Chlodnicki, M. 2004. Tell el-Farkha 2001-2002. Excavations of the Central Kom
1987-2002. In S.Hendrickx et al. (eds.) Egypt at its Origins. Leuven: Peeters,
357-371.
Chlodnicki, M. and Ciaowicz, K.M. 2002. Tel el-Farkha seasons 1998-1999.
Preliminary report. MDAIK 58: 88-117.
Chlodnicki, M., Fattovitch, R., and Salvatori, S. 1992. The Nile Delta in transition: a
view from Tell el-Farkha. In Van den Brink 1992: 171-90.
Ciaowicz, K.M. 2003. Tell el-Farkha 2000. Excavations at the Western Kom. In
Krzyaniak et al. Cultural Markers in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern
Africa and Recent Research. Poznan: Archaeological Museum: 163-76.
2004. Tell el-Farkha 2001-2002. Excavations at the West Kom. In S.Hendrickx et al.
(eds.) Egypt at its Origins. Leuven: Peeters, 371-388.
2007. Ivory and Gold: Beginnings of the Egyptian Art. Poznan: Prehistoric Society.
Jucha, M. 2003. Tell el-Farkha 2001: the settlement pottery of phases 5 and 4a. A
preliminary report. In Krzyaniak et al. Cultural Markers in the Later Prehistory
of Northeastern Africa and Recent Research. Poznan: Archaeological
Museum: 185-99.
Jucha, M. 2005. The Pottery of the Predynastic settlement (phases 2 to 5). Poznan:
Archaeological Museum.
Kabacinski, J. 2003. Lithic industry at Tell el-Farkha (Eastern Delta). In Krzyaniak et
al. Cultural Markers in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa and Recent
Research. Poznan: Archaeological Museum: 201-12.

Tell Ibrahim Awad
Van den Brink, E.C.M. 1992a. Preliminary report on the excavations at Tell Ibrahim
Awad, seasons 1988-1990. In Van den Brink 1992b: 43-68.
49
Van den Brink, E.C.M., Schmidt, K., Boessneck, J., Von den Driesch, A., and de
Roller, G.J. 1989. A Late Predynastic-Early Dynastic settlement site in the
northeastern Nile Delta, Egypt. MDAIK 45: 55-108.

Sa el-Hagar/Sais
Wilson, P. and Gilbert, G. 2002. Pigs, Pots and Postholes: Prehistoric Sais, Egyptian
Archaeology 21: 12-13.
The prehistoric period at Sais (Sa el Hagar), AN 13: 65-72.
Wilson, P. 2003. Recent work at Sais (Sa el Hagar). In Z. Hawass and L. Pinch Brock
(eds.) Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. Proceedings of the
Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo March 2000, vol. 1:
Archaeology. American University in Cairo Press 2003), 568-573.
2006. The Survey of Sais (Sa el-Hagar), 1997-2002. Excavation Memoir 77. London:
Egypt Exploration Society.
Wilson, P. The Survey of Sais 2002. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 88: 2-6.

Key sites with habitation remains: the Memphis region

General
Jeffreys, D. 1998. The topography of Heliopolis and Memphis: some cognitive
aspects. In H. Guksch and D. Polz (eds.) Stationen. Beitrge zur
Kulturgeschichte gyptens. Rainer Stadelmann Gewidmet. Mainz am Rhein:
Von Zabern.: 63-71.
Jeffreys, D. and Tavares, A. 1994. The historic landscape of Early Dynastic
Memphis. MDAIK 50: 143-73.
Jeffreys, D. 2004. Hierakonpolis and Memphis in predynastic tradition. In S.
Hendrickx et al. (eds.) Egypt at its Origins. Studies in Memory of Barbara
Adams. Leuven: Peeters, 837-845.
Zivie, C. M. 1975-92. Memphis. L, 4: 24-41.

Giza
el-Sanussi, A. and M. Jones (1997) A site of the Maadi culture near the Giza
Pyramids. MDAIK 53: 241-253.

Maadi
Amer, M. and O. Menghin (1932) The Excavations of the Egyptian University in the
Neolithic Site at MaadiFirst Preliminary Report (Season 1930-1931). Le
Caire.
Amer, M. and O. Menghin (1936) The Excavations of the Egyptian University in the
Neolithic Site at MaadiSecond Preliminary Report (Season 1932). Le Caire.
Badawi, F.A. 2003. A preliminary report on 1984-86 excavations at Maadi-West.
MDAIK 59: 1-10.
Caneva, I. et al. 1987. Predynastic Egypt: new data from Maadi. AAR 5: 105-114.
Hartung, U., Abd el-Gelil, M., Von den Driesch, A., Fares, G., Hartmann, R., Hikade,
T., and Ihde, C. 2003. Vorbericht ber neue Untersuchungen in der
prdynastischen Siedlung von Maadi. MDAIK 59: 149-98.
Rizkana, I. and Seeher, J. 1985. The chipped stones at Maadi: preliminary
reassessment of a predynastic industry and its long-distance relations. MDAIK
41: 235-55.
50
Rizkana, I. and Seeher, J. 1987. Maadi I. The Pottery of the Predynastic Settlement.
Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.
Rizkana, I. and Seeher, J. 1988. Maadi II. The Lithic Industries of the Predynastic
Settlement. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.
Rizkana, I. and Seeher, J. 1989. Maadi III. The Non-Lithic Small Finds and the
Structural Remains of the Predynastic Settlement. Mainz am Rhein: Von
Zabern.
Rizkana, I. and Seeher, J. 1990. Maadi IV. The predynastic cemeteries of Maadi and
Wadi Digla. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.
Seeher, J. 1990. Maadi: eine prdynastische Kulturgruppe zwischen Obergypten
und Palstine. Prhistorische Zeitschrift 65 (2): 123-56.

Saqqara
Bettles, E., Clarke, J., Dittmer, J., Duhig, C., Ikram, S., Mathieson, I., Smith, H. and
Tavares, A. 1995. National Museums of Scotland Saqqara Project Report 1995.
Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland.



51
7 Cultural constructions of death: from predynastic to dynastic,
26.02.2013 (DW)
The archaeological of early Egypt and Sudan is heavily reliant upon the evidence of
cemeteries and tombs for the reconstructionnot only of changing ritual practices
relating to death and burialbut of wider changes in economy and society that are
poorly attested in the record of human habitation. In exploring these wider issues, a
critical and theoretically informed attitude to the interpretation of funerary remains
and their transformations over time is required. Such approaches are now able to
draw from an extensive literature on the significance of the human body as a
structuring agent and focus of social and political change, which has been widely
applied in the archaeology of other regions, but has only recently been brought to
bear upon the rich evidence from predynastic and ancient Egypt.
In this seminar we will consider both older and newer approaches to the
interpretation of the Egyptian burial record, their relationship to broader streams of
archaeological theory (processual and post-processual), and their respective
strengths and weaknesses. To what extent is it possible to approach social and
political change through the often-fragmentary evidence of changing burial customs?
What distinctive features of Egypts mortuary record need to be taken into account in
attempting such reconstructions? What particular kinds of interpretive opportunities
and challenges are posed by a record of funerary practices extending over a period
of millennia? What significance should we attach to alterations in funerary practice
over timee.g. preservative treatments of the body, pre-burial dismemberment,
multiple burials, elaboration of tomb forms and equipment? To what extent do such
practices force us to question our accepted understandings of the human body and
its role in society? How, more generally, does a focus upon changing cultural
constructions of the body provide access to changing power relations in pre- and
early dynastic Egypt? How far can we hope to understand the classification of society
along lines of age and gender, for example, through the examination of human
remains and associated material culture? How does the archaeological record of the
dead relate to the changing world of its living creators?

Essential reading
Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Social Transformations in
North-East Africa, 10,000-2650 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(Introduction, pp.5-9; chapter 8: The evolution of simplicity: Naqada III,
pp.151-175; chapter 10: Theatres of sacrifice: dynastic constructions of
death, pp.218-258) EGYPTOLOGY B11 WEN and ISSUE DESK IOA WEN 7

Suggested reading
Bloch, M. and Parry, J. 1982. Death and the Regeneration of Life. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, Introduction. ANTHROPOLOGY D 155 BLO
Savage, S.H. 1997. Descent group competition and economic strategies in
predynastic Egypt. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16: 226-8. [INST
ARCH PERS AND ONLINE: CLINK LINK FROM ARTICLE TITLE, ABOVE]
Baines, J. and Lacovara, P. 2002. Burial and the dead in ancient Egyptian society:
Respect, formalism, neglect. Journal of Social Archaeology 2 (1): 5-36. [INST
ARCH PERS AND ONLINE: CLINK LINK FROM ARTICLE TITLE, ABOVE]

Further reading

52
Interpreting the predynastic funerary record
Adams, B. 1996. Elite graves at Hierakonpolis. In A.J. Spencer (ed.) Aspects of Early
Egypt. London: British Museum, 1-15.
Bard, K. 1994b. From Farmers to Pharaohs. Mortuary Evidence for the Rise of
Complex Society in Egypt. Sheffield: Sheffied Academic Press.
Buchez, N. 1998. Le mobilier cramique et les offrandes caractre alimentaire au
sein des dpts funraires prdynastiques: lments de rflexion partir de
lexample dAdama. AN 8: 83-104.
Castillos, J.J. 1982. A Reappraisal of the Published Evidence on Egyptian
Predynastic and Early Dynastic Cemeteries. Toronto: Benben.
Davis, W. 1983. Cemetery T and Naqada. MDAIK 39: 17-28.
Griswold, W.A. 1992. Measuring social inequality at Armant. In R. Friedman and B.
Adams (eds.) The Followers of Horus. Oxford: Oxbow, 1992: 193-8.
Rowland, J. 2004. The application of mortuary data to the problem of social
transformation in the delta from the terminal predynastic to the early dynastic
period. In S. Hendrickx et al. (eds.) Egypt at its Origins. Leuven: Peeters, 991-
1008.
Savage, S.H. 2000. The status of women in predynastic Egypt as revealed through
mortuary analysis. In A. Rothman (ed.), Reading the Body: Representations
and Remains in the Archaeological Record, 77-92. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Wilkinson, T.A.H. 1996. State Formation in Egypt. Chronology and Society. Oxford:
British Archeological Reports.


Treatments of the body in death: detailed analyses of predynastic human
remains, and associated non-human burials
Crubz, E. 1998. La ncropole dAdama: une premire synthse. AN 8: 33-66.
Crubzy, E. and Midant-Reynes, B. 2000. Les sacrifices humains lpoque
prdynasique: Lapport de la ncropole dAdama. AN 10: 21-40.
Crubzy, E., Janin, T., Midant-Reynes, B. 2002. Adama 2. La ncropole
prdynastique. Cairo: Institut franais darchologie orientale.
Flores, D.V. 2003. Funerary Sacrifice of Animals in the Egyptian Predynastic Period.
Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Friedman, R.F. 1998. More mummies: the 1998 season at HK43. NN 10: 4-6.
Friedman, R.F. 2002. The predynastic cemetery at HK43: excavations in 2002. NN
14: 9-10.
Jones J. 2002a. Towards mummification: new evidence for early developments.
Egyptian Archaeology 21: 5-7.
2002b. unerary textiles of the rich and poor. NN 14: 13.
Maish, A. and Friedman, R. 1999. Pondering Paddy: unwrapping the mysteries of
HK43. NN 11: 6-7.
Podzorski, P. 1990. Their Bones Shall Not Perish. An Examination of Human
Skeletal Remains from Naga-ed-Der in Egypt. SIA Publishing, New Malden,
Surrey, England.
Ucko, P.J. 1967. The predynastic cemetery N 7000 at Naga-ed-Dr. C 42: 345-53.
Wengow, D. and Baines, J. 2004. Images, human bodies, and the ritual construction
of memory in late predynastic Egypt. In S. Hendrickx et al. (eds.) Egypt at its
Origins. Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams. Leuven: Peeters, 1081-1114.

53
Major Predynastic Cemeteries (note: for details of closely related Early-Middle
A-Group cemeteries, see readings for Session 8: The formation and decline of
the A-Group in Lower Nubia)

Nile delta, Memphis region, and Fayum
Bakr, M.I, Abd el-Moneim, M.A.M, and Selim, M.O.M. 1996. Protodynastic
excavations at Tell Hassan Dawud (Eastern Delta). In Krzyaniak, L., Kroeper,
K. and Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.) Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of
Northeastern Africa. Poznan: Archaeological Museum, 277-8.
Buchez, N. and Midant-Reynes, B. 2007. Le site prdynastique de Kom el-Khilgan
(Delta oriental). Donnes nouvelles sur les processus dunification culturelle
au IVe millnaire. BIFAO 107: 43-70.
Debono, F. and Mortensen, B. 1988. The Predynastic Cemetery of Heliopolis. Mainz
am Rhein: Von Zabern.
Engelbach, R. 1923. Harageh. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt.
Hassan, F.A. 2000a. Kafr Hassan Dawood. Egyptian Archaeology 16: 37-9.
Kroeper, K. and Wildung, D. 1985. Minshat Abu Omar. Mnchner Ostdelta-
Expedition. Vorbericht 1978-1984. Munich: Staatliche Sammlung gyptischer
Kunst.
Kroeper, K. and Wildung, D. 1994. Minshat Abu Omar. Ein vor- und
frhgeschichtlicher Friedhof im Nildelta I, Grber 1-114. Mainz am Rhein: Von
Zabern.
Kroeper, K. and Wildung, D. 2000. Minshat Abu Omar. Ein vor- und
frhgeschichtlicher Friedhof im Nildelta II, Grber 115-204. Mainz am Rhein:
Von Zabern.
Midant-Reynes, B. et al. 2004. Kom el-Khilgan: a new site of the predynastic period
in Lower Egypt: the 2002 campaign. In S. Hendrickx et al. (eds.) Egypt at its
Origins. Leuven: Peeters, 465-486.
Petrie, W.M.F., Wainwright, G.A., and MacKay, E. 1912. The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and
Mazghunah. Egyptian Research Account 21. London: British School of
Archaeology in Egypt and Quaritch.
Scharff, A. 1926. Die Archologischen Ergebnisse des vorgeschichtlichen
Grberfeldes von Abusir el-Meleq. Nach den Aufzeichnungen Georg Mllers.
Leipzig: J.C. Heinrichs.

Nile valley
Adams, B. 1987. The Fort Cemetery at Hierakonpolis: Excavated by John Garstang.
London, New York: Kegan Paul International.
Adams, B. 2000. Excavations in the Locality 6 Cemetery at Hierakonpolis. Oxford:
British Archaeological Reports. (and see also: Adams, B. 2001. Locality 6 in
2000: amazing revelations. NN 13: 4-7)
Ayrton, E.R. and Loat, W.L.S. 1911. Pre-Dynastic Cemetery at El Mahasna. Egypt
Exploration Fund 31. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Ayrton, E.R., Currely, C.T. and Weigall, A.E.P. 1904. Abydos, Part III. London: Egypt
Exploration Fund.
Brunton, G. 1937. Mostagedda and the Tasian Culture. British Museum Expeditions
to Middle Egypt 1928, 1929. London: Quaritch.
Brunton, G. 1948. Matmar. British Museum Expeditions to Middle Egypt, 1929-1931.
London: Quaritch.
54
Brunton, G. and Caton-Thompson, G. 1928. The Badarian Civilization and Prehistoric
Remains near Badari. British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian
Research Account 46. London: Quaritch.
Crubzy, E., Janin, T., Midant-Reynes, B. 2002. Adama 2. La ncropole
prdynastique. Cairo: Institut franais darchologie orientale.
Friedman, R.F., Maish, A., Fahmy, A.G., Darnell, J.C., and Johnson, E.D. 1999.
Preliminary report on field work at Hierakonpolis: 1996-1998. JARCE 36: 1-35.
Hoffman, M.A., Adams, B., Berger, M., el-Hadidi, M.N., Harlan, J.F., Hamroush, H.A.,
Lupton, C., McArdle, J., McHugh, W., Allen, R.O., and Rogers, M. 1982. The
Predynastic of Hierakonpolisan Interim Report. Oxford: Alden Press.
Lythgoe, A.M. and D. Dunham (1965) The Predynastic Cemetery N7000: Naga-ed-
Dr. Part IV. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. (and
see also:
Ucko, P.J. 1967. The predynastic cemetery N 7000 at Naga-ed-Dr. C 42: 345-53)
Mond, R.L. and Myers, O.H. 1937. Cemeteries of Armant I. Egypt Exploration Society
42. London: Egypt Exploration Society, Oxford University Press.
Peet, E. 1914. The Cemeteries of Abydos. Part II. 1911-1912. Egypt Exploration
Fund 34. London: Egypt Exploration Society.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1901. Diospolis Parva. The Cemeteries of Abadiyeh and Hu. 1898-
1899. Egypt Exploration Fund 20. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1902. Abydos. Part I. 1902. Egypt Exploration Fund 22. London:
Egypt Exploration Fund.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1903. Abydos. Part II. Egypt Exploration Fund 24. London: Egypt
Exploration Fund.
Petrie, W.M.F. and Quibell, J.E. 1896. Naqada and Ballas. Egyptian Research
Account 1. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Quaritch. (and
see: Baumgartel, E.J. 1970. Petries Naqada Excavation. A Supplement.
London: Quaritch.)
Randall-MacIver, D. and Mace, A.C. 1902. El Amrah and Abydos 1899-1901. Egypt
Exploration Fund 23. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Dynastic constructions of death: synthetic and interpretive studies
Baines, J. 1999. Forerunners of narrative biographies. In A. Leahy and J. Tait (eds.),
Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of H.S.Smith, 23-37. The Egypt
Exploration Society, Occasional Publications 13: London.
Bolshakov, A. 1997. Man and his Double in Egyptian Ideology of the Old Kingdom.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Eaton-Krauss, M. 1984. The Representation of Statuary in Private Tombs of the Old
Kingdom. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Fischer-Elfert, H.-W. 1998. Die Vision von der Statue im Stein: Studien zum
altgyptischen Mundffnungsritual. Heidelberg: Universittsverlag: C. Winter.
Frankfort, H. 1948b. Ancient Egyptian Religion: An Interpretation. New York:
Columbia University Press.
Kanawati, N. 1981. The living and the dead in Old Kingdom tombs scenes. Studien
zur altgyptischen Kultur 9: 213-25.
Taylor, J.H. 2001. Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum
Press.
Zandee, J. 1960. Death as an Enemy: According to Ancient Egyptian Conceptions.
(translated by W.F. Klasens). Leiden: Brill.

55
Location of the early royal cemeteries: the debate over Abydos and Saqqara
Brinks, J. 1979. Die Entwicklung der kniglichen Grabanlagen des Alten Reiches.
(Hildesheimer gyptologische Beitrge 10). Hildesheim: Gerstenberg.
Cervell Autuori, J. 2002. Back to the mastaba tombs of the First Dynasty: officials or
kings? In R. Pirelli (ed.) Egyptological Essays on State and Society. Naples:
Universit degli Studi di Napoli LOrientale, 29-61.
Emery, W.B. 1954. Great Tombs of the First Dynasty, II. London: Egypt Exploration
Society, 1-4.
Kaiser, W. 1969. Zu den kniglichen Talbezirken der 1. und 2. Dynastie in Abydos
und zur Baugeschichte des DjoserGrabmals. MDAIK 25: 1-21.
Kaiser, W. and Dreyer, G. 1982. Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im
frhzeitlichen Knigsfriedhof. 2. Vorbericht. MDAIK 38: 211-70. [see pp.241-
260]
Kemp, B.J. 1966. Abydos and the royal tombs of the First Dynasty. JEA 52: 13-22.
1967. The Egyptian 1
st
Dynasty royal cemetery. Antiquity 41: 22-32.
Lauer, J.-P. 1955. Sur le dualisme de la monarchie gyptienne et son expression
architecturale sous les premires dynasties. BIFAO 55: 153-71.
Lehner, E. 1998. Wege der architektonischen Evolution. Die Polygenese von
Pyramiden und Stufenbauten. Aspekte zu einer vergleichenden
Architekturgeschichte. Vienna: Phoibos.
OConnor, D. 2001. Pyramid origins: a new theory. In E. Ehrenberg (ed.), Leaving No
Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honour of
Donald P. Hansen, 169-82. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Smith, W.S. 1998. The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. 3
rd
ed., revised with
additions by W.K. Simpson. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 17-
18, 255, n.14.
Stadelmann, R. 1996. Origins and development of the funerary complex of Djoser. In
P. Der Manuelian and R. Freed (eds.) Studies in Honour of William Kelly
Simpson. (two volumes). Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 787-800.
Stadelmann, R. 1997. Die gyptischen Pyramiden: vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder.
3
rd
ed. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.

Monumental mortuary complexes of the earliest dynasties

General
Dodson, A. 1996. The mysterious Second Dynasty. KMT 7 (2): 19-31.
Edwards, I.E.S. 1971. The Early Dynastic period in Egypt. In I.E.S. Edwards, C.J.
Gadd, N.G.L. Hammond (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 1,
Part 2. Early History of the Middle East, 1-70. (3
rd
ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Wilkinson, T.A.H. (1999) Early Dynastic Egypt. London: Routledge, 230-260.

Site reports and analyses by site and region:
Nile Valley
Abydos
Amlineau, E. 1899a. Les nouvelles fouilles dAbydos I (1895-1896). Paris: Ernest
Leroux.
1899b. Le Tombeau dOsiris. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
1902. Les nouvelles fouilles dAbydos II (1896-1897). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
1904. Les nouvelles fouilles dAbydos III (1897-1898). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
56
Kaiser, W. 1969. Zu den kniglichen Talbezirken der 1. und 2. Dynastie in Abydos
und zur Baugeschichte des DjoserGrabmals. MDAIK 25: 1-21.
Kemp, B.J. 1975. Abydos. In L I: 28-42.
Naville, H.E. 1914. The Cemeteries of Abydos. Part I. The Mixed Cemetery and
Umm El-Gaab. Egypt Exploration Fund 33. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
OConnor, D. 1987. The earliest pharaohs and the University Museum. Old and new
excavations: 1900-1987. Expedition 29 (1): 27-39.
1989. New funerary enclosures (Talbezirke) of the Early Dynastic period at Abydos.
JARCE 26: 51-86.
1991. Boat graves and pyramid origins. New discoveries at Abydos, Egypt.
Expedition 33 (3): 5-17.
1995. The earliest royal boat graves. Egyptian Archaeology 6: 3-7.
2001. Pyramid origins: a new theory. In E. Ehrenberg (ed.), Leaving No Stones
Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honour of Donald P.
Hansen, 169-82. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1900. The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty, I. Egypt Exploration
Fund 18. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1901a. The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties, II. Egypt
Exploration Fund 21. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Petrie, W.M.F. 1925. Tombs of the Courtiers and Oxyrhynkos. London: British School
of Archaeology in Egypt.
Wilkinson, T.A.H. 1993. The identification of Tomb B1 at Abydos: refuting the
existence of a king *Ro/*Iry-Hor. JEA 79: 241-3.

Hierakonpolis
Alexanian, N. 1998. Die Reliefdekoration des Chasechemui, aus dem sogenannten
Fort in Hierakonpolis. In N. Grimal (ed.), Les critres de datation stylistiques
lAncien Empire, 1-21, pls.1-8.
Friedman, R.F. 1999a. Investigations in the Fort of Khasekhemwy. NN 11: 9-12.
1999b. The magnetic anomalies near the Fort. NN 11: 15-16.
Garstang, J. 1907. Excavations at Hierakonpolis, at Esna, and in Nubia. ASAE 8:
132-48.
Herbich, T. and Friedman, R. 1999. The geophysical survey. NN 11: 17.
Kemp, B.J. 1963. Excavations at Hierakonpolis Fort, 1905: a preliminary note. JEA
49: 24-8, pls. 4-5.
Lansing, A. 1935. The Museums excavation at Hierakonpolis. Supplement to the
Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 30 (11): 37-45.
Raue, D. 1999. Pottery from the Hierakonpolis Fort. NN 11: 13.

Naqada
Bagh, T. 2004. First Dynasty jewellery and amulets: finds from the royal Naqada
tomb. In S. Hendrickx et al. (eds.) Egypt at its Origins. Leuven: Peeters, 591-
606.
Kahl, J. 2001b. Die Funde aus dem Menesgrab in Naqada: ein Zwischenbericht.
MDAIK 57: 171-85.
Kahl, J. 2001c. Vergraben, verbrannt, verkannt und vergessen. Funde aus dem
Menesgrab. Mnster: Linden.
de Morgan, J. 1897. Recherches sur les origines de lgypte, II. Ethnographie
prhistorique, et, Tombeau royal de Ngadah. Paris: Ernest Leroux.

57
Memphis region:
Abu Rawash
Klasens, A. 1957. The excavations of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities at Abu-
Roash: report of the first season: 1957. Part I. Oudheidkundige Mededelingen
uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden 38: 58-68.
1958. The excavations of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities at Abu-Roash: report of
the second season: 1957. Part II. Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het
Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden 39: 20-31.
1958b. The excavations of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities at Abu-Roash: report of
the second season: 1958. Part I. Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het
Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden 39: 32-55.
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60
8 Object categories across the time. Change and transformation in late
Middle Kingdom funerary practices, 05.03.2013 (GM)
In archaeology appearance or disappearance of object categories across time might
reveal social internal and external changes. Moreover, it can also mirror wider
mechanisms of social transformation and cultural transmission. Changing categories
and types in archaeology is not simply due to the process of time but in selected
cases it might stress new attitudes of a new combined society.
The case-studies proposed in this seminar focus on the funerary practices in early-
late Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period burials in Egypt (2000-1550
BC). We will consider here three categories of objects which feature three different
blocks of time corresponding to distinctive concepts nurtured inside the society itself:
wooden estate models-early Middle Kingdom / faience figurines-late Middle Kingdom
/ rishi coffins-Second Intermediate Period. The lapse of time is deliberately wide to
allow the potential to investigate a broader period where tradition, change and
innovation are clearly perceivable. In the selected lapse of time, the emerging and
the disappearance of object categories reveals a deeper and more critical turning
point in the history of a society and discloses a culture with new attitudes, new
performers, and new customs; a society emerging or regenerating either after a
period of crisis or collapse (political changes) or at contact with different
regional/ethnic cultures (external links).
The final aim is to demonstrate to what extent archaeological evidence can reveal the
way of transmission of innovations across society and time.

Essential
Baines, J. and P. Lacovara 2002. Burial and the dead in ancient Egyptian society:
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Period Egypt, GHP Egyptology 17, London. Chapter 1: The transitional phase
from late Middle Kingdom to the Second Intermediate Period: 1-22.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 MIN.
Miniaci, G and S. Quirke 2009. Reconceiving the Tomb in the Late Middle Kingdom.
The Burial of the Accountant of the Main Enclosure Neferhotep at Dra Abu al-
Naga, Bulletin de l'Institut Franais d'Archologie Orientale; BIFAO 109:
especially p. 357 - 383. INST ARCH Pers

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Weeks, K. R., Tombs: An Overview, 418-425
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Selected cemetery publications (see session 6 for tomb decoration)
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Brunton, G. 1948. Matmar. On permanent loan to Petrie Museum, ask there.
Engelbach, R. 1923. Harageh. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 30 [28]; ISSUE DESK IOA ENG 2 Summary and
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around 1800 BC. London: Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLGY E 7 GRA
Garstang, J. 1907. The burial customs of ancient Egypt as illustrated by tombs of the
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(eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles.
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/70g428wj
Tailor, J. 2008. Changes in the afterlife. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian Archaeology,
220-240. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Theben Mapping Project (including Valley of the Kings), headed by Kent Weeks:
http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/
Wilkinson, T. A. H. 1996. State formation in Egypt: Chronology and society. Oxford:
Archaeopress. B 11 WIL, INST ARCH DCA 100 WIL
Wegner, J. 2009. A Decorated Birth-Brick from South Abydos: New Evidence on
Childbirth and Birth Magic in the Middle Kingdom. In D.P. Silverman, W.K.
Simpson, Jo. Wegner (eds.), Archaism and Innovation: Studies in the Culture
of Middle Kingdom Egypt, New Haven-Philadelphia, p. 447-96.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20 SIL
66
Willems, H. 1988. Chests of life. A study of the typology and conceptual development
of Middle Kingdom standard class coffins. Leiden: Ex oriente lux.
EGYOPTOLOGY E 7 WIL
Willems, H. 1996. The coffin of Heqata (Cairo JdE 36418): A case study of Egyptian
funerary culture of the early Middle Kingdom. Leuven: Peeters.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 WIL
Willems, H. (ed.) 2001. Social aspects of funerary culture in the Egytian [sic] Old and
Middle Kingdoms. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 WIL
Willems, H. 1997. The Embalmer Embalmed. Remarks on the Meaning and
Decoration of Some Middle Kingdom Coffins. In J. van Dijk (ed.), Essays on
Ancient Egypt in Honour of Herman te Velde, Egyptological Memoirs 1,
Groningen, p. 343-372. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 VEL
Willems, H. 2008. Les Textes des Sarcophages et la dmocratie. lments d'une
histoire culturelle du Moyen Empire gyptien. Quatre confrences prsentes
l'cole Pratique des Hautes tudes. Section des Sciences religieuses, Paris.
EGYPTOLOGY V 50 WIL
Williams, B. 1975. The Date of Senebtisi at Lisht and the Chronology of Major
Groups and Deposits of the Middle Kingdom, Serapis 3, p. 41-55. INST
ARCH PERS
Zitman, M. 2010. The necropolis of Assiut: A case study of local Egyptian funerary
culture from the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom. 2 vol.s.
Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 ZIT

Funerary archaeology: Theory
Brown, J. (ed.), Approaches to the social dimensions of mortuary practices.
Menasha: Society for American Archaeology. (especially Binford Mortuary
practices: their study and potential, 6-29). INST ARCH BD BRO; ISSUE DESK
IOA BRO 5
Carr, C. 1995. Mortuary practices: Their social, philosophical-religious, circumstantial
and physical determinants. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2:
105-199. Available through SFX
Chapman, R. and I. Kinnes, K. Randborg (eds.) 1981. The archaeology of death.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 Qto CHA;
ISSUE DESK IOA CHA 7
Gordon, F. M., (ed.) 2005. Interacting with the dead. Perspectives on mortuary
archaeology for the new millennium. Gainesville: University Press of Florida
2005. INST ARCH AH RAK
Metcalf, P. and R. Huntington 1979. Celebrations of death: The Anthropology of
Mortuary Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Science Library
ANTHROPOLGY D 155 HUN
Parker Pearson, M. 1993. The powerful dead: Archaeological relationships between
the living and the dead. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3 (2) 203-29.
Available through SFX
Parker Pearson, M. 1999. The archaeology of death and burial. Stroud: Sutton. INST
ARCH AH PAR; ISSUE DESK IOA PAR 8
Rakita, G., and J. Buikstra, L. Beck, S. Williams (eds) 2001. Interacting with the
Dead: Perspectives on Mortuary Archaeology for the New Millennium.
Gainesville: University Press of Florida. INST ARCH AH RAK
Tainter, J. 1978. Mortuary practices and the study of prehistoric social systems. In
Schiffer, M. (ed.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1. INST
67
ARCH PERS and online available through SFX (edited issue of a periodical,
search for periodical Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory)
Ucko, P. 1969. Ethnography and the archaeological interpretation of funerary
remains. World Archaeology 1: 262-90. Available through SFX

68
9 Rewriting the history of Dark Ages: the apparent continuity of the
Third Intermediate Period, 12.03.2013 (GM)

During the Third Intermediate Period the mortuary landscape and funerary cult
changed drastically, involving a transformation of conception/perception of most of
the items equipping a burial. The disorder recorded in late New Kingdom (internal
and external) had produced a sense of historical insecurity and uncertainty which
became mirrored in burial customs. As a result of this significant change in
conception, objects of burial equipment underwent visible transformations in use,
ideology, and production: from tomb to coffins, from funerary rituals to protective
meaning of items placed in the equipment, from material to ideology.
In this seminar the case study of shabti statuettes, the servant of the deceased, will
be analysed, tracing their process of depersonalisation during the Third
Intermediate Period: the transformation of the shabti statuette from a representation
of the deceased to simple worker or servant, passing from a long interregnum when
statuettes represented contemporaneously both the deceased and the worker. The
case of shabti statuettes mirrors the historical and archaeological changes in the
Third Intermediate Period, assumed as unexpected but actually result of a long
period of development (mainly not apparent).
The aims of this seminar are: to understand the pattern of (apparent) continuity and
change in the history/archaeology of the Third Intermediate Period; to interlink the
new perception of historical implications (political instability, external invasions) with
new cultural conception mirrored in the change of burial customs; to determine new
levels of comprehension for dark ages of a civilization.


Essential
Aston, D. 2009. Changes in Tomb Groups Through Time. In D. Aston, Burial
assemblages of dynasty 21-25: chronology, typology, developments, 391-400.
Vienna: Verlag der sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7AST
Ritner, R. 2009. Fragmentation and Re-integration in the Third Intermediate Period.
In G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demare, and O.E. Kaper (eds.)., The Libyan period
in Egypt: historical and cultural studies into the 21st-24th dynasties:
proceedings of a conference at Leiden University, 25-27 October 2007 Leiden:
Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 327-340. Leuven: Peeters.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 BRO
Taylor, J.H. 2010. Changes in Afterlife. In W. Wendrich (ed.), Egyptian Archaeology,
226-236. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN


Dark Ages and History Writing
Moreland, J. 2010. Belief and Belonging in the Early Middle Age. In Moreland J.,
Archaeology, theory and the Middle Ages: understanding the early medieval
past, London: Duckworth, p. 1-36 (INST ARCH DA 180 MOR)
Buren, M. van 2000. Political Fragmentation and Ideological Continuity in the Andean
Highlands. In J. Richards, M. van Buren (eds.), Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth
in Ancient States, Cambridge, p. 77-87. INST ARCH BC 100 RIC
Kolata, A. L. 2010. Before and After Collapse: Reflections on the Regeneration of
Social Complexity. In G.M. Schwartz, J.J. Nichols, After Collapse. The
69
Regeneration of Complex Society, 208-221. Breinigsville. INST ARCH BD
SCH
Parker Pearson, M. 1982. Mortuary Practices, Society, and Ideology: An
Ethnoarchaeological Study. In I. Hodder (ed.), Symbolic and Structural
Archaeology, 99-113. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press INST ARCH
AH HOD
Schwartz, G.M. 2010. From Collapse to Regeneration. In G.M. Schwartz, J.J.
Nichols (eds.), After Collapse. The Regeneration of Complex Society,
Breinigsville 2010, p. 3-17. INST ARCH BD SCH

Burial practices during the Third Intermediate Period
Aston, D. 1994. The Shabti Box: A Typological Study. OMRO 74: 21-54. INST ARCH
PERS
Aston, D. 1999. Elephantine XIX. Pottery from the Late New Kingdom to the Early
Ptolemaic Period. Archologische Verffentlichungen 95, Mainz: Zabern.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 60 [95]
Aston, D. 2009. Burial assemblages of dynasty 21-25: chronology, typology,
developments. Vienna: Verlag der sterreichischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 AST
Betr, M., Del Vesco, P., Miniaci, G. (eds.), 2009. Seven seasons at Dra Abu el-
Naga. The tomb of Huy (TT 14): preliminary results, Progetti 3. Pisa: PLUS
Pisa University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 BET
Budka, J. 2010. Bestattungsbrauchtum und Friedhofsstruktur im Asasif: eine
Untersuchung der sptzeitlichen Befunde anhand der Ergebnisse der
sterreichischen Ausgrabungen in den Jahren 1969-1977. Vienna: Verlag der
sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS
E 7 BUD
Cooney, K.M. 2007. The cost of death: the social and economic value of ancient
Egyptian funerary art in the Ramesside period, Leiden: Nederlands Instituut
voor het Nabije Oosten. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20 COO
Daressy, M.G. 1900. Les spultures des prtres dAmmon Deir el-Bahari. ASAE 1:
141-148. INST ARCH PERS
Daressy, M.G. E. Smith, 1903. Overture des momies provenant de la seconde
trouvaille de Deir el-Bahari. ASAE 4: 150-160. INST ARCH PERS
Daressy, M.G. 1907, Les cercueils des prtres dAmmon (Deuxime trouvaille de
Deir el-Bahari). ASAE .8: 3-38. INST ARCH PERS
Dunham, D. 1955. The Royal Cemeteries of Kush II. Nuri. Boston: Museum of Fine
Arts. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 DUN
Edwards, I.E.S. 1971. Bill of sale for a set of ushabtis. JEA 57: 120-124. INST ARCH
PERS
Hastings, E.A. 1997. The sculpture from the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North
Saqqra, 1964-76, London: Egypt Exploration Society. EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS E 42 [61]
Montet, P. 1951. La ncropole royale de Tanis II. Les constructions et le tombeau de
Psusenns a Tanis, Paris: no publisher. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100
MON
Niwinski, A. 1988. 21st dynasty coffins from Thebes: chronological and typological
studies. Mainz am Rhein: Zabern. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 THE
Perz Die, C. 2009. The Third Intermediate Period Necropolis at Hierakonpolis
Magna. In G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demare, and O.E. Kaper (eds.)., The
70
Libyan period in Egypt: historical and cultural studies into the 21st-24th
dynasties: proceedings of a conference at Leiden University, 25-27 October
2007, 302-326. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 BRO
Poole, F. 1998. Slave or Double? A Reconsideration of the Conception of the Shabti
in the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period. In C.J. Eyre (ed.),
Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists,
Cambridge, 3-9 September 1995, Leuven), 893-901. Leuven: Peeters
Publishers. ISSUE DESK IOA INT 1
Raven M.A. 1978-79. Papyrus-sheaths and Ptah-Sokar-Osiris Statues. OMRO 59-
60: 251-296. INST ARCH PERS
Schneider, H. 1977. Shabtis. An introduction to the history of Ancient Egyptian
Funerary Statuettes with a Catalogue of the Collection of Shabtis in the
National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden, Leiden. EGYPTOLOGY M 10 SCH
Taylor, J.H. 2003. Theban coffins from the Twenty-second to Twenty-sixth Dynasty:
dating and synthesis of development. In N.C. Strudwick and J.H. Taylor (eds),
The Theban Necropolis. Past, Present and Future, 95-121. London: British
Museum. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 100 STR
Taylor, J.H. 2009. Coffins as Evidence for a North-South Divide in the 22nd - 25th
Dynasties. In G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demare, and O.E. Kaper (eds.), The
Libyan period in Egypt: historical and cultural studies into the 21st-24th
dynasties: proceedings of a conference at Leiden University, 25-27 October
2007, 375-416. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 BRO
Taylor, J. 2000. The Third Intermediate Period (1069-664 BC). In I. Shaw (ed.), The
Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, 324-363. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA
Taylor, J.H. 2001. Patterns of colouring on ancient Egyptian coffins from the New
Kingdom to the Twenty-sixth Dynasty: an overview. In Davies W.V. (ed.),
Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt, 164-181. London: British Museum.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 20 DAV
Walsem, R. van 1997. The Coffin of Djedmonthuiufankh in the National Museum of
Antiquities at Leiden. Technical and Iconographic/Iconological Aspects,
Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 WAL

The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt

Boardman J. 1980. The Greeks Overseas: their early colonies and trade. 4
th
edition.
London: Thames and Hudson. YATES A 24 BOA
Bonnet, C. 2000. The Nubian Pharaohs. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 BON
Bonnet, C., Valbelle, D. 2006. The Nubian pharaohs: Black kings on the Nile. Cairo:
American University in Cairo Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 120 BON
Fazzini, R.A. 1988. Egypt Dynasty XXII-XXV. Leiden. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 FAZ
Gasse, A. 1988. Donnes Nouvelles administratives et sacerdotales sur
lorganisation du domanine dAmon, XXE-XXIE dynasties, la lumire des
papyrus Prachov, Reinhardt et Grundbuch (avec dition princeps des papyrus
Louvre AF 6345 e 6346-7). Cairo: IFAO. STORE 07-0810
Goedicke, H. 1998. Pi(ankh)y in Egypt: a study of the Pi(ankh)y Stela. Baltimore:
Halgo. EGYPTOLOGY T 30 GOE
71
Goma, F. 1974. Die libyschen Frstentmer des Deltas: vom Tod Osorkons II bis
zur Wiedervereinigung gyptens durch Psametik I. Wiesbaden.
EGYPTOLOGY T 6 GOM
Graefe E. 1981. Untersuchungen zur Verwaltung und Geschichte der Institution der
Gottesgemahlin des Amun vom Beginn des Neuen Reiches bis zur Sptzeit,
Band 1, Katalog und Materialsammlung. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS R 5 GRA
Hollender, G. 2009. Amenophis I. und Ahmes Nefertari. Untersuchungen zur
Entwicklung ihres Kultes anhand der Privatgrber der thebanischen
Nekropole, Berlin-New York: de Gruyter. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 12
HOL
Jansen-Winkeln, K. 1994. Text und Sprache in der 3. Zwischenzeit: Vorarbeiten zu
einer sptmittelgyptischen Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS V 7 EIC
Jansen-Winkeln, K. 2007. Inschriften der Sptzeit. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS T 5 JAN
Kitchen, K. A. 1986. The third intermediate period in Egypt (1100-650 B.C.), 2nd ed.
with suppl. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 KIT
Kitchen, K. 2009. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt: An Overview of Fact &
Fiction. In G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demare, and O.E. Kaper (eds.), The
Libyan period in Egypt: historical and cultural studies into the 21st-24th
dynasties: proceedings of a conference at Leiden University, 25-27 October
2007, 161-202. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 BRO
Kruchten, J.-M. 1989. Les Annales des prtres de Karnak (XXI-XXIIIme dynasties)
et autres textes contemporains relatifs l'initiation des prtres d'Amon,
Leuven: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. EGYPTOLOGY V 50
KRU
Leahy, A. 1985. The Libyan Period in Egypt. An essay in interpretation, Libyan
Studies 16: 51-65. INST ARCH PERS
Myliwiec, K. 2000. The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E, London
Ithaca: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 MYS
Myliwiec, K. 2000. Royal portraiture of the dynasties XXI-XXX. Mainz am Rhein:
Zabern. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 20 MYS
Naguib, S-A. 1990. Le clerg fminin d'Amon thbain la 21e dynastie. Leuven.
EGYPTOLOGY R 5 NAG
Ritner, R. 2009. The Libyan Anarchy: Inscriptions From Egypt's Third Intermediate
Period. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. EGYPTOLOGY T 6 RIT

72
10 Appropriation of Christianity: Modelling culture breaks, 19.03.2012
(RB)
The history of Egypt has been divided into several sequences characterized by a
specific set of ideological or religious features: the transition from prehistory to
Pharaonic Egypt, from Pharaonic to Hellenistic Egypt, from Hellenistic to Christian
Egypt, from Christian to Arab Egypt, and from medieval to modern Egypt, to name
just some of the most common divisions being made. Periodization of history needs a
clear understanding of the purposes and criteria used, and affords a model
explaining the transition from one to another period. The break between Hellenistic
and Christian Egypt, or the Roman and Byzantine period in Egypt, has been framed
in Western academic tradition as the victory of Christianity over paganism. Recent
research has rejected the model due to its obvious eurocentrism and introduced an
actor-based view on the Christianisation of Egypt. We will focus on the region of the
First Cataract where pagan cults were longer in use than anywhere else in Egypt and
discuss the model of appropriation. This is centred on the assumption that different
actors integrated Christian symbols or customs in different ways into their mindset
and chose deliberately among a variety of options, including Christian ones, those
that that suited them best.

Essential reading
Dijkstra, J. H. F. 2008. Philae and the end of ancient Egyptian religion: A regional
study fo religious transformations (298-642 CE), 1-42 and 339-249. Leuven:
Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY R 90 DIJ
Frijhoff, W. 1998. Foucault Reformed by Certeau: Historical Strategies of Discipline
and Everyday Tactics of Appropriation. Arcadia 33: 92-108. Available through
SFX

Appropriation and cultural hybridity
Ashley, K. M. and V. Plesch 2002. The cultural processes of appropriation. Journal
of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 32/1: 1-15. Available online
Burke, P. 2009. Cultural hybridity. Cambridge: Polity. Science Library GEOGRAPHY
H 20 BUR
Chartier, R. 1984. Culture as appropriation: popular culture uses in early modern
France. In Kaplan, S. L. (ed.), Understanding popular culture: Europe from the
Middle Ages to the nineteenth century, 229-254. Berlin, New York: Mouton.
School of Slavonic and East European Studies Library Misc.XVIII UND;
Science Library ANTHROPOLOGY D 6 KAP
Nelson, R. S. 2003. Appropriation. In Nelson, R. S. and R. Shiff (eds.), Critical terms
for Art History, 2
nd
edition, 160-173. Chicago, London: Chicago University
Press. Main Library ART BK NEL
Rogers, R. A. 2006. From Cultural Exchange to Transculturation: A Review and
Reconceptualization of Cultural Appropriation. Communication Theory 16:
474503. Available online through SFX
Schneider, T. 2003. Foreign Egypt: Egyptology and the concept of appropriation. In
Egypt and the Levant 13: 155-161. INST ARCH PERS
Wenke, R. 1995. Egyptology, anthropology, and the concept of cultural change. In:
Lustig, J. (ed.), Egyptology and Anthropology: A developing dialogue, 117-
136. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS

Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Egypt
73
Bagnall, R. S. 1993. Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 16 BAG
Bagnall, R. S. 2003. Later Roman Egypt: Society, religion, economy and
administration. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 BAG
Bagnall, R. S. (ed.) 2007. Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300-700. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 17 BAG
Bagnall, R. S. and C. Rathbone (eds.) 2004. Egypt from Alexander the Great to the
Copts: An archaeological and historical guide. London: British Museum Press.
British Museum Library, Ancient Egypt and Sudan, Standard Shelving JA.EGY
Bowersock, G. W. 1990. Hellenism in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. Main Library ANCIENTHISTORY P 6 BOW
Bowmann, A. K. 1996. Egypt. In Bowman, A. K. and E. Champlin, A. W. Lintott
(eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History 10, 2
nd
edition, 676-702. Cambridge:
Cabmridge University Press. Main Library ANCIENT HISTORY A 5 CAM
Bowmann, A. K. 1996 [1986, 1990]. Egypt after the Pharaohs: 332 BC AD 642 from
Alexander to the Arab Conquest. London: British Museum Press.
EGYPTOLOLGY B 5 BOW
Eddy, S. K. 1961. The king is dead: Studies in the Near Eastern resistance to
Hellenism 334-31 BC. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Main Library
ANCIENT HISTORY B 57 EDD
Frankfurter, D. 2000. The consequences of Hellenism in late antique Egypt: religious
worlds and actors. Archiv fr Religionsgeschichte 2.2: 162-194. Holding in
London?
Johnson, J. H. (ed.) 1992. Life in a multicultural society: Egypt from Cambyses to
Constantine and beyond. Chicago: Oriental Institute. EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS A 6 DEM
Kasher, A. 1985. The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: The struggle for equal
rights. Tbingen: C. B. Mohr. Main Library HEBREW FS 11 KAS
Locher, J. 1999. Topographie und Geschichte der Region am ersten Nilkatarakt in
griechisch-rmischer Zeit. Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner. EGYPTOLOGY T 20 LOC
Vandorpe, K. 2010. A successful, but fragile biculturalism: The Hellenization process
in the Upper-Egyptian town of Pathyris und Ptolemy VI and VIII. In Quack, J.
and A. Jrdens (eds.), gypten zwischen innerem Zwist und uerem Druck:
Die Zeit Ptolemaios VI. Bis VIII. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. British Museum
Library, Egapt and Sudan, Standard Shelving Location SERIES: PHILLIPIKA
45
Ward-Perkins, B. 2003. Reconfiguring sacred space: From pagan shrines to
Christian churches. In Brand, G. and H.-G. Severin (eds.), Die sptantike
Stadt und ihre Christianisierung, 285-290. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. INST
ARCH DA 170 BRA
Zaki, G. 2009. Le premier nome de Haute gypte du IIIe sicle avant J.-C. au VIIe
sicle aprs J.-C. daprs les soureces hiroglyphiques des temples
ptolmaques et romains. Turnhout: Brepols. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS T 30
ZAK

Egyptian Christianity
Cruz-Uribe, E. 2002. The death of Demotic at Philae: A study in pilgrimage and
politics. In Bcs, T. (ed.), A tribute to excellence: Studies in honor of Ern
Gal, Ulrich Luft and Lslo Trk, 163-184. Budapest: Universit Etvs
Lorand de Budapest. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 GAA
74
Dijkstra, J. 2004. A cult of Isis at Philae after Justinian? Reconsidering P. Cair.Masp.
I 67004. Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 146: 137-154. Available
online through SFX
Dijkstra, J. and von Dijk, M. (eds.) 2006. The encroaching desert: Egyptian
hagiography and the Medieval West. Leiden, Boston: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY R
90 DIJ
Frankfurter, D. 2008. The vitality of Egyptian images in late antiquity: Christian
memory and response. In Eliav, Y. and E. Friedland, S. Herbert (eds.), The
sculptural environment of the Roman Near East: Reflections on culture,
ideology, and power, 659-678. Leuven: Peeters. YATES M 50 ELI
Krause, M. (ed.) 1998. gypten in sptantik-christlicher Zeit: Einfhrung in die
koptische Kultur. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. EGYPTOLOGY R 90 KRA
Pearson, B. 2007. Earliest Christianity in Egypt: Further observations. In Goehring, J.
and Timbie, J. (eds.), The world of Egyptian Christianity: Language, literature,
and social context, 97-112. Washington: Catholic University of America Press.
EGYPTOLOGY R 90 GOE
Rutherford, I. 1998. Island of the extremity: Space, language, and power in the
pilgrimage traditions of Philae. In Frankfurter, D. (ed.), Pilgrimage and holy
space in late antique Egypt, 229-256. Leiden: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY R 90 FRA


75


4 ONLINE RESOURCES
The full UCL Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines are given here:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/marking.htm.
The full text of this handbook is available here (includes clickable links to Moodle and
online reading lists if applicable) http://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/archaeology/course-info/.

Moodle
The course is supported by the Moodle course ARCL1005 Introduction to Egyptian
Archaeology. The password is available through the course coordinator.

Online reading list
An online reading list is available through the Moodle Course and the online Course
description on.

Databases, online catalogues, open access resources, link lists
http://www.aigyptos.uni-muenchen.de/ Online bibliographic Database AIGYPTOS
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/database/index.shtml for access to the Online
Egyptological Bibliography (OEB). Click on link, then choose o in the alphabetical
list and scroll down the list until you find the database.
http://www.jstor.org/ Online Journal Storage (free access through SFX with UCL user
ID)
http://www.ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/ Portal for open access electronic
resources
http://petriecat.museums.ucl.ac.uk/ Online catalogue of the Petrie Museum
http://www.britishmuseum.org/ The British Museum
http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ Digital Egypt for univeristies run by UCL
http://www.uee.ucla.edu/ UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/er/index.html Comprehensive list of Egyptological
online resources run by the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge


5 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Libraries and other resources
Most of the books and articles recommended for reading are available in the library
of the Institute of Archaeology. Ask the course-coordinator for help if you cannot find
a book.
UCL libraries: http://library.ucl.ac.uk/
SOAS libraries: http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/
British Library: http://catalogue.bl.uk/
Senate House library: http://www.ull.ac.uk/
Egypt Exploration Society (for members only): http://library.ees.ac.uk/

Attendance
A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please
notify the lecturer by email. Departments are required to report each students
attendance to UCL Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term.

76
Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should collect hard copy of the
Institutes coursework guidelines from Judy Medringtons office.

Dyslexia
If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this.
Please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help
you. Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of
coursework.

Feedback
In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from
students during the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on
the course in an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last
sessions of the course. These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the
Course Co-ordinator to develop the course. The summarised responses are
considered by the Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching
Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.

If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able
to talk to the Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should
consult their Personal Tutor, the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the
Chair of Teaching Committee (Dr. Katherine Wright).

Health and safety
The Institute has a Health and Safety policy and code of practice which provides
guidance on laboratory work, etc. This is revised annually and the new edition will be
issued in due course. All work undertaken in the Institute is governed by these
guidelines and students have a duty to be aware of them and to adhere to them at all
times.


For a glossary of Types of Assessment with Learning Outcomes see the
Undergraduate Handbook