Diagnosis

of High Voltage Equipments

Suwarno
Institut Teknologi Bandung
2011
Beban (stress) yang penyebab penuaan
isolasi peralatan tegangan tinggi
Thermal
Temperatur maksimum,
gradien temperatur
Electrical
Tegangan/medan , arus,
frekuensi
Ambient
Kelembaban, gas, radiasi
UV, zat kimia
Mechanical
Kompresi, vibrasi
LifeExtension:maintenance,
repair
SAFETY
MARGIN
LEVEL
KRITIS
NORMAL PENURUNAN KINERJA GANGGUAN
WAKTU
GAGAL
Lifetime cycle
Maintenance Strategy
Breakdown maintenance
Time based maintenance (TBM)
Condition based maintenance (CBM)
Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)
Cable GIS Generator Transformer
Partial Discharge
Internal Surface Corona
Partial Discharge
PD Signal Sensor Application
Gelombang EM Elektroda UHF, Antena GIS, Switchgear,
Saluran udara
Tegangan dari
impuls arus
Coupling Capacitor Mesin listrik, kabel
Arus Impuls Transformator arus
frekuensi tinggi (HF CT)
Kabel, transformator
Suara/
Vibrasi
Sensor Ultrasonic (AE) Transformator, GIS
Cahaya Sensor Pockels
UV (Corona) camera
GIS , isolator,
transformator
Panas IR Camera Isolator, Mesin listrik
Partial Discharge
LATAR BELAKANG
Partial Discharge (PD) dapat muncul pada
isolasi padat
PD menyebabkan degradasi isolasi
Diagnosis kondisi
Bentuk gel. PD
1 10 ns
INS.
VOID
Elektron
Ion
Rangkaian ekivalen Void
Whitehead
Cm
Cg
Cb
ELEKTRODA
VOID
LDPE
ELEKTRODA
Munculnya Void
1. Fabrikasi : Cross Linking
2. Instalasi : jointing
3. Operasi: short circuit
Persamaan-persamaan
) ( ) ( t V x
C C
C
t V
b g
b
g
+
=
Muatan PD pada void : Q
g
= C
g
. V
g
b g
b g m b m g
a
b g
b g
m a
C C
C C C C C C
C
C C
C C
C C
+
+ +
=
+
+ =
.
Tegangan Void
Kapasitansi total
Discharges in gas
1 10 ns
INS.
VOID
Tegangan-arus PD
Hubungan tegangan arus
Quantities Sensor type Application
EM wave UHF Electrode, Antenna GIS, Switchgear, OH Lines
Voltage Coupling Capacitor Rotating Machines, Cables
Current RF CT Cable
Sound/Vibration Ultrasonic sensor (AE) Transformer, GIS
Light Pockels sensor GIS
PD Detection
Capacitive Detector of PD
}
=
t
d
d
dt t i
C
t V
0
) (
1
) (
R
k
C
p
R
d
C
d
V
d
C
a
Proportional to q
19
Spektrum Gelombang
Elektromagnetik
PD
Visual Electrical Discharge Activity Observations



Water Drop
Corona
Spot Corona /
Discharge
Dry Band Corona
Dry Band
Discharge

CoroCAM Mark I
Example: HV CABLE
1. Conductor
2. Conductor Screen
3. XLPE Insulation
4. Insulation Screen
5. Lead Alloy Sheath
6. Copper Screen
7. Water Blocking Tape
8. Bedding
9. Armouring
10. Outer Sheath
Protrusion
Void
Stator generator
PD Coupler
Overhead Lines & Outdoor insulators
Corona & surface discharges
Isolator surface discharge &
Flashover
Appearance of defects
1. Fabrication : Cross Linking
2. Installation : jointing
3. Operation: short circuit
c
ri
~ 2
Lines of electrical field
Semicon layer protrusion
(Stress concentration at the tip)
Void
(Field strength doubling)
Protrusion on the inner
semiconducting layer of an HV cable.
The electric strength at the tip of the
protrusion is estimated to be 1,100
kV/mm
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
d
r
V
E
m
4
ln
2
Local field enhancement
Em: maximum field
V : voltage
r : radius of protrusion
d: electrode separation
No treeing Early stage
Growing tree
DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICAL TREEING
Treeing equivalent circuit
(2.4)
( ) t V
C C
C
V
b g
b
g
+
~
( )
( )
dt
t dV
t V
C C
C C
R V
b g
b g
R
+
~
Energy released by a discharge
Heat
Light emission
Chemical
processes
Mechanical
waves
Discharge
Current in external
circuit
Elektromagnetic
radiation
Reference or Validation : CIGRE TF 15.01.04 paper 15-302 Paris Session 2000
Elektroda CIGRE II untuk Void
RANGKAIAN PENGUKURAN
PD
Detector
HV Source
Sample
Wave
detector
PD
Analyzer
TDS
Switch
PC
1. Osiloskop Digital TDS 220
2. Personal Computer Pentium II
3. RC Detector dan High Pass Filter
4. Arrester ( dipasang di channel 1 pada osiloskop )
PD pada Void rH 56 %
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Sudut Phasa [deg.]
M
u
a
t
a
n

P
D

[
p
C
]
56%.rH
PD pada Void rH 92%
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Sudut Phasa [deg.]
M
u
a
t
a
n

P
D

[
p
C
]
92%.rH
BESARAN PD
Muatan (q) [pC]
Sudut phasa terjadinya(u) [der.]
Banyaknya kejadian (n) [per siklus]
DISTRIBUSI PD
u-q-n
u-q
u-n
Muatan Maksimum
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Waktu [menit]
M
u
a
t
a
n

M
a
k
s
i
m
u
m

P
D

[
p
C
]
Pos Neg Pos. Neg.
Jumlah PD per siklus
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Waktu [menit]
J
u
m
l
a
h

p
u
l
s
a

P
D

p
e
r

s
i
k
l
u
s
Pos.
Neg.
[Pos.]
[Neg.]
Pengaruh tegangan thd q
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tegangan [kV rms]
M
u
a
t
a
n

P
D

M
a
k
s
i
m
u
m

[
p
C
]
Pos. Neg. [Pos.] [Neg.]
No Sumber PD
Waktu antar
Kejadian PD
Rata-rata (ms)
Polaritas
1 Pemohonan
Listrik 2
Positif
dan
Negatif
2
Void 0.4
Positif
dan
Negatif
3 Korona 0.1 Negatif
Tipikal karakteristik urutan waktu PD
Frekuensi PD
Muatan PD
Polaritas
Pengaruh tegangan sisa
Beberapa perbandingan
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
125


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
Inisiasi Aging Menjelang gagal
Electrical treeing mengeluarkan partial discharge
Pola Partial Discharge dapat menjadi indikasi
degradasi isolasi kabel
PD Parameters
Charge (q) [pC]
Phase of occrurrence(u) [deg.]
Number of envent (n) [per cycle]
PD Wave shape
PD distribution
u-q-n
u-q
u-n
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
a.Treeing
b. Void
c.Corona
Typical u-q-n patterns (a) treeing,
(b) void (c) corona
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
PD Pulse Sequence
Treeing
Void
Corona
Frequency of PD
PD Charge
Polarity
Effects of residual voltage
Statistical analysis
Trending
Analysis of PD data
Statatistical parameters
t
Nt
i
i
m
N
x
x

=
=
1
( )
t
Nt
i
m i
N
x x

=

=
1
2
2
o
( )

=
Nt
i
m i
k
x x
S
1
3
3
o
Mean
Variance
Skewness
Pulse Height freq distribution of Phase R
(example)
PD big enough
Positive PD dominant
semi conductive
coating/surface.
Pulse Height Chart frequency distribution
phase T (example)
Small PD
not
significant
NQN for phase R,S T at 13 kV
Qmax for phase R,S and T at 13 kV
PD Parameters
Conventional : Charge (q)[pC]
Modern
Chage (q) [pC]
Phase(u) [deg.]
Frequency (n) [per cycle]
DISTRIBUTION of PD
u-q-n
u-q
u-n
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
a.Treeing
b. Void
c.Korona
|-q-n patterns (a) Electrical treeing,
(b) void and (c) corona
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
PD Pulse sequence
Treeing
Void
Korona
Ilustrasi skewness
Sk = 0 Sk > 0 Sk < 0
Kurtosis
( )
3
4
1
4

=
o
Nt
i
m i
u
x x
K
Ku > 0 Ku = 0 Ku < 0
PD sources
Corona on conductor
Surface discharges
Streamer in liquid
Treeing PD
Void PD
-How to distinguish PD sources & interpret the
physical processes behind
|-q-n/|-n patterns, pulse-sequence and
waveshape
-The role of applied voltage : sinusoidal,
triangular, rectangular
n
|q-n , pulse sequence and pulse waveshape of corona
discharge
q ~ v(t) , unbalance , n ~ v(t), Townsend process
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
-20.0n 0.0 20.0n 40.0n 60.0n 80.0n 100.0n 120.0n
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Rise time = 6.4 ns
Width = 41 ns
P
D

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
m
A
)
Time (ns)
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
p
C
)
phase angle (deg)
Corona in air under sinusoidal voltage
|-q-n
|-n
Pulse
sequences
Corona in air under triangular
voltage
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
C
h
a
g
e

(
p
C
)
Phase angle (deg)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
P
D

n
u
m
b
e
r

(
a
.
u
.
)
Phase angle (deg)
Discharge magnitude as well as probability is
dependent on the instantaneous of the applied
voltage. Strongly unsymmetrical.
|-q-n
|-n
Streamer PD in Silicone oil of 100 cSt
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0.0 20.0n 40.0n 60.0n 80.0n 100.0n 120.0n
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
P
D

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
m
A
)
Time (s)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
P
D

n
u
m
b
e
r

(
a
.
u
.
)
Phase angle (deg)
Many
pulses
~ v
|-q-n
|-n
Pulse
sequences
streamer
|q-n , pulse sequence and pulse waveshape :q ~ v(t) ,
unsymmetrical , n ~ v(t), streamer process
|-q-n pulse sequences and |-n PD patterns of
streamer in silicone oil under triangular voltage
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-150
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
C
h
a
r
g
e

(
p
C
)
Phase angle(deg)
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
-150
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
C
h
a
r
g
e

(
p
C
)
Phase angle(deg)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
P
u
l
s
e

n
u
m
b
e
r

(

p
e
r

1
0
0

c
y
c
l
e
s
)
Phase angle (deg)
|-q-n
|-n
Pulse
sequences
|-q-n pulse sequences, pulse sequences, |-n PD
and waveforms patterns of treeing in LDPE under
sinusoidal voltage
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
125


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
-10.0n 0.0 10.0n 20.0n 30.0n 40.0n 50.0n
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
P
D

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
m
A
)
Time (s)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
P
D

n
u
m
b
e
r

(
a
.
u
)
Phase angle (deg)
~dv/dt
Few pulses
|-q-n
|-n
Pulse
sequences
|q-n , pulse sequence and pulse waveshape :q ~ v(t) ,
slightly unsymmetrical , n ~ dv/dt, streamer process
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
C
h
a
r
g
e

(
p
C
)
Phase angle (deg)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P
D

n
u
m
b
e
r

(
a
.
u
.
)
Phase angle (deg)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
C
h
a
r
g
e

(
p
C
)
Phase angle (deg)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
P
D

n
u
m
b
e
r

(
a
.
u
.
)
Phase angle (deg)
|-q-n and |-n PD patterns of treeing in LDPE
under triangular and rectangular voltages
|-q-n
|-q-n |-n
|-n
Void PD under sinusoidal voltage
-10.0n 0.0 10.0n 20.0n 30.0n 40.0n 50.0n 60.0n
-1
0
1
2
3
4
P
D

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
m
A
)
Time (s)
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75


P
D

C
h
a
r
g
e
[
p
C
]
Phase Angle [deg.]
|-q-n
Pulse
sequences
Townsend-
Streamer
Void PD under sinusoidal voltage
PD pattern is strongly dependent on the void
condition
|-q-n
Void under triangular voltage
At early stage q dependent on dv/dt but at
later stage the first PD pulses in each half
cycle the q dependent on v(t) but the
following pulses dependent on dv/dt
Condition Assessment
PD Parameter determination (|-Q-N, pulse
sequence etc)
Determination of critical values
Trending
Assessment of condition: interpolation,
pattern recognition (NN, ES etc)
Partial discharge location
in Generator
Pulse Height Chart : R
Large PD
Positive PD dominant
location: semiconductive
coating/surface. Slot
discharge or end turns.
Pulse Height Chart : S
Medium PD
Positive PD
Gambar 19: Kurva u-q-n fasa R
Gambar 19: Kurva u-q-n fasa S
Results for normal machines Un=21 kV
Green-positive pulses, Unit 3
Black-negative pulses, Unit 3
Red-positive pulses, Unit 4
Blue-negative pulses, Unit 4
Results for normal machine Un = 19 kV
Red-positive pulses, the first test
Blue-negative pulses, the first test
Green-positive pulses, the second test
Black-negative pulses, the second test
Yellow-positive pulses, the third test
Gray-negative pulses, the third test