Servo Motor Control by using Microcontroller PIC16F877A

PIC16F877A is an easy micro controller for the beginners

Here in project:
1) How PIC switches servo motor forward and back ward
When we push one switch it goes to positive 90 degree , on second switch it moves backward to
negative 90 degree

a. MickroC PRO // for programming of MICRO CONTROLLER
b. Proteous 8 professional //For simulation of CKT and Design

BEST OF LUCK.
Eng. Mahmoud Abuzayed

Paso 1: R/C Servo Control
Theory

Servos designed for use in radio-controlled
airplanes, cars, and boats can be easily
interfaced to a PIC MCU. They are often
used for robots and applications where
simple mechanical movement is required.
This might be surprising because a
positional servo is considered to be an
analog device. The output of an RC servo
is usually a wheel that can be rotated from
0 to 90 degrees. (some servos can turn
from 0 to 180 and others have very high
torque outputs for special applications).
Typically, they only require +5 V, ground,
and an input signal.

An RC servo is an analog device; the input
is a PWM signal at digital voltage level.
This pulse is between 1.0 and 2.0 ms long
and repeats every 20 ms .The length of the
PWM pulse determines the position of the
servo's wheel. A 1.0-ms pulse will cause
the wheel to go to 0 degrees and a 2.0-ms
pulse will cause the wheel to go to 90
degrees.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is one
of the powerful techniques used in control
systems today. They are not only
employed in wide range of control
application which includes: speed control,
power control, measure and
communication.


Basic Principal of PWM

PWM is achieved with the help of a square
wave whose duty cycle is changed to get a
varying voltage output as a result of
average value of waveform. A
mathematical explanation of this is given
below:



Consider a square wave shown in the
figure above. Ton is the time for which the
output is high and Toff is the time for which
output is low. Let Ttotal be time period of
the wave such that,


Duty cycle of a square wave is defined as:

So you can see from the final equation the
output voltage can be directly varied by
varying the Ton value.

If Ton is 0, Vout is also 0.

If Ton is Ttotal then Vout is Vin or say
maximum.

Paso 2: PIC PWM Module




In Pulse Width Modulation mode, the
CCP1(RC2) pin produces up to a 10-bit
resolution PWM output. Since the CCP1
pin is multiplexed with the PORTC data
latch, the TRISC<2> bit must be cleared to
make the CCP1pin an output.
Figure below shows a simplified block
diagram of the CCP module in PWM mode.

A PWM output has a time-base (period)
and a time that the output stays high (duty
cycle). The frequency of the PWM is the
inverse of the period (1/period).

Paso 3: PWM PERIOD &
DUTY CYCLE
The PWM period is specified by writing to
the PR2 register. The PWM period can be
calculated using the following formula:

PWM period = [(PR2) + 1] 4 TOSC
(TMR2 prescale value)

PWM frequency is defined as 1 / [PWM
period]. When TMR2 is equal to PR2, the
following three events occur on the next
increment cycle:

TMR2 is cleared
The CCP1 pin is set (exception: if PWM
duty cycle = 0%, the CCP1 pin will not be
set)
The PWM duty cycle is latched from
CCPR1L into CCPR1H

The PWM duty cycle is specified by writing
to the CCPR1L register and to the
CCP1CON<5:4> bits. Up to 10-bit
resolution is available. The CCPR1L
contains the eight MSbs and the
CCP1CON<5:4> contains the two LSbs.
This 10-bit value is represented by
CCPR1L:CCP1CON<5:4>. The following
equation is used to calculate the PWM duty
cycle in time:

PWM duty cycle
=(CCPR1L:CCP1CON<5:4>) TOSC
(TMR2 prescale value)

SETUP FOR PWM OPERATION
The following steps should be taken when
configuring the CCP module for PWM
operation:
1. Set the PWM period by writing to the
PR2 register.
2. Set the PWM duty cycle by writing to the
CCPR1L register and CP1CON<5:4> bits.
3. Make the CCP1 pin an output by
clearing the TRISC<2> bit.
4. Set the TMR2 prescale value and
enable Timer2 by writing to T2CON.
5. Configure the CCP1 module for PWM
operation.

Paso 5: Code for PIC
16F877A
void main()
{
//int x = 125;
TRISC = (1<<3)|(1<<4) ; // configure
RC3 as input (1 for input and 0 for output)

PR2 = 0xFA; //oxFA for 250
(used to set time period)
CCPR2L = 125; // (used to set
duty cycle)
CCP2CON |= (1<<2)|(1<<3); //
select for PWM mode
T2CON |= (1<<2)|(1<<1); //
enabling timer 2, prescalar 16

while(1)
{

if(PORTC.F3==1) //
forward
{
// x=x+1
CCPR2L = 250+125; //
(used to set duty cycle)
T2CON |= (1<<2)|(1<<1); //
enabling timer 2, prescalar 16
}
if(PORTC.F4==1) // back
ward
{
// x=x-1
CCPR2L = 250-245; // (used
to set duty cycle)
T2CON |= (1<<2)|(1<<1); //
enabling timer 2, prescalar 16
}
delay_ms(100);
}
}