Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ON THE
MICROSCOPE
rc
IFRT
NEWMAN
KENT
6
ON
THE
MICROSCOPE;
CONTAINING
A
PRACTICAL
MICROSCOPES:
THEIR
AN
DESCRIPTION
OF THE MOST
IMPROVED
H Y D R JE
A
and
V O R T I C E L L /E
OF
DESCRIPTION
Three Hundred
CATALOGUE
A
INTERESTING OBJECTS;
OF
VIEW
THE
of
ORGANIZATION
AND
CONFIGURATION
of
TIMBER,
the
THE
MICROSCOPE.
S,
..
By
G E O R G E
N D
a'
D A M
MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER to- His MAJESTY, and OPTICIAN to His ROYAL HIGHNESS the PRINCE of WALES.
Printed for the by ROBERT HINDMARSH, Printer to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, No. 32, ClerkenwellClose and Sold by the Author, at his Shop, Tycho Br auk's.
;
0 AUTHOR,
N:
Head, No.
60,
Fleet-Street.
MJXX.LXXXVII.
TO
THE
K
S
I
G.
R,
work
that tends to enlarge
EVERY
the
boundaries of fcience,
has
He
that
diffufes
inlets
fcience,
civilizes
man,
and
opens the
to
his
happinefs,
vi
D E D
all
A T
N.
of
knowledge*
By
fcience
truth
is
advanced;
and of Divine
Truth Kings
YOUR MAJESTY,
the
:
the
attention of the
is
in
we
find
and triumph
all
in the
:
bounty of the
Sovereign of
things
fmall manifeft to
and defign,
unaflifted
to
the
By
finding
D D
finding
all
CATION.
,
m
from
is
raifed
whole proceeds
originates
in
from the
wifdom
that
love.
It
was by
YOUR MAJESTY'S
I
goodnefs
firft
was
indu-
might thereby
the attainment of
jffi
DEDICATION.
It
is
to the
am
YOUR
MAJESTY'S
Moll humble,
Moll obedient,
GEORGE ADAMS.
PREFACE.
YN
JL
the
preface
to
I
Magnetism,
This
work
my
promife,
The
plain, in a familiar
are obtained
is
this fcience, fo
many
mfome
truths intended to
Jn
R E
A C
E.
mod improved
others which are in general ufe, are particularly defcribed; pains have been fpared to leffen the difficulty of obfervation,
no
and
defcription the relative advantages of each inftrument are briefly pointed out, to enabfe the reader to
;
felecl that
is
adapted to
his purfuits.
The method of
and the cautions neceflary to be obferved in the ufe of the microfcope, are the
fubject of the fourth chapter.
When
efTays, I
felftoa re-publication of
phia Illuftrata
tracts
;
my father's work, entitled, Micrografoon found that both his and Mr. Baker's,
Natural hiftory
much
when
they wrote
is is
To
I
which
now
eafily obtained,
we may, with
their errors
and imperfections.
their defects,
by arranging the
and
by
this
he
learn to difcriminate
one
infect
and
to*
and
As
cipal
branch of their
hiftory,
more
fo,
as
many
fchefe
P
Here
I
Ev
ta
intended to flop
I
feducing, that
was
led
on
to
defcribe
the
peculiar
and
little
creatures.
And
much
it
pleafure in
fhould
it
induce him
Swammerdam,
he
will
his purchafe,
and one of
my
warmeft
compiling
it
will
be
gratified.
have endeavoured
fome
but
in-
As
this
book
is
known
in
our country,
acceptable to
all
and
have, therefore,
{hews what
may be effected
of
this infecl.
when microfcopic
This
is
obfervation
is
objecls, of
afli fiance
of
glafles.
To
to give a fhort
and fome
ac-
is
are fo extraordinary,
to
be
as contrary to the
common
animal
life.
Indeed,
contemplate, without
aftonifh-
XII
Preface.
flips
may be
may
form
and yet
little
live,
act,
and per-
fpheres.
As nearly
has been
my
to
endeavour to
of
and
felect
that
is
known
and
in the
is,
From
it
was natural
in
to
proceed to the
animalcula which
be
found
it
vegetable infufions.
infinitely
no fpace deflitute of inhabitants, and are of immenfe fcale of beings than our conbeauty and proportion of organized texture
it
them
which
is
called-
enjoy.
have pointed
characters
that
it is
which
them
characters
prefumed are a
Buffon..
full confutation
Needham and
A fhort
fyftem of the laborious Muiler,* enlarging confiderably his description of thofe animalcula that are moft eafily
met
with, better
Tke
*'
Muller,
Animalcula. Infuforia^
Preface.
The
conftruction of timber, and the difpofition
is
xiii
of
it's
com-
confefiedly obfcure.
to the
The bed
treatise
on
this part
of vegeta-
that of
Arbres."
If either
I
my
time, or fituation in
;
mitted
it,
bufineis
and
mould have followed his plan but being confined to to London, I can only recommend it to thofe
who
purfue
this
There
is
no
in nature,
all
dom is rich in microfcopic beauties, from the ftatelieft tree of the foreft, from the cedar of Lebanon, to the lowlieR mofs, and the
fryffop that fpringeth out
of the wall,
all
confpiring to fay
how
much is hid from the natural fight of man, how little can be known till it receives affiftance, and is benefited by adventitious
aid.
From the
texture of vegetables,
we proceed
to the mineral
falts
kingdom, and
faline
and
fub-
which they arrange themfelves under the eye, after having been
feparated by diffolution
:
it
were upon
fomgj
different
xiv
Preface
figure peculiar
fome other
to
itfelf,
Though
all
human mind, or fuch it's inattention to what is obvious, that among the purchafers of microfcopes many have complained that they knew not what fubthe indolence of the
jects to
examination.
given, which
is
To
is
here
few
infects,
and other objects, which could not be conveniently introduced in By this catalogue it is hoped that the the foregoing chapters.
ufe of the microfcope will be extended, and the path of obfervation facilitated.
To
of the authors
at very diftant
As my
extracts were
made
periods,
it
for
me
to
remember to
whom
tion.
I
It
was indebted
new
fact,
or ingenious obferva-
which
The
plates
but as
it is
the opinion of
many of my
friends
by
and leave
them
to his
own
mind.
A List
XV
Adams.
Micrographia
Illuftrata
or,
the
Microfcope
Explained.
The
"
Employment
An
London, 1743.
Barbut..
4to.
London, 1781,
Berkenhout.
Bonnani..
London, 17%.
quae
in
Obfervatioa.es
circa
Viventia,.
Rebus
-
Non
Viventibus
Reperiuntur, &c.
4to.
1691.
4to.
Bonnets
et
de Philofophie.
9 torn.
Neufchatel, 1779.
Brand".
&c.
8vo.
London, 1781.
Brookes
o
London, 1778.
-
Curtis.
London*
Cyclopaedia,
By
Dr. Rees.
Folio;
London, 1786.
4to. 7 torn.
De
Geer.
Memoires pour
Infedes.
1752.-
Derham.
Phyfico-Theology.
8vo.
London, 1732..
Paris,
Buhamel du Monceau..
La
1757.
Ellis-
Xvl
Ellis.
List of Authors,
Zoophytes,
Sec.
4to.
by Dr. Solander.
10 vols.
4to,
Encyclopaedia Britannica.
4to.
Edinburgh, 1778
Fabricius.,
Philofophia Entomologica.
8vo.
GeofFroy.
Hiftdire
Abregee des
Infectes.
4to.
Paris,
1764,
Gleichen.
le
.,
77
Goldfmith.
8vo.
London, 1774
London, 1682,
Grew.
Hedwig.
Anatomy
of Plants.
Folio.
Theoria Generationis
carum.
et Fructifkationis
de Plantarum Cryptogami
Peterfb.
1784
Hill.
Hiftory of Animals.
Folio.
Society. 4to.
London, 1752.
-
London, 1751
8vo.
177.0.
The
. 1
London,
8vo.
London, 1752.
London,, 1665.
Hooke.
Micrographia.
Folio,
4to.
London, 1678.
4:0,
Joblot.,.
2
Journal de Phyfique,
Jones.
torn.
Paris.
par Rozier,
&c.
A Courfe of Lectures
Scriptures.
8vo.
178-7.
Ledermuller.
Amufemens Microfcopiques.
vols.
4to.
Leeuweru
1ST
of Authors,
4to.
410.
Sec.
XVII
Leeuwenhoek.
Arcana Naturae.
Opera Omnia.
1722.
Linnasus.
Syftema Naturae.
8vo.
Lyonet.
LefiFer.
2 torn. 8vo.
La Haye,
1742.
le bois
de faule. 410.
Macquer.
Dictionary of Chemiftry.
London, 1777.
Lugduni Bat. 1687.
Malphigi
Opera.
4to.
Martin,
Micrographia Nova.
Optical
4to.
Reading, 1742.
E flays.
8vo.
London.
Mullcr.
Animalcula Infuforia
Fluviatilia et
Needham.
Pallas.
8vo.
London, 1745.
Hagae Comit. 1766.
Philofophical
Tranfaflions.
Power.
Microfcopical Obfervations.
4to.
1664,
Prieftley
4to.
London, 1772.
Infe&es.
8vo.
Reaumur.
Memoires
.pour fervir
a.
l'Hiftoire des
Amfterdam, 1737.
Hedi.
De
Infe&is.
1671,
Roefel.
Infelen Beluftigung,
Rutherforth.
Natural Philofophy.
2 vols,
4*0,
Cambridge, 1748.
Schirach.
XV1U
List of Authors,
&c.
Schirach,
la
Haye, ijyt.
Smith.
Optics.
2 vols.
4to.
Cambridge, 1738.
Spalanzani.
&
Vegetale,
Geneva, 1777.
Stillingfleet.
Mifcellaneous Trails.
8vo.
London, 1762.
London, 1758.
Swammerdam.
Swedenborg.
The Book of
Folio.
Amsterdam, 1743.
Trembley.
Memoires pour
fervir
Lyon, 1776
ADVERTISEMENT.
Lately publifhed, in one Volume, Bvo.
An
ESSAY
applying
it
on
ELECTRICITY;
;
and the
Mode
of
Medical Purpofes.
To which
is
added
An
ESSAY
The Third
on
MAGNETISM.
By
GEORGE ADAMS,
Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wales.
No.
60, Fleet-Street,
Speedily will he
publi/bed, by the
fame Author
CONTAINING
I.
An
Introduction to Aftronomy.
the Ufe of
the
II.
On
The
Globes,
in
at prefent
made Ufe
III.
of, will
Orrery, the Tellurian and other Inftruments, defigned to facilitate the Study of Aftronomy and Geography.
c 2
'
Preparing
Preparing for
the
Prefix
CONTAINING
I.
feleft
Set of Geometrical
A Defcription of
Purpofes,
which
new
III.
A Defcription A
IV.
aflift
Alfo
Preparing
for
the
Prefs,
An
So
far as relates to
ESSAY
the
on
VISION,
Criteria,
by which':
,
every Perfon
may
when
the Ufe of
them
will be beneficial,
Sight,..
and
how
to chufe
xxi
B
O
F
N
G
II
ET
N
L
S.
P.
XjL
p.
c h a
Of
Vifion,
p.
m
p. 28.
Manner of eftimating
magnifying Powers,
p. 65.
Common
p.
110*
Botanical Magnifiers, p.
117..'
CHAP;,
CONTENTS,
C
H A
P.
III.
Defcription of the
and the
65.
H A
Objecls,
P.
IV.
126.
CHAP.
V.
Of Infers in general, p. 167. Of the Transformation of Infe&s, p. Of the Refpiration of Infe&s, p. 240. Of the Generation of Infecls, p. 249. Of the Food of Infe&s, p. 272. Of the Habitation of Infe&s, p. 279,
189.
CHAP.
or Caterpillar, which
is
VI.
and
CHAP.
The
VII.
CHAP.
CONTENTS.
CHAP.
Of
VIII.
the Animalcula Infuforia,
p.
xxiii
454.
H A R
IX.
On
as
viewed by
the Microfcope,
p. 652.
CHAP:
Of
the Cryftallization of Salts,
as
X.
feen
by the Microfcope
p. 68o*
ESSAYS
ON THE
C R O
COP
L
E.
CHAP.
A
Concise History of the Invention and Improvements which HAVE BEEN MADE UPON THE INSTRUMENT called a Microscope.
microfcopes
were
invented
fruitful in difcoveries,
a time
when
mind began to emancipate itfelf prejudices by which it had been too long
the
rights,
extend
it's
which lead
to
truth.
The honor of
loft;
probably the difcovery did not at firft appear fufficiently imby their portant, to engage the attention of thofe men, who, of it's reputation in fcience, were able to eftablifli an opinion
merit
Microscopical Essays,
reft
down
the
name of
Men of great
literary abilities
they
deem
trifling
may be
and neceffary
link to a
new
branch of fcience.
The
vifion, enables us to
whofe exiftence we
had before formed no idea; opens to the curious an exhauftlefs fource of information and pleafure and furnifhes the philofopher
;
with an unlimited
field
of inveftigation.
words of an wonders in the works of his hand, who created ourfelves, as well it improves the faculties, exalts as the objects of our admiration
ingenious writer, to the
difcovery of a thoufand
;
is
new
whom
all
we pay
it
is
nothing of
what we owe
bounded
whole
life
and while
it
it
treafures
offers
to the
view,
tends to
make the
one continued
aci
of admiration.
It is
not
difficult
when
the microfcope
for the
firft
began
to be generally
purpofe of
for
of
public view,
it's
and engaged
wonderful
their
by exhibiting fome of
effects.
made microfcopes
before the
Drebell
brought
Microscopical
Essays.
brought one, which was made by them, with him into England, and (hewed it to William Borrell and others. It is ppffible this
Inftrument of Drebell's was not ftridly what
is now meant by a rather was a kind of microfcopic telefcope, microfcope, but
lately defcribed
by Mr.
in a letter to the
a
Academy of
Sciences at Petersburg,
was formed of
thefe
copper tube
fix feet
diameter, fupported
by three brafs pillars in the fhape of dolwere fixed to a bafe of ebony, on which the objects In contrato be viewed by the microfcope were alfo placed. in a work Fontana, which he published this, to in 1646, diction
phins
5
fays, that
this
may
be alfo very true, without derogating from the merit of the Janfens, for we have many inftances in our own times of more than
one perfon having executed the fame contrivance, nearly at the fame time, without any communication from one to the other. In 1685, Stelluti publifheda defcription of the parts of a bee,
we
not at
all
improbable, that
laft
it
was
known
to the
much
for
it is
were
the
above-mentioned period
now
as
made of
different convexities,
it
is
natural to fuppofe,
lenfes
-feme ground
ufe of
lenfes,
or at
leafl
and might
in
Microscopical Essays.
fome inflances be
fubftituted for them.
this
in
The two
principal rea-
fons
which fupport
opinion are,
fir ft,
met with
in the
how
glaffes,
when
remarkable piece of
this
kind,
a feal with very minute work, and which to the naked eye appears
indiflincl;,
but beautiful
proper lens,
is
defcribed *
1.
Dans
1'Hiftoire
Infcriptions," torn.
p.
333.
The
fecond argument
founded
on a great
works of
From
inflxu-
by fome
ment, or other means, not only to view diftant objecls, but alfo to
for if this
is
them.
tian writer
Ta
pLzXhovTCL
^i<mlp&
cv &Xs7riq'
"You
fee things
a
future
by a dioptrum
now we
things at a diflance
may
be feen
as if
alfo
that they were acquainted with, and did make ufe of that
is
even
at this
it,
major es clariorefque et obfeurce, per vitream pilam aqua pknam, cemmtuv." Nat. Oueefi. lib. 1, cap. 7. "Letters, though minute
Microscopical
Essays.
and obfcure, appear larger and clearer through a glafs bubble Thofe who wilh to fee further evidence confilled with water."
cerning the knowledge of the ancients in optics,
may
confult
Appendix
to
an Effay on the
firft
Principles
of Natural
Du ten's
Enquiry into
The
hiftory
it's
of the microfcope,
like that
it
of nations and
arts,,
has had
brilliant periods, in
which
uncom-
and been cultivated with extraordinary ardour thefe have been fucceeded by intervals marked with no difcovery, and in which the fcience feemed to fade away, or at leaft
mon
fplendor,
fome favorable circumftance, the difcovery of a new object, or tome new improvement in the inftruments of obfervation, awakened the attention of the curious, and anilie
dormant,
till
mated
their refearches.
it
Thus, foon
after the
invention of the
men of the
:
firfl
rank in fcience,
who enriched
this inof natural hiftory, by the difcoveries they made with inconfiderable, ftrument there is indeed fcarce any object fo
that
it
;
it
has not
is
fomethmg
examine
will not.
nor
inveltigation.
fcope.
fpeak of the single microscope, not only as it is we have already obferved, it was the molt fimple, but becaufe, as double or compound microinvented and ufed long before the When the lenfes of the Angle microfcope are very convex.
Microscopical
Essays,
vex, and confequently the magnifying power very great, the field of view is fo fmall, and it is fo difficult to adjuft with accu-
it
requires
fome practice
to render
thereof familiar
at the
fome obfervers
.great
notwithstanding, however,
as well as
thefe defects,
magnifying power,
obtained by the ufe of a deep fmgle lens, more. than counterballances every difficulty
ftrument that
examined
recefles,
the
minima of
their
open fome of
her,
hidden
and by
purfuit.
The
is
is
fo fimple, that
it
and
thefe
mode of mounting
improvement
it,
or the additions to
apparatus.
The
this
made by
by which means he was enabled to reflect a ft rong light upon the upper furface of an object:, and thus examine it with great eafe and pleafure. Before this contrivance, it was almoft
filver,
and
fatisfaction
and
it's
alfo
overfhadowed
by
the proximity
of
Dr.
Microscopical
Essays,
;
7 they
fpeculum was
:
fixed,
and
in
magnifying lens
tube,
the
final!
and had a
adjuftment to regulate
it
at
the other end of the tube there was a piano convex lens, to condenfe and render more uniform the light which was reflected
all this pains was not bellowed upon trifling were generally the molt curious anatomical preparaa few of which, with their microfcopes, are (I believe)
his
It will
be proper, in
this place,
fome account of M. Leeuwenhoek's microfcopes, which were rendered famous throughout all Europe, on account of the numerous difcoveries he had made with them, as well as from his
afterwards bequeathing a part of
them
to the
Royal Society,
The
all
venient fimple
manner
double convex
together,
filver point
a fmall hole the objed was placed on or needle, which, by means of fcrews adapted for
fure,
that purpofe, might be turned about, raifed or deprefled at pleaand thus be brought nearer to, or be removed farther from
the glafs, as the eye of the obferver, the nature of the objea, and
M. Leeuwenthe foregoing
hoek fixed
his
;
objects, if
if
they were
folid,
to
they were
fluid, he fitted them on a little blown glafs, which he afterwards the fame manner as his other objecls. The
were all exceeding clear, and of different magnifying powwhich were proportioned to the nature of the objedt, and
the
Microscopic
Essays.
But none of
fo
thofe,
which
as the
much,
in other microfcopes.
He
had obferved,
of
his to the
upwards of forty years experience, he found that the moft confiderable difcoveries were to be
magni-
fying but moderately, exhibited the object with the moft perfect
brightnefs
and
diftinclnefs.
:
or two objects
Each inftrument was devoted to one hence he had always fome hundreds by him. *
for fuppoling, that
There
is
fome reafon
Leeuwenhoek was
ac-
quainted with a
About
of convex
lenfes.
By
thefe globules,
The
invention of
;
Hartfoeker
it
we
are indebted
Hooke
for
his
he defcribed
the
Micrographia
Illuftrata,
Now
the
firft
account
foeker,
we have of any
microfcopical difcovery
by M. Hart-
was that of the fpermatic animalcule, made by him when he was eighteen years old; which brings us down to the year 1674, long after Dr. Hooke's publication.
As
thefe
glafs
of experienced obfervers,
before
my
readers
the
different
* Philofophical Tranfa&ions,
ft
Microscopical Essays.
different
9
that
for
making them,
he may
Take
procure, free,
particles
then by melting
pureft
in a
of wine, or the
and cleared
;
fallad
draw
it
fmall threads
end thereof in the fame flame, till you perceive it run into a fmall drop or globule of the defired fize let this globule cool, then fo that the middle of it fix it upon a thin plate of brafs or filver,
;
may be
of glafs.
made
in this
plate/ handling
fixed,
is
When
the plate
and the object adjufted to the focal didance of the globule, you By will perceive the object didinftly and immenlly magnified.
this
particles of bodies, not only a million of times fmaller than a vifible point, but even to make thofe vifible whereof a million of
would hardly make up the bulk of the final left vifible grain of fand fo prodigioufly do thefe exceeding fmall globules enlarge our profpeci into the more hidden recedes of nature.
millions
;
Mr.
fpirit
Butterfield, in
making of the
globules, ufed a
lamp with
fine filver
of wine
wire,
He
pre-
B
* Leftures and Colle&ions by Dr. Hooke.
t. Philof.
pared
Tranf.
No.
to
Microscopical Essays.
his glafs
pared
by beating
little
it
to powder,
he then took a
of
this glafs
about
till
a glafs ball
was formed
it
then taking
it
he afterwards cleaned
cell.
with
foft leather,
and
in a brafs
No
them
touch
;
and
if
line, it
may be
to a
mode of executing
upon
throws
much light
it
by Dr. Hooke,
will not,
is
pre-
Three
i
.
things are
neceffary for
by
the glafs-blowers
fmall glafs rods..
2.
A
will
3.
A variety of
;
blown
in an horizontal dire&ion,
two-thirds of
is
is
length,
it
is
of a white colour
It is this
beyond
this, it
tranfparent,
to
and
colourlefs.
glafs,
becaufe by
will not
it
be
but
it
will
be immediately
foiled, if
touches
is
The
which
pre-
it
fingers.
If the
glafs
Microscopical Essays.
glaf's
fpots,
it
The
bules,
is
mould be
flat
on one
fide,
and
fo large, that
it
may
be
piece four or five inches long, and three or four inches thick, will
anfwer very
well.
The
is
is
of a white
heavy and compact, and which, after of a red colour. This kind refills the fro
beft,
when
calcined,
glafs
all
does
not adhere to
To
well
round
is
thus
till
the charcoal
it
may
then be taken
flat fide
out.
be made on the
of the
they ffiould be
of
different fizes,
rounded
at
the
The
large
The
it is
;
finger.
If
fhould
may be
cleaned
fizes, as
The
glafs rods
{hould be of various
of i-ioth,
free
-20th,
as clean
and
GLOBULES.
tremities clofe to
12
Microscopical Essays.
each rod, will be
to
finer,
in
rod
in this
and the fmallnefs of the manner you may procure threads of glafs of any deit is
drawn
gree of finenefs.
to
be inftantly divided into two parts. When one of the threads is perfectly cool, place it at the extremity of the and if the thread of flame, by which it will be rendered round
and
it
will
glafs
be very
fine,
an exceeding fmall globule will be formed. now be broke off from the rod, and a new one
may be
glafs
rod.
The
this
is
fmall ball
eafily
is
now
to
effe&ed by the (harp edge of a piece of flint. The and another piece of ball mould be placed in a groove of paper, paper be held over it, to prevent the ball from flying about and
being
loft.
;
they are then to be cleaned, and afterwards placed in the cavities of the tripoli, by means of a delicate pair of nippers. The globules are now to be melted a fecond time, in order to
manner
render them completely fpherical for this purpofe, bring one of the cavities near the extremity of the flame, directing this towards
;
firfl
heated
the cavity
is
then to be
may touch
when
it is
rered hot, will affume a perfect globular form it muft then be moved from the flame, and laid by; when cold, it mould be Let it cleaned, by rubbing between two pieces of white paper.
now be
fet in a brafs
If
away. the objea is not well defined, the globule muft be thrown or three times to if it be large, it may be expofed two
Though,
Microscopical Essays.
the flame.
agitated
flat
When
fide.
a large
globule
is
forming,
will
by making the
tripoli,
which
on one
By
In damp weapart of the globules will be round and fit for ufe. often happen, that will ther, notwithstanding every precaution, it
our or
five
only will be
fit
for ufe.
of the Charter-Houfe,
having obferved
when held
clofe
which there were any particles more opake than the water, near his eye, he mould fee thofe particles diftin&ly and highly magnified.
his expectation.
His method was, to take on a pin a fmall portion of water which he knew had in it fome minute animalcules this he laid on the
;
brafs wire,
till
;
fomewhat
for
on applying
it
then to the
;
with
appeared as large
as
They cannot be
room
by
candle-light.
when any
fituated
tranfparent globule,
acts like a
between that furface and the focus and that by this means they are magnified three times and a half more than they would be in the ufual way. An extempore microfcope may be
formed, by taking up a fmall drop of water on the point of a pin^ and placing it over a fine hole made in a piece of metal but as.
;
14
the
refraclivc
Microscopical Essays.
power of water
fo
:
is
lefs
than that of
thofe of the
glafs, the fe
much
was
as
fame
fize,
which
are
made of
glafs
this
alfo contrived
by Mr. Gray.
The fame
plate,
confifiing of
in part
by a
thin brafs
which feems
Dr. Hooke defcribes a method of ufmg the fmgle microfcope, to have a great analogy to the foregoing methods
If
of Mr. Gray.
you
this
move
it
it
gently upwards,
the fluid
will
moved
little
backwards or forwards.
looking through the globule, you will then have a perfect view * of the animalcule in the drop.
By
Having
improvements that
it
remains
the only to point out thofe inftruments of this kind, which, from general for adapted mode in which they are fitted up, feem beft ufe the peculiar advantages of which, as well as the manner of
;
ufmg them,
will
this
work.
Fig.
p. 98.
Microscopical Essays.
Fig, 3. Plate VI. reprefents that
aquatic microfcope ufed by Mr, Ellis for investigating the nature of coralline, and recommended
Fig.
1.
Plate VII. B.
The
by Mr. Curtis to
Withering.
A botanical microfcope,
The
by Mr. B. Martin.
now generally
Fig. 8.
fubftituted in the
room of Wilfon's.
Plate VIII.
botanical magnifier.
A different kind
as
it
of botanical magnifier.
A
more
compound microscope,
glafles, is
it's
confifts
is
of two,
three, or
more
eafily varied,
and
fufceptible of greater
changes in
conftruelion,
lenfes,
The
number of the
form
in
of which
formed,
may be
increafed or
may be
varied,
and the
fome
is
will
it
of thefe only we
fpeak in
this
The
16
Microscopical Essays.
The
three
firft
compound
Hooke, Euftachio
Dr.
Hooke
was about
it
might be lengthened
a fmall object
glafs,
it
had three
glaffes,
:
a middle glafs,
Dr.
Hooke
ufed
all
the glaffes
at.
in a considerable part of
an
object,
when he once, as by
number of radiating pencils were conveyed to which would otherwife have been loft but when he
:
wanted to examine with accuracy the fmall parts of any fubftance, he took out the middle glafs, and only made ufe of the eye and for the fewer the refractions are, the clearer and objecl: lenfes
;
more
An
at the
Royal Society,
dle glafs,
confided of an
objecl; lens,
a midlenfes,
glaffes,
fo that they
;
convex furfaces
by which means
more of
curved,
an objea, the
extremities of
lefs
and the magnifying power greater. glafles were inclofed, was as large
glaffes as
The
tube,
in
which the
and the eye
feveral
as a man's leg,
It
broad
as the
had four
lengths
when
{hut up,
at the
fecond length,
Philof.
Tranf.
No. 42.
Microscopical Essays,
at the fourth length,
It
does
Philip
;
in
1698 * both were compound the firfl was funilar to that which Mr. Martin publifhed as new, in his Micrographia Nova,f in
1712.
glafles,
compofed of three glafs, and an object lens: tube, which was placed in an
beyond this was a lamp the whole capable of various adjuftments, and regulated by a pinion and rack the fmall tube was ufed to condenfe the light on the object, and
lens. at
convex
each end
fpread
it
uniformly over
it
according to
it's
nature,
nifying
power
that
was ufed.
If the reader attentively confiders the conftruclion of the foregoing microfcopes, and compares them with more modern ones, he will be led to think with me, that the compound microfcope
little
Taken
of
M.
Dellebarre, not-
affixed thereto
by Meff.
De
C
* Bonnani Obfervationes circa viventia, &c.
i Micrographia Nova, by B. Martin, 4to.
+ Memoires fur
les
From
du Microfcope,
de
M. L.
F. Dellebarre,, 1777.
Microscopical Essay 14
From
not
to
this period, to the
year 1736,
have received
itfelf
any
conhderable alteration,
but the
fcience
to have
been
at a (land.
reflecting
had turned
plans
for microfcopes
on the fame
;
principles
accordingly
we
find
two
of
this
kind
is
the
firft
This inftrument
entirely the
from very
diftant
they
come
was
But
this
was foon
alfo
laid afide,
not only as
was more
difficult to
manage, but
becaufe
:
it
any but very fmall or tranfparent objects for the object being between the fpeculum and the image, would, if it were large and opake, prevent a due reflection of light on the
unfit for
object.
The
two
reflecting mirrors,
the
far
from
being executed in the belt manner, performed, fays Dr. Smith,, very well, fo that he did not doubt but what
ceiled others, if it
it
finifhed.
As fome years are more favorable to the fruits of the earth, fo alfo fome periods are more favorable to particular fciences, being
rich in difcovery,
6
* Dr. Smith's Optics, Remarks,
p. 94.
; :
Microscopical Essays.
1738, Mr, Lieburkuhn's invention of the folar microfcope was
power which was obtained by this inflrument, the col offal grandeur with which it exhibited the minima of nature, the pleafure which arofe from being able to difplay the fame objeci to a number of obfervers at the fame time, by affording a new fource of rational amufement,
to the public
:
communicated
increafed the
number of microfcopic
obfervers,
who were
little
further
Simulated to the fame purfuits by Mr. Trembley's famous difcovery of the polype
:
animal,
father,
my
his talents in
improving
(as
he
the microfcope
it's
con-
ftruclion,
and rendering
it
bour.
Their principal
objecl:
it lie
make
in as fmall a
by which means, they not only rendered it complex, and troublefome in ufe, but loft fight alfo of the extenfive field, great
and other excellent properties of the more ancient inftruments and in fome meafure, {hut themfelves out from further improvements on the micfofcope. Every mechanical inflrument
light,
;
is
what
is
gained in power,
is loft
in time
"he
that loves to
of
air
and
C
* Trembley
2
Baker's
;
The
Microfcope
for
Memoires
fur
les
Polypes.
made Eafy
Employment
the Microfcope,
Adams's Micrographia
IUuftrata.
Joblot's Obfervations
d'Hiftoire
Nam relic.
20
Microscopical Essays.
The
microfcope, nearly at the fame period, gave
rife
to
and M. Needforce
ham's
incomprehenfible ideas
concerning
a vegetative
M. Buffon
has drefled
it
up
his fyftem
to the
mind
in
the moft agreeable and lively colours, exerting the depths of erudition in the moft interefting and* feducing manner, to eftablifh
his
hypothecs, making us
a] moft
ready to adopt
it
againft the
this
But whether
great
man was
attachment to a favorite fyftem, or the ufe of imperfecl inftruments, it appears but too evident, that he was not acquainted
with the objects whofe nature he attempted to investigate and it * thofe which he fuppofed he^was is probable, that he never faw
;
confounding the animalculas produced from the putrifying decompofition of animal fubftances, with the ipermatic animalcule, although they are two kinds of beings,
defcribing,
continually
differing in
attempt-
ed to be raifed on
truth
After this period, the mind, either fatisfied with the difcoveries already made, (which will be particularly defcribed hereafter)
or tired by
it's
own exertions,
in-
other purfuits.;
i Porro B'uffonius, ut
cum
illuftris
viri
quam
fuis
corpufculis
et-
tribuit^
paucawm,
Microscopical Essays.
fare,
21
treatife,
laid
a fide.
In
in
by
in
mew
and proportions
the affairs of
for micro-
time,
my
wood,
in
this
more
certain in
fig. 1,
it's
reprefented in
plate 9
it
Dr.
deavoured to bring back the microfcope nearer to the old ffandard, to increafe the field
and to
and' in
by the multiplication of the eye glafles, augment the light on the object, by condenfmg lenfes Mr. Cuftance was unrivalled this they happily fucceeded
;
:;
and accuracy
In lyy i,
my father
Micro-
own,
at night
by
.
a larap 3
22
a lamp,
Microscopical Essays.
by which means a
piciure of microfcopic objects
might
It
M.
^Epinus, that
M.
Lie-
burkuhn had confiderably improved the folar microfcope, by adapting it to view opake objeds. This contrivance was by fome means loft. The knowledge, however, that fuch an effecl had
been produced, led ^Epinus to attend to the fubjeft himfelf, in which he in fome meafure fucceeded, and would, no doubt, have
brought
it
to perfection, if he
minating mirror.
inftrument by
kind,
is
had increafed the fize of his illuSome further improvements were made on this
;
M. Ziehr
that of
The common
folar
mew
the furface of any object, whereas the opake folar microfcope not only magnifies the objea, but exhibits on a fcreen an expanded
picture of
it's
furface,
with
all
it's
manner.
About
it
the
;
year
1774,
invented
microfcope
fhews
all
this inftrument
the eye
tranf-
manner
and
parent objects
may be examined by
is
it
no
part of an object
left
be taken with
drawing.
eafe,
may
M.L.
*
Prieftley's Hilr.
of Optics,
p.
life of
Microscopical Es s a
M.
in the year
It
s.
23
does
not
to
appear from
that
this,
that
it
was fuperior
England,
but.
any
refpecl
thofe
;
was
inferior in others
by
s
my
a
father in 1771, poffeffed all the advantages of Dell ebarrc higher degree, except that of changing the eye glafles.
In 1784,
M. /Epimis
publifhed
a defcription
of what he
in a letter to the
Now
it
known
to every one
eafily
who
is
in optics, that
any telefcope
is
from the eye by removing and that the diftance of the image varies with the diftance glaffes from the focus, and is magnified more, as it's -objecl: of the
the objecl: glafs to a greater diftance
j
diftance
from the
objecl;
is
alfo
and
ufe of a
matic perfpeclive
may be
Botanifts.
inftrument
it
would
affift
them
and
the dirt of
a ditch.
Fig.
i,
24
Fig.
1,
Mi croscopical Essays.
Plate V. reprefents a folar
opake microfcope.
is
a picture of the
common
folar microfcope.
Fig. 3,
Plate IV.
is
what
is
ufually
called Culpeper's,
or
Fig.
l,
Fig.
i,
Fig. 3,
Plate VIII.
a microfcopic telefcope,
on the microfcope.
;
We are indebted to
but
let
it
for
many
It
in natural hiftory
new
of animals,
new
forefts
gave being to thefe, gave us an undemanding capable of inventing means to affift our organs in the difcovery of their hidden
beauties.
He
pable of comprehending a univerfe at one view, and confequently incapable of difcerning thoie minute beings, with which he has
and
qualities to matter
would
procure us this advantage, and at the fame time elevated the under-
Microscopical Essays.
underflanding from one degree of knowledge to another,
till
25
it
we fhoukl
It is to
made by
thofe in-
our
faculties.
who
our admiration,
covering them.
that
we
means of difus.
Let no one,
accufe us of prying
There
frefli
is
nothing
we
difcover
;
by
their amftance,
which
is
not a
fource of praife
and
it
can be
means
to inveftigate the
works of God.
From
to
we
criticife
what we ought
to admire to
to
look upon as
own
;
be of
infinite
advantage to
to be peevifh
and
at
who employ
i.
their
e.
fome of us
In fhort,
and appointed to
ftudy.
we
rational
man
would
thoroughly examine, or be alhamed to find any fault with them. This is the effeft of a partial confideration of nature but he who
;
lias
leifure to
to cry out
How wondrous
With number,
is
this
fcene
where
all is
!
form'd
defign'd
,
all
For
Microscopical Essays.
For fome
great end
;
!
Of (lately growth
Or food-full fubftance not the laboring fteed, The herd, and flock that feed us not the mine
;
for elegance
table,
and
ufe
and conveys
all
from on high
flied
down
Which
Each
fhell,
each crawling
infeft,
Important in the plan of Him, who fram'd This fcale of beings holds a rank, which loll
;
gap
would
rue.
Almighty Beings
I
Caufe and fupport of all things, can Thefe objects of my wonder can I
;
view
feel
Thefe
fine fenfations,
thro'
th'
immenflty of fpace
fhalt
From
this
it
Think
To call for thy affiftanee, and pretend To frame a world, who cannot frame a clod ?~Not to know
Is to
thee,
is
not to
know
ourfelves
know
nothing
Of man's
Where
exalted fpirit
all
becomes,
divine,
Microscopical Essays.
Order
bereft of thought, uncaus'd effe&s,
27
Where meanlefs matter to a chaos finks, Or fomething lower ftill, for without thee
It
Void of refinance
it
Where laws
Of felf-love
Take
dwindle.
Intereft, paffion,
whim,
Of beings
beyond
is
dream
death.*
Still ingfleet's
MifCellaneous Tra&s.
HA
S>8
Microscopical E s s a ys,
C
Of
Visign,
H A
P.
IT..
the Optical Effect of Microscopes^ AND OF THE MANNER OF ESTIMATING THEIR MAGNIFYING Powers.
of
HP H E
fitions
made
in die feienee
of
optics,,
greater! acqui-
human knowledge.
their
And
have fhewn by
feienee
difcoveries,
of
this,
may be
considerably enlarged.
which minifter to the fenfe of fight, are thepart of the inanimate creation of aftonifhing and mod wonderful which we (hall foon be convinced, if we confider their extreme
The
rays of light,
of
upon by other
facility
and
ties
;
refractions,
without the
and the
greater!: denfity
and
be
deemed
fufficient proofs
it is
we
we
The-
Microscopical Essays.
I
29
and treats of many of Thefcience of optics, which explains light, is deduced from experiments, the properties of thefe rays of It is impoffible to give an on which all philofophers are agreed. a knowledge of idea of the nature, of virion, without
adequate
and the mathematical reafoning grounded volume, I upon them; but as to do this would alone fill a large princigeneral more the only endeavour to render forne of
thefe experiments,
mall
who
is
of optics,'
may
neverthelefs be enabled to
of the mod important of of vifion by the micro fcope. Some from the following very thefe principles may be deduced
Miterefting
experiment.
the light be admitted therein only
is fine,
let
by
the weather
you
all
will
fee
on the
which
is
which
thefe will
be but
colours, though are oppofite thereto, with all their The image of the objeas that are faintly feen.
trees,
Stationary, as
while the houfes, &c. will appear fixed; The feen to move. images of thofe that are in motion, will be crofs rays the becaufe will appear inverted,
image of every objea If the fun mines on. hole. each other in palling through the fmall in a (trait line, and proceed the hole, we (hall fee a luminous ray in this ray, it will be in terminate on the wall. If the eye is placed the fame with every a right line with the hole and the fun: it is images of the obother objea which is painted on the wall. The
proportion jeas exhibited on the fame plane, are fmaller in
as the
Many
Microscopical Essays.
may be deduced from the foregoing experiment, among which are the following
important are the inferences which
1.
Many and
That
light
flows in a
right
line.
2.
which a
That a luminous point may be feen from all thole places to ftrait line can be drawn from the point, without meeting
;
and confequently
3.
That a luminous
point,
indefinitely
on
all fides
and
if
we conis
the
is
formed
by the
rays,
and
it's
bafe by
the intercepting
is
plane.'
-The
is
of a pyramid of
light,
the
hole
by
form another,
and oppofite
to this, of
objecl;
is
4.
That an
objecl:
is
vifible,
becaufe
all it's
points.
5.
That the
particles
for the
rays,
objecls oppofite to
though extremely
fmall, without
em-
6.
That
Microscopical Essays.
6.
^
the
it
image of the
object
was emitted.
The
by
may be
room
;
imperfectly illuftrated
the pupil of the eye
and
being confidered as the hole through which the rays of light pafs, crofs each other, to paint on the retina, at the bottom of the
all
fame object
by
the croffing rays which proceed from the extremities of the obthat is, the diameter of the image is greater, in proportion ject;
;
as the diftance
is lefs is
or, in
tude of an object
in fome' degree
which
it is
feen,
is
and
as the object
nearer
and confeobject,,
quently, the
lefs
the diftance
From hence
feen
pleafe
;
it
any proportion we
to lefien
inereafed, in proportion
leffened,
we have only
the diftance of the object from the eye, in order to increafe the apparent diameter thereof. * Thus, fuppofe there is an object,
which to an eye at E fub tends or appears under the angle AEB, we may magnify the apparent diameter
AB,
in
If,
Plate
I.
Fig. i,
what proportion we
for inftance,
pleafe,
to
it.
we would magnify
in the proportion of
FG
tO)
g2
to
Microscopical Essays,
AB;
that
is,
if
large as
FEG,
or would
object as long as
we would fee the object tinder an angle as make it appear the fame length that an F G would appear, it may be done by coming
For the apparent diameter is
as the dift ance
inverfely; therefore, if
CD
F
is
as
much
lefs
than
C E,
as
FG
is
greater than
AB, by
proportion of
nified in the
CD
to
ED,
mag-
proportion of
G to AB
AB,
ap-
F G would
may be
infinite.
when feen by the naked eye, For fmce the apparent diameter is reciprocally when
the diflance of the eye
is
nothing,
is
apparent diameter
There
is,
in thus magnify-,
by placing the eye ing an The inconvenience is, that we cannot fee an object nearer to it. the eye is about five or fix inches from it thereunlefs diftinctly,
object, without the help
%
fore, if we
bring
it
ever
it
may be
to, is
magnified,
will
be feen confufedly.
Upon
is
this
we
five
when
the eye
about
and we never place an object much within .that diflance; becaufe, though it might be magnified by this means, yet the confufion would prevent our deriving any advanor fix inches from
tage from feeing
ordinary,
it
fo large.
The
fize
not becaufe
it
is
fize to the
naked eye,
but
Microscopical Essays.
33
but becaufe at the diftance from the eye which would be neceffary for for this purpofe, it would appear exceedingly confufed
;
which
reafon,
fo near
to
it,
quently, as
fize, it
On
it is
account of the extreme minutenefs of the atoms of light, clear, a fmgle ray, or even a fmall number of rays, cannot
a fenfible
impremon on the organ of fight, whofe fibres are very grofs, when compared to thefe atoms it is neceffary, thereproceed from the furface of an fore, that a great number mould as the rays of light, which But vifible. it objecl, to render
make
proceed from
an objecl, are continually diverging, different methods have been contrived, either of uniting them in a given the manner of doing point, or of feparating them' at pleafure
:
this, is
By the
great
help of
glaffes,
we
unite in
point of an object
and as each ray carries with it the image of the point from whence the rays united muff; form an image of the it proceeded, all
object
This image
;
is
brighter,
diftincl;,
is
more
in
rays united
and more
the order,
better
for, if
This
is
may
be rendered evident
is
formed,
we
this
is
colours on
plane
which image
be brighter,
it is
if all
adventitious light
received.
The
Si
Microscopical Essays.
The
point of union of the rays of light, formed
is
by means of
Now,
as
it
it
whence
proceeded,
when
is
under confideration, we
may
;
and the object as the image and confider the fecond image, a& if it had been produced by the firffc as an object, and fo on.
produced
effects
by
glaffes,
we muff proceed
of
refraction.
is
called a
mediums of
rays of light,
afford
light.
it is
medium. Air, water, glafs, Sec. are If any medium affords an eafy paffage to the
called a
if
it
does not
an eafy paffage
to thefe rays,
called
a dense
medium.
Let Z, Fig.
2,
Plate
I.
and
let
be a perpendicular to
in C.
Microscopical Essays.
35
With the center C, and any diftance, let a circle be defcribed. Then let AC be a ray of light, falling upon the denfe medium.
This ray,
caufe the
if
but be-
medium Y is fuppofed to be denfer than Z, it will be toward the perpendicular I K, and defcribe the downward bent
line
C B.
the
C B,
angle
ACI
is
is
called the
the
BCK
called the
angle of refraction.
right line
is
upon the
that line
C I,
there be let
fall
the perpendicular
incidence.
A D,
if
line
K,
there be
let fall
the perpendicular
B E,
fine
of the angle of
refraction.
The
this
fines
refractions,
and
meafure
conftant
will
that
is,
whatever
is
of incidence,
it
of the
angle of refraction,
when
the
the following
experiments.
Let
A B C D,
Fig. 3, Plate
I.
A C may
fall
g6
at
Microscopical Essays.
D.
Suppofe the
will
veffel
to be
;
now
filled
fhadow
withdraw
to
And
is
there
is
no doubt
at d,
would
This
by the
Lay
bafon
;
till
fhilling
fill
you are
at the
Experiment 3
water
;
is filled
with
then
that they
may
fall
perpen-
dicularly
fall
on the
on the fame
whether the
veffel
be empty or
full.
What
may be
greater in
fome
than in others.
derive
optics.
all
It
is
from
this
wonderful property,
that
we
and
make
it
the fubject of
we owe
the telefcope.
To produce thefe
figures,
effects,
which,
when
The
fix
un-
der-mentioned figures, are thofe which are moft in ufe for optical
purpofes*
Microscopical Essays,
t,
27
fide,
A A
that
is
flat
on each
I.
and of an
2.
that
is
more elevated
I.
to-
3.
A A
A
A
double concave
is
hollow on both
fides,
I.
or thinner
D,
4.
plano convex,
13, Plate
flat
on one
fide,
other.
A, Fig.
L
flat
5.
plano concave,
C, Fig. 13, Plate
I.
on one
fide,
other.
6.
fide,
E,Fig.
Hate
It
from a luminous body, in ftrait lines, without the leaft deviation but if it happen to pafs from one medium to another, it
;
it
had
before,
this
new
direction,
proceeds in a
ftrait
it
A
fame
go
entered,
Fig. 4,
in the
The
ray
C D,
falling obliquely
upon
AB,
be refracted towards
the
38
Microscopical Essays.
DE
but when
it
comes
to E,
it
will
be
as
much
fallen perpendicularly
on the
it
fur face
of the plane
had would
have
paffed
through
all.
in a
flrait line,
refra&ed at
e f g, Fig. 6, Plate
I.
fall
A B,
as to
unite in a point
behind
falls
perit
pendicularly
upon
go through
of
on
it's
furface, will
be fo bent,
is.
The
from
will fall
upon
it.
The
whofe
diftance, in a
double convex
lens,
is
it
fame manner
as they
fame convexity,
at
as
A B,
Fig. 6, Plate
I.
focus,
all
mil
refract,
they will
be
the
parallel again,
ftrft
and go on
in
as they
came
to
glafs
A B,
The
focus
:
be placed
I.
at C, in the focus
of the
it
convex
AB,
6
Fig. 6, Plate
will
be
Microscopical Essays,
be fo refracted by the
lens, that after
going out of
it,
they
will
it's
become
more or
If
parallel.
more or lefs,
as the candle
is
any objed,
A B,
E
Fig. 7, Plate F,
I.
on the
it,
next the
glafs,
will fall
upon
it,
and
after patting
through
many
which
flow from the point A, will converge into ab, and meet at C.
The
c d,
G,
will
be converged into
will
and meet
at
meet
each
other again at
and
:
fo
be
as
many
focal points
formed, as there are radiant points in the object, and confequently they will paint on a
ftieet
light-
at
D g c,
be formed
rays will
further
off.
If
be placed
go out
glafs.
parallel,
The human
virion,
eye
is
fo eonflituted, that
fall
it
diftlncl
when
on
it
painted,
is
placed in
of the eye.
The
40
Microscopical Essays.
picture,
The
formed by a convex
it's
lens,
is
diftance
objecl;.
from the
lens
is
than
it's
diftance
from the
As an
object
becomes perceptible to
formed on the
us,
thereof which
is
in that direction, in
which the rays enter the eye to form the always be found in the line, in which the axis of
it
We
from hence
acquire a habit of judging the object to be Note as the mind is unacquainted with the refraction the rays
fituated in that line.
;
fuffer before
it
produced back, in which the axis of a pencil of rays flowing from was before the refraction. it is fituated, and not in that in which it
If the rays, therefore, that proceed
from an
object, are
re-
fraaed and refleded feveral times before they enter the eye, and thefe refraBions, or refkaions, change confiderably the'
which proceed from the object it line, which would come is clear, that it will not be feen in that but it will be feen in the direction of {trait from it to the eye and form the image thereof on it. eye, thofe rays which enter the
original direaion of the rays
;
We
image makes on
the retina
habitual imby the mind, in confequence of the effects of more For example there is a certain diftance, at which, Dreflions.
;
Microscopical Essays.
in the general bufmefs of
41
:
life, we are accuftomed to fee objeds now, though the meafure of the image of thcfe obje&s changes
considerably
to us, yet
we do
much
altered
but beyond
this diftance,
we
creafed, in proportion as
For and
inftance, if I place
my
eye
four,
at fix feet
be nearly in the proportion of 1, of |, of h and confequently they mould appear to be diminifhed in the fame proportion but we do not perceive this
retina will
;
on the
diminution,
received
that
if
To
prove
this,
we need only
he
confider,
on we
the
fee
a perfon at 120
Imall, as if the
feet diftance,
will not
we
From
hence,
alfo, it
is
clear, that
when we
place
glafs
between the objea and the eye, which from it's figure changes the direaion of the rays of light from the objea, this objea ought not to be judged as if it were placed at the ordinary reach of the fight, in which cafe we judge of it's fize more by habit than by the dimenfions of the images formed on the retina': but itmuft be eftimated by the fize of the image in the eye,
come from
or by the angle formed at the eye, by the two rays which the extremity of the objea.
It'
42
If the
lefs
Microscopical Essays.
image of an
object,
formed
at the
after refraction,
is
greater
or
eye,
by the
rays proceeding
itfelf,
fo that if the
eye
will-
laft
in reality
remove from
inflead of
it
in
one
cafe, or
approach towards
in the other
is
and
confidered
object
laft
is
not meafured
for, as the
apparent
fize, it
diflance
we have of their
follows, that when we fee objects, whofe images are increafed or diminimed by refraction, we naturally judge them to be nearer
compared
to that with
is
diflance of an object
diftin&nefs,
and magnitude
Now
as thefe circumftances.
their paffing
through different
rays, in
in
fome
meafure,
it
is
confound the organs of vifion with the being that perceives, or it with the perceptive faculty. The eye is not that which fees,
is
we
fee.
the fatek
lites
that
It
lefs
abfurd to conclude,.
that
Microscopical Essays.
that
it is
43
of
fight,
but
fee
it
;
fees not.
which we
The
eye
is
the rays of light, and forming a diftinct picture of objects upon the retina; but it fees neither the object nor the picture. It can
after
it is
Even when
it is
in
well
the optic
all
nerve takes
it
that belongs to
was
this textur'd
f wonder made,
!
Were
Thofe
undifplayed
fight,
and the
Wrapt from the radiance of revealing As vain the bright illuminating beam,
"Unwanted by the medium's airy ftream
light
textur'd eye,
and object
air
fair,
The
funny
luftre,
and continuous
this
grand
illuftrious fcene,
grace and
lifelefs glories
vain
Till
from
th'
Eternal
fprung
Form'd to
infpect,
F
* Reid on
+ The eye.
'%
2
Man,
Of
p.
78*
p.
88.
44
Microscopical Essays*
Of the Single Microscope..
The
fingle
vifible,
by mean
Let;
E Y,
ject,
and
OB,
a fmall obit's,
RS
be in-
and the
between
it
and the
objecl;
may be
the rays which diverge from the objecl;, and pafs through the
lens, will
afterwards
after which,,
parallel
verted picture on the retina, and the objecl; will be clearly feen
fix inches,
it's
fmallnefs
would render
it
invifible,
When the
lens
is
is
fomeat a?
what more magnified; becaufe the diflance from the center of the lens, are
the axis, and
which
pafs
confequently feem
to
come from
points more12,
re-
remote from the center of the objecl;, as may be feen in Fig. Plate I. where the pencils which proceed from O and B are
fracted inwards,
and m..
ftuT clearer
Fig. 8, Plate
I.
view,
why
virion.
Without
under the
alens, as
FG,
A would
BC
angle b
Ae>
B F and C
lens,,
of
A and Ga,
tte-
Microscopical Essays,
the
^~
g).
much
larger angle
And
BC
to E.
The
Jens,
objeft,
when
by means of the
fmall,
the focal diftance of the glafs bears to the diftance of the objects,
when viewed by
To
as
explain this further, place the eye clofe to the glafs, that
object
much of the
may be
;
feen at
fro,
one view
till
as
is
poffible
it
appears perfectly
now remove
and
;
the lens,
and
it,
fubftitute
in
it's
and the
with the
much magnified,
it
as
fo bright
it
and
appears as
much more
the naked
is lefs
does
it
may be feen
From hence we
render the object
fee, that
is
diftinct,
which
does by
aflifting
;
the eye to
apparent magnitude
is
entirely
it
much
we
lave
* Cyclopedia
art micxofcop-*
46
limits
Microscopical Essays,
of
diftincl vifion
if
For
example,
fides,
alfo equal to
it's
focal diftance,
we mail have
to 8, fo
is 1
to 16
that
is,
the diameter
2.
fix teen to
one.
As
the
it
follows, that
by
how much
difference
be a greater
between
and confequently,
much
the
more magnified,
3
.
If
the objecl be placed in the focus of a glafs globule or fphere, and the eye be behind it in the focus, the objea will be feen diftina
in
an erea
fituation,
and magnified
diameter of the globule to eight inches thus fuppofe the diameter of the fphere to be to of an inch 9
portion of I of the
then
1-
of this
will
be
equal to -h;
confequently,
the
real
as.
&
to 8, or
3 to 3 20, or
as 1 to
60 nearly.
compound microfcope,
is
the image
is
viewed inftead of
lens, as
magnified by a fingle
It confifts
the ob-
jea
a
is
in a fingle microfcope.
of an objea
lens,
is
L N,
Fig. 5,
little
Plate
I.
and an eye
glafs
F G. The objea
it's
OB
placed
may converge
to
their
refpeftive
;
and form an inverted image of the objea at P Q which is image is viewed by the eye through the eye glafs F G, which
Microscopical Essays.
fo placed, that the image
47
fide,
may be
in
it's
focus on one
and
on the
other.
The rays
till
the eye at E, where they will begin to converge by the refraaive and after having crofted each other powers of the humours
;
humours, they
will
be collected
in points
on the
retina,
and form
a large inverted image thereon. be eafy, from what has been already explained, to underftand the reafon of the magnifying power of a compound The objea is magnified upon two accounts firft, microfc r e.
It will
;
becaufeif
appear
as
it
would
really
the image
is
larger than
or as the diftance f
this
is
fb
piaure
eye
upon
But
lens,
it is
to
in the focus
differs
of a
as
is
compound mierofcope,
;
from the
real
objea
is
vifible
an eye placed
in
any pofition
from the
it's
formed by a
rays,
lens,
which
is
arrives
can be
vifible
eye
fituate
within
confine.
is
Thus the
which
converged by
the lens to
M,
proceeds afterwards
diverging towards H,
and therefore,
F G, nor
But the
pencils
4
pencils
Microscopical Essays
which proceed from the points o and
lens
b, will
be received
;
on the
F G, and by
it
confe-
quently, the
vifible
will
is
;
correfpondent points
of the image
will
be
I,
fituate farther
out towards
and
QP,
or vifible area,
Hence
part of
it
it
appears,
that if the
;
image be
will
fall
be
vifible
moft part
that a remedy which would caufe the pencils, which proceed from the extremes O and B of the object, to arrive at the eye,
will render a greater part
of it
vifible
or, in
is
effected
by the
interpofition of a
broad
lens E (Fig. 5,) of a proper curvature, at a fmall diftance from which the focal image. For, by that means, the pencil
DM,
is
refracted to the
proceeded.
feen at P,
On
are
thefe considerations
That
compound microfcopes
objecT;
ufually
made
is
to confift
of
an
lens
;
formed, enlarged,
and inverted an amplifying lens D E, by which the field of view means of which the eye is enlarged, and an eye glafs or lens, by to view the confequently is allowed to approach very near, and
image under a very great angle of apparent magnitude. It is now cuftomary to combine two or more lenfes together at the eye by glafs, in the manner of Euftachio Divini and M. Joblot;
which
TXslTJE
May &o,2?tf?,
Microscopical Essays,
which means, the aberration of light from the figure meafure corrected, and the apparent field increafed.
is
in
fome
reflecT:
upon
the object
I.
NO
reprelens,
GH
final!
convex
NO, A B
room
a plane
to reflect the
on the
lens
are
F.
2.
The
which proceeds
from
to
fcreen
I,
;
E L M;
will
GH
to a focus
will
K, on the
I
be converged
and
much
larger than
faid, it
we
from
their
magnifying
is
:
of minute objects
is
by
their afTiftan.ce,
is
more light
thrown
done without
.G
Microscopical Essays.
out them.
The
for if the
it's
fame quantity of
is
diflufed
over a
force
proportionably diminifhed
will
though magnified,
be dark and
ten times, and confequently the furface one hundred times, yet,
if the focal diftance
glafs
was eight
was
poffible)
and
it's
of the pupil of
than
when
it,
it
and
this
upon
which no
glafs
can do.
But
if the glafs
diftance,
and
it's
would confequently receive four times as many rays as in the former cafe, and we mould therefore fee it much brighter than before. By going on thus, diminifhing the
and keeping
it's
diameter as large as
perceive the objed proportionably magnified, and yet remain bright and diftinft. Though this is the cafe in
we
{hall
is
is
foon
arrived
at,
This
arifes
from the
* following circumftances.
1.
The
2.
The
* Encyclopedia Br tannica,
vol. viii.
p.
5635.
Microscopical Essays,
2.
The diminution
it
itfelf,
by
which
3.
The extreme
is
magwifh
light
nifiers,
whereby the
weakened..
we
to view
from
it is
4.
The
refrangibility.
To make
dull kind
falls
this
more
clear, let us
it
fuppofe a lens
made of fuch
be of four
of glafs, that
it.
upon
it's
It is evident, that
mppofing
this lens to
and
own breadth
object, will
bright as if
be four times magnified in furface, but only half as it was feen by the naked eye at the ufual diflance for
;
falls
upon
natural fize,
be
4,
and the
light
which makes
vifible
only 2
becaufe
though the
much
light as the
naked
diflincl: virion,
The
it is
far as
parency of the
glafs, that it
it
;
may
the rays
which
fall
upon
and how
far this
yet afcertained.
Microscopical Essays.
The fccond
obflacle to the perfection
;
of"
microfcopic
glafles,
is
of
great as the pupil of the eye, which we fhall fuppofe one-tenth of an inch, the object would appear magnified 6400 times, and every
part
would be as bright
as it
But
will
if
we
then
only receive of the light which would otherwife have fallen upon it therefore, inftead of communicating to the magnified
;
objet: a quantity of light equal to 6400, it would communicate an illumination fuited only to 1600, and the magnified object
as
dim as
it
This
by-
in a great degree
removed,
much larger quantity of light on the object Various methods of ending this purpofe will be pointed out in the
The
third obflacle
arifes
;
means of accuit
mulating light
but
frill
the eye
it
is
fo
(trained, as
in
muff be
capable
glafs than
fome mea-
or fuch
as are
The
Microscopical Essays.
The
bility
53
of the rays of
many have imagined themfelves to have made furprizing difcoveries, and have communicated them as fuch to the world when, in fact, they
;
of the
rays.
In telefcopes,
this
error has
been happily
corrected
glaffes
;
but
how
far this
invention
is
applied to
fome them
reafon for
;
be remedied,
degree of perfection.
the object
is
nearer
lefs
to,
fequently, the
larger
it
will
appear
limits
of natural
is
diftinguifh
an object that
very near to
is
yet,
when
affifted
by a convex
obtained,
hownear
how
to the eye
and
of
the lens
is,
power
thereof.
From
will
not be
difficult to eftimate
;
the
for
ufe-d as
a fingle microfcope
4
this will
Microscopical Essays.
be in the fame proportion that the
lens.
If,
limits
of natural fight
convex
lens
is,
of one inch focus, and the natural fight of eight inches, an object
it's
diameter apparently
increafed in every
is
we muft
know how
much the object is really magnified and thus we find the fuperficies is magnified 64 times.
From thefe
i-ng
multiplying 8 by 8 t
deduced.
Place a
fmall
mea-
how many
times this
is
will give
which you the number of times the diameter of the object is magnified which number multiplied into itfelf, or fquared,
firft
;
As only one
fufficient,
fide
it is
know how much the furface thereof is magnified but when it is neceffary to know how many minute objects are contained in a larger, as for inftance, how many given animalcula are contained in the bulk of a grain of fand, then we muft cube the firft number, by which means we mail obtain the
in general, to
:
folidity
or magnified bulk.
'The
Microscopical Essays,
The
nifying
55
power of the compound microfcope. To this application, Mr. Magny, in the * Journal d'Economie pour les mois d'Aout one or two of thefe I mall 1753," has made feveral objections
:
juft
mention
the
firft
is
the fecond
is
the want of a
known
when
afcertained.
will
trifling,
relative
to deep magnifiers.
To
this
it
may be
To
obviate
thefe difficulties,
and fome
errors in the
recommended by
the following
Proposition.
All convex
lenfes,
at the focus
of
at the
fame diftance, or on
Experiment.
Take
a double convex lens, of fix or eight inches focus, and
fix it as at
A,
Fig.
1,
(Plate
II.
is
fixed
F G, and may be
Hid along
it
by means
Pa fie a
three
of it's focket
the rule
is
56
Microscopical Essays.
draw three
it
on
of paper, fo
as to divide
care that the middle of the paper correfponds with the center of
the lens.
at e.
There
is
which
is
reprefented
Take
and
this
pofite to the
window
diftant object
which
move
is
the Aiding
fharp
and
lens,
The
is
diftance
(which
is
fhewn on the
now
the eye-piece e
to the
fame
diflance on the other fide of the glafs, then with one eye clofe to
the light at
e,
look
at
lines,
and
means of the
glafs,
and expreffed
in the figure
by the dotted
lines, will be double the breadth of the fame object feen by the natural eye. This will be found to be true, whatfoever is the focus
is
made.
is
who
are not
accuftomed
to obferve with
both eyes
at the
fame time, by
making
and placing the diameter perpendicular to the rule, as they may then readily view the magnified image and real object with the fame glance of the eye, and thus comufe of half a lens,
A F B,
is
naked
eye,
by the
rays of light
Microscopical Essays,
extremities of the objea, and unite
at the
57
in the
eye
point F.
is
at
firft
proceeded
parallel to each other from the extremities of the object, but that
fo
by
pa'fling
is
through the
CO
CF
equal thereto
on the
fide
From
object
it
is
would
double
to the eye
when placed
at
is
have only to prove then, that the angle the diftance C O. B is equal to the angle IF K, in order to eftablifh the
We
AC
proportion.
The
the
optical axis
is
object..
The
rays
points
A B,
and perpendicular to the glafs, till they are then refracted, and proceed to F 5 they arrive at it where they form the triangle IF K, refting qn the bafe I K now B, the two trias C F is equal to C O, and I K is equal to A
:
angles
at
ACB IFK
are
fimilar,
and confequently
the
angle
C is equal
to the angle F.
ABC;
and therefore,
double the
is
DFE, as CO is to A B,
it is
FD
to
DE;
fize that
when
No notice
it
of the
rays, as
58
If
Microscopical
you advance towards M, half the
is
Essays,.
focal diftance, the
If,
apparent
on the contrary,
it's
that of
there
is
an impropriety
eye
is
glafs
to be ufed,
The
pound
firft
find
is
defcribed
by Dr. Hooke
in his Micrographia,
and
is
as follows
which
is
of an inch, on the ftage of your microfcope; adjuft the microthen obferve with the fcope, till thefe divifions appear diftinft
;
other eye
how many
divifions
of a
rule, fimilarly
divided and
:
one
objea
is
increafed or,
For
this
purpofe,
II.
we
ebony
rule,
(fee
A.) three or four tenths of an inch broad, and about feven inches long at each inch is fixed a piece of ivory, ten equal: the firft inch entirely of ivory, and fubdivided into
Fig. 4, Plate
;
is
Microscopical Essays.
2.
^
or ivory
flic'er
;
A piece
of
on
lines,
about three-
To
on one
but parallel to
how many
by the
with a fourth magnifier, that one-tenth of an inch magnified anfwers in length to forty tenths or parts on the rule, when feen
by the naked
of
is,
mod
by
it
we comprehend,
it
were,
faves
different effecls
of combined, glafles
it
the trouble, and avoids the obfcurity that attends the ufual
;
modes
to
many
it
exceedingly
difficult
method, becaufe they have not been accufiomed to obferve with both eyes at once, We (hall therefore proceed to
this
adopt
this
inconvenience.
Plate
II.
A, reprefents
this
micrometer.
The
firft
of
in
my
;
father,
It
his
Micrograph ia
Illuftrata.
confifts
ffiy threads to an inch this fcrew carries an index, which points to the divifions on a circular plate, which is fixed at right angles
II 2
to
6o
Microscopical Essays.
The
is
is,
revolutions of the
fifty
fcrew are
parts
;
counted on a
fcale,
which
the
which
of the micro-
fcope.
Every revolution of the micrometer fcrew meafures part of an inch, which is again fubdivided by means of the
&
on the circular plate, as this is divided into twenty equai parts, over which the index paffes at every revolution of the fcrew by which means, we obtain with eafe the meafure of one thoufandth part of an inch for 50, the number of threads on the
divifions
;
:
fo that
cir-
cular plate mews, that the needle has either advanced or receded
micrometer on the body of the microfcope, open* the circular part F K H, Fig. 8, Plate II. A, by taking out the fcrew G, throw back the femicircle F K which moves upon a
To place this
joint at
K, then turn the Aiding tube of the body of the microfcope, fo that the fmall holes which are in both tubes may exa&ly coincide, and let the needle g of the micrometer have a free pafiage through them after this, fcrew it faft upon the body by
;
the fcrew
G.
will
The needle
now
meafure the length and breadth of the image of any object that is But further affiftance muft be had, in order toapplied to it.
meafure the objecl
for
itfelg
which
is
know
and though we have afcertained the power of the microfcope, of little that it is fo many thoufand times, yet this will be
,
affiftance
Microscopical Essays.
affiftance
61
towards afcertaining an accurate idea of it's real fize for our ideas of bulk being formed by the eomparifon of one object with another, we can only judge of that of any particular
body, by comparing
it
fize
is
known
the
fame thing
microfcope
;
is
neeeflary, in order to
image of jea, we muff make the point of the needle pafs over the down the write and ftage, the on a known part of an inch placed palled over the revolutions made by the fcrew, while the needle afcertain the we means, which image of this known meafure by
;
number of revolutions on the fcrew, which are adequate to a real eye and known meafure on the ftage. As it requires an attentive
the watch the motion of the needle point, as it pafles over to ought not we ftage, the image of a known part of an inch on ought to repeat to one {ingle measurement of the image, but
to
truft
it
fix
fum by
table,
fix,
or the
trials.
number of trials
This
refult
is
the
mean of all
the
to be
placed in a
column of a
number of the
magnifiers.
By
we
Small part of
II.
an inch.
This
fcale
is
{hewn
at Fig. 5, 6,
Plate
form an lines ca cb, with the fide ab, the fides is two inches long, and the
The
longer fides
may be
of any given
longer lines
may
Ml
The kBor
will.
02
:be
Microscopical Essays*
fuch a part of one-tenth, as
if it
is
expreffed
by
their divifions.
Thus,
the
the tenth
twenty equal parts, the inch will be by that means divided into
parts.
Laflly,
if
we obtain
The
fcale
is
;
reprefented as
fo that the light
is
at Fig. 6,
palfes
placed on
the ftage.
To
to the
firfl,
fix
8,
Plate
IX.
A,
then
fit
proper focus or
from the .fcale, which is to be moved till the bafe appears in the middle of the field of view then bring the needle point g, Fig. 8, (by turning the fcrew L) to touch one of the lines c a ex;
20 on the
8,
is
fecloral fcale.
The
to be
is
fet to
the
nrft.
divifion,
and
that
on the
which
end of it's
divifions
we
Example
going
.directions,
marked No. 4
fcrew, until the point of the needle has paffed over the magnified
image
Microscopical Essays.
image of the tenth part of one inch
;
63
two
revolutions, and partsof a revolution, the fcrew has made, while the needle point traverfed the magnified image of the one-tenth of an inch fup.
pofe the refult to be twenty-fix revolutions of the fcrew, and fourteen parts of another revolution, this is equal to 26 multiplied
inch.
by
20,
added
to 14
that
is,
534 thoufandth
parts of an
The
fied
twenty-fix
di virions
found on the
{trait
fcale
of
the:
micrometer, while the point of the needle paffed over the magni-
image of one-tenth part of an inch, were multiplied by 20, C D, Fig. 8, is divided into 20 equaf parts this produced 520 then adding the fourteen parts of the
becaufe the circular plate
; ;
next revolution,
we
or 5 tenths and 34 hundredth parts of another tenth, which is the meafure of the magnified image of one-tenth of an inch,
at the aperture of the eye glaffes, or at their foci.
Now
if
we
fuppofe the focus of the two eye glaffes to be one inch, the double thereof
is
two
inches
or
if
we reckon
in
the thoufandth
the diflance of
part of an inch,
we have two
Again,
It
if
we
age
at fix
the
dill an ce
we
ftiall
have eight
thoufand parts of an inch for the difiance of the eye from the obje6fc
;
and
the
as
glaffes
double the
we gather that, the image, we muft double the number 534 found;
5.5,.
upon
following analogy,
we
fhall
obtain the
number of times
the
microfcope
6^
Microscopical Essays,
;
fay, as 240,
is
to
800,
meafure found on the micrometer, to 3563, or the number of By times the microfcope magnifies the diameter of the object.
working
with the
refult
in this
compound microfcope, may be eafily found, though the will be different in different compound microfcopes, varySec.
Having difcovered the magnifying power of the microfcope, with the different objea lenfes that are ufed therewith, our next fubjea is to find out the real fize of the objefts themfelves, and
their different parts
;
this is eafily
efeded, by finding
on the ieBoral fcale, or other objea placed on the ftage from the number thus found, a table fhould be conftruaed, expreffmg
with that the value of the different revolutions of the micrometer objea lens, by which the primary number was obtained. Similar
tables muff
lens.
By a
fet
of tables
of
this kind,
is
may
any
objea he
examining
made
is
in
make number of
into his
which correfponds
number of revolu-
which
C H A
P.
Londof,
Tl.24
Microscopical Essays*
65
C
A
H A
P.
IIL
Description of the
principles
of
this
inftrument de-
pend.
I (hall
now proceed
to
themfelves, their apparatus, and the moil eafy and ready mode of applying them to ule fele&ing for defcription thofe, that from
;
in their conftruclion, or
who have recommended and ufed them, are What is laid of thefe will, I hope, be in molt general ufe. fufficient to enable the reader to manage any other kind that may
fall
in hit
way.
Description
Adams's
This microfcope was originally thought of, and in part executed by my father I have, however, fo improved and altered altogether a it, both in contagion and form, as to render it
;
different inftrument.
The
approbation
it
well as
the great
demand
65
Microscopical Essays.
I
demand
fully repaid
my
pains and ex
pences, in bringing
to
it's
As
by
the
be examined
common
Even
fine
in the
many of the
as
it
and drowned
were
in the light
while different parts of the fame object appear only as dark lines
or fpots, becaufe they are fo opake, as not to permit any light to
pafs through them.
Thefe
difficulties, as
;
well as
many more,
of various
fizes,
may be
the beautiful colours with which moft of them are adorned, are
rendered more
tint
brilliant,
Ieaft
the real
of the colour.
parts of an object:
opake objects are applied to this inftrument, is another confiderable advantage, and almoft pecuas the texture and configuration of the more tender liar to itfelf
facility
all
;
The
with which
by previous
preparation, every
firft,
object
may
be examined by
if
this inftrument,
as opake,
and afterwards,
The
Microscopical Essays,
pleafure to the
67
this inflrument
mind
there
is alfo,
in the ufe
is
of
no occafion
which
is,
that
by
it
may be
taken, even
by
thofe
who
are
while thofe
well, will
and execute
their
and
to have performed
would otherwife have been able Mori of the defigns for this work were
;
with which
will
be deemed a
fufficient
it
found of great ufe to the anatomifl, the botanift, the entomologifl, &c. as it will enable them not only toinvefligate the object of their refearches, but to convey to others
accurate delineations of the fubjeft they wifli to defcribe.
By
objects
may be thrown on a
fcreen,
and exhibited
at
one view to
Tranfparent objects
may
be examined with
;
this
inflrument in
modes
perfectly eafy to
it.
When this
inflrument
is
fitted
up
in the bell
way, we generally
it.
Fig.
1,
ABCDE
is
a large
mahogany
68
Microscopical Essays,
mahogany pyramidical box, which forms the body of the micro*fcope it is fupported firmly on the brafs pillar F G, by means of
;
the focket
H, and
is
;
MN
a
it
it
in the axis of
the lenfes
other,
and a
of which
is
the eye.
The
at
outer tube
is
feen at
M N,
reprefented
LM.
it
The
vertical
piece may be railed or deprefled, that the hole, through which the object, is to be viewed, may coincide with the center of the
field
of view
it is
fixed
by a milled fcrew
at
M, which
could not
be {hewn in
this figure.
At N is a dove-tailed piece of brafs, made to receive the dove-tail N, by which it is affixed to the wooden at the end of the tubes may be removed from this box box ABCDE. The tubes
MN
it
up in a lefs compafs.
OP
O one
of the magnifiers;
it is
wooden body.
a long fquare bar, which paries through the Z, and carries the ftage or frame that holds the objects; fockets adjuft it this bar may be moved backward or forward, in order to
QRSTVX
Y
to the focus,
is
at a.
Microscopical Essays,
be
is
69
more con-
When
ftead.
the handle
is
removed, the
may be ufed in
it's
de
the
is
body h
AB
is
fg
it
fits
QRST
pinion a
:
by means of
i,
and
is
brought nearer
lens,
by turning the
figure)
moveable
acled on
by a
confines
the Aider with the objecls; this plate, and the two upper pieces
f brafs, are
lifted
At
a femicircular
light
lump of
glafs n,
which
is
Fig. 3,
and to
collect
and throw
it
from whence
it is
to
The upper
part,
may be
inferted in
it's
place,
the two
5 and
6,
fit
for
opake objeas
is
ftiders,
yo
brafs tube,
Microscopical Essays.
which contains the
lenfes for
is
condenfing the
light,
and
throwing
it
upon the
object; there
marked 9 and 10, which may be placed from the objecl; by the pin 1 1
jP
When
this ftage
is
12,
by the nut
13.
N. B. At the end A B of the wooden body, there is a Aider, which is reprefented as partly drawn out at A when quite taken out, three grooves will be perceived, one of which contains a
;
board that forms the end of the box, the next contains a frame
with a greyed
glafs,
endAB,
two
large
convex
lenfes.
Of the Lamp.
Fig. 3, reprefents
on account of the
clearnefs,
the intenfity,
and the
The
following ac-
fells.
The
the
all
principle
acls,
confifts in
difpofmg
wick
may come
increafe
of the current of
The
Microscopical Essays,
The
yi
To
fix
wood
mandril
is
contrived,
which
is
is
;
to be put foremen;
to the groove
eafily
upon
it.
The
down in
their place,
the fpare part of the wick fhould, while dry, be fet alight, and
fulfered to
more
will be
much
be quite cut
The lamp
fliould
be
filled
it is
wanted,
may
imbibe the
better.
do
it
carefully obfervkig
when they
are full
by the
may be
fill
muft
the back to
and
this
mould be done
gently,
that
72
that the
oil in
;
Microscopical Essays.
the burner
may
and
only
filled
if,
move
the
oil will
the lamp
level.
may
oil will
flow to
proper
The
oil
commonly
it's
called
pale-
chamber
oil,
nefs, tranfparency,
and
which are
mould
-be
and
not being inflammable, will accumulate the impurities in fuch and remain in the form of a craft on the wick. Seal oil is nearly but being of a heavy fluggifh as pale and fweet as chamber oil
;
quality,
is
Whenever bad
alfo
ticles in
it's
oil
it,
be changed, becaufe.
capillary tubes,
will not
draw up the
fine oil.
To
obtain the greater! degree of light, the wick fhould be trimeven, the flame will then be completely equal.
med exaaiy
There
be a great advantage in keeping the lamp clean, the negle6t of cleanlinefs in efpecially the burner and air tubes every lamps is too common a candleftick is generally cleaned not to be is time it is ufed, fo fhould a lamp and if a candleftick
will
;
:
does not give light after the candle is exit does not haufted, fo a lamp fhould not be thought ill of, if often hapgive light when it wants oil or cotton - but this laft has
objetted to becaufe
it
is lefs
vilible.
Microscopical Essays,
'
'
'
u* id
The
If a fountain-lamp
is left
oil,
it
may be
air
liable
to overflow
cold,
this
when
expanfion by the warmth of a room, the rays of the fun, or the heat of the lamp when re-lighted this accident
and
it's
may
oil
be
effectually prevented
by keeping the
air.
refervoir
filled,
the
On this
account, thofe
with a
pofes.
common
to examine
-
opake
the
lucernal
The
microfcope
is
Plate III.
it
is
;
ufually
it
packed
many of
occupies on
much
lefs
embarraffing to
it is
the obferver,
who
taken
out of its box, namely, the guide for the eye, the ftage, and the
tube with
it's
magnifier.
But
lift
to be
more
out the cover and the grey glafs from their refpeclive grooves
it's
place, fo
may
Place
74
Microscopical Essays.
Place the focket, which
is
at the
ftage ?
on the bar
end
QXT,
fo that the
concave mirror o
may be
next the
DE
of the
wooden body.
in-
Screw the tubes P O into the end D E. The magnifier you tend to ufe is to be fere wed on the end o of thefe tubes.
The handle
G b,
2,
the'
objecl
you intend
to
ready for
ufe.
microfcopes, there are two circumftances which muft be or the particularly attended to; the modification of the light,
In
all
adjuftproper quantity to illuminate the objea fecondly, the ment of the inftrument to the focus of the glaffes and the eye of In the ufe of the lucernai microfcope there is a theobferver. which is, the regulation of the guide for the
;
third circumftance,
eye, each of
which
I {hall confider
by
itfeff.
lamp throw the light upon the objea. The flame of the of the glafs lump n, and is to be placed rather below the center inclined and the concave mirror o muft be fo as near it as poffible
1
.
To
and reflea it turned, as to receive the light from the glafs lump, mirror, thence upon the objea the beft fituation of the concave
;
i-.
..
Microscopical Essays,
itances,
and the flame of the lamp, depends on a combination of circumwhich a little practice will difcover.
the guide for the eye, or to place the center of the eye-piece L, fo that it may coincide with the focal point of
2.
To regulate
N
is
and
ML,
you
an uniform
edge
;
field
for
till
of light, without any prifmatic colours round the this piece is properly fixed, the circle of light will
be very be kept
final 1,
at the center
lens the eye muft of the eye-piece L, during the whole of the
:
operation; which
may be
on
the
firft
removing
it
from, or bringing
circle,
he
where a lucid
and moft
which
then
after
he
will perceive
on the paper,
brighter!
diftinct.,
;
-which a very
final 1
adjustment will
fet it perfectly
right
3.
To
This
is
effected
by turning
piece L.
the pinion
I
a,
while
am
The
^6
Microscopical Essays,
The upper
part f grs of the Rage,
is
to
be raifed or lowered
occasionally, in order to
make
To
large lenfes
The opake
part
may be
AB
are fcreened
from the
light.
TO
USE THE
The
microfcope
is
to remain as before
of
tranfparenfc the opake ftage muft be removed, and the ftage for Fig. 9 end, the objeas, reprefented at Fig. 4, put in it's place ;
and
10, to
it's
A B,
and the
objeas in the flider-holder at the front of the ftage which you will as ftrong a light as you are able on the objea,
eafily
then tranfmit
The objea
pinion
a.
glafs
it
Microscopical Essays.
The
the eye
object
;
yy
is to be adjufted as we have two or three wifh to examine the object the fame time, the guide for the eye mull be laid afide.
If
Take
if the
on the grey
of no ufe
grey glafs
is
may be
Take out
the object: to
the grey glafs, replace the large lenfes, and' ufe the
;
proper focus.
You
will
blaze of light almoft too great for the eye, a circum (lance that
will
mode
will
be fomewhat coloured*,
oceafional purpofes,
it
but as
it is
has been
by
remedying
fault
is
the
more
fo,
as this
eafily corrected,
interefting
view of the
object
is
obtained,
of light,
by turning the inftrument out of the direct rays and permitting them to pafs through only in an oblique
by which the upper
is
direction,
furface
is
in
fome degree
illumi-
nated,
It
as if opake..
Some;
78
Microscopical Essays,
advantage
when
9 and 10
it
is
taken away;
as,
lefs
by giving too
{harp,
great a
quantity of light,
The
variety of views
object,
by
it
him an opporand
invefti-
his difcoveries,
of transparent objects on a
thrown on a
this
fcreen, as
in
the
is
common
folar
microfcope
and
and
the ufe of the folar microfcope requires confinement in the fined: part of the day, when time feldom hangs heavy on the mind, but
as
it
alfo affords
it's
wonders
the eye.
This purpofe
parent lamps.
11
is
now
is
effectually anfwered,
by
age of the lucernal to a lanthorn, with one of Argand's placed within the lanthorn, and the end
is
The lamp
9,
fcrewed into a female fcrew, which lanthorn the is rivetted in the Aiding part of the front of the magnifying lenfes are to be fcrewed into the hole reprefented at
The
quantity
Microscopical Essays.
of light
is
jg
fliding-
to be regulated,
by
railing
N. B. This
part, with
lanthorn and
lamp,
may be had
feparate
ftage for
opake
objects,
with
it's
femicircular
Lump of
The
which
fits
of the foregoing
The
body
;
to be fcrewed
is
on the end
of the wooden
end of the
may be combined
together,
of magnifying powers.
A fifh-pan,
fuch as
is
reprefented at
I,
Plate IX,
A fteel wire L,
at the other.
N, containing a
fitted
flat glafs
Aider,
and a
brafs
which are
glafies,
A pair
So
Microscopical Essays.
pair of forceps.
fix fmall
Aiders.
which
mended by him.
It
was
alfo defcribed
by
ABC
ed on
reprefents the
it
contains an
is
eye-glafs at A, a
at C.
fcrew-
is
D E,
at pleafure.
The arm
DE
is
fixed
F,
and may be
raifed
limits.
The
Microscopical Essays.
The main pillar
the brafs foot
is
gj
ab
is
fixed in the
is
fcrewed to
all
a drawer containing
the apparatus.
F when
the ad-
juring fcrew c g
is
ufed.
pq
is
it
has a
G a concave mirror,
reflect
that
may be
To
to
in the hole n,
fet
the upper
corref-
DE
which
pond
to the magnifier
you have
in ufe,
now
reflect
upon
by means
c g.
To
view opake
objects, take
flat glafs
away
on one end of the jointed nippers o. Then fcrew the filver concave fpeculum to the end of the cylinder L, and Aide this cylinder on the lower part of the body, fo that the upper edge thereof
jmay coincide with the line which has the fame nlark with the
magnifier
82
magnifier that
Microscopical Essays.
is
then ufed
mirror
flected
from which
will again
be re-
on the
The
glafles are to
List of the
H a convex
L
lum
lens,
cylindrical tube,
open
at
each
fide,
lower end h.
the Aider-holder
is
it
confifts
an inner tube
ufed to
and
i.
The
k
is
cylinder
fits
the hole
in the ftage
the hollow
part at
is
P, to intercept occafionally
S a box containing a concave and a flat glafs, between which a fmall living infect may be confined it is to be placed over the
;
hole n.
flat glafs,
to lay
there
is
alfo
a concave one
for fluids.
Microscopical Essays.
a long
fteel wire,
with a
fraall
a point
hold objets
;
it flips
the pin
fits
into
W
Z
little
V
fteel
fits
it is
and
vice verfa.
common
magnifying
glafs,
for
cir-
the
tail is
the
knob
is
to
the magnifier.
compound mierofcope, which is at prefent in moll general ufe. The improvements, though few in number, are The field of view is confiderably effential to the ufe thereof. The ftage and the mirrors larger than in the former microfcope.
the
are
8^
are-
Microscopical Essays.
both moveable,
fo that their refpe&ive diftances
alfo
may be eafily
by the mirror
one
hngle
as
varied.
There
is
condenfmg
glafs
it is
when
re hefted
It is
microfcope.
A B,
Fig.
to
be ufed
microfcope*
the
body
is
glafles are
contained in a tube
AB
when
the microfcope
in ufe, the
lens
is
increafed.,
The body
this
AB
of the microfcope
is
CD,
arm is fixed to the main pillar C F, which is fcrewed firmly to the mahogany pedeftal G H there is a drawer to this pedeftal, which holds the apparatus.
;
NIS
is
K L
in
this ftage is
moved up
;
or
down
is
the pillar
C F, by
that
turning the
milled nut
this
nut
fixed to a pinion,
pillar.
works
By
means of
this,
may be
Microscopical Essays,
KL
is
fits
is
in
/he
NIS
it is
the motion of the Aiders which contain the objects, or the glafs
tubes that are defigned to confine fmall
culation of the blood.
fi
flies,
The
two upper
is
is
it
fits
into the
and may be
it's
object, according to
diftance
This tube
is
feen further
drawn out
is
whieh
by
means of the
pivots
in the femicircle
Q
the
femicircle itfelf
on the pin S
;
in the day-time
lens,
the plane
and a lamp or
At
there
is
of the arm
Q,
on opake
At S
is
IX. or the
when
be removed.
M,
Plate IX.
86
Microscopical Essays.
To USE THE IMPROVED DOUBLE MlCROSCOPE.
Take
into the
C D.
Place the brafs Aiders, which contain the magnifiers, into the
dove-tailed
flit
fide
it
feen at E, Fig.
nifier
Plate IV.
is
and Aide
you mean
to ufe
oppoiite
arm C D
there
is
a fpring, which
into the
you intend
to
upper
K L,
and then
as ftrong a light
;
after
by turning
objeel,
and
N I S.
The
to
their
attained
by a
little
practice.
When
on a Aat
fit
glafs,
or
fix it to
the nippers
into
the hole
on the Aage;
arm Q,
Plate
Microscopical Essays.
IX. and thenpafs the pin of this arm through the focket D, Fig.
87
1,
PL IV. the
light
is
now
to be reflected
we muft
focus
the mother of
aptnefs, practice.
fuit the
lower or higher, to
ufmg of this inwith this difference only, microscope, ftrument as a single that the body A B is then removed, and the eye is applied to the upper furface of the arm C D, exactly over the magnifiers.
The preceding
A List
The
Compound
microfcope,
The The
flider-holder.
The
The
filver
fpeculum.
88
Microscopical Essays.
brafs
flider-holder.
The
jointed nippers.
A cylinder of ivory,
Six ivory Aiders,
to
fix
nippers.
five
of which are
with objects.
A magnifier for
A
fifh
the hand.
pan.
ivory box, to hold fpare rings and talc for the Aiders.
A round
flat glafs,
fitted to the
A
into
concave
ditto.
A Aider of brafs,
which are
containing a
fitted fmall
concave
glafles.
Some
glafs tubes.
A fmall
pair of forceps.
A flip
A fmall brufli,
or hair pencil
The
Microscopical Essays.
The
life
it
gg
of each
to
life,
article
applying
chapter.
will
be defcribed in the
end of
this
The
fcope,
advantages of
oonfifts, firft,
body, the
flage,
compound micromotion which may be given to the and the mirrors, by means of the joint c d,
this
in the
vertical
fo that the
may be
be ufed when he
taken
off,
fitting
down.
If the
in
OOR
line
is
the
light
will
be conveyed
direct,
to
may
on a
ftage,
object.
carries the
alfo
left
and may
milled nut b.
mirrors are
much
fcope
is
which purpofe,
recommended by
it's
fimplicity
and cheapjeel
nefs
it is
e a lily
"
.
9
jett.
Microscopical Essays.
It is true, it is
precluded by
it's
This microfcope
fupported on
confifts
AB CD,
that are
the flage
G H.
There
a drawer in
M C D of the body forms an exterior tube, into which the upper part of the body A B L M Aides, and may be moved up or
L
down,
fo as to bring the magnifiers,
at
N,
from the
object.
and a pleafing view of the objeB, adjuft the body to the focus of the lens you are ufing, by moving the upper part gently up and down, and regulate the light by the concave mirror.
vifion,
For opake obje&s, two additional pieces muff be ufed the firft Plate IX. which is, a cylindrical tube of brafs, reprefented at X,
;
fits
on the
cylindrical part at
of the body
is
H, Plate IX.
:
this is to
be fcrewed to the
made
a
number
Microscopical Essays/
number
if
r|t
affixed to
it,
as to the magnifier
ex. gr.
5, flide the
tube
on the tube N,
that
is
marked
alfo with
No.
5.
The
ftage in
Aider-holder
objects,
are going to
view opake
it's
be placed on the
(lead to
or
it
fits
may be
placed in
which
the
ft age.
a brafs button
one of thefe
is
five
A brafs tube X,
in a brafs box.
A A
fifii-pan.
fet
of
glafs .tubes.
A flat glafs
ftage,
A pair
92
Microscopical Essays.
pair of forceps.
A fteel wire,
the other..
ate
A frhall
ivory cylinder, to
fit
faid nippers..
A convex lens,
moveable
fits
in a brafs femicirele
into a hole
on
the ftage;
more
of this apparatus* he
at trie latter
end of
this;
chapter.
Description- of
WHICH
IS
opake Objects,
The
folar
Plate V.
microfcope
is
entertainment, on account of the wonderful extent of it's magnifying power, and the eafe with which feveral perfons may view
each fmgle object at the fame time. The ufe of it was, however;, About the confined for many years only to tranfparent objects.
year 1774, Mr. B> Martin fo far improved this inftrument, a&toh render it applicable to opake, as well as to tranfparent objects,
exhibiting the magnified image of either kind on a large fcreen. Speaking of it himfelf, he fays, "With this inftrument all opake
objects,
maybe
whether of the animal, vegetable, or mineral kingdom, exhibited in great perfection, in all their native beauty;
Mi croscopigal Essays.
the Hglits and {hades, the prominencies and cavities, and
varieties
all
93
the
tints,
and
colours, heightened
5
by the
reflection
Tranfparent
in the
common
folar microfcope.
Fig.
i,
Plate
V.
reprefents
the
folar
opake
microfcope,
mounted
Fig. 2,
for exhibiting
opake
objects.
is
is
Y there-
of being made to
fit
F E,
it
fits
into a
dove-tail
which
is
at the
Fig. 2.
ABCDEF,
fcope
is
;
Fig.
1,
reprefents the
body of the
folar micro-
A B CD,
Y
is
cylindrical.
The
CDEF, G of the
2.
At
AB
is
a lens to re-
them towards
the
box
HIKE.
NOP
plate
folar rays
is
is
fixed to the
moveable circular
abc
frame there
is
on the afore-mentioned
This mirror
may be moved
light,
:
..
and
R.
...
94
Microscopical Essays.
the nut
By
it
eaft
to well;
it
may be
e,
two fcrews
to faften the
microfcope to a window-mutter.
The box
for
opake objects
is
reprefented at
HIKL
it
it
con-
M,
receives
it
;
at a
VX
rior
HIKL;
is
then ufed by
within the
itfelf.
may
box
HIKL.
a brafs plate, the
At
H there
The
is
is
fixed to
KL.
plate
Aiders,
fide
and the
to put
g.
them
to
i kt
a door to
one
fide
The
now proceed
but in order
examine
thefe, the
box
HIKL rauft be
firft
removed, and in
its
Microscopical Essays.
it's
95
place
are
we
infert the
tube
to defcribe*
fcope
at
and pinion microare two thin microfcope, this of body m, within the
be feparated,
;
in
order to
let
pafs between
them
by
and forces
it
againft the
upper
The
hole n
;
fits
into the
objecl,
by moving
which
is
when
the magnifier
into
3.
is
at the cen-
a fmall fpring
falls
on the
fide
Under the plate m are placed two lenfes, for enlarging the field of view on the fcreen the fmaller of the two is fixed on a piece
:
of brafs, and
is
this
is
to be taken out,
when
or
is
6, are ufed, or
when
the megalafcope
1,
ufed; but
to be replaced for
No.
2, 3.
This microfcope
nut O.
is
To
Make
little
the circle
abc;
G NP
;
through
this hole,
and
Microscopical Essays.
the places which correfpond to the
fcrew
at the
is
to pals
take
away
marked
pafs
through them.
Thefe fcrews are to pafs from the outfide of the mutter, to go through it, and being then fcrewed into their refpeclive holes in
the i'quare plate,
they
will,
it
faff
A BCD
mean to
to
and then
CD
they
E F of the
but
if
C D E F.
The room is to be darkened as much as poflible, that no light may enter but what paries through the body of the microfcope
for,
on
this
mine, the perfection and difunctxiefs of the image in a great meafure depend.
I fhall firft
as
opake objects,
folar rays,
firft,
N O P, fo as
;
O,
the
or depreffes
light
O, turns the mirror to the right or left this you are to do till you have it
:
at
A B,
ftrongly
per, placed at
a round fpot of
An unexperienced obferver
more
conve-
Microscopical Essays,
convenient to obtain the
light,
97
on
*
either
by forming this fpot before he puts the opake box, or the tooth and pinion microfcope.
in the
;
Now
put
objeel:
between the
till
plates at
k,
you by
N O P,
oiithe mirror
objeel:.
M,
The
by
objeel;
i k,
and
V X,
which
is
effected
by moving them
backwards or forwards,
A
it
round fpot of
light
neither'can
of the room.
As
the fun
is
continually changing
full
it's
place,
it
will
be neceftary,
upon the
objeel, to
by the two
fcrews
Q and R.
tranfparent objecls,
To view
the tube
infert
of Fig.
it's
2,
Plate V. in
place
Plate V. into
tween the
direcled,
,
,
plates, at
N O P,
may
as before
by
pafs through
***''
the
g$
the object
;
Microscopical Essays.
regulate the focus of the magnifier
by the fcrew CX
fifth.
fize
of the object
may be
increafed or diminifhed,
:
by
five or fix
a convenient diftance.
OF A
LARGER
SIZE,
glafs
which
is
at
and focus
G
;
there
is
a. lens for
increafing
any
iris
lens
muft be removed
moft
light
fhould be burnt.
this
The
intenfity
of the
alfo varied
by moving
Apparatus
The
of the opake
Solar Microscope*,
and mirror.
mierofcope.
it's
tube.
The
Microscopical
The
Aider with the magnifiers.
-Essays.
99
The
megalafcope magnifier.
The two
Some
fcrews
Q and R.
ivory Aiders.
Some
Aiders with
opake
objects,
ftick
A brafs
Description
of
the
common
Solar
Microscope,
Fig. 4,
Plate VI.
The foregoing
microfcope
;
once intended to have made only fome general references to the former, in order to avoid that prolixity which muft ever attend the detail of defcription but when I confidered,
and
by thofe who
ap-
would probably never fee the other; and that a fmall difference
in conftru&ion
practitioner,
it
peared to
me more
common
through an affectation of
brevity.
This inftrument
is
&
>
7>
8.
N. 2
AB
ioo
Microscopical Essays.
Fig. 4, reprefents the
A B C D,
fiding of
body of
two
brafs tubes.
EF
is
tube
AB
of the
K L,
and
to collecl:
and condenfe
it
the
end
GHL
;
im
a plane mirror
to
reflect
the rays
of the-
An endlefs worm
the nut
or fcrew, which
in a fmall
is
M, works
the nut
wheel which
K L,
down
fo
:
KL
moved up
left.
or
to the right or
window-
q the dove-
g, the
is
to
removed.
At h
placed
;
are the
moveable
plates,
is-
Microscopical Essays.
7
is
101
to
1, 2, 3,
and
4,
are to
be ufed.
e k
is
final!
is
moved backwards
end of the
the objects are
by
the-
gradual motion of
Fig. 8
is
glades
nifiers
it is
either
it
may be
:
by Hiding
glafs
is
the other
in the
made
on the
fide
lens.
To
By the two fcrews O, P, which. are to go from the out: fide o the window-lhutter through it, and then be fcrewed into their
refpective holes in the fquare plates
GH
I.
The
mirror
is
to-be
for
on the
made
that purpofe.
from
it
the larger
is
the image
the fun's
now move
rays
the mirror
KL
till
come through
it's
f
place
v'
*
EF;
Fig. 8,
in-
:J
102
in
it's
Microscopical Essays.
proper fituation, and the
object, flider
between
trie
plates at
fcrew
the object appears diflinct and clear on the fcreen. the internal tube of the body,
By moving
fo as to
may be
lolar rays.
The
"
The
fingle microfcope.
The megalafcope
The
lens, Fig. 6.
flider, Fig. 8,
with
fix lenfes.
The two
fcrews O, P.
Some
glafs tubes.
A flider,
brafs flider
glafles,
concave
Microscopical Essays.
concave
glafs,
1C3
which are thus preferved from being crufhed, and prevented from wandering out of the iield of view.
The.
Screw Barrel,
Microscope,
or
Fig.
1
Wilson's
and
2,
single
II.
Plate
B.
is
Dr. Lieberkuhn
it,
there
purpofe
fo well
it
much
many
cafes.
The body
and
is
of the microfcope
filver,
is
reprefented
by AB,
Fig. 1,
made
is
either of
brafs, or ivory.
C C
D, a convex
be placed,
as
glafs at the
end of the
faid fcrew,
on which may
thin brafs, with holes of different diameters in the center of them, to cover the faid glafs,
one whereof
is
an arched cavity
F,.
a o4
F, a piece of
;plate,
Microscopical Essays.
wood
or brafs, arched in the
manner of the
fai<t
and fattened
thereto.
H, a
.plates
fpiral
and the
I,
infi
rumen t,
which
on and
off at pleafure.
To
fix
this
glaffes,
of which are
the
figure
2, 3, 4, 5,
6:
is
greateft magnifiers.
little
manner of a
is
flat flip
it,
through
this microfcope,'
fold with Six fuch ivory Aiders, and one of brafs, are ufually with objects placed in them, and others
fome
empty, for viewing any thing that may to make a large colkaion of objefts,
defines.
offer
may have
many
as
he
There
is
it.
N fs
Microscopical Essays,
105
a pair of forceps, or pliers, for the taking up of infects or other objects, and adjufting them in the glades.
is
O, a
little
hair
brum
or pencil,
is
a tube
of
glafs
to confine
fifties,
When
which the
two
flat
brafs plates,
obferving always to put that fide of the Aider where the brafs
rings are Far theft
glafs
you intend
it
to ufe at the
ing through
object
is
CC
till
your
by
it's
brought to the true focal diftance, which you appearing perfectly clear and diftin6L
will
know
object accurately,
will ftiew the
is
to look at
at
it,
whole
once,
feveral parts
;
more
particularly with
for thus
:
parts
you will gain a true idea and though the greateft magniat once,
can
mew
fuch
as the
claw of a
yet
by
gently moving the Aider that contains your object, the eye will gradually fee the whole and if any part mould be out of the focal diftance, the fcrew C C will eafily bring it to the true focus.
;
As
Microscopical Essays.
As
objects
flider againft
them
as
you move
it
in
or
CC
by giving
room enough.
Description of a Scrole for fixing Wilson's Pocket Microscope, and reflecting Light to it by a Mirror.
ABC,
Fig. 2,
is
niency of carriage,
fo
Rands, with
it's
reflecting mir-
The
focket.
at
is
then
lift
up, and
it
The lower
E.
The
mirror
lifts
lie in
one
To
apply
by the fcrew A,
as
The
and
move the rethe microfcope placed in a perpendicular pofition, of the iky, light the call in fuch a manner as to fleding glafs
the
Microscopical Essays,
made
10y
;
by which means
it is
to anfwer
reflecling microfcope.
rendered more ufeful for viewing opake objccls by R, Fig. i , into the body of the microfcope at fcrewing the arm
It is alfo
G
S,
R that magnifier which you your object, and putting the concave fpeculum on to the outfide of the ring R, you will find in the body of the
;
male fcrew' C
that
or brafs F, and the end of the C, a fmall hole u, through which Aides the long
wood
wire T, which has a point at one end and forceps at the other,
may be
object, requires
when you
is
have fixed
this,
and your
object,
till
on
it,
turn the
is
arm R, which
the magnifier
it
may be
C C in the fame manner as before defcribed. It mull be turned exactly over the fpeculum, by twilling the upper part of the fcrole to one fide, till your objecl: and the two fpecumale fcrew
alfo
lums are
in
one
line,
as will
be found by
trial
and then
fix it
by
the fcrew B, at which time the upper furface of the objecl; will be
3 and
4,
Plate
II.
B.
A, Fig.
4,
is
a fixed
is
moveable arm C.
O2
is
108
Microscopical Essays.
is
when
turned, will
two arms
A C.
when
the nut
E
is
is
ft eel
two
fides
unfcrewed.
round
in a focket,
whence proceeds
a fteel
rivet,
finifhes in
hath a pair of
into, or
foldered to
to take
object,
round
as required.
I,
on an upright
rivet, that it
may be
at
a due diftance
when
K,
a concave fpeculum of
filver,
in the center of
placed, with a
On
is
made
to
fit
which may be
The
greater! magnifiers
have
Microscopical Essays.
M,
black,
109
a round object plate, one fide white, and the other black,
vifible,
by placing them,
fide.
if
upon
if
white,
on the black
to
A fteel fpring N
fall
:
turns
down on each
is
fide,
make any
object
it
on
O, a fmall box of
brafs,
fide,
;
contrived
examine
it
this alfo
has
when
made
ufe of.
Q,
a pair
of
pliers to take
up any
object, or
manage
it
with
conveniency.
I
R, a
you would view any object, fcrew the fpeculum, with you intend to ufe, into the brafs ring I place your object either on the needle G, in the pliers H, on the object plate M, or in the brafs hollow box O, as may be moft convethe magnifier
;
When
up your inftrument by the handle P, look againft the light lens, and by means of the nut D, toge-
managing
it's
lower end,
the object
may be
till
you
diftance a
no
diftance,
Microscopical Essays.
and the
light
be
feen reflected
ftrongly
diftincr.
object,
by which means
will
appear very
Of
Ellis's Single
or Aquatic Microscope,
it's
Plate VII. B.
Ellis,
author of
An
many
uncommon Zoophytes."
ofj
fmgularities in
To
the
inftrument
is
recommended,
by the
fimple in
it's
conftruction, eafy in
have accelerated
adopted.
it
to be very
much
it
is
gene-
is
a female
pillar
fcrew, for
is
at the
bottom of the
A, a
pillar
of brafs which
is
fere wed
D, a
Is
brafs pin
which
fits
arm which
the
Microscopical Essays.
the pin
to their
Is
lit
adjuft the lenfes
be moved up and down, in order to focal or proper diftance from the objeci.
to
N. B. In the reprefentation of
Fig.
i,
this
the pin
is
one
fide
of the pillar
whereas
it is
ufual at prefent to
pillar.
make
it
E, the bar which carries the magnifying lens it fits into the which is at the top of the pillar D. This arm may be focket
;
by
which
is
of
this bar,
any
flage or plate B.
EF
The
is
as at F.
G, another fpeculum, with it's lens, which magnifying power from the former.
is
of a different
H, the
femicircle
the pin R,
which
is
to-
it
fits
arm which
is
at
the
D A-
112
Microscopical Essays.
{ilk
(luck
on
it
to lay in a groove
made
in the ftage B.
M,
a hollow
glafs, to
of the plane
glafs C.
L, a pair of nippers.
the fteel
in the focket,
and
this
focket
is
joint, fo that
may be
varied at pleafure.
The
may
pers, ftuck
on the
point, or affixed
by a
little
gum water,
&c.
N.
objects.
To
Take
all
R of the
that
is
femicircle
which
carries
dove-tail at B. Aide the pin into the pillar, (fee the N. B. above)
is
at the top
of the
pin D, and fcrew one of the magnifying lenfes into the ring at F.
now ready for ufe and though the enumeration of the articles may lead the reader to imagine the inftrument to be of a complex nature, we can fafely affirm, that he will find
The microfcope
is
;
it
TL 7B
Microscopical Essays.
it otlierwife.
it is difficult
The
which
is
appro-
priated to another.
either
it
on the
manner, that
:
may be
much
as nearly as pofiible
then throw as
I
on the fpeculum
re-
you
can,
of which
flected
it is
on the fpeculum
is
by
is
it
on the
object.
The
F from
I
the
object
regulated
up and down,
which
from the
until
a
is,
diflinct
view of
is
obtained.
it's
The
rule
obferve
object:,
beyond
it
focal diftance
till
down,
The
on the
object, are
moft attention
on
the
fir ft
the pleafure arifing from a clear view of the parts under obfervation,
is
light.
No
;
it is
from practice
be acquired
found.
with the
affiftance
fitted
and pinion,
for the
proper focus.
Descrjp-
ii4
Microscopical Essays.
Lyonet's
Fig. 3,
Description of
Anatomical Microscope,
Plate VI.
and wonderful
is
diffe6lion
iaule,
of which afpecimen
This
little
aided
by
it,
other obfervers
may be enabled to diflect other infe&s with as M. Lyonet, and thus advance the know-
is
is
The
table
AB
;
is
pre-
vented from turning round, by means of two fteady pins in this table or board there is a hole G, which is exactly over the center
is
on the
glafs,
object; the
is
defigned to receive a
or concave
on which the
objecls are to
RXZ
means
fcrew,
it
is
balls
and
fockets,
;
by which
fixed to
may be moved
it
is
the board
by means of the fcrew H the laft arm I Z has a female By into which a magnifier may be fcrewed as at Z.
I
atm
it's
focal
diftance
from the
fometimes ufed, carrying a lens to throw light upon the object 5 the mirror is alfo fo mounted, as to
is
be
Microscopical Essays.
be taken from
it's
on a clamp, by which
it
may
A B.
with his
left fide
near a light
window
left
the
DH towards the
the
made with
eye
this
In
by the
table
on
refts,
it
the hands
board
AB;
in order
to
give
though imperceptible
to the
naked eye,
is
each
from practice
and more
will
mode
Plate VI.
This
fifts
little
inftrument
is
reprefented at Fig.
i,
Plate VI.
It
con-
of three brafs
;
plates,
other
plate,
the wires
D and E
this
which are by
is
the middle
little
plate or ftage
fockets
by two
The
Microscopical Essays,
The two upper
different
powers
plates each contain a magnifying lens, but of one of thefe confines and keeps in their places
To
then fcrew the lens on and then move it up or down till you have gained a diftinft view of the objecl, as one lens is made of a fhorter focus than the other ; and fpare lenfes, of a ftill deeper focus, may be had if required. This little micro;
the forceps
ftage,
on the
fcope
in
his
is
the invention of Dr. Withering, and is defcribed by him " Botanical Arrangements." It's principal merit is it's
Simplicity.
Common Botanical
This
little
Microscope.
inftrument
is
It
appears to
fimple,
me
;
preferable
Dr. Withering's,
application,
being equally
ftage un-
more
extenfive in
and the
incumbered
A B,
C
;
arm
at
may be
is
The
is
arm
AB
which
fits
of the foot
FG;
;
DL
made
to Aide
pillar
H, a concave mir-
To
Microscopical Essays.
To
focus,
ufe this
it
ft
age,
it
rcflecl:.
the light on
by moving the
to
B.
The
other objects
may
be fixed
glafifes
;
L M,
laid
or they
may be
and then brought under the eyeon one of the glaffes which fit the
flage.
The
ditto,
glafs,
and a concave
both
Bo T A N
IC'AL
M'A'G N IFIERS,
Since botany has been cultivated with fo much ardor, it has been found neceffary to contrive fome very portable inftrument, by which the botanift might inveftigate the objed of his purfuits,
as
rifes
before him.
8,
Plate
VIII reprefent
1,
of different mag-
turn
up and
which
are
all
made
ieparately.
The
ing powers
make
a feventh magnifying
power with
three
lenfes-
Microscopical Essays,
lenfes.
When
it is
beft to turn
them
as this
combined
magnifying power
of the light which
diftin6t. vifion.
fo great, that
it
falls
on the
means made
to
coincide
more
2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
Plate VIII.
The
telefcope
is
Aiding drawers or tubes, for the convenience of being put in the pocket; the Hiding tubes are made of thin brafs, the outfide tube
of mahogany.
The
to a
proper length, fo that by applying one hand to the outfide tube, and the other hand to the end of the fmalleft tube, the telefcope
may be
at
it's
whole length
may be pufhed
the object
is
ren-
fight.
To make
all
pafs
through fhort
fprings or tubes
thefe fprings
may
of the Aiding tubes by means of the milled edges which project above the tubes, and the tubes taken from each other if required,
fet clofer if it is
too weak.
Microscopical Essays,
Fig. 5 reprefents the exterior tube
30>
is
to be unfcrewed
from thereft,
as
it
does not
make any
ferves alfo as a
box
and
a.
fmall mirror.
Fig. 4
is
a view of
this
cover
part of
it,
when taken off: unfcrew the top. 6, may be taken out unfcrew the
;
cover of the lpwer part, and you will find therein the two circular Aiders reprefented at Fig. l
and
2,
which
at the
Fig. 3 reprefents the three internal tubes of the telefcope,., conftitute the microfcopic part thereof. Draw the tubes
;
is feen in Fig. 3 then on the infide, but lower end of the exterior tube, you will find a fhort tube,, which ferves as a ftage to hold the objecT: and fupport the mir-
ror
and turn
it,
which
pierced in
it
may coincide
is
terior tube.
This tube
4,.
reprefented as
mirror, Fig.
fixed at
placed therein at
N O.
They
flit
are
made of
ivory,
on a pin
the tube,
at the center
the
fits
then to be puflied up, fo that the lower end of the exterior tube may bear lightly on the upper fide of the Aider,,
is
which
is
given
at.
Fig. 3.
Now
pu(h
down
falls
120
Microscopical Essays.
Nothing now remains to be done but to
which
is
one.
focus,
effected
TV
till
the
The
jects
;
inftrument
firft,
may be
in a vertical pofition,
when
or
in
the light
it
is
to be
thrown
on
the object
by the mirror
LM;
;
may be examined by
is
as
much
mull be
let
fall
on them through
the circular
be viewed by
firfl
R, and
to
it's
focal diflance
Description of those Parts of a Microscopical Apparatus, which are delineated in Plate IX.
A and B
fiers
The
is
The
lenfes
of
and
are con-
fined
by
a fmall
cap
on unfcrewing
this,
may be
The
magnifiers
may be fcrewed
by which means
obtained.
power
is
To
ft!
cr
cAl
Essays.
121
To
get at the lenfes in the Aider, Fig. 3, Plate V. take out the
confifts
of a cylindrical tube,
in
is
by a fpring. It is ufed to receive the ivory or any other Aider, in which the tranfparent objects are placed thefe are to be Aid between the two upper plates the hollow part in
;
:
forced up
is
D, the condenfmg
holder C, and
piece
is
lens
and
it's
tube,
which
fits
may
is
in
it.
When
this
puAied up as
will go,
it
candle, which
reflected
on
it
fpreads
object.
in
If the
re-
fiiould
moved
denfmg fome
may
in a fmall compafs,
lens
is
more
The
con-
fometimes
it
up
differently,
it
will
be eafy to apply
to ufe, notwithstanding
variations in the
mechanifm.
E, a brafs cone
it
fixes
It
is
ufed to
F, a box, with
diftances
two
fiat glafies,
different
infect.
122
Microscopical Essays.
final 1 brafs
G, a
box
fpeculum H.
H, a
light
it
is
compound microfcope
fometimes
it is
fometimes
tube fimilar to
body
this
O;
the
fits
in the llage.
When
fpeculum
is
mould be removed.
fattened, in order to
I,
fifh
;
may be
tail is
it's
to
faft
be fpread acrofs
by -means of the ribbon-fixed thereto, by moving the knob which is on the back of the tail of the fifh may be it through the flit made in the ftage
;
is
in ufe.
K, a
opake microfcope
may be
pliers at
one
end,,
and a
wards
flee!
the wire
is
flips
backwards or
for-
in
bottom
of which
a pin to
fit
this piece is
1,
fits
fteel
L;
it is
coloured
Microscopical Essays;
coloured
verfa.
123
fide,
and vice
K2
M,
is
fits
the ftage
pin adhering to
it is
defigned to
or a candle, and
this piece
is
to
very
little
N, a
others
which
is
fitted
flat
piece of glafs,
glafles,
and
the
it
is
is
when
ufed
to
flider-holder.
O, a
fifli.
See,
one of the Ivory-Aiders, wherein objects are placed between two pieces of talc, and confined by a brafs
reprefents
ring.
Q,
fpeculum
and
2,
Plate IV.
It,
object,
'S,
t24
S,
Microscopic At Essays,
a camel's hair pencil to brufh the
quill
is
and place
it
on
either
of the
glaffes for
examination.
feftions
of wood.
;
placed a
flat
piece of brafs,
which there
is
a triangular hole.
A fharp knife,
ner, that the
direction,
is
fixed
on
and
in fuch a
man-
The
handle
knife
a.
is
moved backwards and forwards by means of the The piece of wood is placed in the triangular trough
is
which
plate,
is
and
is
fitted to
the trough
the
wood
b.
is
to
The
pieces of wood
mould be applied
they
mould
may
When
is
fpirits
curling
it
up
it
will
make
it
may be removed:
Th
Pi ATE 2X.
Microscopical Essays.
125
is
Is
to
be ufed
It is
down upon
is
which
on the under
fide
of
it.
is
fixed to a fcrew,
from the
flat
plate
regulated.
Z, an ivory box, containing at one end fpare talc for the ivory
Ciders,
and
Aider,
HAE
: ;
2$
Microscopical Essays.
H A R
using
IV.
the Microscope,
AS
by a perfon who
acquitments,
it is
is
mafter of
properties,
attentive
to
it's
and
the
re-
which
quire moft the attention of the obferver, and to give fuch plain
directions, as
to
may enable him to examine any object with eafe fhew how he may place it in the beft point of view, and, if
it
neceffary, prepare
for obfervation.
A fmall
every neceffary
and a
little
practice will
make them
familiar
and habitual
wonders
be
and the
difplays.
he has over-
come
amply recompenfed, by the pleafure of a fcience that has the unlimited treafures of infinite wisdom for the object of it's
6
refearches
Microscopical Essays,
refearches
:
127
and his mind being ftrengthened by the, victory it has gained, will be more keen in perceiving, and more patient in the
inveltigation of truth.
has long been a complaint,* that many of thofe who purchafe microfcopes are fo little acquainted with their general and
It
much
examine
common
:
laid afide as
whereas no inflrument
has yet appeared in the world capable of affording fo conftant, This various, and fatisf.aory an entertainment to the mind.
complaint
will, 1
efl'ays,
in
which
have
to
endeavoured to make
how
The fubjea
concerning the neceffary preparation and adjuftment of the microfcope; the 2nd, treating, of the proper quantity of the light, and belt method of adapting it to the ob~
1.
;
how
to prepare
and
may be
properly underftood.
'
<
Or
p. $i>
12'8
Microscopical Essays,
We have
to be ufed,
We mall
and how the feveral now proceed to give feme microfcope. The obferver
his inftru-
ment, and to
know how
The
firft
circumftance neceflary to be
different glades
;
examined
into
is,
whether the
if
at the
:
fame
in re-
placing the glafles, you muff alfo be careful not to lay them in
an oblique
fituation.
The
view as
perfection.
The eye fhould be moved up and down from the eye-glafs of compound microfcope, till you find that fituation where the
and
largeft. field
mod
diftinct
view of the
objecT:
is
obtained.
eye,
own
and
was placed
in
by another.'
Care
Microscopical Essays,
Care muft be taken not to
glafs,
"let
129
the breath
fall
upon
the eye-
nor to hold that part of the body of the micrcfcope where the glaffes are placed with a warm hand, becaufe the damp that
is
expelled from the metal by the heat will be attracted and conglaffes,
denfed by the
fight
of the object.
The
power
;
obferver
final!
magnifying
with
this
to
form
are
viewed feparately by
By
Every object mould, if pofhble, be examined firft. in that if this circumftance is negpofition which is moil natural to it
:
very inadequate ideas of the [fracture of the whole, as well as of the connection and ufe of the parts, will be formed. If it be a living animal, care muft be taken not to fqueeze, hurt,
lected,
or difcompofe
it.
There
is
by
nature
in the
firft
we
we endeavour
other objects.
to
it's
In the
we
glaffes
in the fecond,
It is
we form
this
image.
image which
is
ment of the
Microscopical Essays.
necetTary for this
purpofe
for
there are
fnnilar,
from fubftances
totally different
it is
fuddenly of any microfcopic object, and not to draw our inferenafter repeated
no judgment upon things extended by force, or contracted by drynefs, or in any manner out of a natural ftate, without making fuitable alin all lights
to pafs
lowances.
The true colour of objects cannot be properly determined when viewed through the deepefl magnifiers for, as the pores
;
power of the
glaffes
made
component
particles
farther
it is,
therefore, very
probable, that the reflection of the light from thefe particles will
be very
different,
and exhibit
different colours.
Some
confideration
is
alfd neceffary in
forming a judgment of
fluids,
or even of
when
feen
for as the
be increafed.
If
* Fontana fur
les Poifons, vol.
ii.
p. 245.
Microscopical Essays.
If an object,
is
i^j
any light to pafs through it, as much as poffible mud be thrown on it's upper furface by that part of the apparatus which is peculiarly adapted for opake
fo as not to fuffer objects.
opake
As
this,
from a
juft
the diftin&nefs of vifion, &c. depend on a due the light, and adapting the quantity of
object,
it
:
management of
of the
to the nature
therefore an object and the focus of the magnifier viewed in various be degrees of light. For, as mould always
it is
difficult to
difimguilh in fome
and a black
whitenefs
:
ftain
and
in
a truth
libella,
and other
flies,
which
different
in one pofition of
The
for
fome
will
is
be
loft,
and drowned,
as
it
light that
ftrong
light
may be thrown on an
firft,
by means
window
take a deep
convex
32
Microscopical Essays.
lens, that is
it's
convex
fo that
mounted
in a femicircle
;
pofition
may be
eafily varied
it
may
number of the
fun
is
folar rays,
and
refracl;
them on the
or the
from the
may be
and the
obtain-
by
this
may be
ed,
and diffufed
furface of
an
objecl;,
a circumftance that
mould be
particularly attended
is,
to
thrown
in
larger
portions of
it
on fome
parts than
on
others,
it
will not
be
diftin&Iy exhibited.
Where
is
preferred,
it
will
venient to darken the room, and to reflect the rays of the fun
the above-mentioned lens,
on
folar micro*-
fcope
fitted
io the window-mutter;
by
this
apparatus the
his objecl;, nof^
on
much
as
poffible,
the microfcope,
by and
mod
will alfo
be fpund very
objecl;.
view of the
As
it
the motion of the fun, and the variable flate of our atmo-
and inconvenient,
Xanthoma.
Microscopical Essays*
Ian thorn,
133
lanthorn,
fit
made fomething
like the
common magic
an aperture
by
this
it
may may be
be
eafily procured.
readily
The lamp mould move on a rod, that The lanthorn may be elevated or depreffed.
on a
fereen,
ufed for
many
&c.
Many
thefe
fluids
;
weak
light
among
we may
flies
and animalcula in
leflened
them, or
may be more
effectually leffened
by
on the object, either by placing the cone, Fig. E, Plate IX. under the Mage, or by forming circular apertures of black paper, of different fizes, and placing either a larger or final ler one on the reflecting mirror, as occafioa
of the cone of rays that
fall
may
require.
There
of the
is
an oblique
fituation
eafily
light,
which
is
more
dift in&Iy
the furface, as
tranfmitted.
4 better
* The lamp {hould not be of the fountain kind, becaufe the rarefa&ion of the
air in
oil
over.
334
Microscopical Essays.
of mod obje&s
;
A better view
latter,
is
than by day-light
it is
more eafy
and to throw
it
of
denfity.
From what
has been
effected
Of the Preparation
of Objects for
the Microscope.
nor
more
indefatigable than
Swammerdam,
in minutely anatomizing,
in patient inveftigation,
;
and in curioufly exhibiting the minute wonders of creation he Hands unrivalled, far exceeding all thofe that preceded, as well as thofe which have fucceeded him.
Deeply impreffed and warmly animated by the amazing fcenes that he continually difcovered, his zeal in purfuit of truth was not to be abated by difappointment, or alarmed by difficulty and was never contented till he had attained a rational and clear
idea of the organization of the objea, whofe ftrudure he wifhed
to explore.
he
To
difcover thefe,
all
has communicated the refult of his refearches, idea of which, though but fmall, may enable us to form feme
Swammerdam, and
this great
For
Microscopical Essays,
For differing of fmall
infe6ts
artift
he had a brafs
table, v/hich
;
was
made by
it.
that excellent
S.
Mufl'chenbrock
to this table
at pleafure to
any part of
portion of thefe arms was conftrufled fo as to have a flow vertical motion, by which means the operator could
readily alter their height, as he faw molt convenient to his pur-
The upper
pofe
little
bodies,
lenfes,
were of various
greater!,
foci,
diameters,,
and
fizes,
and the
be procured in regard to the exaftnefs of the workman fhip, and His way was, to begin his obfertransparency of the fob Ranee.
vations with the fmalleft magnifiers, and from thence proceed
.degrees to the
greater!:.
by
By
all
tend
defcription.
His chief
fcifiars,
art
thefe he
made
and
equally
them be ever
fo fine
them, they generally draw after and difplace fome of the filaments-
His knives,
lancets,
and
ftyles,
were
he could
and
diftinftnefs that
the
mod
6
celebrated ana-
He was
particularly dexterous
in
Microscopical Essays.
in the
management of
brittle,
than a
injet
fubtil
coloured liquors.
He ufed
fpirit of turpentine,
thefe liquids
by which means he kept the parts from putrefying, and confequently collapfing and mixing together and added to them befides fuch ftrength and firmnefs, as rendered the diflec; ;
tions
agreeable.
When
little
he then proceeded to extract the vifcera in a very cautious and leifurely manner, with other inftruments of great finenefs firft taking care to warn away and
without further
difleclion,
;
which
infects
are
before
it
can be extracted.
This operation
is
bell per-
formed upon
nympha ftate.
delicate vifcera of the infects
gently,
he procured
the other thofe
in
which by
all
parts
whole and
;
all
who
any
beheld them
be diftin&ly feen
Microscopical Essays.
often
jgy
to
made
ufe
cleanfe
air
and
fit
durable, and
he had preferved
and kept
and
made punctures
fqueezing out
all their
made
in this
them with air, by means of very (lender glafs tubes, then dried them in the (hade, and laft of all anointed them with oil of fpike, in which a little rofm had been diffolved, by which means they retain their proper forms a long time. He had a lingular fecret, whereby he could fo preferve the nerves of
manner, he
rilled
infects, that
He
out
tail
of
in-
worms, and
all their
he then
all
jected
the
He
difcovered
was
pentine
mew
only
He
fat,
-
flopping off the Ikin of caterpillars, that were upon the point of
fpinning their cones, defer ves particular notice.
This he
effected,
by
Microscopical Essays.
them drop by their threads into fcalding water, and for by this means the epidermis fuddenly withdrawing them this was done, he put them into when and eafily very peeled off diftilled vinegar and fpirit of wine, mixed together in equal porby
letting
;
tions,
an opportunity of feparating them, with very little trouble, from the exuviae, or (kins, without any danger to the parts fo that by
;
this contrivance,
the
nymph
in the caterpillar,
and the
butterfly in the
nymph.
Thofe who
his
ardour in thefe purfuits, or his wonderful devotion and piety. On one hand, his genius urged him to examine the miracles of
the great Creator in his natural produftions
;
whilft
on the
other*
the love of that fame all-perfecl Being rooted in his mind, ftrug-
him
that
God
alone,
attention.
M. Lyonet
always drowned
firft
anatomize, as by this means he was enabled to preferve both the If the infecT:, &c. is very foftnefs and tranfparency of the parts.
fmall, ex. gr. one-tenth
of an inch, or a
little
more
is
in length,
it
mould be dinged
if after
in water,
is
on a
fpirit
it
glafs
which
little
concave
any
In
the
little
creature,
mult be
fuffered to dry,
and
foft
wax
after
which
it
may be
Larger
Microscopical Essays*
Larger obje&s require a
different
^
it
procefs
with
is
foft
fpirit
of wine.
The
infecl
caterpillar,
by
the
fmall pins
by a
pair
of fmall nippers
in water,
fame
inftant
feezed therein,
and
after
it
fhould be covered
;
with
this
fpirits
of wine, which
fubjeel: is
be renewed occafionally
it's
means the
parts
may be
become
ft iff
and opake?
M. Lyonet
di'f-
de
faule.
As
fmall a
;
pair
of
fciflars
as
could be made, the arms long and fine a fmall and {harp knife, the end brought to a point a pair of forceps, the ends of which
;
would eafily lay hold of a fpithe moil ufeful inftruments But der's thread or a grain of fand. were two fine fteel needles, fixed in fmall wooden handles, about
had been
fo adjufted, that they
2 1 of an inch in length.
An obfervation
to, for fixing
of Dr. Hooke's
may be
very ufeful,
if
attended
objeds intended to be defigned by the microfcope. He found no creature more troublefome to draw than the ant or pifmire, not being able to get the body quiet in a natural poflure.
If,
when
alive,
it's
feet
glue,
it
would
fo
140
fo twift
a
Microscopical Essays.
and twine
;
it's
body, that
it
good view of it
if it
was
killed, the
it
body was
their life
this is
;
fhape was
nature of
the parts
could be examined.
is
the
deftroyed, for
very obfervable in
many
air;
little
bodies, if
and
this
But
it
if
is
the
creature
is
dropped
;
im-
mediately killed
rates, leaves the
wine evapo;
natural pofture
it
or at leaft
fo conftituted, that
you may
eafily place
poflure
you
pleafe-.*
Having thus given a general account of the methods ufed hy Swammerdam and Lyonet, in their examination and diffeftion o
infects,
we
how
Many
of thefe are
preparation
fo tranfparent
;
and
clear, as
to require
no previous up when
at
by the
microfcGpe: for
a considerable fhare
;
of, dexterity,,
neceflary
fpring of the
is
thate
Fig.
* Hooke's Micrographia, p. 203,
Microscopical Essays.
Fig. 1.
-141
When
expanded
it is
up under a cafe not one-eighth part of it's fize. It is very difficult to unfold this wing, on account of it's curious texture. They
are beft opened immediately after the infecl
is
killed.
Hold the
earwig by the thorax, between the finger and thumb; then with
a blunt pointed pin endeavour gently to open
it,
by fpreading
it
over the fore-finger, gradually Aiding at the fame time the thumb
over
it.
When
the wing
is
fully
expanded, feparate
it
from the
by a (harp knife, or a pair of fciflars. The wing fhould be preffed for fome time between the thumb and finger before it be removed it may then be placed between two pieces of paper,
infect
;
for at leaft
an hour
after which,
it
may be put
very minute fcales or feathers, that afford a beautiful object for the microfcope near the thorax, the (boulder, the middle of the
wing, and the fringes of the wings, they are generally intermixed
with
hair.
The
fcales
;
alfo,
from thofe of another they may be firft fcraped off or loofened from the wing with a knife, and then brum them into a piece of paper with a camel's hair pencil the fcales may be feparated
;
common
magnifying
glafs.
The
quires
much
attention,
and confiderable
care,
to
be differed
properly
142
Microscopical Essays.
j
upon
he
well
known
it
that the
;
a moft beautiful
3.
object
of
it
is
In
is
difplayed
and extract the various fweets from flowers, &c. To prepare fhould firft be carefully wafhed with fpirit of turit this, which means it will be freed from the unctuous by pentine, and melliferous particles which ufually adhere to it when dry,
;
it
The
and
cafe
the, hornet,
is
very
difficult
to extract
It
will
be
way
and the
reft
of the
fpirit
fling,
ftieath
by the
is
nail
of the
finger,
blunt inftrument
great care
different
flies,
of the
&c. are
firft
to
(kins
it
Microscopical Essays,
143
fome care is, however, requifite in this reparation, otherwife the enable you to form an fkin may be made too thin, fo as not to
accurate idea of
it's
organization.
The
and
exuviae of infeBs are in general a very pleating objea, If they are curled or bent up, require but little preparation.
and they will keep them in a moift atmofphere for a few hours, with eafe to foon become fo relaxed that you may extend them
their natural pofitions.
The
fleam of
warm
The beard of
cil
;
is
to
be foaked
in clean foft
may
then be
left
to dry
after
which
it
muft be again
brufhed with a dry pencil, to difengage and feparate the hairs, picture of this object is which are apt to adhere together.
1.
To
dried
view the
flefh,
muscular
it
and lay
;
upon
is
with
warm
water
when
this
plain and
more
vifible,
may be
further' difengaged.
To
examine
fat, brains,
and other
fimilar fubftances,
we
are
by Dr. Hooke to render the furface fmooth, by preffing by which the fubftance it between two thin plates of flat glafs otherwife the will be made much thinner and more tranfparent parts lying thick one upon the other, it appears confufed and
advifed
;
indiftinL
Some
; ;
*44
Microscopical Essays.
fubflances are, however, fo organized, that if their pecuis
Some
liar
form
we
fuch as nerves,
tendons, mufcular
pith of wood,
floating in
many of thefe
are beft to be
examined while
fibres of any of the mufcles can be difcovered when they are viewed in
For
inftance, very
few of the
but
if
placed in water or
difcovered.
it
oil,
great part
of
their
wonderful fabric
is
may be
manner,
viewed
in this
will
be feen to
of an indefinite
elaftic nature fhould be pulled or flretched out the microfcope, that the texture and nature under while they are of thofe parts, whofe figure is altered by being thus pulled out,
may be more
fully difcovered.
To
Thefe fhould
firfr.
be viewed
opake objects;
be looked
afterwards,
by procuring
thin
at as if tranfparent.
The
fections
fhould be cut in
all
directions,
bones
may be
put in a clear
this
and be well wafhed and cleaned Or the be ufeful in fome cafes. fire till they are red hot, and then
cells will
taken out; by
fpicuous and
vifible,
To
Firft,
then cut
apply the
laft
to the microfcope.
The
Microscopical Essays,
The
days,
and then be
(kin
and
dirt
to them.
To
eel,
curiofity,
till
and the
more
fo as the eel
they
were difcovered by the microfcope. Take a piece of the fkin of the eel that grows on the fide, and while it is moid fpread it
on a piece of
fcales,
glafs, that it
may
all
when
this
thus
appear
fort
which
lie
under a
fkin
may
cure as many
as
you pleafe.*
On
two
fkins
one of thefe
;
is
very tranfparent,
feparating thefe
the other
is
thicker and
more opake
by
we procure two
of
beautiful objecls.
The leaves
many
trees,
and fome
diffect
plants,
when diue&ed,
objecl:.
To
mod
perfect leaves you can find, and place them in a pan with
;
them remain three weeks or a month without changing the water then take them up, and try if they feel very
clean water
let
;
foft,
if fo,
flat
You
the
leaf,
them on a
by
ftalk,
of the
leaf,
and do
the
T
* Martin's Micrograph! a Nova
;
p.
29.
Microscopical Essays.
the fame with the under fide.
When
By
make
the
(km
the
is
taken
off
on
both
fides,
fibres will
ft a Ik
be ex-
you may
two
parts.
The
The
to
autumn
break.
is
much
lefs liable
all
may
ad-
a hone,
by which
PARTICLES'
The
aim
at,
to procure thofe
by feeing
through them he
them.
may be
The
enumerated
end of
this
work.
If a fmall eel
is
it
after
which
it
the
the microfcope.
If the eel
is
may
be viewed
in the
molt
fatis factory
manner.
Leeuvenhoeck has
figure
of the
tail
of an
eel.
The fame
feen in
my
Microscopical Essays.
other fmall
flip
fifh
147
may be
of
flat
glafs,
and be thus
before
the
micro fcope.
at
Flounders,
in
eels,
any time
eel
is
London. N.
it
By
filling
when an
ufe.d,
will
in a great
from
To
glafs.
view the
particles
it
fpread
it
as thin as poflible
upon
flat
piece of
By
diluting
a little
with
warm
water,
many of them
drop of blood
be
be
or a
little
may
Mr. Baker
little
warm
unbroken par-
ticles to
but the
being in reality
When we
how many
been employed in examining the blood with the beft microfcopes, it appears furprizing that the figure of the. particles fhould be
miftaken
is
lefiencd
till
when we
reflect
is
how many
fubit
our attention
particularly
them
human
is
is
with great difficulty they can be feen feparate until the blood
diluted.
It
this that
He
with ferum, in which they would remain undrffolved, and could dilute them to any degree w ith the ferum, he could
he
eafily
248
Microscopical Essays,
particles diftincl
examine the
human
piece of craffamentum in
particles
;
it,
till it is
coloured a
piece of thin
and place
this glafs
will
flow
flows
fome of
and
will
flat fides,
middle
roll
others
will turn
over
from one
they
down
the glafs*
An
this
by
gratified
but
it is
at the
expenee
Noit's
bounds of
the greatefl
it
may be
per-
power which he
errs, if
poiTelfes
But he greatly
may
T'
affift
And when the bulb-exploring boy, that feiz'd The young, to let the parent bird go free,
Prov'i
M rc r ojcopic
Are
a-
Essay s
H9
*
All
**********
*s
my
lift
of friends
fine fenfe3
Yet wanting
fenfibility) the
fets
man
Who needlefsly
An
That crawls
foot
upon a worm.
crufh the fnail
inadvertent ftep
may
path
But he that has humanity, forewarn'd, Will tread afide, and let the reptile live."
********** **********
"
Not
when held
air,
:
are privilege!.
there,
is
And
he that hunts,
Or harms them
guilty of a wrong."
Cowper's Poems,
vol. 2 S b.
vi
Of
5o
Microscopical Essays.
Of Animalcula
in Infusions,
Sec.
Thefe require
little
or no preparation.
The
firft
object
is
to
by the microhowever, may obfervations, few be of ufe. fcope. A Manydrops of water may be examined before any can be found fo
vifible
;.
The
ing
;
is
pelicule,
which
is
eafily
the greatefl
number of animalcula
In fome cafes
it is
but
this
is
examined
lect
in the
microfcope before
made nfe
is
is
To
two animalcula
from the
reft,
of the infufion
make
drops with a pin, which will join them together then the inftant you perceive that an animalcuium has traverfed the neck or gutter, and entered the drop, cut off the communication between the
two drops.
Microscopical Essays,
To
it
i^t
little
flour
is
and water,
till
comes
;
binders
expofe
it
to the air in
an open
veflel,
and beat
it
toge-
hard or mouldy
after a
few days
it
then, if
eels
examined with
furface
attention,
you
will find
myriads of
it be on the
To
all
the year,
little
furface
Mr. Baker advifes a drop or two of The continual vinegar to be put into the pafte now and then.
motion of the eels, while the furface is moift, will prevent the Apply them to the microfcope upon a pafte getting mouldy.
flip
of
flat glafs,
firft
putting
on
to
it
by the head of a
pin, for
them
fwim
To make
an infufion of pepper.
Bruife as
much common
it
black pepper as will co ver the bottom of an open jar, and lay
pour
as
much
foft
water in the
The pepper
which they
few days,
after
but be
left
expofed to the
air for a
when
The
ideas
obferver
mould be
careful not to
animals
by the
of glafles,
we
are introduced
as' it
were
Microscopical Essays.
were into a new world, and become acquainted not only with a. few unknown animals, but with numerous fpecies thereof, which
are fo lingular in their formation and habits, that without the
cleareft proofs
and
while they afford frefh inftances of the Creator's power, they alfo
human
and preserving
all forts
of aquatic
pieces of board,
;
rotten leaves,,
and other fubfiances that lie in the water they are alfo to be found upon the bodies of feveral aquatic animals, as on the
water-fnail,
on
feveral
&c
it is
by
their
tail,
fo that
up a
great
many
them
ftill
you
let
ftand
moving
firft
it
which con-
tract themfelves
on being
They
are to
be fought
of
ditches, puddles,
of
wood
may,
where
They
are
be fought
for in vain at
at another
you
{hall find
them
in
They
more
Microscopical Essays.
more
eafily perceived in a ditch
at
1^3
tom, than
winter
:
another time.
when the fun mines on the botThey are feldom to be met with in
May
increafe.
They
gently;
are
generally to
be found
ft
in
waters
which move
As they
fome fubftance
up
who have
The green
firetched out
when
and
third fort
;
are
between
though fome
w hich
effecl
upon
thefe
little
creatures,
upon thofe of a larger fize. They are animated and enlivened by heat, whereas cold renders them faint and languid they mould therefore be kept in fuch a degree of heat, that the
has
;
water
may
It is
convenient for
fur face
many
from the
in
of the water.
To
effect- this,
quill in
is
kept,
and gradually
rior
raife
it
near the
op of the water,
out of
the-
254
Microscopical
it
Essays-.
;
fo for a
minute
and
under water,
until
tail
furface
at this inftanr,
with the pointed quill remove that part of the polype from the
pencil
which
is
will
When
fome
flrft
difcovered,
difficulty
been recommended.
The
fmall
Thames,
when
the
tide is out, when they rife in fuch fwarms on the furface of the mud, that it appears of a red colour. Thefe worms are an exIf a fufficient quantity is gathered in cellent food for the polype.
bottom, you
will
have
They may
common
worms, with the larva of gnats and other infects, and even with butchers meat, &c. if it be cut fmall enough.
River, or any foft water, agrees with
them
is.
them
few days.
The worms
mould be
Microscopical Essays.
The
in a
155
;
polypes are
little lice
from thefe
your polypes
good
ftate
of health.
They may be
5
a hair pencil
this
fo that
mud
en;
when
may
The
may be
lice
which torment
alfo
polype
are
not
it's
only very
fize
:
they
mon
beetle
to us.
rubbed
off,
their bodies,
and
in
little
To
it
is
and
it is
all
mould be taken
rubbed from the {limy fediment adhering thereto this is caufed by their feces, and is fatal to them if not cleaned
away.
The
fasces often
increafes every
day
it's
may be
out,
firft
To take them
;
from
with a
ther glafs
quill, let it
foon difengage
'
They
56
Microscopical Essays.
are preferred belt in large glaffes, that hold three or four
They
renewed
quarts of water; for in a glafs of this fize the water need not be
fo often, particularly if the faeces
from
in
readily
is
and
fome meafure
worms, and
let
faved, as
in
parcel of
them
for themfelves.
To obferve
of this
little
animal,
will
;
narrow cylindrical
Fig. 3, Plate VI.
glafles
exerting
all it's
aHons of
v
life
w ith
T
eafe
and convenience
in
any
direction,
renders
it
It is'alfo
tween
little
talcs in a Aider
this
dexterity,
it
and
practice
fully
rewards
it
in a
when
it
is
extended,
and the
tail fixed,
pour
it with the concave into fome fpirit of wine contained in the bowl of a large fpoon by this it is inftantly killed, the arms and body
;
contraaing more or
lefs
rub
it
it
from the
The
difficulty
now
begins
fpirits,
of the polype, on
Microscopical Essays.
ft is
57
not practicable to extend the body, and feparate the arms on fo that the only method the talc, without tearing them to pieces in the fpirits this may be is, to adjuil them upon the talc while
:
;
done by
lies in
the
body of the polype, while it and difplaying it's arms thereon by the fmall
;
hair pencil
then
lift
polype upon
pers in the
out of the
fpirits;
take hold of
left
fpirits
hand, and
lie in
may
a convenient manner, at the fame time braining away any now let it dry, which it the talc lice that may be feen upon does in a little time, and place the talc carefully in the hole of
;
the Aider.
prevent the upper talc and ring preffing on the polype, you mull cut three pieces of cork, about the bignefs of a gum pin's head, and the depth of the polype, and fix them by
To
in
a triangular petition, partly on the edges of the faid partly to the fides of the ivory hole itfelf the upper talc
;
talc,
may
down by
the ring as
ufuaL*
Of Vegetables.
wifh I could give the reader a fatisfa&ory account of all the preparations which are requifite to fit for the microfcope the obI
jects
Dr. Hill
is
who
his
has handled
<
fubjea.
(hall,
therefore, extraft
from
he
Treatife
;
what
has
the
faid
this,
made on
cutting
* Baker on
the Polypes.
58
Microscopical Essays.
fubject.,
and
extend
it
further,
both for
his
own
pleafure,
the public.
of
a Shoot
from the
fcarlet oak,
and other
trees.
Thefe are
firft
cut into
left
lengths, of the
and the
reft
quartered,
is
a rope
is
tied to the
han-
and
to the air
;
it
is
fre-
and once
in
By
and by gentle
and afford
part will
;
One
another
way
and another
at
but by
may be
;
obtained
They
:
are be ft
examined immediately
for repeated inquiries,
but
if
any one
in
willies to preferve
this
them
it
may be done
manner
diflblve half
water; drop the pieces thus feparated, for a few moments, into
this folution,
Ml CROSCOPICAL
vials
ESS A
fpirit
YS.
59
of
fpirit
of wine.
Nothing but
though
their conltruction
it
is
perfectly
the fame in
all,
will
maple
is
finely
mi ted.
piece
a piece being prepared without alum or fpirit, but dried from the water in which it had been macerated, it is to be impregnated
with lead in the following manner, to
their colour.
mew
the apertures
by
Diffolve one
in
through paper, and pour it into a tea-cup. the lower end of the piece of Clip off a thin flice of what was plunge it near an inch deep into rind as it grew on the tree, and
water;
filter this
the liquor
keep
it
flick, fo
that
one half or more may be above the water whelm a wine and water glafs over the tea-cup, and fet the whole in a warm place. When it has Hood two days, take it out, and clip off all that part
which was
in the liquor,
and throw
it
away.
The
trivial as
be attended to: the operation will not fucceed, even if the covering- g lafs be omitted it keeps a moifl atmofphere about the
;
rind,
and makes
it's
veflels fupple.
While
i6o
Microscopical Essays.
this
is
While
lime,
ftir
it
when
is
:
it
has
be
fit
for ufe.
This
the liquor
it
German
chemifls'
it,
difcovers
it
when wines
and
will
fhew
any
where.
Put a
little
of
this liquor in
it.
this
have been
filled
no
vifible alteration in
them
but
this colourlefs
impregnation, when
it,
but thefe
dots,
which are
now
them, and
much
darker than
rubbed
be able
between the
in
fingers,
till
we
all
fhali
one place or other to get a view of the veffels the films which form the blebs between them.
round, and of
Every part of the rind, and every coat of it, even the interare filled with a ftitial place between it's innermoft coat and bark, The very courfe and progrefs of the fluid may be fine fluid.
ftewn
in
this
part,
even by an eafy
this
preparation
only that
different rinds
being
Microscopical Essays,
being larger than in others.
the whole progress
xSi
Repeated
trials
have (hewn
me
that
may
in
of wine
fei it in
warm
place,
and make
it
days; then
this into a
filter
cup, and
upright in
it
white willow, and ozier, prepared as has been directed, by maceration in water
kinds.
;
for in that
way one
them
alfo ftand
up out of the
tinclure.
which
fluid,
To PREPARE THE
Cut the pieces in a
fit
BLEA.
leaves
fee all
firft
Then we
the wonders of the ftruclure the thoufands of mouths which open throughout the courfe of thefe innumerable veffels, to pour
their fluid into the interftitial matter.
Thefe
veffels,
they are
anatomical injections
and this way they afford pleafing and give excellent opportunities of
;
A M ethos
162
Microscopical Essays.
of filling the Sap Vessels of Plants.
{hoots of the fcarlet and other oaks are to be
;
A Method
A
great
many
drop
into
fome warm
rain
water:
in this they
little.
When
When
as
taken out,
firings,
and hung up
they are
ufed for
wax, fuch
is
is
an earthen pipkin
water
As foon
fre-
as the
wax
flate
to be taken out
to
of the
fupplies of the
fame
time.
After
this it is to
fire,
;
and the
flicks
im-
mediately taken out with a pair of nippers when they are cold, Both ends of the rough wax about them is to be broken off.
each
flick are to
and the middle pieces faved. Thefe are then to be cut in fmaller lengths, fmoothed at the ends with a fine chiflel, and many of
them
fplit in
various thicknefTes.
Thus
a wonderful beauty.
jects as well as the
Many trees
;
this
way
afford
oak
and
in
Microscopical Essays,
few, large,
in,
163
and
diflincl,
the
fplit
way
fcarce to be credited.
veflels are
It is in
of thefe
mod happily
of all to be examined.
The Method
preparing Salts and Saline Substances FOR THE VIEWING THEIR CONFIGURATIONS.
or
no
larger a quantity of
it
5
than
is
fufficient to faturate
if it is
body
the
make
it is
make
water
warm
neceffary.
till,
After
reft
if
faline
particles
pre-
cipitated,
and
fettle
at the
by
is,
a folution fully
:
charged with as
thefe
much
as
it
and by
often
precautions the
:
configurations
if
appear
lefs
alike,
how
foever tried
whereas,
the water be
more uncertainty and if it be examined before fuch feparation and precipitation of the redundant falts, little more will be feen than a confufed mafs
portions, at different times, will be fubjea to
of
cryftals.
The
goofe
quill,
cut in
glafs, of about three quarters of an inch in width, and between three and four inches long, fpreading it on the glafs with the quill, in either a round or oval figure, till it appears a quarter of
an inch or more
in diameter,
and
above
164
Microscopical Essays.
glals.
When it
is
fo difpofed,
hold
it as-
degree of heat
it
and
watch
it
very
carefully
till
faline
particles
before-hand for
is
it s
reception,
glafs,
which
the
fitteft
under your
eye,
fide
This motion
is
many
and
beyond what the exafteft pencil in the world, guided by the ruler and compafs, can ever equal, or the raoft luxuriant
order,
imagination* fancy.
When
for a
off,
even
;
for
is
over; and
many
arife, different
entirely
from any that appeared before, and which probably are owing to fome final quantity of fait of another kind, which the
I
done
and
Microscopical Essays,
in
^5
few
fome fubje&s
When
all
the water
them are ibon deilroyed again by the evaporated, moifture or aftion of the air upon them their points and angles lofe their {fiarpnefs, become uneven and defaced, and moulder as it were away; but fome few are permanent, and by being inkinds of
;
m oft
may be
It
faline folution
can
glafs's
globules, as
it
the
way
to prevent this
is,
broken drop with your finger over the glafs, fo as to leave the on which fmeared place, when dry, anoglafs fmeared with it ther drop of the folution may be fpread very eafily in what form
;
one
pleafes.
It
fometimes happens,
that
when
a heated drop
is
placed
properly for examination, the obferver finds he can diftinguifb nothing which is owing to faline fleams that rife from the drop
;
mud imme-
or leather.
In
all
though made
you mull
life
much
more
diflinguifhable
by the brown
than by
i66
the
Microscopical Essays.
;
more white and tranfparent day-light and befides, either by moving the candle or turning the miorofcope, fuch light may be
varied or directed juft as the fubjecl requires.
no kinds of microfcopes are fit for thefe obfervations, but fuch as have an open ftage, whereon the flips of glafs, with the liquor upon them, may
It
be placed
readily,
and
and without
Microscopical Essays,
CHAP,
Of Insects
in
V.
general.
NATURAL
fent century
hiftory has
than in
firft
all
Many
men, of the
eyes
rank in
literature,
become labourers
day to the
which
every
The
examined with the greateft care and that confufion and perplexity, which, from a view of the immenfe variety of individuals which each kingdom contained, it feemed natural to
;
now
and accurate ideas of them. To nicety of difcrimi nation which the and the fame fyftematic plan, arifes from it, we are indebted for the difcovery and defcriptioa
enabled to form
in
each kingdom..
Amidfl the numerous objects which crowd in upon the natural hiftorian, and engage his attention, infects have not been neglected
tribe,
;
mod
and
Microscopical Essays.
nature and wonderful ceconomy has been cultivated with unremitting ardour.
Some
them
:
authors have
confined themfelves
to
characteriftic differences
their habits
of
life,
their frame
peculiarities
and
ftructure
ffate
and many
of their
of
are
now
well
known.
Earth,
air,
and
which
all
this
variety,
we
perceive the fame regularity, and can trace the footfteps of that
work of God.
always find
eternal hand,
Ge
tor,
we
(hall
wifdom and
his love in
own
cannot
great
and
an equal, per-
Whoever
conduct and
inftinct
the other, muff acknowledge all are under the direction and conwhich, as in the troul of a fupreme and particular intelligence
;
fmalleft.
If,
we
wonder
and
Microscopical Essays.
what an height
is
i6g
difcover
all
when we
How
reflect;
is
it
poflible
but what we
mud
that thofe
little
common
they
all
The
means
The
When
upon
confidered with
j
refpecl; to
a level
and
yet, as creatures,
make them
influence.
highly va-
who
As
the harall
mony and
infinity
his
we can
find
no bounds,
''
fo
inwardly we
flight
art
and beauty.
or
deem
that
little,
in
which immenfity
is
is
confpicuous
or that
trivial, in
which there
but
and power
let us
X
* Brooke's Univerfal Beauty,
a
"
Mufe
poem.
Microscopical Essays.
To
The
"
Mufe upon
he has made
trace in nature's
mo ft
minute delign,
pow'r divine
;
fignature and
ft
amp of
Contrivance
intricate, exprefs'd
with eafe 3
Where unafiifted fight no beauty fees ; The fhapely limb, and lubricated joint,
Within the fmall dimenlions of a point
Mufcle and nerve miraculoufly fpun,
His mighty work,
j
who
fpeaks and
it is
done,
Th'
New
life
ordain'd,
fhare,
5
Once prone on
earth,
air.
'*
The name of
infecl
mals on account of the fe&ions or divifions in the bodies of the greater number of them, from whence the parts feem to be
joined together by a kind of neck.
find any general term
fe&s, as
that (hall
It
is
perhaps impoftible to
in-
many
we can
InfeBs are by moft writers confidered as divided into four the caput or head, the thorax or trunk, the principal parts
;
abdomen or
belly,
a perfed knowledge of
thefe
* Cowper's Poems,
vol. I. p. 261.
Microscopical Essays.
thefe parts,
and
is
who are defirous of forming accurate ideas of thefe little animals, or who wifh to arrange them in their proper clafTes.
The head
or joint;
it is
is
by a
fpecies
of articulation
it is
of
infecls the
it
head
others
coalefces with
infecls
is
very
infecl is
it
in the caterpillars
is
but
much
The
growth
it is
difpofmg
retires
itfelf for
head
inwards to the
ring of
it
has
room to expand itfelf; fo that when we are furprifed with a head twice the
the
for-
mer
is
fize
and
forming, there
this
body and the head have each their particular time of While the head expands and grows, the body does not growth.
that the
grow
fame
at
all
when
'the
body
increafes, the
fize,
diverfirled objecls
2
p. 18.
The
Microscopical Essays.
The mouth
will find
it
is
Fabri-
thorough knowledge
it
of the mouth,
it's
will
be im-
one
infeft
other.
mouth
dom
is
aim oft
as the variety
of fpecies.
the head,
extending
fomewhat downwards
infects, it is
in
the chermes,
Some
infects
have
which they
bruife
mouths armed with ftrong jaws, with and tear their food however fine and delicate
their
:
thefe organs
may
wood.
Others are
flowers.*
fo fhort as to
it
appear to us incapable
oeftri
The
point.
roftrum, or probofcis,
is
the
to a rigid
In
many
infects
of the hemiptera
is
bent down?
breafl
and
belly.
The jaws
at others
are generally
;
two
in
more
the
The
by the
tongue
is
in general a taper
on which
it
feeds
fome
Microscopical Essays.
feme can extend or contracl
terity
;
ijg
theirs with dex-
it;
others roll
up
in
feme
it is
end of
and
their food,
it is
in
many
and
placed in
;
tubu-
and
in
feme
it
is
long,
in others fhort,
but in
all
affording
M. De Geer *
f Havit
ing cut off the tongue from the butterfly, almoft as foon as
was
at
chryfalis,
it
:
moved and
an hour
rolled itfelf
it
up
had been cut repeated the fame motions, recommencing them every time
after
was touched.
freed,
The fame
from the
effect
if
the butterfly
has been
chryfalis
a few days.
The
there
ftructure of
the eye
is,
in all creatures, a
molt admirable
more
no part of
which they are organized, and The (hews how many wonders efcape the natural fight of man. eyes are very different in different fpecies, varying, in number,
clearly the prodigious art with
fituation, connection, figure,
The
two
eyes, the fcorpion fix, the fpider eight, and. the fcolopendra three.
The
* De Geer, Memoires pour
t Papilio Antiopa, Lin.
fervir
I.
p. 77.
Syft.
Nat.
776,
165.
174
Microscopical Essays.
eyes are generally convex
is
;
The
outer tunic
The
appearance of net-work.
Each of thefe
properties of an eye.
pofleis the powers and Leeuenhoek counted 3181 of thefe facets As the eyes of in the cornea of a beetle, 8000 in thofe of a fly. in feels are immoveable, they would have loll light of many ob-
fmall facets
is
fuppofed to
jects, if their
view
fur-
rounding objects
nor
is it at all
not appear double to our eyes, but that they are llrengthened,
and many
falfe
fo
may
of view, augment
we can form no
conception.
The
eyes of infects differ in colour, fome being found of every colour, and of inexpremble beauty and brightnefs.
The antenna
are
fine
and {lender
horns,
confifling
of
are
feveral articulations,
moveable
jn various directions.
They
infects,
not only in
number of
generally
dif-
their articulations.
differ
The
infecl;
tinguifhing characterises of infects, and one of the means of judging to what genus they belong. The greatefl number of
infects
Microscopical Essays.
infects
175
Of
have
we
fome
writers
;
others
motion or
:
dis-
turbance in the
fects
fluid in
feveral inreft.
:
when they
take their
They
.
are characterized
by
names
Setaceous
thicknefs.
Moniliform
a
feries
Clavated, formed
bafe to the extremity.
from the
Capitated;
articulation
is
formed
like a club,
but the
lafl
reft, fmiftiing
or head.
Fissiles
head
is
di-
Perfoliate;
* Fabricius Philofophia Entomologies, p. tg.
Microscopical Essays.
Perfoliate
their center.
;
in thefe the
head
is
Pectinate
thefe
have
and ap-
Aristat^e, fuch
as
have a
lateral hair,
which
is
either naked,
Befides the foregoing terms, the antennae are called fhort {bre-
when they are fhorter than the body; mediocres, or middling, when they are of the fame length and longiores when they are longer.
viores)
;
there
is
alfo a fpecies
of fmall filiform
ar-
number, fometimes
fix
mouth, which
fituation, together
;
with their
them from the antennae they are in continual motion, the animal thrufting them in every matter, as a hog would it's nofe, when in fearch of food. Some have fuppofed them to be a kind of hand to affift in holding the food
fize, fufficiently diftinguifh
when
it is
The forehead
The stemmata,
or
mining hemipart of
The
Microscopical Essays;
The trunk
is
177
;
fituated
eafily, it is
The thorax
with points.
is
it
is
of various
it
are often
armed
The scutellum,
thorax, and
is
or efcutcheon,
is
though
it,
it
adheres
eafily diftinguifhed
from
;
by
its figure,
ufe,
aflift
to
and often by an intervening future it appears defigned in expanding the wings when the mfecl: is going to fly.
is
The sternum
it is
fituated
on the
inferior part
of the thorax
bifid in others.
The abdomen
veffels, the
and in moft forming the pofterior part of the body, being generally compofed of rings or fegments, by which the infea can lengthen or fhorten it, or even move it in different
affixed to the thorax,
ovary, Sec.
it,
direaions.
piece.
In fome fpecies
it
The upper
part of the
;
abdomen
is
is
the anus
of the
abdomen.
The spiracula
on each
fide
men
78
Microscopical Essays,
;
men
infect
is
fuppofed to breathe
this
An-
The
it's
body, and
are the
tail,
The tail
is
conftru&ed in a
wonderful manner
which
it
is
infect, to
;
ferve as
an inftrument of defence, or for depofiting the eggs the figure and fize thereof varying in each genus and it's families. In fome
it is
fimple, Jimplex,
at
back
in
pleafure.
elongata, elongated.
Setaceous,
briftles
fhaped
like a briftle
it is
trifeta,
;
fome
forked, furcata
;
and
in others
it is
furnifhed with a
it is
in the blatta
and others
it
folio/a,
fur-
or like a
leaf.
is telifera,
Further particulars
may be
obtained from
Aculeus, or
and
inflil
fting,
;
infects
wound
a poifon
laft
part of the
in others
in
fome
ufed
it is
{harp
and pointed,
only ufed to
formed
It is
;
by many
it
infeas both as
by
others
is
mean
Pedes,
Microscopical Essays.
Pedes,
the feet.
Thefe
are
admirably
adapted
for
many
ber
is
num;
fome have
;
the
onifcus fourteen
twenty on each
fide.
The
that
have not
more than ten, are affixed that number have part abdomen.
to the trunk
fixed
to
the
The
firft,
The
;
which
is
called
is
the
fecond, or
tibia,
fame
fize
this is fol-
which
is
diftinguifhed
by the name of
the one artiit is compofed of feveral joints, tar/us, or foot culated to the other, the number of the rings varying in different
infeds
the tarfus
is
The
writers
on natural
hiftory, in order
to
render their
defcriptions clear
feveral
names
to the
them.
the
Thus
curforii,
thefe
are
moft
numerous.
The Jaltatorii,
Y-2
The
i8o
Microscopical Essays.
naiatorii, thofe that ferve as oars for
The
fwimming.
The
The
flat,
hairs
thus have a
proper furface to
notone&a, &c.
Such
feet as
The
chela?,
feet,
each of which
is
lefler
claws,
which
aci like a;
thumb and
The under part of the feet, in fome infects, is covered with a kind of brum or fponge, by which they are enabled to walk with
eafe
it
in fituations
from which
fall.
They
And from
Many
infects
can only
move
move
it
in various directions.
The
progreflive
it,
fubject,
and well
will
The mechanic
loft
labour if he beftows fome time on the fame fubhas been done on this head, and that principally
in lis excellent
Very
little
by Mr. de Reaumur,
Memoires
de
and by
M.
The
reader
may
Motu Animalium.
Motion,
Microscopical Essays.
one of the principal phenomena of nature* and as it were the foul of our fyftem and is as admirable in the fmalleft
Motion
is
It
may
fome
infects
an
aflertion
of
Borelli's, that
it
an animal puts
in action fide
fide before
on the
fame
is
fide,
a method which
The wings,
fly
;
thofe organs
by which the
infect
is
enabled to
fome have only two/ others are furnifhed with four, two on each fide thefe are in fome of the fame fize, in. others the fu;
much
The
variety in the
form and
ftructure of the
wings
is almoft infinite j the beauty of which they are connected, to, the. which fome are folded up, the fine
by which they
are laid
up
in their cafes
when out of
;
ufe,
in a
moment
for flight
by which
the
when examined by
the micro-
fcope, a
molt wonderful
difplay of divine
delicate and tranfparent wings are covered and proby elytra, or cafes, which are generally hard and opake, often highly polifhed, adorned with ornamental flutings, and fludded with brilliants. The wings of moths and butterflies are
The more
tected
fo elegantly painted
for
(tripped
82
Microscopical Essays.
is
By
the
a regu-
lar afferablage
which
will
be more particu-
few of thefe,
F E
I.
The
made
kinds of wings.
furfaces, into
is
They
are
firft
the head
called the
part.
anterior
is
poste;
rior
The interior
part
part
is
abdomen
the
exterior
in the wafp.
Erects, whofe
the
infect, is
when
Patentes,
is
if
at reft,
Incumbentes,
tion,
when they
are not in
mo-
abdomen.
Deflex^e
q
Reverse,
Microscopical Essays,
Reverse
of the inferior
fuperior one.
183
Dentate,
fome of the fibres of the wing are extended beyond the margin into a kind of tail.
;
Caudate
in thefe
veins or
The
painted with fpots {macules), bands (fafcieej, ftreaks (Jlrigm): when thefe are extended lengthways, they are called lines {Una) ;
and
if
ocellus; if
one or more rings are termed eyes, the fpots are fhaped like a kidney, they are termed
;
jtigmata*
The elytra* or cruftaceous cafes of the wings, are extended when the infea flies, and (hut when it refls, forming a longitudinal future down the middle of the back; they are of various fhapes, and are diftinguifhed by the following names
:
Ab re vi at A, when they
Truncata, when
^direaiine.;
:
abdomen.
'
'
'
'
;?i
:
'
ERRATAj
Microscopical Essays.
Serrata, having
notches,
j
the" external
is
Scabra, when
it is
very rough.
ridges.
wkh
deep furrows.
the cafes are neither fo hard as the elytra,
Hemelytra, when
nor
is
Under the wings of moft infefts, which have only two, a fmall head placed on a ftalk, frequently under a
;
there
little
arched fcale
halteres,
it
body in
equilibrio
when
The
one of the
dif-
tinguiming characters of an
fifties,
infecl:.
compofed
of foft
flelh,
or
Microscopical Essays.
or fkin, which in thefe anfwer the purpofe of bones.
185
The
ffein
is
infects,
which, by
compreffion
but
which are
not fo expofed.
is
The
of infects,
of larger animals,
porous
the pores
fome
fpecies
Many
infects often
change or
this
exuvia forms an
Another
diftinguifiiing criterion
is
of
infects
fir ft
is
blood, which
never red;
this, at
fight,
feems liable to
is
fome
objections,
when fqueezed or
this is the
prefled to
blood of
when it exifted as a worm there was no fuch appearance, and when they exiit as a fly it is only found in the
the
little
animal
eye,
if it
circulated
probable there
is
a circulation of
fome
fluid analagous
with the
afliffance
of the microfcope
may be
perceived in
many
not red*
To thefe difcriminating
lowing particulars
incifurse,
:
characterises
we may
alfo
is
add the
divided
fol-
1.
infects
by
name.
2,
That
186
2.
Microscopical Essays.
That they
are furnifhed with antennas,
;
which
are placed
upon
and moveable
in various directions.
i
3.
That no
all it's
infect in
it's
it
has gone
through
transformation, has
than
fix
legs,
though
feet
proper atten-
feet
infects
handed down
it
is
information.
4.
That
infects
at
leafl:
reported
5.
infpire
That they do not refpire air by the mouth, but that they and exhale it, by means of organs which are placed on
the body.
6.
right to
left,
not up and
down.
7.
eye-lid
nor pupil.
To
Microscopical Essays,
To
thefe
187
refulting
we may
fize.
mechanifm
from
is
not of fo
compound
and
a nature as in animals
of a larger
They have
lefs
fome
to
multiplied
it is
be determined.
Thefe characters are often united in the fame infect there are, however, fome fpecies in which one or two of them are wanting.
;
Every microfcopic obferver, who wifhes to avail himfelf of the difcoveries of other writers, or to communicate intelligibly
his
own,
will find
claffes,
it
neceffary to
Sec.
make himfelf
which
the
mailer of the
various
genera,
into
infects
have
been
it is
divided by Linnaeus.
may be
cafe
anfwered by
The
tained
knowledge
a fuller account
by
Inflitutions of
Entomology, a
by Thomas
Pattifon Yeats.
Fundamenta Entomologica, or an Introduction to the Knowledge of Infects, tranllated from Linnaeus by W. Curtis, author
of the Flora Londinenfis, Botanical Magazine, &c.
The
i88
Microscopical Essays.
Linnaeus, exemplified
Infects,
Clafs the
firft.
;
Cole Optra.
The
infe6ls
of
this clafs
have
four wings
form a
down
tha, or cockchaffer,
&c. &c.
Thefe have
2.
Hemiptera,
alfo four
wings
membranaceous
the
wings do not form a longitudinal future, but extend the one over
the other, as in the gryllus, grafshopper, &c.
3.
Lepidoptera.
fine
Thofe which have four membranaceous fcales, as the butterflies and moths.
Thefe have four membranaceous
tranf-
4.
Neuroptera.
flies.
or dragon
5.
Hymenoptera.
clafs,
have
four
membranaceous wings
is
furnifhed with a
fling, as in
6.
flies,
pte ra.
as
common houfe
gnats, <&c.
Microscopical Essays.
f,
189
Aptera.
&c.
Of the Transformation
Infects are further
of Insects.
diflinguifhed
all,
Moft animals
retain,
life,
the fame
form which they receive at their birth; but infects go through .wonderful exterior and interior changes, infomuch that the fame individual, at it's birth and middle ftate, differs effentially from
that under
which
it
appears
is
when
and
but
this difference
is
habits of
The
ancient writers
on natural
hiftory
with thefe
It
till
latter
end of the
of
this fubject
my fiery
them
felves,
prove that the moth and butterfly grow and flrengthen themand that their members are formed and unfolded, under
the figure of the infect
that
it is
we
call a caterpillar
and they
alfo
(hewed,
not
it's
difficult to
moth,
as
Microscopical Essays.
dually formed under the
(kin
hidden to
us,
before concealed
members.
Thefe transformations
for
mere
flate
light
which
flate,
in this
and form
it
and their
make them.
The
will
life
changes,
maybe
obferver.
The
more
firft
change
is
larva
or, as
it is
worm
or caterpillar.
From
From
the
larva
pupa
pupa,
or-ehryfalis flate.
the
into the
imago or
fly flate.
Few fubjefts
in which
we
All
is
phenomenon,
v..
Microscopical Essays.
of thefe
igence
little
ig%
manner and convenience of their exfhihed and changed, upon the infecls
commencing a new
In
it's
and vothefe, or
It's
racious, in the
fucceffive
by the
of
fmall
little
is
head
of
head.
fex,
armed with ftrongjaws, it's eyes fmooth, entirely deprived the blood circulating from the hind part towards the
It
on
as
each
fide
While
it's
it is
is
for under
this
human
eye.
infecl:
may be compared
are
all
to a child in
twaddling clothes
it's
members
more
While in
this ftate,
no
infecl;
but thofe
is
of the hemiptera
effected various
clafs
;
This change
ways
and leaves a
{kin hardens
integuments
in others, the
entirely con-
others form
remain
till
The
igz
The
ftate
then
of
it's
former
ftate,
and
to
appears in
for
it
has
now
attained the
it
is
They
;
are
now
furnil ed with
their
trans-
adorned
foar above
and defpife
former
purfuits,
wing the
foft air,
chufe
their mates,
and
wrapped up,
ftrong,
grow
exercife.
The
;
and that
in proportion as the
firft
from the
lafi
fome
more
delicate,
"
Who
Who'd think thefe airy wantons fo adorn, Were late his vile antipathy and fcorn
;
Prone to the
afpire ?
beholding, loaths
vileft
whom
femblance cloahs
ftate,
Who
As by contempt, or negligence of fate Could think that fuch, revers'dby wondrous doom, Sublimer pow'rs and brighter forms affume
;
From
Microscopical Essays,
From
And,
death their future happier
life
derive,
And wing
the regions of
unwonted
flues."*
moth and
butterfly
f form the
moil numerous family among the tribe of infects, and have been
particularly obferved than any other kind, perhaps
on
ac-
known, we
fhall
firft
defcribe them,
and
their
various
changes from
proceed to thofe
which
differ
one or
all
The
winter;
which
at
come
the
life
forth
in
fpring or
fummer
perilh
or difappear
approach of
exceeds
whofe
are
that of a year;
rigours
of winter,
hid
;
being
in
many
the
bark of
trees,
and others
fome, like
the
Aa
* Brooke's Univerfal Beauty,
f The and by
butterflies are diftinguifhed
;
their antennae
little
terminated by a
knob
the
moths
fly
Microscopical E s s a y s.
the caterpillar of the brown-tailed moth,* which was fo
uncom,
deftruclive near
London,
in
where
it
refls
in torpid fecurity,
notwithstanding the
it
in--
clemency of the
affefh, and,:
Many
that are
and
live
the fpring
come
their, feveral;
changes
their,
chryfalis, or
pupa
flate
by the parent
of
it
fafety
and
_till
fuccefs
life is
pre=-
ferved
into aclion.,
then wherever
in
we
turn, or
infecl:
"
When
*
firft
*<
*
rife,-.,
And
Mufic
^ The gay,
flies
wond 'ring
eyes
; :
And
life
Alii
* Curtis's
fliort hi (lory
h Brooke's
Uniyerfal Beauty,
Microscopical Essays,
All caterpillars are hatched from the egg, and
*95
when they
firft
proceed from
it
and
feeble,
but grow in
is
The body of
is
the caterpillar
the head
firft,
and
is
No caterpillar
thole
which
;
have more
the fix
firft
moth or butterfly
firft
rings of the
body
thefe feet
;
the
covering to the
fix
moth
;
or membranaceous
figure, they are either fmooth or hairy, foft to the touch, or hard like fhagreen, beautifully adorned with a great variety of the
moft lively
are placed,
refpiration.
tints
on each
fide of the
body nine
little
oval holes
which are generally confidered as the organs of There are on each fide of the head of the caterpillar
black fpots, which are fuppoied to be
fize,
it's
eyes.
Thefe
and
creatures vary in
to four
five inches.
The
caterpillar,
whofe
it's
life
is
fkin before
attains
it's
full
growth.
Thefe changes
pillar moults,
areit is
when
the cater;
is
changed
for
we
all
-compofe it's upper and both fcaly and membranaceous, which cruftaceous pieces under lip, it's antennae, palpi, and even thofe
bafts to a within the head, which ferve as a fixed fpiracula, the exuvia, TOiifcLes j we further find in the
number of
-the -claws,
Aa
and
ig6
Microscopical Essays.
all
that
is
vifible
organs were under the old ones as in a Iheath, fb that the caterpillar effects the changes by withdrawing itfelf from
The new
lodged in too narrow a compafs. change, to pufh off the old covering, and bring forwards the new, is a work of labour and time. Thofe caterit
when
finds itfelf
But to
pillars
effect this
who
live in fociety,
and have
change their fkin, fixing the hooks of the feet,, during the operation, firmly in the web of their nelL Some of
retire there to
the folitary fpecies fpin at this time a (lender web, to which they affix themfelves. day or two before the critical moment ap-
it's
ufual activity
becomes more
and
be
to
foon incapable of receiving thofe juices by which it was heretofore nourilhed and fupported. The infect may now
is
it's
itfelf
it
utmofl extent
fometimes to
lift
little
from
fide to fide,
it fall
by thefe
much
an operation which
parts are all
is
attended with
tender.
much
difficulty,
as the
new
weak and
However, by repeated'
exterior fkin
' ,
which conveyed the nourilhment to the are difengaged, and ceafe to aft, and a flit is made
at the
the
new
Ikin
may now be
juft perceived,
frefhnefs.
Microscopical Essays.
the
tgj
it
body
like a
wedge
firfl
into this
flit,
by which means
;
is it
foon
large
down to the
fourth ring
this renders
it
enough
day
in
which
foon
effects in
The
whole
can
live
and
act
ufual
manner
many
alfo perifh
The
exuvia
infect
;
always appears
much
as the
larger after
it
the
fkin,
was be-
come too
large for
now
them together,
is
they lay in a
are as
it
fmall fpace
but
as
Some
caterpillars, in
changing their
fmooth.*
fkin,
from fmooth
fine hair
have the
lafl fkin
Of the Pupa.
Before
it
we
defcribe the
into the
pupa
flate^
will
coarctata, when
it is
flraitened or confined
tq
contains.
It
vol.,
in
2d
edit.
121110.
p.
394.
Microscopical Essays,
It is
called
obtecta,
difguifed or fhrowded,
when the
infect
is
parts,
one
of which furrounds the head and thorax, the -other the abdomen,
It
is
termed incompleta,
feet,
wings and
but cannot
has perceptible
Semicompleta
Tiidiments of wings.
larva of this
aft, juft as
cla'fs
thefe
The
is
walk, and
difference
is
be developed in their
fly ftate.
'Completa;
form
thofe defigned
by
this
name
at their birth,
and do not
pafs, like
a variety of ftates,
It
is
all
winged
infecls pafs
through the
;
larva and
pupa
there
are alfo infecls which have no wings, and yet undergo fimilar Other infecls, transformation, as the bed bug, the flea, &c.
which have no wings, and which always remain without them, never pafs through the pupa ftate, but are fubjecl to conliderable
changes, as well with refpeclto the
parts
;
number
as the figure
of their
thus mites have four pair of feet, and two fmaller ones at
fome time
The
figure of the
monoculus
quadri-
fervir a
Microscopical Essays,
qiiadricornis of Linnaeus
(Fauna Suecica,
it's
edit.
Stockholm, 1761,
No;
birth.*
The
julus
is
a great number of
feet,
fome
fpecies having,
an
hundred pair and upwards. M. De of one with more than two hundred pair/f and yet thefe
birth have only three pair, the
reft,
till
fome
time
after,.
We {hall
now
makes to
;
pafs
is,
ftate into
that
which
a- ftate
of imperinfect:,
and. weaknefs,
through
which the
;
whea
it
it
and
in
which
arid in
which
and
is
it
it's
perfect ftate,
time.
During
it is
it's
paftage
from one
when many
in the
will find
The
to
it"
transitions
of the
caterpillar
from one
fubject of the
it
for in patting
life,
through them,
the greateft
and
life is
it is
ever accompanied
ftate in
which the
makes of the
gift it
has received. If
it
muft;
*
De
torn, i, p 155.,
Microscopical Essays.
mu ft make to put
nefs
ft
off
it's
prefent form,
it
ate, it
moft advantageous
operation
;
when
it
it would be the leaft expofed to danger, had neither ftrength to refift, nor fwiftnefs to avoid the
one where
attack of an enemy.
proper information to
critical
it
by
it's it
own
fenfations
if it
period approaches,
refult
proceeds as
be the
felves
of it's operations.
them-
and
When
it's
to
it's
full
growth, and
prepares for
in
it's
ftate
it
feeks for
:
a proper place
different
the
methods employed by
reft,
Hate of
cones,
may be reduced
inclofe
little cells,
to four:
Some fpin
2.
webs, or
in
which they
themfelves;
Others conceal
;
themfelves in
by a
round
their
body.
We
{hall
defcribe the variety in thefe, as well as the induftry ufed in conftrucldng them, after
pupa
Preparatory
Microscopical Essays.
Preparatory to the change,
itfelf
it
201
ceafes to take
is
teftines,
membrane which
a of reft and inactivity for feveral days, which affords the external and internal organs that are under the fkin an opportunity
ftate
It generally perfeveres in
of gradually unfolding themfelves. In proportion as the change into the pupa form approaches, the body is obferved often to extend and contract itfelf the hinder part is that which is firft
;
free,
-
the animal
it
contracts
itfelf in
and draws
head
then liberates
when
this
it
part of the
is
now lodged
is
is
in
the
caterpillar covering
abandoned
dif-
fwoln and
The
ftill
forcing
itfelf againft
forms a longitudinal
the fore part of the fkin, burfts the fkull into three pieces, and opening in the three firft rings of the
this
it
body; through
other,
proceeds,
by
alternately lengthening
contracting the
body and
rid
different rings;
by pufhing
The
moth
from
it's
fkin,
is
what we
call
the pupa, chryfalis, and aurelia, in which the parts of the future
are inclofed in a cruftaceous covering,
but are fo
foft,
that
the flighteft
touch
is
will
firft
difcompofe them.
exceedingly tender,
The
foft,
;
exterior part of
the chryfalis
at
and partly
trans-
this
of
refill:-
202
Microscopical Essays,
;
a cafe, which
is
at the
moth
where,
under a
veil, this
wonderful transformation
is
carried on.
made of gold, from the refplendent yellow colour with which fome kinds are
adorned.
rich colour
M. de Reaumur
;
that
it
upper one a
beautiful brown,
which
:
upon
or covers a
nighly-polifhed
manner
chryfalis
as
this
colour
is
fo that
The
of the
common
mod
bers of the
Thofe who are defirous to difcover diflindlly the various memmoth in the pupa, mould examine it before the forefluid
is
mentioned
dried up,
when
it
will
thefe,
by degrees,
ac-
change
when
the
ikirr
mould be drowned
left
in fpirits
of wine, or fome
days, that
it
and be
therein for
fome
;
may
take
pillar
more
may
will
be
firft
moth may be
traced
:
Microscopical Essays.
traced out, and
it's
203
wings, legs,
antennae, Sec.
may be opened
The
in the
parts
of the moth, or
when
left
naked
being
rolled
The wings
the tongue
are
wound up
into the
;
alfo twilled up and laid manner from what it is in the perfect animal, and different from that which it lies in within the chryfalis fo that it is by a progreffive and gradual
up on the head
in a very different
and
the
pupa
ftate.
The
eggs,
hereafter to
be
depofited
by
chryfalis,
but in the
The
ftate is
pending
upon
the
titious circumflances
warmth of the weather, and other advenfome remain in that fituation for a few
form for
eight, nine, or
in
weeks
others
do not
:
eleven months
this often
which they
tem-
Some
irregularities
air,
are
alfo occafioned
by the
different
perature of the
their exiftence.
have heard of an
inftance,
caterpillars
rimed in the fame manner, 2nd which all fpun up within a few days
of each other in the autumn, came into the
fly ftate at
three different
Bb
and
204
Microscopical
diftant periods, viz. one-third
Ess. y
s.
and
their
change,
one-third
of them the fpring following more the fucceeding fpring, and the
;
dom
of
making three years from their firft and manifeft proof of the beauty and wifof the laws of Divine order, which are continually operating
a further
As the transformation
retarded by
cold,
them
in different degrees
by
thefe they
may be awakened
fooner to a
new
of exigence, or kept in
There
are
fome
caterpillars
who
fo that
pupa
ftate is
much
fhorter than
it
naturally
appears to be.
As foon
as the
moth
it
and of which
it
is
informed by
efcape from
its
it's
makes a powerful
effort to
prifon,
frees
and view the world with new-formed eyes. The moth itfelf from the pupa with much greater eafe than the pupa
caterpillar
is
;
from the
pupa becomes
fo dry,
will
break to pieces
;
fingers
be found, on examination,
infect has
acquired a
proper degree of
to
fplit
folidity,
the
membrane which
fmall degree of
motion,
* Reaumur Memoires fur
les Infecles,
torn, 2,
mem.
i.
Microscopical Essays,
motion, or a little inflation of the body, isfufficientfor
this
purpofe
and afford
the
moth room
to efcape
from
is
it's
confinement.
The opening
fkin,
above the trunk, between the wings and a fmall piece which covers the head the different fiffures are generally made in the
;
fame
direction.
is
opened,
it is
eafy to difcover
itfelf
from
it's
fhell
when
in the
humours contained
legs, Sec.
in the little
all
animal
is
feen to
as it
efforts, as
we have
brittle fkin.
The
pupa
;
is riot
the only
difficulty
to encounter with
it
which
it
members
when
it is
no
it's
way
was.
through
but,
order,
means are
it
produced
fome of thefe
infects
are
provided with a liquor with which they foften and weaken the
it
only
flight effort
math
ixn merge
When
this
the
moth
firft
it is
but
and
2o5
Microscopical Essays.
fmall,
and
and
in-
fenfibly,
ftiff ;
and the
which were
even
fo
in proportion
as thefe
become hard that Malphigi confidered them as bones fibres harden, the fluid which circulates
at
firft
flexible
it's
force
fo that if
this fluid, at
inftant
from
it's
former
ftate,
become
the
ill-fhaped;
unfold "ng.
The
in a
as
wing, which was fcarce half the length of the body, acquires
few minutes
it's
:
full fize,
be nearly
,
nor
is it
creafed
minute as to be
what be-
confufed points,
and beautiful ornaments become furnifhed with a tongue, or trunk, curl and
up.
When
moth
it
the wings
are unfolded,
the
fufficiently dried,
it's
takes
flight.
their
perfect
and the different Moft of them, foon after they have attained ftate, void an excrementitious lubftance, which
thinks
if
is
members ftrengthened,
M. de Reaumur
reject
the
laft
it
that they
very
little,
their lives.
If the
moth
is
belly,
and the
fatty parts
which
fill it
by
ob-
which
ferved.
it
it
contains,
may be
is,
eafily
One of
6
that the
circula-
Microscopical Essays.
circulation of this fluid in the
207
moth
;
is
in the caterpillar
in this the
moved
head to the
the blood in
rior parts
;
tail
moth it moves from the which anfwers the purpofes of the moth, goes from the fuperior towards the infefo that the fluid
is
inverted,
parts*
caterpillar
is
grofs
and
folic!,
and even
at
this
it.
much
when
It
freed as
perfecl
portion,
and the
air
it's
element.
was fupplied with coarfe food, in the firft ftate, by the painful operation of it's teeth, which was afterwards digefled by a violent
trituration
of the flomach.
The
interlines are
now formed
in
a.
more
delicate manner,,
aliment,
fragrant
more pure and elegant which nature has prepared for it s ufe, from the moft:
and
fuited
to a
and beautiful
in
flowers.
Many
pillar difappear
many
:
be
now
rendered
vifible
for
it
is
upon
it
earth.,
now
freely
through the
air
and
far
frightful prickles
By
and doathing,*
Yon-.
p. ip.
208
Microscopical Essays,
Yon maggot,
vileft offspring
of the earth,
:
Lo
In
where he
rolls
filth,
Well
And
Th' Yet
prides
him
in the
committed to
his breaft
bread
th' internal
And quickens
High
o'er
it's
into motion,
life,
and form
it's
fofterer bore,
worm
ordain'd to foar.
The
fon
ftill
growing
Matures
as in a foft
and
filent
womb,
tomb
Then
Now ftruggling,
Tries his
young
and bids
his
wings difplay
Expands
From dew-dropt
And
The
bloffoms fips the neclar'd ftream, within the glory of the beam. * balks
it's
change
by
Divine
different
the
* Brooke's Redemption.
Microscopical Essays.
the affiftarice of glaffes, and are confequently
209
the microfccpe
we
fhall
felecl
Some
caterpillars,
merge a
fition,
butterfly or moth.
In order to fufpend
po-
the in feci: covers with threads that part of the branch from which it means to fufpend itfelf it places thefe in different
;
directions,
new
it;
forming,
when
finifhed, a little
cone or hillock of
microfcope.
this
is
filk,
as will
The
;
caterpillar
it
hooks
by the hinder
trials,
feet
to
it
hillock
and when
that
throws
itfelf
fall
it
Soon
the
after
thus fufpended,
this
bends
the
fore
part
;
of
body,
keeping
bent
little
time bending
it,
and
it
has
upon the back part of the pupa foon formed a flit forces itfelf through this, and extends the flit as far as the laft cru ftaceous feet; the pupa then forces upwards the fkin, as
in the fkin
a flocking, by means of
till it
it's little
hooks and
has flipped
itfelf.
it
had fufpended
to difengage
from
now reduced
the
little
how
the
pupa
will
quit this
fkin,
210
fkin,
Microscopical Essays.
and how
it
will
be enabled to
fix itfelf
to the hillock,
as
it
A little
the exuvia
by the
itit
felf as
it
then,
by bending the
and by the fame method foon fufmount it lengthens out the hinder part pends j of the body, and clafps, by means of it's rings, the various foldings of the exuvia one after another thus creeping backward on the fpoils, till it can reach the hillock with the tail which, when
frees itfelf
fkin,
itfelf to
the filken
will
by.
It is
perform an operation fo delicate and dangerous, which is only executed once in their life and nought elfe can account for it,,
;
who
fhould pafs through thefe changes, had provided means for that
end, regularly connecting the greater fteps
the defire of extending their fpecies,
organization,
till
are completed.
mode of
by a
fufpenfion
girdle
fome
a
fix
tie
which they
as
round
their
;
body
naked eye
fcope,
it
fingle thread
when examined
will
be found to be an affemblage of
and yet
leave
kind,
it
in full
it
in this fituation
fc
Microscopical Essays.
it
211
move, and
body
in a very lingular
has
opened the exterior covering, which it pufhes much in the fame manner as we have defcribed
article,
and removes
in the preceding
fuf-
pupa remains
The
which they
thefe that
we
more generally known, as it is from one fpecies of derive fo many benefits, namely, from the filkundergo fimilar changes with
exceed
it
it,
worm.
All caterpillars
and
many
in beauty
itfelf,
but the
golden
in
filky threads
they
may
indeed
come
forth
with a variety of colours, and wings bedecked with gold and fcarlet,
both their
after
life
fuch beneficial
them monuments, as
his
bounty to
The
is
formed,
is
a fine yellow
tranfparent
interlines,
gum, contained
in
two
refervoirs that
filk is
it's
occafions
may
This apparatus
c 2
Silk.
and
212-
Microscopical Essays.
filver is drawn to any degree of minuteEvery thread proceeds from thefe two refervoirs, but are
;
united afterwards
will
fo that if it is examined by the microfcope, it be found to confift of two cylinders, or threads, glued to;'
afeparation
may
fometimes
be perceived.
When
work,
it
fets to
firft
upon
is
thefe
it
what
called the
within this
it
forms
firm
and more
confident ball of
filk,
remaining
during the whole bufinefs within the circumference of the fpheroid that
it is
forming, refting on
it's
it's.
mouth and
and
Thefe
threads are not directed in a regular circular form, but are fpua
in different fpots, in
an
it
infinite
number of zig-zag
lines
fo that
when
it is
wound
off,
fometimes from one fide of the cone, then from the other.
thread,
This
when meafured,
The filk-worm
this
ufually
emis
ploys
in finifhing
cone;
is
the infide
defigned to keep
in this
cone
it
warmth of
the climate.
this
When
cone, and
{ilk.
the moth is formed, it moiftens the end of by frequent motions of the head loofens the texfo as to
ture of the
it.
When
Microscopical Essays.
213
When
of
this
fize
it's
and
it is
prefled
by
and
it's
wants
by traverfmg
attains,
relieved,
it
and thus
by an
was formed.
The
fize
of the cone
;
is
fize
of
the caterpillar
cones than
There
is
it's
filken
it
cone
is
in the fhape
called
by M. de
is
Reaumur
cated,
;"
the
conftruftion
is
compli-
art than
ufually attributed to
like (hells,
this infect*
each
which are put together with considerable fkill and propriety (hell, or fide, is framed by itfelf, and formed of an innufilk rings
;
is
connected with fo
with fprings
;
when opened, for the efcape of the moth the much art, that they open and (hut as
fo that the cone,
fides are
if
framed
butterfly has
inhabited.
filky cone,
fupply their
fufficiently fkilful to
for
fome
conftrucl: theirs
them
fail
Microscopical Essays.
others connect thefe leaves with great regularity
;
many
ft rip
filk
and glue
it
together
to their prefent
and future
N
Of the Beetle.
To make the
affords fuch
manner
as I
am
able,
claffes,
beginning with
The
wings.
beetle
is
of the
firft
The two upper ones are cruftaceous, and form a cafe to when they are {hut, there is a longitudinal future the lower ones down the back this formation of the wings is neceffary, as the
;
:
which
own
Thefe
cafes fave
wings from the damage which they might otherwife by rubbing or crufhing againft the fides of their abode
they ferve alfo to keep the wings clean, and produce a buzzing
noife
is
when
air.
The
that,
aftonifhing
it
has
been eftimated
The
the
beetle
is
is
pupa
worm, or
larva ?
Microscopical Essays,
larva,
215
and
this
of
life,
miferies attendant
on them,
it is
When
a larva,
it
in
it is
it
were dead.
has
itfelf lives
air,
by flow
and
paffing through
difficulties,
affliction,
and death.
rank which the beetle holds
in
If
we judge of the
the fcale of
animation, from the places where they are generally found, from the food which nourifhes them, from the difgufting and odious
forms of many, from their antipathy to light, and their delight in darknefs, we (hall not form great ideas of the dignity of their
Situation.
But
of Divine order,
fufficient
for the
ponding to the
it is
ftate
of exiftence
;
exiftence
entirely depends
ceive,
and the
ftate in
which
is
it
is
enabled to rein
it's
communicated
"
One
is
And hence
Brooke*
The
2l6
Microscopical Essays.
beetle
is
of an oblong round
;
figure,
the teeth
worm
;
that
is
come
other parts
fo that as foon as
itfelf
hatched,
capable of deit
with the
is
is
The
larva, or worm,
refting
between the
the
as
teeth,
fide
the belly
worm,
in
in the
fame manner
fuitable fubftance.
it
is
hatched,
is
fix legs,
and which
is
founded
on wife reafons.f
the infect
is
If the egg
it,
within
may be perceived.
beetle, will
The
afford
fnail,
and the
many
Swammerdam was
ac-
cu Homed to hatch
them
in a
in a moift flate.
To
mud
be pierced with a
needle
the con-
mould be
blown up by means of a
little
rofm diffolved in
oil
of fpike.
The
* Scaraba^us Actceon, Lin. Syft. Naf.
p. 541-3.
pt. 1, p. 33.
Microscopical Essays,
-
217
The worm
all it's
of the rhinoceros beetle, like other infe&s in the in order to effect which, it difit's fkin ;
excrement, and forms a convenient hole in the
it
charges
earth, in which
may perform
for
it
does not,
but the throat, a part of the ftomach, and the inward furface of
the great gut, change at the fame time their fkin
increafe the wonder,
:
as if
it
were to
and to
call
forth
reprefentative changes,
alfo
each
it's
membrane
is
taken from
the eyes,
and the
After the operation, the head and teeth are white and tender,
though
at other times as
hard
as a bone
when
accurate ana-
reader to M..
author's
Swammerdam
firfl
he
will find
like
To
diffecT: it,
he
in fpirits
of wine, or furTocated
it
it
When
worm
to
take
upon
it
it
the
pupa form,
can more
a
fubfequent procefs.
Having found
proper
place.
D
* The
larva of tliofe beetles
;
d
under ground are
which
live
and voracious
a&ive.
en
which
1218
Microscopical Essays,
form with
their hinder feet a polifhed cavity, in this
;
place, they
they
lie
for
after
fliorter,the (kin
if it
foon appears as
fered about
are changing
be clearly diftinguifhed.
by a flow
by
The body
con-
is
open
back
in three parts,
of the
the
incifions of the
at the
lips,
&c.
call
their
is
exuvia.
diffufed
During
operation,
a thin watery
fldn,
humour
eafier.
gradually, the
worm
;
is
at laft
difengaged from
Ikin,
and the
obferver.
Swammerdam thinks
fcarce to be equalled
among
the wonders which are difplayed in the infecl part of the creation;
in
it
and formed,
perfecl: ftate
The
Microscopical Essays.
The pupa * of this infeft much heavier than it does in
{
21CJ
weighs, a
it's
little
;
after
this
is
it's
change,
beetle Mate
been found to weigh ten times as much as the hornet itfelf this is probably occafioned by a fuperabundant degree of moifture, by which thefe infecls are kept in a hate of inactivity (a kind of pre;
The
latter has
ternatural dropfy)
till it
is
in
fome meafurc
diffipated; in prodries';
is
many
curious circumilances
is,
may be
noted
that the
horn, which
turity, that
is
ftate
of main
it
will bear to
the
pupa
and more
like
fluid
than a folid
fubftance.
How
is
not
known
fome remain during the whole winter, more particularly thofe who quit the larva ftate in autumn, when a fudden cold
checks their further operations, and confequently they remain
Some
fpecies of the
go through
all
while others employ near four years in the procefs, and live as
winged
infecls a year.
When
change
mufcular parts grow iirong, and are thus more able to fhake
D
* Swamrr.e 'dam's
d 2
their
Bock of Nctu.e,
p.
144*
f Mouftet, p. 152.
320
Microscopical Essays.
which
is
manner
(late, fo
as in the paffage
of the
infecl;
that
in
which
traces of the
pulmonary
tubes, that
out, again
become
vifible.
infecl;,
and pul-
monary tubes
the blood
and
very
iffues
leaft
wound
but
when they
is
have acquired
their
c^onfiftency,
which
in the elytra
any
fluid
within
The pupa
it's
form, in which
name of a
beetle, with
male or female.
The
mer
infee~l
now
begins to enjoy a
;
life
far preferable to
it's
for-
ftate
of exiftence
it
from
living in dirt
and
filth,
under briars
and thorns,
itfelf
now
raifes itfelf
towards the
flues,
and
fuftains
We proceed to illuftrate the nature of the different transformaby giving an account of the mufca chameleon in the worm or larva condition it lives in the water, breathes by
tions in infecls,
:;
the
tail,
and
carries
it's
it's
mouth.
When-'
Microscopical Essays.
When
it is
221
it
it's
pupa
ftate,
goes through
Lallly, in
would
infallibly perifli
it
in the water:
with
life
and motion,
would now be
This
it's
immediate deftruclion.
as mufca chameleon. mufca fupra aquam obambulare In a former edition of the Fauna Suecica he called it
infecl: is
characterized
by Linnaeus
;
oeftrus aquae
;-
it
was
a mufca
of
all
known oeftri
are nourifhed in
The
by
when viewed by
abdomen
but
as the
flomach and
it
men,
is
The parts mod worthy of notice, when this infect is viewed by tail and fnout. The tail is furnifhed wick
circle
an elegant crown or
annular form
;
of hair
b, difpofed quite
tail is
round
it
in
an
fupported
is
on
the fur-
worm
or larva
moving
therein, the
;
body
in the
the bottom
it
will
fometimes remain in
without
When it
it
has a
mind
tail,
much
extremity
222
extremity
;
Microscopical Essays.
by
this
is
formed,
and the
XI.
2, Plate
by the
it
afftftance
of
this
efcapes,
can replace
fometimes
may be
of the
worm
This operation
may be
it
eafily feen
by placing the
worm
in
glafs full
of water, where
will afford
The
middle
fnout
is
is
immoveable
;
the
two other
parts
fides
of the former
manner,
like the
The
greater!
on
thefe that
it
walks
it's
when
it is
as
were to walk on
mouth, ufing
it's
beak, to
move
We
fhall
now
worm,
as
it
may be
then
grows
fharp
ftar.
tail
2,2,
XL
with
Microscopical Essays.
%ith a cruftaceous habit, more than
or caterpillars
;
223
it
worms
diftri-
it is
buted.
flexible.
The
On
each fide of the body are nine fpiracula, or holes, for the
j
purpofe of refpiration
there are
no fuch holes
vifible
;
on the
for at tail ring a, nor on the third ring counting from the head the extremity of the tail there is an opening for the admiffion and
expulfion of air
are concealed.
have two
fly
whereas,
worm
produces a
The
of colour;
it is
adorned with
light colour,
and orbicular
repre-
before us, only the hair that grows on the infe&'s fide
fented
hairs c
;
is
befides this
e.
The
worm
arifes
from the
for in
proportion as there
a greater or
leffer
The head d
fkin, the grains
is
The
It
eyes are
has
alfo^
tWQ>
$24
two fmall horns
ther lingular
i i
Microscopical Essays.
on the
fore-part of the head.
;
The
is
fnout
is-
but what
altoge-
and furprizing, though no doubt wifely contrived by the great and Almighty Architect, is, that this infecYs legs are placed near the fnout, between the fmuffes, in which the eyes are
fixed.
Each of thefe
is
of which
From
the next joint there fprings a horny bone h h, which the infect
ufes as a kind
of thumb
the joint
;
is
alfo
of a black fubftance,
is
in hardnefs
of the fame
To
fides
form the
upper
you may
is
infects
by means of mouth
jaw in the human frame. the mulcles which ferve to move the
We
legs,
may
and
thofe
draw them up into a cavity that lies between the fnout and parts of the mouth which are near the horns i i.
This
infect
moves
itfelf
wife
to
on land by means of them it likefwim, while it keeps it's tail on the fur;
air,
;
reft
of
the
it
body
in this fituation
it's
no motion
is
perceived in
but what
from
legs,
manner.
It is
reafonable to
lies in
thefe legs
nor
will
it
be
difficult
for thofe
who
now opening
fo
clearly)
Microscopical Essays.
clearly) to fix the rank
225
life,
of this
infecl:
in animated
ftate
and point
it
through which
The
hollow
fnout
is
is
front,
is
fharp and
divifions
may be
expand or contract
it.
fkill
and wifdom.
hairs,
furrounded by thirty
;
and
Thefe
place
is
hairs
are
all
which
feen
may be
by cutting it off, and holding it up, when dry, againft the By the fame mode you will light, upon a thin plate of glafs.
of the hairs there are alfo grains like
tail
in the
middle of the
there
is
fin all
open-
ing
within
lets
it
are
infecl:
takes in
and
breathes.
as
The
hairs
XL
except
when
with
they are reprefented in Fig. 3; the infecl floats with the body in the
it's
water,
for
and the
are
tail
hairs a
little
furface,
in
they
then
difplayed
exactly
delineated
tail
the
plate.
The
leaft
produces a con-
wide
at the top,
narrow
at the
bottom.
The
226
Microscopical Essays.
tail
The
that
which
is
the
univerfal principle of
it
and motion
itfelf at
in animals.
By means of
when fwimming, or remain fufpended quietly in the water for any length of time.
pleafure
can flop
The motion of this infect in fwimming is very beautiful, efpecially when it advances with it's whole body floating on the furface of the water, after filling itfelf with air
out,
it it firft
in the
:
form of the
letter S,
and again
out in a
{trait line
body,
it
by thus alternately contracting and then extending the moves along on the furface of the water. It is of a very
and not difturbed by handling.
in
quiet difpofition,
fhallow Handing
mer is more or
found
in great
lefs
favorable
in
fome
feafons
it is
they are to be
no eafy matter to
in ditches,
They
in the water,
by means of
dirt
at the
and
in this
feet in fearch
is
of food, which
1
is
of ditches.
This
from the furprizing vibratory motion of the which refembles the brandifhings of an envenomed tongue or
fight,
ing
They
are moft
of turpentine.
Microscopical Essays.
After a certain period they pafs into the pupa form
;
227
when
on the
and creep gently thereon, partly on the dry furface, and partly on the
water
when
in the larva or
pupa
ft ate,
indeed,
which he cannot do worms have found a proper fituation, they by degrees contract themfelves, and, in a manner fcarce perThe inward parts of the ceivable, lofe all power of moving, worm's tail now feparate from the outmoft {kin, and become
whilft in the uterus, lives in water,
man alio,
afterwards.
When
thefe
greatly contracted
this
pain
by
this
contraction, an
air
empty fpace
is left
in the exterior
fkin, into
which the
foon penetratesi
Thus
pupa
ftate
under
it's
own
fkin,
entirely different
caterpillar,
which
calls
off the
this
change
may
is
often be obferved to
manner
un-
as
it
effected in a hidden
it
known way,
"dew.
which conceals
from our
is
fkin, the
body, head 3
and
tail,
outward
vefture.
The
legs at this
worm
lofes
alfo
now
the former
fkull,
the exuvia.
It is
worthy of
e 2
alfo-
228
alfo
Microscopical Essays,
from
the eyes, and no more perform their office. The mufof the rings alfo in like manner, and a great part of the pulmonary points of refpiration, are feparated from, the external
cles
Thus the whole body contracts itfelf by degrees into a At this time the gullet and the pulmonary tubes caft a coat within the fkin. To make this evident, it is neceffary to open the abdomen, when the pupa, it's parts, to gether with the caft off pulmonary pipes, may be clearly feen.
fkin.
An
beft
exact account of
all
is
to
or outfide cafe,
when
begins to harden
for as
it
are
fomewhat
different
from what
be when
in that ftate,
it is
more
is
fome days older, and has loft the greateft part of the fuperfluous humours. The pupa the interior one is a thin memis inclofed in a double garment
;
when
the pupa
it
very clofely
which
it
performs
gives
it
changes in an
invifible
manner
it is
this fkin
ftate.
which
pupa
When
now
in the
fly,
old covering,
is
or
The
little
pupa
is
abdomen
are
filled
with
air,
of
the
Microscopical Essays,
the
tail.
229
little
This
may be
feen
while
to the rays
in water,
when
by ex-
you
will find
it
in again,
The
perform the aclion of infpiration and exfpiration. anterior part of the pupa is drawn back from the fkin, and
it,
firft
ring of the
creature
until
it's
exhaling members
burft
the
two membranes
which
is
opened near
.this
period, a wonderful
may be perceived through the thin fkin which The colours of many of the different parts are
parts
and others cruftaceous. The whole body becomes inand claws begin to move the variations
:
may be
accurately obferved by opening a pupa every day until the time of change. For this purpofe they mould be laid on
f
they
glafs
:
mould
alfo
be made fome-
what
to fix
little
moift,
it's
pupa
claw
forth in the
difh,
When
ufes all
the
fly
is
feen to
move about
it's
the third
efforts to
and fourth anterior ring the infect then promote it's efcape, and to quit the interior
and
time.
The
exterior fkin
is
open
23
Microscopical E ss ays.
it's
open
it off,
which
it
It is to
be
but
perfectly ordained
by a conftant
changes
in all thefe
is,
where
it is
if joined
by
futures.
When
in water
little
creature immediately
that lived before
vifits
on
it's
The larva
a.
queue de
rat
f (mufea
:
pendula, Lin.)
is
alfo trans-
formed under the IMn, which hardens, and forms a cafe or general covering to the pupa two horns are pufhed out, while it
is
in this ftate,
:
from the
interior parts
refpiration
The
ftate
that
is,
pupa
larva, go.
(according to
M. de Reaumur) than
pupa
The
the
laft
it's
form to
many
transformed under
their.
* Swammerdam's
Book of
Nature,
pt. 2, p. 58.
+ Reaum. 8vo.
n mem.
p. 199, plate
30 and 31,
LICROSCOPIC AL ESSAYS.
their fldn,
23S
In thefe
Ihorter,
cruf-
the
larva lofes
length;
;
the
body becoming
an egg
Of the Libellula.
In the
fects
libellula,
or dragon
are termed in the the egg in the figure which they preferve, till the from proceed time comes of alfuming their wings, and who walk, act, and eat,
as well
till
who
Of
all
the
flies
which adorn or
diverfify
more
" they
^
r
lV"'~*"^
colours,
green,
blue,
mod
vivid
and
exhibit,
more
itfelf is
different fhades
rainbow."
The
an inhabitant of the
Thefe
infects are
is
depofited in
by the parent the egg fmks to the bottom, and remains there till the young infect finds ftrength to break the flielL The larva is hexapode, and is not quite fo long as the fly on
the water
;
little
more apparent,
changes
it's
and
(kin.
when
in
it's
perfect ftate,
The
Microscopical Essays.
The head of thelarvaof this
head,
infect is
covered with a mafic which goes over the whole fore part of the
pro-
human
face
:
it is
at the
;
bottom there
is
a knuckle
which
pivot.
fits
on
on a
can
The upper
down
part of this
mafk
is
it
the whole
mafk whenever
like a faw.
It
it
pleafes.
The
edges
and hold
it's
prey.
There
top of it,
is
different fpecies
of the
libellula,
and which
it
make
feeds.
it
live
and feed
;
at the
bottom of the
fwimming only occafionally their manner of fwimming, or rather moving in the water, is curious, being by fudden jerks given at intervals but this motion is not occafioned by their legs, which at this time are kept immoveable and clofe to the
;
body it is by forcing Out a ftream of water from the tail, that this may be eafily perceived by the body is carried forwards placing them in a flat veffel, in which there is only jufl water enough to cover the bottom. Here the action of the water fquirted
:
'
from their
tail will
be very
vifible
it
and give a
fenfible
motion
to
any
on
Microscopical Essays.
the furface thereof.
233
intervals,
fupply of water.
The
tail
above the
it,
little
and force out a fmall ftream from fountain, and with confiderable force.
but very
as
from
The pupa
differs
little
from the larva; the bunches, and begin to appear like four
and
it
full
enjoying
full
it
it's
when
it
is
it's
arrived at
laft
growth, and
change,
approaches the edge of the water, or comes entirely out of it, fixing itfelf firmly to lb me piece of wood or other fubftance by It remains for fome time immoveable it's acute claws. the fkin
;
opening they exhibit the real head and eyes, and at length the legs it then creeps forward by degrees, drawing it's wings, and then the body, out of the fkin. The wings, which are moift and folded,
;
through
this
the
body
is
alfo ex-
has gained
When
{late
enters
it's
on a more noble
mate.
of
now wings
What
terms expreflive
may
relate
cl ft ate
!
The
And
Ff
Gem mo
234
Microscopical Essays.
Gemm'd o'er their heads, the mines of India gleam* And heaven's own wardrobe has array 'd their frame
Where
.
And wanton
gay exchanges
vie.
The
palfes
infecl,
pals,
through no transformation
flate
becomes a
gall infecl:
this,
fly,.
The
onlyis-,
(and which
is
branch of the
tree,
detach
it
afterwards increafes
;
much
and becomes
th$-
the female,
life,
to the place
has;
very
life
little
it is
of thei?while
that they
grow moft,
and produce
young*
;
and what is
more
employed
in laying
thoufands of eggs5
galls.
The
genera-
veiy. extenfive;
tree*.
The
till
ftate, pafs'
through,
do
all
not.
appear;
but as in
obferve,
no transformation,
figure,
is
though,
It
remarkable^.
that?
Microscopical Essays.
that
235
amongft infe&s of the fame kind fome individuals mould be transformed, while others are not at all changed thefe infecls
:
will
be confidered more
fully in
another part of
this chapter.
fpider
fly
(hyppobofca
which proceeds
infecl pro-
Hi ft laid.
The
;
fly ftate
it is
probably
it
Reaumur
has found
in
the
pupa
flate therein,
their eggs
which
had been
laid for
infeft in the
form of
are
De Geer
it.
a true
to dif-
when
is
do but
it
;
engage
it's
which covers
there
is
and he
more probable,
but
it
is
becaufe
no embryo
motion
egg,
entirely
filled
he has
alfo
perceived
it
a contracting
and
dilating
imme-
diately after
it
was
a fimple egg.
will, I
of this won-
and
will
many
new
fources of contemplation.
F f2
* Reaumur,
t
An
Contemplation of Nature, &c.
torn. 6,
mem.
14.
les
corps organifes.
236
Microscopical Essays.
infecl:
An
fore
five
it
it's
attains the
pupa
ftate,
may be
confidered as compofed of
by common
tree
is
organized bodies, inclofed within each other, and nourifhed vifcera, placed in the center what the bud of the
:
it
contains, fuch
it
is
of the
conceals in
bofom.
Four of thefe bodies have the fame effential ftruclure, namely, that which is peculiar to the infecl in it's larva or caterpillar ftate
:
the
fifth
body
is
is
The
from the center of the thofe that are fartheft off have moft confidence, or unfold themfelves fooneft.
animal
;
bodies
When
terior
it's
full
one which
next in order
is
confiderably unfolded
it
it is
ftretches
on
all
which covers
it
broken by
to
up
at length
it
infecl
c loathed
with a
new
fafts
fkin,
The
change
it
infecl;
;
generally
is
for a
this
which
then
is,
or
it
it
may be neceffary
may, the
infecl
is
this
be
as
it's
it
has:
changed
The
head and
legs,
fluid
and thus
facilitates
their
Microscopical Essays,
their reparation
;
237
all
this
moiflure evaporates
by degrees,
the
and the
infect, is
then in a condition,
to aft.
The
firft
ufe that
feme
is
caterpillars,
who
live
on
leaves,
;
make
to
devour greedily
their exuvia
fometimes
;
till
their
from which they proceeded, and even the eggs of fuch caterpillars as have not been
hatched.
all
does not appear fo embarraffing, being nothing more but it is more difficult to fimple developement
;
We have
already obferved,
membrane
di gelled
is
this
it
very delicate
hind part towards the head, circulates a contrary way after transformation.
to indicate,
Now
if this
inverfion
is
how amazing
When
of
trje
call:
and
new
room
but
how
is
this effected,
how
the lungs
The more we
endeavour
23 8
Ml CROSCOPICAL
this fubject,
E'S'S
AYS,
endeavour to inveftigate
enveloped in darknefs.
the
more we
find
it
is
employed conformable to the laws of Divine Providence, to change the vifcera, and give them a new form, they are alfo unfolding divers other organs, which were
life
are
ufelefs
to the infecl
ftate,
neceffary to that
which fucceeds.
carried
That
during
of
life
may be
into
is
thrown
crafium
a kind of Deep;
them
humours
which
makes way
The
little
wounds
gradually
thofe parts
recover their tone, and the circulating fluids infenfibly find their
new
channel.
Laftly,
many
and turned
infeL
into
is rejected
by the
.perfect.
When
we
of
are furprized
at the fingularity
Author
nature
has
made choice
to perfection
of,
;
why
not
pafies
why
all
infects -that
?
fame
change
may be
fiarted
concerning the
before us, derive their folution from the general fyfrem which
unknown
to us.
If
all
Microscopical Essays.
slain would be broken, the creature unhappy, and
fall.
man moft
AmongrV
and
infers,
fome
;
are
produced
fiich
as
they will be
lives
others
come
from
this in a
world under a form which differs but little from that which they have when arrived, at an age of maturity fome again aflume various forms, that are more or lefs remote
many come
into the
conftitutes
laftly,
fome go
through part of thefe transformations in the belly of the mother, and are born of an equal, fize with their parent.
By thefe
itfelf
two- or three different fpecies, and becomes fucceffively the inhabitant of two or three worlds : and how great is the diverfity
.
of
it's
Let us
of,
if.
alfo confider
the filk-worm
it
is
really
the moth, crawling, eating, and fpinning, under the form of theworm, and that the pupa is only the moth fwathed up, it is
clear that they are not three
felfs,
fame individual
time,
feels,
taftes, fees,
and
a6te
by
different periods of
it's life,,
which
it.
thefe wants
and fenfations
excite them.
240
Microscopical Essays.
On the Respiration
As
refpiration
is
of
Insects.
life
of
to
many naturalifts
to prove
it's
exig-
what manner
it is
carried on.
Malphigi,
the
difcovered in
two
air-veffels
infect,
and are
dif-
communicaterpillar,
on the
fkin of the
termed fpiracula
there are
body.
Thefe
veffels
they contain no
-cut
fluids,
when
Notwithftanding
many
very obfcure in
all 4
and
it
is
no more
ftate
embryo
of infecls, than in
we
which
after
by no
means
fo before k.
M.
de
Reaumur thought
by the
fpiracula
come out by
manner
totally
different
holes, or pores,
w hich
7
conducted
Microscopical Essays.
241
conducted to them through the extremities of the finer ramificawhereas M. Bonnet, in confequence tions of the tracheal veflels
:
of a great variety of experiments, fuppofed that the infpiration and exfpiration of the air was through the fpiracula, and that
there was no exfpiration of air through the pores of the
fldta.
Thefe experiments were made either by plunging the caterpillars into water, or anointing them with fat and greafy fubffances j
fome
bles
all
The number of
fmall bub-
which are obferved to cover the fur face of their bodies, when they are im merged in water, does not arife from the air which they are is included within, and then proceeding from them, but
formed by the
in the
air
which
is
it is
about
all
other fubftances.
To
ren-
der the experiments more accurate, and prevent the air from adhering to the {kin, before he plunged the caterpillars in water
he always brulhed them over with an hair pencil after this, very few air bubbles will be found on their bodies when they are im;
merged
in
water.
caterpillar will
and they
alfo recover,
in-
To know
whether a few
fo that
only two
as
it
did
immerged
in water.
One
caterpillar,
lived eight
upon which M. Bonnet made his experiments, days fufpended in water, with only two of it's anterior
Gg
fpiracula
242
Microscopical Essays,
;
when
the
moved
it
itfelf,
rior fpiracula
on the
left fide
from
this
ments
all
two pofterior are of the greateft ufe in the two anterior and Sometimes, when the mouths of thefe have been refpiration.*
flopped with
oil,
fell
into convulfions.
If the
been
become
paralytic.
Notwithstanding thefe experiments, and many more which have been made, the fubjefl: is far from being decided, and many ftill
is
any refpiration in
of their
life.
infects fimilar to
ours,
This opinion feems to be further confirmed by the experiments of M. Lyonet. He placed feveral of the large mufk beetle,
probably the cerambyx mofchatus, under a glafs, where he had been burning fulphur, and which he kept burning while they
were there; and though the vapour was fo thick that he could not fee them, and that he kept them therein more than half am hour, they did not feem in the leaft incommoded, t
When we
can
live
how
they
confined,,
to the air.
and indeed
of the operation,
the offices of
life.
as the air
unfit for
* Philof. Tranf.
vol. xlv.
p. 300.
torn, t, p. 124.
Microscopical Essays,
life.
As
degree of minutenefs,
that they
may
act as fo
filtrate
many
the
air,
fieves,
perly contrived,
and
fo furniih
to the
body of
and nature of the various parts. The experiments that have been made with the air-pump are by no means conclu five the injury
;
is
it
infpired
we
is
have removed
it
in an aerial form,
and
as it counter-
balances and re-a&s on the principle of life, and by keeping the action thereof in proper tone and order, confines and regulates
its energies.
Though
to
it is
difficult to afcertain
whether fome
infects refpire,
whom
:
neceflary
many aquatic
on the
tail
infefts
who
will perceive the in feci to be agitated and uneafy, and to feek for fome opening to expofe this part to the air if it finds none, it foon goes
;
To
prove
this,
keep the
Some
aquatic beetles
refift
the
it
trial
for
for a few
There
is
all
experiments
on
this fubjel
tenacioufnefs of the
nature, and
it's
Gg
M. Muf-
244
Microscopical Essays.
inclofed the
M. Mufchenbrock
in a glafs tube,
of the tube was drawn out into a capillary form, The end the other end was covered with a piece of wet bladder, to exclude the air the capillary end was then plunged in water, which rofe
;
placed the capillary part of the tube before a microfcope, on a fmall micrometer, in order to obferve any motion or
to
D.
He
change
tiori
in the fituation
of the water
as
it is
make
it rife
or
fall
alternately.
experiment he obferved a fmall degree of motion at diftant intervals, not above two or three times in an hour; in a
In the
firft
motion
fubjecl;, he could obferve no then placed fome pupas under the receiver of an air-pump, in water which he had previoufly purged of it's air
at
all.
He
on exhaufting the
air
from the
tail,
receiver,'
fwell
it
on the contrary, on
recovered
it's
former
Leyden, in 1753, a
diflerta-
tion, in
faid,
Microscopical Essays.
Among
the infects in which the refpiration feems to be
is
245
mod
;
clearly proved,
the larva
a.
queue de
rat
mud,
to
which they
themfelves
is
neceffary
tail,
;
body the
body
the
is
tail is
it is
compofed of two
the materials of
tubes,
When,
little
the
tail is
at
it's
full
length,
it
is
exceeding
there
is
hairs, to extend
tail
is
fimilar to
thefe
in the
tail,
and terminate
refpiring tubes,
air
from them.
The
larva quits
the water
when
where the
;
(kin hardens,
and forms a
thefe
cafe, in
is
formed
M.
de
Reaumur
of the
found,
infect
filled
little
with
and by which
it is
of the pupa.
The
larva of gnats,
the furface of the water, and convey the air from thence to the
246
infect.
Microscopical Essays.
Many
other Angularities are to be found
among
the
aquatic larva.
reader will not, I hope, be difpleafed with another account of the mufca pendula, drawn up by a naturalift. who knew how to
The
render every
this fcience.
fubjecl: interefting,
friends,
we were
puddle of
;
on
we found
number of dirty
fhape-
much
the appearance of a
got, but
much
uglier
furnifhed with
tails.
I ordered
them to be
laid
down on
for
fome
clear water,
"I had
infecls
often informed
my companions
in
that
were hatched
are
;
in their perfect
ft ate
they
all
firft
produced
caterpillars
or, in other
they
live,
move, and
eat,
different animals
from
I
their .parents
furprized,
when
were not
fly,
an
common humble
;
and a
fting,
which
is
wanting to the
i(
This
nature, to lay
young,
while
Microscopical Essays.
while in the
247
;
Hate, are to live and feed in water but the her depofit eggs cannot in that element without female parent
worm
She
lays
them on dry
to place
them
in fuch a
fi
are hatched they make their way to the water; and when they have acquired their full growth, and the animal within is ready to burft forth into a new lite, and enjoy the regions
air,
it
of the
may be
finifhed at land..
now
returned with a
is
little all
though refpiration
neceflary to
;
animal
yet it
and
man and
by
the mouth,
this creature
does
it
by the
tail.
The
infecls
we were examining
near an inch
:
tails
on our throwing fome of them into it, their bodies naturally funk with the head downwards, and while they feemed fearching after
food about the bottom, the extremities of their
tails
in continual motion.
"
My
companions,
who have
make every
all things,
mould not be furfocated while it fed. When pint more water to be thrown into the glafs, they all
reptile
firft,
ordered, a
cried out, at
againft
my
deftroying thefe
unhappy animals
248
Microscopical Essays.
much
higher than before,
for they
when
obferved
ening their
without
means of
life
much more
it
increafed depth
of water; on
of the
infect
was a mere
another
much
fmaller, yet fufficiently large for the paffage of all the air
imme;
up out of
this,
and extended
to
the
new
till
furface
on
raifing the
lengthened again as
fo
on
the limits
of the
experiment no further."
Of the Generation
One of
5
of Insects.
the
greateft. myfleries
in nature
is
generation, or that
Sec.
fpecies
of animals,
are propa-
formed agreeable
known
to that
Adorable
W isdom
any
which has
We {hall never be
power,
till
able to form
adequate conception of
the principles of
different orders
life,
we
and can
of beings.
Many
mifconception and perverfion of the fentiments of the more ancient fages, imagined that infefts
putrefied fubftances
in
!
owed
;
their origin to
Not
fo
the
mod
ancient fages
every degree of life muft proceed from the fountain and fource of
ail
Microscopical Essays.
all life,
2 49
and
that therefore,
when
manifefted,
it
muft be replete
if in it's
it
with
infinite
wonders
was perverted,
filthy
would be manifefted
pensities
;
in loathfome forms,
and with
pro-
new forms
ere
of
life
ftill
wraps
fubject in obfcurity
will the
fcientific
world ?
this
the time of
infects
Be
as
may,
be found to conform to that general law of order which runs through the whole of animated nature, namely, that the
will
is
of their
offspring.
Where we cannot
we muft
be content with
facts.
Though
infects
are,
like
larger animals,
diftinguimed into
claries there is a kind of mules, partaking of neither fex, though originating themfelves from the
in
fome
conjunction of both:
many
upon
In many infects the male and female are with difficulty diftinguimed, and in fome they differ fo widely, that an unfkilful perfon might eafily take the male and female of the fame infea
for different fpecies;
piniaria, ruffula. as
for
inftance, in the
ftill
phalsena humuli,
irt
The
diffimilarity is
greater
thofe infers
as in the
in
Hh
In
250
Microscopical Essays.
is
The
antennas
of the male
furmmed with
fly
fea-
of the male
are
large
and
are fmall,
and fcarce to be
perceived.
is
Some male
which
autem
et aranei
geminos,
in
quemadmodum
nonnulla amphibia, et
fub
quod mirandum
loco alieno,
ut cancer,
bah caudse.
os
;
funt, juxta
et
heic vero
in-
unquam
vere dixeris
res
fi
enim procus
aufpicato accefferit,
llatim fe retraxerit.
gent caudae,
et
mas fub
cum mas
coll urn
fcemina
ilia
Infects
are
either
is
oviparous
or viviparous
or,
in
other
perpetuated, either
by
young
alive.
The former
the
more
Thofe
feci:
ftate
Microscopical Essays.
fexes in other clafles
fkin, the cancri
till
251
laft
fix
afteris
wards
transformed
:
into
it is
flies.
thefe
Jingularly curious
fpiral
fo that
feven
fly,
and compofed of
many
thoufands in number.*
The
pafs
them over
the
more
fo, as
objecl: for
the microfcope.
is
They
are called
by
various names,
is
aphis
that
and
lice.
They belong
The roftrum
fome have
delicate
two
tubes,
The
inhabit,
though
is
it
probable the
number
is
much
larger, as the
fame plant
Hh
* Reaumur
An
torn. 4,
Mem.
des Xnfe&es,
p.
415.
Microscopical Essays.
An
up
in the
birtli,
;
in a
few days
be found in
the individuals of this family, and you will find this fecond generation will multiply like
it's
parent,
and
this
you may
purfuer
through
many
generations.,
j&
with
fruitful virgins,
of new and
who
" the defign of rearing feveraf generations of folitary pucerons, in " order to fee if they would all equally bring forth young. In " cafes fo remote from ufual cireumftances, it is allowed- to try alL "
forts
of means
and
that
"one
This,
"who knows"
fufficiently
to. the
perfuaded
had= not
reared;
He
therefore
now
to keep
an
each generation.
He
among them,
in
wfiofe
males are produced only in the tenth generation, and are but few,
number
the-
among
feries.
whom
Microscopical Essays,
253
In order to give a further infight into the nature of thefe infers, I (hall infert an extract of a defcription of the different generations
as publifhed in
the Philofophical
hm
which occur
in the infe&s
The
now
under confideration,
natures feem not a
may make an
little
is
perplexing,, but
considerably diminifhed;
We
may
diftin6l
the infects,
fpecies,.
reft.
may
With
lize
of
all
the
,
view
Dn
the
Richardfon
on
it's
makes
it
more
con,.
few others of fo long a duration. This fpicuous, but fort appears early in; the fpring, andcontinues late in the autumn.;
while feveral are limited to a
to the different trees
much
nourifhment,.
1.
If at the beginning
as
fo
warm
of February the weather happens to be to make the buds of the rofe tree fwelfand appear
on them, though;
firft
young ones
in
fummer,. when
produced.
proceed from fmall black oval eggs, which were depoiited on the though when it happens that the infecVmake laft year's moot
;
too early an appearance, the greater part fuffer from the fharp
rofe trees.
are
254
are
Microscopical Essays.
fome years
is
in a
animal
viparous.
Thofe aphides which withftand the feverity of the weather feldom come to their full growth before the month of April, at
which time they ufually begin to breed,
their
after twice calling off
all
It
them a numerous progeny, and with any male infeft they are
;
viviparous,
and what
is
young ones
all
come
When
hind
drawing the ruptured membrane over the head and body to the During this operation, and for fome time after, the feet.
foon
which
it
was confined
fet
and
after
limbs are a
ftrengthened,
itfelf.
is
down on fome
left to
provide for
In the fpring months there appear on the rofe trees but two generations of aphides, including thofe which proceed immediately
fo
from the
laft year's
eggs
the
warmth of the
lefs
fu miner adds
much
to their fertility,
that
no
One
produced
in
May,
each
which
Microscopical Essays.
each fupply two more, which
caff,
255
This
fre-
is
more extraordinary, repeated more often when the infecls come the
is
the
in ten days,
erecl;
wings,
all
much
bodies
is
obfervable in
tions which are produced during the fummer months, but ftill without any diverfity of fex for fome time before the aphides
;
come
is
it is
eafy to diftmguifh
which
will
have
When
the laft
in
covering
manner,
till
The
fummer time
is
fo
very
by wounding and exhaufting the tender moots they would frequently fupprefs all vegetation, had they not many
great, that
enemies to
reffrain
them.
Notwithfianding thefe
in feels
have a
if thofe
numerous
without friends,
may be
for the
1
confidered as fuch,
who
good
The
ant and
honey
in
abound,
vifitors,
but with
this
difference,
that
the ants
5
when
;:
Mi c r o s c op
al
Essays.
m
.the
the honey while the aphides are in the aft of difcharging bees only colleft it from the leaves on which it has fallen.
In the autumn three more generations of aphides are produced, two of which generally make their appearance in the month of Auguft, and the third before the middle of September. The two
firft
differ in
no
refpecl
differs
from thofe which are found in fummer greatly from all the reft. Though all the
this tenth
aphides which have hitherto appeared were females, in .generation feveral male infe&s are found, but not
by
any
means
fo
numerous
as the females.
The
females have at
firft
the former generations, but in a few days their colour changes from a green to a yellow, which is gradually converted into an
full growth they differ alfo from thofe which occur in fummer, for all
;
The male
infe&s are
readily
however,
more remarkable, their outward appearance diftinguifhing them from this and all other generations.
ffill
When
but of a reddifh brown, and have afterwards a dark line along the back they come to their full growth in about three weeks, and then caft
off their
laft
firft
but after
this
change to
if
we
The
fomething lighter coloured, and has a males no fooner come to maturity than they
is
who
in a
day or two
courfe with the males lay their eggs, generally near the buds.
Where
Microscopical Essays,
Where
there are a
257
number crowded
on other
It
is
attract a larger
abode.
new
objects
of furprize are
as
fingular
we have
has
already {hewn
will
is
not be found to be
and though
and admiration, though they have attracted the attention of the mofi ingenious and laborious
at all times gained uniVerfaf efteem
mode of propagating
>
their fpecies
abortive
Swammerdam were
his treatife
though, while he
was writing
on
under the
it
irrefiftible
and
if
he defifted at noon 5
as well
from
the extraordinary afflux of light and the ufe of glalfes, to continue longer exercifed
by fuch minute
He
fpent one
their
month
and reprefenting
:
interlines
employing whole
them,
org
them,
till
Microscopical Essays.
at laft
he brought
his treatife
perfection, a
work which
all
commencement
own
produced nothing to
compare with it.* " Read it, fays the great Boerhaave, confider it, and then judge for yourfelf." Reaumur, however, thought he had in fome meafure removed the veil, and
explained their manner of generating
:
to be the only female in the hive, and the mother of the next generation that the drones are the males, by which fhe is fecun;
dated
and
that the
knead
working bees, or thofe that collect wax on it, and form from it the combs and cells,
which they afterwards fill with honey, are of neither fex. The queen bee is known by it's fize, being generally much larger than
the working bee or the drone.
f*
High on her throne, the bright imperial queen Gives the prime movement to the ftate machine
She
in the fubjeci fees the duteous child
as the regent
fits
mild
With
* *
elate,
ftate.
*
*
* *
*
*
* *
*
*
The Or fpread
And
gate arrive,
their fragrant hive
;
Or
* Boerhaave's Life of Swammerdam.
Microscopical Essays,
Or feek repairs
the
to clofe the fra&ur'd cell
259
waxen womb where embryos dwell. Or ftiut The caterers prompt a frugal portion deal,
to diligence a hafty
meal
proceed,
all
Difpatch
various
common
from
extreme minutenefs have efcaped the obferver's eye ; that every one of thofe bees, in the earlier period of it's exiftence, is capable of becoming a queen bee, if the whole community
their
mould think
it
proper to nurfe
:
it
in a particular
manner, and
raife it to that
rank
kinds of eggs, thofe that are to produce the drones, and thofe
are to proceed.
his
He
hive a piece of the brood comb, taking care that it contained worms which had been hatched about three days. He fixed this in an empty hive, together with a piece of honey-comb, for food
to his bees,
and then introduced a number of common bees into As foon as thefe found them Pelves deprived of their the hive. queen and their liberty, a dreadful uproar took place, which
laded for the fpace of twenty- four hours.
tumult, they betook themfelves to work,
I
i
On
firff
proceeding to the
conftruc-
260
Microscopical Essays.
cell,
and then taking the proper methods and hatching the brood inclofed with them fometimes even on the fecond day the foundation of one or more
for feeding
;
conftru6tion of a royal
worms
to the fovereignty.
The
bees
may now
be
left at liberty.
is, that the colony of working bees being thus fhut up with a morfel of brood comb, not only hatch, but at the end of eighteen or twenty days pro-
The
final refult
of
thefe experiments
all
appear-
common
fort,
which appears
by them
Mr. Shirach concludes that all the common working bees were originally of the female fex but that if they are not fed, lodged, and brought up in a particular manner while they are in a
;
and that
it is
to this
effected,
fize
produced.
fubjecT:
further,
by difcovering
this lafi cir-
among
though indeed
IT.
Me
glafs hives
from
* Shirach Hiftoire Natwelle des
Abeilles.
Microscopical Essays.
from the moment the
bees,
261
care there
;
mould be a
large
them
to the
time of the queen's laying her eggs, which generally happens the fourth or fifth day, he obferved, that on the firh: or fecond day
the
(always before the third) from the time the eggs are placed in cells, a great number of bees fattening themfelves to one
another hung
down
;
in the
form of a
curtain,
to the
is
tranfa&ing
fee
was enabled to
inferting
and finking
they had
the angle of
little
while.
When
left in
retired,
In a day or two
was abforbed
its
day affumes
bring a
little
it's
worm
embryo, which on the fourth or larva jftate, to which the working bees
firft
honey
birth.
eight or ten
it's
days after
full
has attained
food, they
know it has no
more need of it
it,
they have
fail,
in
it is
here a further
now
lar;
cell
with fine
filk
exteriorly with'a
it's
wax
covering.
The concealed
va then voids
at the
excrement, quits
it's fkiii,
fufficient ffrength
wax covering of
in feci.
To
262
Microscopical Essays.
prove further that the eggs are fecundated by the males, and
is
To
De-
They
confift in leaving
common
or working bees,
without any drones, to fee whether the eggs (he laid would be
prolific.
To
this end,
all
the bees
them
there
till
by fpreading them on a brown paper in the fun after this he replaced them in a glafs hive, where they foon began to work as ufual. The queen laid eggs,
ftate,
which, to
were impregnated
for
he imagined
he had feparated
watching them
;
end of twenty days he found feveral of his eggs had, in the ufual courfe of changes, produced bees, while fome had withered away, and others were covered with honey.
at the
Hence he
inferred, that
his notice,
and impregnated part of the eggs. To convince himfelf of this, he took away all the brood comb that was in the hive, in order to
oblige the bees to provide a
frefli
watch narrowly
the
cells.
their motions
after
laid in
cells,
he
the fecond day after the eggs were placed in the perceived the fame operation that was mentioned before,
On
namely, that of the bees hanging down in the form of a curtain, cells. while others thruft the pofterior part of the body into the
He
then introduced his hand into the hive, broke off a piece of he found in the comb, in which there were two of thefe infe&s the drones); neither of them any lling (a circumftance peculiar to upon dilfe&ion, with the affiftance of a microfcope, he difcovered
;
Microscopical Essays.
263
a whitifh colour, as obferved by Maraldi in tb large drones. He was therefore now under a neceffity of repeating his experiments,
in deftroying the males,
to be fuch.
He
in
order to diflinguifh thofe armed with flings from thofe which had none, and which of courfe he fuppofed to be males of thefe laft
:
fwarm
in a glafs hive,
fifth
fee the
The
the
manner of
firft
were found
in the
fame
ftate
they were
day, except that fome were covered with honey. lingular event happened the next day, about noon all the bees left their own hive, and were feen attempting to get into a neigh;
bouring hive, on the flool of which the queen was found dead, being no doubt (lain in the engagement. This event feems to
have
arifen
defire
and to which end the concurrence of the males feems fo abfolutely neceffary
;
it
made them
where no
males were
new
one, in which
To
264
Microscopical Essays.
be further
Satisfied,
To
Mr. Debraw took the brood comb ? it into two parts; bell, No. 1, with honey-comb for the
among
under another
glafs bell,
No.
2,
proportionable number of
in the glafs, in the
common
The
No.
ftate
1,
fame
they were in
when put
and on
all
flew
whereas in the
put into
it,
glafs,
No.
2,
The
all
are
dead before the end of May, when the larger fpecies appear^
their ufe
;
and fuperfede
and that
it is
very
little,
if any,, larger
common
bee.
It
this
place
bee-hive
is
certainly
one of
itfelf
where thoufands of labourers are constantly employed in different works. While one party rs employed in eollecling the matter of
the wax, and filling their magazines with
it,
others
work
this
it
their cells
this
is
again poliftied
and
perfe&ed
Microscopical Essays.
perfected
265
by
others
from
the flower,
is
others
feed
the young,
The
fpecies
number and
;
figure in different
is
others
i
oval,
fome
cylindrical,
the
he
lis
foft
and
fize
flexible.
among
infecls
we
find,
however, an excepLinn.)
tion to this
mouches a
but their
increafe after
they are
laid,
fhell
is
foft
and mem-
branaceous.
fome may be found of almofl every fhade, of yellow, green, brown, and even black. The eggs of the lion puceron * (hemerobius, Linn.) are a very fmgular objecf and cannot have efcaped the eye of any perfon
The
who
is
converfant
among the
fe.cn
infecls
which
live
on
trees
though
of the
them, few,
to fee
if any,
common
on
their
Kk
* Reaumur Hift. de Infe&es,
vol. xi.
p. 14a.
265
Microscopical Essays.
and a
vaft
number of
on the fame
tree
filaments
is
fhape of an egg.
vegetable origin,
They have
and
that they
were a
a time
fort
of parafitical plant,
thefe egg-like balls,
is
when
found open at
much
referable flowers,
and
by fome
made
a
their efcape.
worm may be
difcovered in them
may be
put in a box,
infect,
which,
Divine Providence
by a lower
fpecies
of
young
is
mod
Some
gall
;
oak
leaf,
others chufe the leaf of the poplar, which fwells into a red
fimilar caufe
node or bladder; to a
we
red
knob which
is
often feen
on the
willow-leaf,
ed protuberances upon the termination of the juniper branches. The leaves of the veronica and ceraftium are drawn into a globular
infed:
lodged therein,
The
phalaena
neuftria glues
Plate X. reprefents a
magnified view of the neft of the eggs taken off the tree after the caterpillar had eat it's way through them ; the ftrong ground-work;
Microscopical Essays,
of gum, by which they are connected and bound together,
vifible in
is
267
very
many
up
places
by
filling
all
the
The eggs
oval
Fig. 3, Plate
X.
a vertical
is
fection
of
mewing
their
ftiape.
Fig. 5
It is
an horizontal
when viewed
fcope
their texture,
which they are placed, the delicacy of the beautiful and ever-varying colours which they
Some
after
thefe,
what
a
fly
termed an ichneumon
fly.
is
covered with a
Linn.
downy
It
rhen-deer gad-fly,
oeftrus tarandi,
hovers
whofe
flee to
legs tremble
under them
little
hovering
fly,
the
worm
it
hatched from
this
remains under
it
becomes a
fly.
The
oeftrus bovis
;
is
an equal terror
oxen
&c
The
Kk
# Oeftrus ovis in nafo
five firm frontis
s68
Microscopical Essays.
gnat, the ephemera, the phryganea, the libellula, hover over the water all day to drop their eggs, which are hatched in
The
all
form.
afloat
fet
each egg
in the
form of a keel
lays but
thefe are
at
The gnat
in a
one egg
time,
which {he
;
lays
ple
manner
out,
and
firfl;
crofles
them, thus
egg
a fecond egg
till
firft
thebafe
is
capable of fupporting
itfelf.
infect
fome-
and
tied
by a
little
ftem, or ftalk, to
flick or ftone.
Some;
fometimes tranfverfely.
Many moths
own body
when
gall
hard, protects
it
rain,
and cold.
The
to open the nerves of the leaves, to depofit thus their eggs in a place which
flies,
know how
afterwards ferves
them
for a lodging,
The
folitary bees
ones in the earth/ placing there a proper quantity of food for them, when they proceed from the egg. The voracious and
cruel fpider
is
attentive
it's
and careful of
in a little
it's
eggs
carries bag formed of it's filk it cannot be feparated from them but by violence, and exhibits the mofl marked figns of uneafinefs when deprived of them a cir:
them on
back
as
and
caution
Microscopical Essays.
caution
269
unknown
known,
in
The
hiftory
-
and attention to
it
their offspring
fo well
that I
may
whofe paternal
and care
is
They
them
till
they
come
to
made on purpofe, and to raife or rear but they even their nymph or pupa ftate
;
from their neft to extend their care to the pupa, removing them is fine, that they weather the whenever earth, the furface of the
may
them
back again
foon
grow
cold.
If
any acci-
and
diftrefs,
feeking the
and
fcattered pupas,
placing them in fome fheltered place while they repair the neft, when they again tranfport them to it. * Many other curious particulars
might be related
relative
their uniting together in fcooping out earth, and tranfporting the materials for the conftruclion of their nefts, and the curious
ftruclure
of the neft
will
itfelf,
which, though
ftrifter
it
appears piled up at
random,
art
be found, on
examination, to be a work of
and
enumerated here.
The
manner
moft
but place them in fituations agreeable to their nature, and in places where they will meet with fuch fup plies of nouriftiment, as
*
will
i,
p. 143-
27
will
Microscopical Essays.
contribute to their perfection, and be
appetites
acceptable
is
to
the
feveral
of their young
ones.
This
beautifully
illuflrated
fal
by Mr. Brooke,
in his philofophical
this fubjeft,
poem on
fays,
Univer-
he
Each
as reflecting
on
Or fraught
with
With confcious {kill their oval embryo fhed, Where native firft their infancy was fed: Or on. fome vegetating foliage glued Or o'er the flood they fpread their future brood
;
Oer And
this their
fperm in
fpiral
order
lies,
our
eyes.
And
lay their
flowers,
Some
chufe,
And
And
*
All
While fome
********
to their
future prey.
by
And
No lefs
each organ
fuits
Each
Microscopical Essays.
Each organ apt to each precarious As for eternity, defign'd complete.
ftate,
27.1
Of all
ous,
mod
numertheir
prodigious,
multiplication aftonifhing
multitudes, every plant f the earth bear no proportion, to their, of creatures perceptible fupporting a number often of fcarce
;
multiplication, our fruit trees, the fatal eflfe&s of their prodigious On the continent &c. are too often a deplorable teftimony. whole provinces often languilh in confequence of the dreadful
holts
of
infeels.
The
following
is
of a moth whichcomes from the chenille a brolfe out of a brood of Q^o^eggs, that he had from a.fingle moth of this kind, he took
So, from which he got, when, they
Sate, 15 females; from
were arrived
at their perfect
whence he deduces
fequence:
if
80
brood of 350
would have produced 65 thefe 65, in fuppofmg them as fertile produced 22,750 caterpillars, among as their mother, would have which. there would have been at leaft 4265 females, who would
have produced for the third, generation. 1,492,750 caterpillars. This number would have been, much larger if the number of females among, thofe which were fele&ed by M. Lyonet had been
greater.
M- de
and
modi 480
eggs,
as fruitful as their
and for the 40,000 caterpillars for the fecond generation fuppofmg all things equal, four millions of caterpillars. It
third,
is.
nor
Reprizing,
272
Microscopical Essays.
numerous
in years
to their propagation.
by raifmg up
The
bee,
following
is
left
May
;
produced
of thofe
fhort
which were made by Leeuwenhoek on a fly, whofe larva feeds on flefh, putrid carcafes, Sec. which multiply prodigioufly, and
that in a fhort fpace of time.
One of
firft
thefe laid
which he got
as
many
flies
in the
month
fo that fuppofing
month we
fly.
have
746,456,
all
produced
in three
Of the Food of
Infects feed
upon
all
there
is
They may,
therefore,
be confidered under two heads, thofe which live on vegetables, and thofe which are fupported by animal food each infect knows
;
is
proper to
fuftain
it.
it's life,
it
knows where
to
It
has
when
upon food
totally different
;
from that
by
Microscopical Essays,
iby the
273
Among
thofe
fink themfelves
and do considerable
others
is
The food of
it.
dry and
hard
to
on it
while the
eat in a
the leaves.
;
The
leaf
is
manner by
different infecls
fome
eat the
whole fubwhich
on the parenchemous
Thefe
infecls
parts,
and
galleries.
leaf,
;
alfo
even
this
food
many
i
as feveral fpecies of
flies,
which they
not free
col eel
;
from
and corn,
are
from them
us of large quantities.
We
fome
and other
fruit
there
is,
ferve as food to
them
to
inhabit
them, on which, and no other, they will feed each has it's appropriate food, and though the parent animal Cats not at all, or
lives
upon food
is
guided, as
we have
young
feed
upon
all
The
grylus
quantities,-
274
Microscopical Essays.
wade
all
quantities, as to lay
to cloud,
cattle
deilroying
the vegetables
in
Sweden the
men were
country, and
fly
The
far greater
mod
on
which are
fimilar to
plant.
it
Mr. de Reaumur
feeds
fays, that
the caterpillar,
w hich
T
infefts
and
upon
it's
more than
twice
weight.
required
a proportionable
it's
to nourilh
inhabitants.
A great
food
;
number of
on animal
fome feeking
that
which
is
is
entirely putrid
nourimed
by
his
viftuals, his
cloaths,
furniture
infefts
it.
Every animal has its appropriate lice, which feed' on and'infeO: M. Rhedi has given an accurate account of a great number
little
of thefe
as if
live
it
figures-;
but,
1
were not
thefe creatures
on the external part of the body, and fuck the blood of the
i, p. 3.98,
Microscopical Essays.
animal that they
their food in the
infer!:,
275
we
of infects feeking
flefh
more
vital parts,
of the
animal, while
full
an h if lory of a
feeds
fly (oeftrus
on the
flefh
produces a
kind of tumor.
The
lodges
in
it's
eggs in the
it
flefh,
by making a
each of which
wound becomes
it is
finds
abundant food at
ther
flay
fit
for transformation.
The
be discovered by a kind of
;
this
tumor
filled
with matter
on
head
is
When
upon
There
is
M.
Vallifinieri has
given an
by a
roll
friend of his
feeding quietly in a
who was looking- at fome that were meadow on a fudden they began to leap and
:
jump,
tails,
was buzzing
The
fly
attacks
on
thefe, quitted
Microscopical Essays.
a mare,
before,
who was
and here
reft,
;
making
it
lefs
noife
than
tail,
was more
fuccefsful
and by earning an itching near the anus, forced the mare to pufh out the edge of the interline, to open it, and then to enlarge the
and depofited it's, eggs in the fold of the inteftine in a little time the mare became almoft furious, and was agitated in the moft violent manner for a quarter of an hour, when fhe began to grow more eafy.
opening
;
the
fly profited
by
this
;
opportunity,
Nearly
allied to the
ichneumon
caterpillars
fly.
"
As
was obferving,
fays he,
which were
feeding voluptuoufly
on
cabbage-leaf,
my
attention
was atwas.
which a
little fly
buzzing on
its
wing, as
if deliberating
where to
fettle:
was fur-
fize,
fo,
whenever
the
fly
poifed
on the wing
it's
as if
going to drop
at
length the
creature
made
and
on
the largefl
reptile
faireff
of the clufter;
it
was
unhappy
caterpillar
endeavoured
terror
to diflodge the
enemy.
fly,
had fhewn
vals
anguifh at interit
now feemed
and
was
in
con-
fly.
At every
frame,,
wound
it's
whole
endeavouring to difengage
fometimes aiming
vain,
it's little
it's
by
ftiaking
;
off the
enemy,
all
it
but
it
was
in
place.
When
flight
had
of thefe wounds,
it
took
it's
with a
vifible
Microscopical Essays.
vifible
triumph;
in
I
the
little
fly
had
depofited an egg.
home
body,
it
from time
to time
it
recovered to
received,
all
appearance
had
days,
feemed to
all
comfortably,
feeding voracioufly.
The
eggs were
fed
pillar, in
from the moment of it's appearance on the flefh of the caterwhofe body they were inclofed, and leemingly without
refpiration or digeftion
their
and when they way out of the fame time deftroying it. The cater;
by
ichneumon never
efcapes,.
deftruction
;
is
infallible
but then
it's life is
once
it is
feeding thereon,
life,
knows how
its
becaufe
own
is
at that
time tied up
in that
of the
caterpillar.
No
butterfly
produced
from
it;
the
worms
it's
that feed
fooner out of
under
of
reft neceffary to
them
to their
winged form/' *
for us to
Of this
judgment
;
Grange fcene
it
is
difficult
form a proper
fenfations,
be allured what
"
It is
may be
we
fee
it
fuller.
wifdom
to fuppofe
we From
we know
the
levelation
we
27S
is
Ml CROSCOPIC AL
mean through which
his
life
is
Essays.
the
this
he perverts
from him
:
own
life,
and corrupts
world
that
which proceeds
fo that
the effects
arife to the
placed between us and the fun, depriving us at once of the falutary effects of
it's
Laftly.
their
many
and
in feels feed
upon
others
nay,
own
fpecies.
;
The numbers of
thefe
two kinds
numerous
it is
of the
indeed, ufe
main
is
employ
addrefs
Every body
the curious
web he
more
to
it's
tender net.
The
art
them would
w ifh
T
much
fatisfaction in
Reaumur and De
Geer.
Of the Habitation
Infects
ot Insects.
may be
two
claffes,
filled
with
infects,
who
live
There
are, 1.
Aquatic
infects
which
leaf!:
fuperficies
plunge
Microscopical Essays.
plunge themfelves therein but
In
rarely.
2.
27,9
live
Others that
it.
only
the
water,
and cannot
with wings,
all their
fubfift
out of
having lived
in the
out afterwards
4.
and
become
entirely
Some undergo
become amphibious..
5.
in.
the
water, hut undergo their pupa ftate on. dry land, and after they are arrived at their perfecl: ftate
live
&
fome who live at the fame time part in the on land, and which after their transformation
eeafe to be aquatic.
Among
water,
agility,
the infe&s
fuperficies
of the
are
fome
fpiders,
addrefs
5
and
when they
as poffible.
much
There are
which fwim, or rather run, on the and by troops; another bug walks
the gyrinus
moves very
fwiftly,
and
in <4
a fpecies of podura * which live in fociety, and fr~ circles. are often accumulated together in, little black lumps. Thofe ill-
There
is
lefts
live in
figure
-they preferve
lives,
as the
mono-
leave
The number of thofe which, after having lived in the water, it when in a winged ftate, is very great among thefe we may reckon the lib^llula,_ the ephemera^ the phryganea, culices, tjp.ulsBj and fome fpecies of mufcae.. All thefe, when in the larva
:
f-
and De Geer
Difcours fur
les Infecles,
torn. 2,
p. 103.,
Microscopical Essays.
and pupa
ftate, live
in the water
and would be
drowned
therein.
The notone&a,
the water
till
their transformations,
it
when
they
become amphibious,
generally quitting
in the
evening.
The
the
water-beetles, of
all
fpecies,
remain
in
water
fly
come upon
the
ground
and
The
larvae
but
when
make
a fpherical cafe
fo that
thefe in-
terreftrial as
fame time
in
in the
M. de
and
tail
body
In order to fupport
itfelf in this
fmgular
tail,
itfelf
againft
;
feme
or, if
of the pond
placed in a glafs
veffel,
and
if
may
nearly
immediately changes
dry.
it's
part of the
At
MICROSCOPICAL Essays.
At the baths of Abano, a fmall town
there
is
in
a multitude of fprings, flrongly impregnated with fulphur, In the midft of thefe boiling fprino-s,
of four or
five
of them, there
is
a tepid one
pota-
about blood-warm.
common
mogeitous and confervas, or pond- weeds and water- mofies, are found growing in an healthy ftate but numbers of fmall black
;
die
on being taken
Many
on
infe&s that live under the -furface of the earth -crawl out
wood. Some
infefts
as
do fome
caterpillars,
many of
the coleoptrous
clafs,
Sec.
We have already
and
naflinefs.
numbers delight
forms
it's
to dwell in filth
The
it
formica leo
;
one of
of
and then
;
lines
with a -kind
to prevent
it's
crumbling away
it
generally keeps
it
on the
runs
if
perceives a
fly,
it
fail in it's
attempt offeizing
and then
to
it's little
den.
Another
fpider, difeovered
of
regular diameter,
and
it,
move
itfelf
with
eafe.
It lines the
whole of
either to
Mm
*
-Hiftoire
282
in, or in
Microscopical Essays.
order to perceive more regularly at the bottom what
at the
happens
different
mouth,
at
which
it
layers
prolonged on one
ftrong joint
;
fide,
and fixed
is
to the ground, fo as to
form a
fall
the door
gravity.
hung
in fuch a
manner, as always to
nefts,
is
by
it's
own
One of
thefe
cafes, or
in
her
Majefty's cabinet at
Kew.
trees
i.
Infefts are
and plants,
;
They
dwell
in the roots
in the
wood;
leaves
It
3. in
grow
upon the
and
and branches
4. in
the flowers
5. in the fruits
grains.
would
many
particular
obfervations have
it
mo ft
fcetid
fubftances
they can
;
find,
it
while others
fo that
only remains
art is
mention fome of thofe in whom induftry and ftrongly marked to our eyes than in others.
more
Among
fiances to
many
curious circumfuffice
to
we One of
;
(hall
concern
which
is
compofed of feveral
common
inclofure
each
cell confifts
or three membranes,
other.
inexpreffibly fine,
The
cavity, in
which the
neft
is
fmeared over
formed,
cells are
Microscopical Essays.
and apparently
fimilar to that vifcous
283
fnails
humour which
fpread
in their paffage from one place to another, and it is probable that* they are formed of the fame materials this fubftance, though of fo delicate a nature, gives them fuch a degree of confiftency,
j
that they
An
egg
is
where, after
it is
hatched,
the
worm
of provifion
wax, which
is
The worm
is
alfo inftrucled fo to
and eat
walls of
this
it's
apartment.
Many
fpecies
pro virions.
another fpecies, that forms
;
There
is
it's
neft
under ground
a
this
perpendicylindrical
and
comes within about three-fourths of an inch of the bottom, when it begins to open it wider as foon as the bee has given it
;
it
the
fubftance with
like fattin.
which
this
it is
From
tapeftry bee.
This tapeftry, or
formed of fragments of
the
Mm
* Reaumur Memoires pour PHiftoire
I,
p. 170,
2%
Microscopical Essays.
;
the flowers of the wild poppy, which fhe cuts out curioufly-, and
legs,
neft.
If the
If the piece
me
it for,
apartment..
cell,
fhe
fills it
from the egg; when the bee has amaffed a fufficient quantity of pafte, flie then takes her tapeftry, and folds it over the pafte andx
egg.
this
done, fhe
which are by this means inclofed as it were in a bag of pafte fills up with earth the empty fpace that is above
the bag.
leaves,
There
is
and
in the fubftance
another bee which does the fame with rofe of a thick poft. friend of mine
of thefe
cells
an inch diameter, and about three-fourths deep, each of which was filled with thefe. rofe-leaf cafes, finely covered in at top and bottom.
called
it's neft, Thefe bees collecl with their jaws fmall parof earth and fand, which they glue together with a ftrong
furnifhed from the probofcis ; and of this they form a fimple but commodious habitation, which is generally placed along walls that are expofed to the fouth. Each neft reis
cement, which
fembles a lump
diameter* thrown
of"
fix
or feven
inches.:
Microscopical Essays^
285.
large an edifice muft be very great, as the bee can only carry a, few grains at a time. The exterior form is rude and irregular,
but the conftru&ion and art exhibited in the interior parts make up for this feeming defect it is generally divided into twelve or
;
fifteen cells,
in
each
of thefe an egg
conftru&ed,
all
at
The cells are not depofited by the parent bee. once, for when one is fimlhedfhe places an egg
honey to nourifh the larva
infefi: is
;
me
When
it's
the
arrived at
a*
it's
proper
ftrong
ftate, it
penetrates through
all
inclofures
by means of
jaws.
holes
When
on
many
We find no
know of any
neutral bees
or at lead we do not
Another
been
and has therefore eonftru&s her neft in pieces of rotten wood, * into ftages, difit divides She called the carpenter bee.
curioufly pofing them fometimes in three rows, with partitions the food; with eggs, her depofits {he in thefe left between each
5
young ones when hatched. They wood in a very expeditious manner, by dividing proper fized fibres, or threads, till they have made a
neceffary for the
feparate the
it's
ligneous,
hole..
The
art
neft
is
conftruaed of fmgle pieces of leaves, is truly wonderful. The neft itfelf is cylindrical, formed of feveral cells, placed one within
the -other as thimbles are in
a. Hardware
mop.
The
cells
confift
* GeofFroy
f,
401.
286
Microscopical Essays.
leaf,
of forms and proportions proper to coincide with the place each is intended to occupy. The outer cafe, or cover, is formed with equal care and exacl
of feveral pieces cut from one
nefs.
In a word, fays
M.
it
Bonnet, there
(kill,
is
fo
much
if
exact nefs,
believe
to be the
work of a
fly,
we
did not
it.
In
fo nicely are the cells formed, as not to fuffer any of this fubllance
to be
loft.
But
curious mechanifm of
cells,
we muft
Mr.
Of
wafp*
(fphex, Linn.).
The
pro-
totally different
common
begins
generally
work
in
May,
and continues at
it
of
June.
The
a hole a few inches deep in the ground yet in theconftruclingof this (he forms a hollow tube above ground, the bafe of which is
the opening of the hole,
and which
;
it
raifes as
as the hole
is
deep below
it
is
readily foftens
;
is
well provided
a
it
drop or two of it
falls,
is
which
is
knead
* Ecaumur Mom.. pour
l'Hiftoire des
Infe&es, torn.
xi.
par. %, p. g>
Microscopical Essays.
knead
it
feet,
forming
it
which
of
fuch
Hie places
as the foundation-flone
it is
is
the whole of
formed of
ranged circularly,
other.
probably in order to
fhe
foon returns to
her
work,
fo
much
activity
and
ardour,
two or
high.
and
has
hole,
it is
raife
a hollow
raifed
pillar
two inches
little,
been
it
the
till
begins to curve a
finifhed,
though the
cylindrical
all
maintained
fhe
con
fame purpofe.
eafy to fee
It is
why
dug
in the
ground
that
it
was deftined to receive an egg but it is not fo eafy to perceive whv the tube of fand was formed. By attending to the labours of
the wafp, one end, however,
to ferve the purpofe of a
may be
difcovered
it
will
be found
fcaffold,
mafon
and She
are, therefore,
placed as
much
fill
ufes
them
to
Hop and
up the hole
is
me
remains
left
in the neft.
The
:
of the
Him who
.
In felecling the
worms
288
"Microscopical Essays.
worms, (he chufes them of a proper fize, that they may be fiif* ficient in quantity, and of an age that will not be in danger of
.perifhing with -hunger, in
rupted
which cafe they would have been cor(he therefore M&Hs them when they have their full
It
is
growth.
ogives. a
alfo
obferved, that
if
.(lie
lefs
fo reciprocally.
"
By
thefe
like
in fiances,
may
confirm
if
it
itfelf in
for
human
reafon,
be fo difpofed,
may
collect
God, and
that
;
he
for
one
'*
a truth that
is
is
the univerfe
as a theatre,
ence of a
thefe
it
:
may be feen,
for
is
that
God is
nature
ufes into their orders and forms. power of none but a wife being, and of confeThis is quence of none but God. whofe wifdom being infinite, can fo order and form the univerfe, as to make it a coherent and uniform
work,
all
ufes in orderly
man,
who
is
to
be a conftituent
of heaven
Love cannot defign any other end behuman race, by the communi.ufes
cation of
itfelf,
The fyftem one, one Maker Hands confefs'd, The prime, the one, the wond'rous and the blefs'd. The one in various forms of unity exprefs'd.
Brooke's Univerfal Beauty, b.
1
iii.
Microscopical Essays,
^fes for the
ggg
under
this
love and
wifdom
;"'
and that he
effects
whatfoever
is
done
in nature,
by
his
own
medium of
and
fpiritual
an almoft
infinite
number of intermediate
all
de-
the universal
worlds, and
chain.
prehends
that
is
This unites
all
all
beings, connects
is
com-
fpheres.
He
life itfelf,
and consequently
all
the Lord,
other exift-
encies in heaven or earth, whether fpiritual or natural, are only ultimate effects, or manifestations from that one infinite caufe,
eternal, infinite
ufe.
From
we may
obferve a
itriking difference
between man and the lower orders of animal creation. Man is born totally ignorant fo much fo, that he has no knowledge even of the mother's breaft, till he has been
;
N
* Hence endless
n
order Springs:;
-brought
good
hence endless
Hence
And endlefs hence dependence muft endure, Blest in his will, and in his power fecure.
Brooke's Univeifal ^Beauty, b.
t
v'u
m
is
Microscopical Essays.
it
by repeated
is
trials;
he has no innate;
unable to ehufe
what
he cannot
form
his voice to
any
affections
and the
infect,
are born to
that
knowledge which
and
commerce of the
young, &c.
the pleafure arifing from thefe innate defires and affections, the
larva
is
alio
prompted
If
it
to feek
and
afpire after a
it's
earthly Mate.
it
imper-
man
his
places
for
him
is
infinitely,
may
fo fpeak,
man
of all perfection.
of things,
we may, however,
much
art,
that they
may concur
:
to
Hence
hence
excited to
,
we
fo
much admire
It
is
feems to act as
if it
was
he
capable of reafoning.
all this
by that adorable
circle, as
mind which we
fee
it's little
proper
orbit.
an infect working a
.
'
nefr, a chryfalis,
M
it
CRO
we
which
We may hence,
tion,
alfo,
upon
their organizaaft:
in the grand
by
their
it's
But how immenfe the number of parts, which are interpofed between this thread and the ring of Saturn* and between Saturn and the worlds of Syrius If the uni!
verfe
is
will
alfo
be
How great mud. that mind be which can comprehend this immenfe chain of various relations, and can perceive them all to refolve into unity, unity maniconnected with the worlds of Syrius.
felled in
Jehovah Jesus
of the chain.
diflinciiy
:
It
that has
us,
feme
links
fee things
more
from whence we can only difcover One day we {hall difcover more, and mean while we may confider thefe
proceedings of the
infect, race,
which are
fo diverfified
and replete
that
as
it
the
caterpillar,
means, and in their tendency to the fame end, the fecundity asid
Nn
As
Microscopical Essays*:
As no
in feels
will
he proper
to,
we
are enabled to
in the Philofophical
The
termites
are reprefented
by
Linnaeus
as
the greater!
the-
way between
perforating
totally
lefs
wooden buildings, utenfils, furniture, Sec. which arc deflroyed by them, if not timely prevented for nothing;
;
mod
defiruclive
jaws*
the cafe in
all
not
to*
a>
Thefe
infects
it
may
made through
induce
Microscopical Essays.
their habitations, carry
sgg
from
on a
bufinefs of depredation
but to thofe
who have
feen
it
om-
them
with four wings, and emigrate or colonize at the fame feafon, they are by no means the fame kind of infects, nor does their
ftate
of their
The
termites
alfo
as-
in their provident
and
diligent labour,
well as the
bees, wafps,
beavers, and
all
much
arts
as-
more than
of of
in-
much
in fagacity,
and the
government
fa6t, lay
it is
more
fubftantial inftances
;
their ingenuity
and do,
;
up
vaft
(lores
de-
The communities confift of one male and one female, (who are generally the common parents of the whole, or greater part of
the reft) and of three orders of infects, apparently of very differ-
ent fpecies, but really the fame, which together compofe great;
The
two of
thefe
it.
for
:
he has placed
among
Microscopical Essays;
order, that
is
it's
will conflitute a
The
in their
different fpecies
of
in form,
;
but
differ as
much
as birds in
good and bad qualities the manner of building their habiof which they
tations or nefts,
and
compofe them.
There
.are
fome
fpecies
which build upon the furface of the and one or two fpe;
Of every
feels,
firft,
die
working
in-
we
next
of
all,
and female, and capable of propagation pofitely be called the nobility, or gentry,
nor
toil,
thefe
nor
fight,
felf-defence.
queens
and
either efta-
new kingdoms,
The te rimes bellicosus being the larger! fpecies, is mo ft remarkable, and belt known on the coaft of Africa. It erects
immenfe buildings of well-tempered clay, or earth, which are contrived and finifhed with fuch art and ingenuity, that we are
at
Microscopical Essays.
at a Iofs to fay whether they are moft to
295
be admired on that
The reafon
is
obvious
but are
alfo
infinitely
more mifchief
to
mankind.
wifli
When
are
we would not
trees,
to
have injured, we
mud
confide r
them
as
moft pernicious
but
when they
employed
in deftroying
decayed
and fub-
flances
juftly
earth, they
may
and
in one fenfe moft pernicious, they are in the other moft ufeful.
In
this refpefc
much
the
common
and
flies,
which
are regarded
ufelefs
by mankind, in general
as noxious,
at beft as;
The
nefts
all
fcarce
not to be feen
men-
M. Adanfon, their number, magnitude, and clofenefs of fituation, make them appear like the villages of the natives,
Thefe buildings are ufually termed
ftrangers,
hills,
hills,
by
natives as well as
is
from
their
that of little
more or
lefs
much
in
the form of
296
Thefe
high
;
Microscopical Essays.
hills
fix
or eight feet
but in time the dead barren clay, of which they are com-*
by the genial power of the elements in thefe prolific climates, and the addition of vegetable falts and other matters brought by the wind and in the fecond or third
;
by trees, becomes like the of the earth, almoft covered with grafs and other plants
dry feafon, when the herbage
it is
and
in the
is
of the fun,
not
much
confifts
of two
diftincl:
parts, the
manner of a dome,
large
fhelter the interior from the and the inhabitants from the attacks
It is
always, therefore,
much
their
Thefe
little
hills
make
their
firft
foot high, or
more
foon
after, at
fome
little
in height and fize. they raife others, and fo go on increafing the number, and widening them at the bafe, till 'their works below are covered with thefe turrets, which they
always
Microscopical Essays,
always
raife
297
by
filling
up
them
as
it
were into
one dome.
They are
in
and ftrong
away
the
cupola) and apply the clay to the building of the works within,
or to erecling frefh turrets for the purpofe of railing the hillock
{till
higher
fo that
is
ufed feveral
fcaffold.
The outward
heavy
rains,
{hell,
is
protect,
and
warmth and moifture, which feems very the eggs and cheriihing the young ones.
which, on account of
it's
being adapted
to be, in the
opinion of
common
it
is
furface
always
may
Oo
fe
298
In the infant
Microscopical Essays,
(late
of the colony,
;
it
is
thereabouts, in length
but
in-
or
always in proportion
in bulk as in age, at
who, increafmg
The
is
floor
is
which
one
folid
fame
thick
folidity,
;'
this
is
on the
fides
where
made
Thefe entrances
foldiers or labourers
full
will
;
is,
when
poflibly
go out.
royal chamber,' if in a large hillock,
is
The
furrounded by
fizes,
am
and
different
ftiapes,
but
all
Thefe
as wide,
either
open
communicate by paflages
are evidently
it
made
for the
foldiers
of
whom,
will
numbers are
in waiting.
Thefe
Microscopical Essays,
Thefe apartments are joined by the magazines and nurferies the former are chambers of clay, and are always well filled with
provifions,
confift
of the rafpings
of wood and
found in
juices of
gums or infpiffated
in little mattes,
fome of which
and
of ordinary gums.
nurferies,
which are
;
for
compofed
They
in the fhape
many
all
When
the royal
it is
the neft
is
chamber
but
as in procefs
chamber
accommodation
and
requires a
and
me
number of
it is
eggs,
greater
number of
creafe the
number of the
adjacent apartments
firft
for
which purpofe,
built,
Oo
300
Microscopical Essays.
and the number of them?
Thus they
and
forefight, not
kind of animals or
infecls.
The nurferies
much
larger.
are
The
alike,
is
very
much
;
except
inflance,
for
lodged near
the foot of a rock, or of a tree, they are certainly built out of the
ufual form, otherwife pretty nearly according to the following,
plan.
The
ing,
royal
chamber
is
and
directly
hill.
on
all fides r
both above and below, furrounded by what may be called the royal apartments, which have only labourers and foldiers in them, and can be intended for no other purpofe than for thefe to
wait
in,
either to
fafety
common
father
and mother^.
on whofe
Thefe
Microscopical Essays.
301
Thefe apartments -eompofe an intricate labyrinth, which extends a foot or more in diameter from the royal chamber on every
fide.
Here the
nurferies
begin, and
galleries,
which go
round them, or communicate from one to the other, are continued on all fides to the outward {hell, and reach up within it two-thirds
or three-fourths of it's height, leaving an open area in the middle
much
this
is
fhaped arches, which are fometimes two or three feet high next
the front of the area, but diminifh very rapidly as they recede
from thence,
loft
of aides
in perfpective,
among
nurferies
All thefe chambers, and the paflages leading to and from them,
being arched, they help to fupport one another; and while the
interior large arches prevent
them
and
keep the area open, the exterior building fupports them on the
outride..
There
area,
are,
and they
mod
genial
warmth
collects.
The
Sec.
nurferies, chambers,.
has a
top, or roof,
dome mould
flat
receive
any
injury,
and
let in
water
and
it
is-
never exactly
it
302
Microscopical Essays.
upon
demand
The
flattiih
floor,
which
lies
it,
having nurferies
It
is
likewife water-proof,
if it
and con-
off,
mould
by fome
fhort
cannon.
There
is
was perfectly
cylindrical,
in diameter.
Thefe fubterraneous
compofed, and
in a
fpiral
manner
inter fel
and
each
different
heights,
dome
in various places,
new
of
turrets,
&c.
or communicating thereto by
other
galleries
From
under
ground there are a great many which lead downward, by Hoping defcents three and four feet perpendicular among the gravel, from
whence
which being
worked
Microscopical Essays.
worked up
in their
303 becomes
mouths
which
their hills
and
compofed.
Other
fide,
galleries
diftance
for if
you deftroy
all
one hundred
thofe which are left unyards of your houfe, the inhabitanis of on their fubterraneous carry neverthelefs molefted farther off, will
and invade the goods and merchandizes contained in it by fap and mine, and do great mifchief if you are not very
galleries,
circumfpecX
But
from whence
of peditions and operations originate, it feems there is a degree large, being thus being hills the necelfity for the galleries under
labourers and foldiers going the great thoroughfares for air the whatever, whether fetching bufmefs any forth or returning upon
clay,
wood, water, or provifions and they are certainly well calculated for the purpofes to which they are applied, by the for if they were perpendicular, fpiral (lope which is given them
; ;
on
much
facility,
and the
foldiers
can fcarce do
it
at
all.
It is
on this account
that:
is
made on
which is flat on the of any part of the building within their hill, gradually like upper furface, and half an inch wide, and afcends fides of hills the on a ftair-cai'e, or like thofe roads which are cut and mountains, that would otherwife be inacceffible by which
:
Microscopical Essays,
and
fimilar contrivances, they travel with great facility to every
interior part.
nefts,
we now proceed
to give
a more particular account of the infecls themfeives, which will be exceedingly neceflary to a tolerable acquaintance with their
ceconomy and management, their manner of building, fighting, and marching, and to a more particular account of their ufes in the creation, and of the vaft mifchief they caufe to mankind. There are of every fpecies of termites three orders; of thefe
orders the working infects, or labourers, are always the moll
numerous;
leaft
in the
at the
infecls, or fol-
diers.
They
are in this
ft ate
and twenty-five of them weigh about a grain, fo that they are not fo large as fome of our ants from their external habit and fond;
wood, they have been very expreffively called wood-lice by fome people, and the whole genus has been known by that
nefs for
They
referable them,
faft,
it
very
much
at a diftance
fize,
they run as
or
fafter,
than
any other
infect,
of their
and are
their affairs.
from the labourers, and have been by fome authors fuppofed to be the males, and the former neuters but they are, in fact, the fame infecls as the foregoing, only they have undergone a change
;
perfect, flate.
They
in
are
now much
fifteen
bulk to
of the labourers.
There
now,
likewife,
moil
Microscopical Essays.
1110ft
305
*
mouth is evidently
this flate, the
little jagged,
calculated for
gnaw-
but in
ftrong
homey
than
of the body
together,
it
:
The
ftill
it's
it's
form
differ
$
the head,
thorax,
and abdomen,
almoft entirely from the fame parts in the labourers and foldiers
and
is
now
at the time
:
of emiin fhort,
wing
it's
way
in fearch
of a new fettlement
fo
much from
it's
ftates, that it
in the
their fenfes.
It
was
fo long before
Mi\
in-
he doubted the
natives,
him by
indeed,
;
the
that they
commencement of the
change, which
is
rainy feafon,
dergo the
laft
Add
is
to
this,
building, the
that
unknown
pp
poffefs
go6
poflefs themfelves
Microscopical Essays,
by
force of a lodgment,
neft,
and
fo are frequently
This
is
cies, which are frequently totally abandoned by the termites, and completely inhabited by different fpecies of ants, cockroaches,
fcolopendras, fcorpions,
that
retreats,
occupy
different parts
In the winged
well as form.
ftate
much
Their bodies
and feven-
two inches
tip to tip,
thirty labourers, or
two
foldiers.
They
are
now
alfo furnifhed
with two large eyes placed on each fide of the head, and very
confpicuous
;
if
diftinguilhed.
their eyes, if
they
of moles
occafion
difcover them
much
altered
when they
arrive at
which they are to roam,, though but for a the winged few hours, through the wide air, and explore new and diftant In this form the animal comes abroad during, or foon regions.
ftate, in
after,
the
firft
if
the
firft,
as
is
happens in the
that are to be
earth, but
wet
all
is
after
the quantities-
particularly
on the
waters,
for their
after,
Microscopical Essays,
the rifmg of the fun, not one in a thoufand
is
^07
to be found with
feen winging
it's
it's
another, as
if felicitous
only to avoid
of
ants,
on every
of fafety,
leaf,
and
unhappy
race,
many
the
firft
a new community.
Not only
we'll as
all
infecls, are
upon
of
many
They are now become, from one of the moll aclive, induftrious, and rapacious, from one of the molt fierce and implacable little
animals in the world, the moft innocent, helplefs, and cowardly
!
leaft refiftance to
The
ants
and
fizes,
numbers, of various fpecies dragging thefe annual viftims of the laws of nature to
fide in infinite
It is
on every
many
ever,
are fo fortunate;
infecls that
the
of the
little
them
in a fmall
firft
chamber of
foldiers to
enough
for themfeives
and the
go
in
and
ufe
make
obliges
them
2
to
make more
entrances,
PP
they
Microscopical Essays,
they are never larger
;
fo that,
work and
of dividing the
The
bufinefs
and
as
as befaft
About
the
this
we know nothing
fimilar,
except in
PULEX
PENETRANS of LlNN^EUS,
of
this
The abdomen
large to fuch an
enormous
that an old
bulk of the
of her body, and twenty or thirty thoufand times the bulk of a labourer the fkin between the fggments of the abreft
;
domen extends
removed
in every direction,
and
at
laft
to half
abdomen
is
They
preferve their dark-brown colour, and the upper part of the ab-
domen
is
feries
between them are covered with a thin, delicate, tranfparent fkin, and appear of a fine cream colour, a little fhaded by the dark
colour of the interlines and watery fluid feen here and there beneath.
It is
is
Microscopical Essays.
old
39
when
the
abdomen
is
they have fometimes been found of near twice that fize. The abdomen is now of an irregular oblong fhape, being contracted
by
full
is
become one
vaft matrix
of eggs, which make long circumvolutions through an innuveffels, that circulate round the
nuity of a
Ikilful
matrix
is
fize,
than for it's waves, and continues inceffantly without any apparent
the animal
;
effort
of
fo that
one
is
rifmg and
but
is
been
frequently counted in old queens, of fixty in a minute, or eighty thoufand and upwards in one day of twenty-four hours.
inflantly taken
whom
from her body by her attendants,, the royal chamber and galleries
and carried to the
adjacent,
nurferies,
which
in a great neft
feet diftant in
a ftrait line,
their
winding
galleries.
are attended and provided with every thing neceflary, until they
are able to
fliift
for themfelves,
and take
is
their (hare
of the labours
of the community.
The
foregoing
different flates,
Thofe
Microscopical Essays.
Thofe which build
trees, feem, in
them, both
in
moft inftances, to have a ftrong refemblance to their form and ceconomy, going through the fame
ftate.
The
queens alfo
in-
labourers, but
largeft are
The
an inch and a half long, and not thicker than a common quill. There is the fame kind of
to
taltic
much
perif;
abdomen, but
in
much
final ler
degree
and
as the animal
is
eggs,
no doubt,
by the
labourers,
which
is
praclifed in the
It is
remarkable of
all
working
air,
infects
but either travel under ground, or within fuch trees and fubftances as they deftroy; except, indeed,
it
ground
and
of which their
nefts are
compofed.
The
foft,
and
fhell
and rapacious.
Whenever
Microscopical Ess at s.
Whenever
311
who
probably are
as
numerous
young'
ftantly feize
brood.
The
good
repair
and
if you
de-
one of them
it.
it is
wonderful
how
very
on,
At
firft,
open part an inch or two, but flop fo fuddenly, that apparent they are furprized for though feme run
:
is
ftrait
and
mod
of them run as
fall
left
uncovered.
In a few minutes
you will perceive them re-building the arch, and by the next morning they will have reftored their gallery for three or four yards in length, if fo much has been; ruined and upon opening'
;
it
numerous
as
ever under
it,
patting
both
ways.
If
it
length feem to give up the point, and build another in a different dire&ion but if the old one led to feme favourite plundery
;
it
again
They do
confiderable
damage
They make
furf ace,
their
approaches chiefly
from the
in
making
lateral'
and
cavities here
and there
as
they proceed.
xr
hile
312
'
Microscopical
are
Essays.,
polls, others afcend
While fome
If
as
long as
it
will fupport
them fometimes eating the palm-tree leaves and branches of which it is compofed, and perhaps (for variety feems very pleafmg
to them) the rattan, or other running plant, which
is
ufed as a
cord to
ports
tie
which fupport
affiftance
of the
rats,
who, during the rainy feafon, are apt* to fhelter themfelves there, and to burrow through it, they very foon ruin the houfe, by weakening the faftenings and expofing it to the wet. In the
mean
full
will
be perforated
in every direction, as
left
Thefe
infects are
not
Iefs
wainfcotting,
itfelf.
and other
fixtures
They
and boring
in all directions,
firft, and are particularly fond of pine and which they excavate and carry away with wonderful difpatch and aftonifhing cunning for, except a fhelf has fome-
fir-boards,
thing ftanding
upon
it,
as a
elfe
which may
will
quite whole,
few
;
fides
connected together
fo
that
Microscopical Essays.
that a piece of an inch-board,
will
3 3
!
which appears
folid to the
eye,
while in pof-
of it.
In
fliort,
that
we cannot be
too
againft
them: they
their
works, efpecially in
new
If
fo begun,
and make a
to
rife
fire
upon
night
it
bottom,
and deftroy or
thefe accounts
fpoil
every thing in
fet
On
the inhabitants
all
and boxes
upon
them out
we cannot with
by the
which
is
mani felled
fo,
in thefe
is
refpecls
it
as
"it
by
Some
fpecies
a tent.
3*4
Microscopical Essays.
They then
fruitful fpot.
a tent, under which they live, until they have confumed the fur-
rounding herbs.
tents in a
and
pitch their
more
Many
period.
Thofe who
live together
who depofited the eggs near each other, or rather laid them in a
heap, forming as
it
were a kind of
neft.
new
which
all
are brethren.
They
often
amount
Of thefe. focial
caterpillars
there are fome fpecies which never quit the fociety while they are
in a larva Hate, even placing the chryfalis clofe together.
There
who
Among
is
they arrive
at.
certain age
other
till
confiderable,
the neft
They remain
tion
till
fun-fet.
reft as a chief,
When they go out, one of the body precedes the whom they regularly follow when the leader
:
till
it
The
firft file
thefe
by three
on.
in a row,
files
of five, and fo
interval either
of
Microscopical
Essays,,
them following their captain in every direction, whether ft rait or crookei After they have taken their rep a ft, which is done pn the march, they return to their neft in the fame order in
which they
fe.t
out.
This mode
is
followed
till
they are
full
it is
changed into a
chryfalis.
Mr. Bon-
net has fhewn, that though thefe caterpillars proceed often very
far
from
their neft,
it is
by no means difficult
for
again, becaufe they fpin over all the places in their rout.
firft
The
leads the way, the fecond follows fpinning, the third fplns
firft
after the
fo
on with the
reft.
All thefe
threads form
and by degrees a fmall Alining track, a little To be fully convinced of the all thefe paths meet at the neft. ufe of thefe threads, let any one but break the continuation of them in fome place or other, and he {hall fee the little caterpillars turn back, as if they were at a lofs, till one more daring than,
path
;
the
reft reftores
the communication
by fpinning new
threads.
The
to the
reader
who
is
many
interesting
memoirs of M. de Reaumur.
he will derive from thence
;
Happy
he
lliould, like
M.
a continual fource of new pleafures and inereafing delights and the more he extends the boundaries of his;obfervations, the more
he
will
all
is,
as
it
were, impreffed
on
Different
3i6
Microscopical Essays,
in great but then as they feem to
tree or plant
have no connexion with each other, and the actions of the one have no influence on the other, they may be confidered as
ftill more independent of each other, and greater friends to folitude, conftru&ing a lodging, formed of leaves tied together with considerable ingenuity,
;
folitary
who feem
in
which they
fold
live as in a hermitage.
The
operation by which
who
is far furpafled by another kind, and bend one part of the leaf till it meets the other. Thefe are again exceeded by thofe who roll the leaves which they
inhabit.
For
of a leaf
which
it
finds in
it's
and begins
dle of the
fome degree bent here it eftablifhes it's abode, work, moving the head with great velocity, in
it
like a
body being the center on which it moves. At each motion of the head a thread is fpun, and fixed to that part to
which the head feems to be applied. The threads are extended from the bent to the flat part of the leaf, being always adj idled, both in length and ftrength, to the nature of the leaf, and the curvature which is to be given to it.
M. de Geer
it
fpun, the
as the caterpillar
fpun new
when the
it
it
laft
tight, that
which
preceded
To
caterpillar, after
(and before
it
fpins another)
draws
it
towards
itfelf
by the hooks-
Microscopical Essays,
of it's
feet,
317
and by
this
it
again pulls
towards
in
it's
itfelf,
till
it
whole
direction.
now
;
further back
this
and by proceeding in
it
manner,
rolled
up
when
it
by fattening the ends of the leaf together. The habitation thus formed is a kind of hollow cylinder, open to
infecl;
food and
In the fame
at the
rough parts of it
may
great
number of
require
air.
an
artificial
Among
their
thefe,
of leaves,
making
way
between the fuperior and inferior membranes, living upon the parenchymous parts of the leaf: and as they are exceeding fmall,
a leaf affords them a fpacious habitation*
If the diftanee
between
the membranes is not large enough for them, they enlarge the fpace by forming different folds in one of them, in which they can move with eafe from thefe circumftances they have been named by Mr. Reaumur miners of leaves. This illu'lrious author
:
flies
into
and
this
all
made
ufe of
by them
in
performing
;
work.
Some mine
gallery,
a large oval
or circular fpace
ftrait,
others,
form a kind of
crooked.
fome mes
They only
leave a thin
membrane on
of the
leaf;
One
fpecies*
Microscopical Essays,
fpecies of
The larva of the phryganea moll own building, which are formed of
are generally cylindrical, and
lined with filk fpun
fubfiances, as bits
y live in
little cafes
of their
Thefe cafes
the infide
is
open
at
both ends
by the
formed of
different
of reed, ftone, gravel, and fome entirely of which they arrange and manage with lingular
quit this cafe.
firft
They never
When
rings
Having
fome
time, they
become
inhabi-
tants of the
They affume
up
filk,
by which
the
it is
and fecured from the attacks of it's enemies there is a free paflage for the water, which is
exiffence
cafe,
;
at
ftill
it's
fame time
it's
neceffary for
at a
and makes
where
it's
further
change
commences, and
foon completed.
We mail
an
The
;
body of thefe
cylindrical,
and
the
is
body of the
open
at
and lodged
in
a tube which
both ends.
Soon
themfelves,
and
are, therefore,
Microscopical Essays,
tubes or cafes.
329
is
They
not eafy
body
it's
becomes too
fhort
it is,
therefore, part of
it
daily
cafe.
For
this purpofe,
extends
the head beyond the tube, and having found the materials which
anfwer
it's
it
tears
it off,
and brings
it
to the
end of the
has
fuffi-
tube, and
manoeuvre
till it it
ciently lengthened
after
it
turns itfelf
at the
cafe,
mud
alfo
be
we
ourfelves
make ufe of to enlarge it, is prccifely the fame as mould adopt under fimilar circumflances. The intwo oppofite
fides,
feci: flits
at the
fize
;
inferts in the
then performs
it
By
this
operation.
The
is
is
made of
filk,
hair, Sec.
The
it
infide
of filk only.
was taken.
If
be
red..
When
cloth,
they
are
come
abandon the
pafs
and
may
from
their prefent
a more
perfect flate.
cannot conclude
Stillingfleet.
this
Mr.
hi an
"
Many
contempt any
examinirig
whom
they fee
employed
320
ing an infect, from day to day, thinking that he fpends his time
and
his life in
whole
open
to our views,
were we admitted
every other,
we might, perhaps,
manner, that we cannot profaid to be unconcerned in perly be any one of them and there-
had contrived
his
works
in fuch a
which feem upon a flight view to be quite in the end appear to be of no fmall importance to ufelefs, may mankind. Nay, were we only to look back into the hiftory of
fore, that Studies.,
and fciences, we mull be convinced that we are apt to judge over haftily of things of this nature. mould there find many
arts
We
proofs that he
creatures,
who
it
gave
for
good and
great purpofes,
and that he
re-
all thefe
minute
refearcfies.
It is
happen to the
fearcher,
or
his
but
am
fome men
itfelf is perfectly
who
follows
to
him another
fucceeds,
and and
by
degrees,
till
at laft
who
on
laying all that has been done before this time together, brings
exalts
human
fociety.
" All
Microscopical Essays,
c-
321
All thofe
fpcculations
at ? or
for
ages? a
all
arithmetic,
of.
and the
firft
they
had need
This Plato
and though,
yet he
as
being himfelf an
Sciences,
able mathematician,
he
makes
ufe
of motives
common
purpofes of life.
"
When
find analogies in
their
was
to
him
;
or the world ?
" Again
when
Galileo, pufhed
on by the fame
fall
irrefifiible
to
the earth,
his
ingenious theorems ?
et
far,
coveries,
we never could have feen the greateft came from the hands of man, Sir Ifaac Newton's
"
work
that ever
Principia.
Some obfcure
perfon, whofe
name
is
not fo
much
as
known,
on a feemingly contemptible piece of {tone, found out a guide for mariners on the ocean, and fuch a guide as no fcience, however fubtil and fublime it's fpeculations may be, however Rr
trying experiments
>
g 22
M rC R OS CO Pi C A L
conelufions,
that put Sir
E S SAY"
but his difcoveries have amining the minute parts of flowers fyftera of botany that ufeful moft and perfeci moft produced the
the world has yet feen.
" Other inftances might be produced to prove, that bare euriofity and in one age is the fource of the greateft utility in another what has frequently been faid of chymifts, may be applied to
;
every other
kind
of
vertuofi.
;
They
hunt,
perhaps,
after
by
the bye.
We
fo
Supreme Director,,
and do not
much
we
know,
ftudy
many cafes, what is of moft we may be fure of one and follow nature, whatever paths we
in
we
fhall at
1 aft
and
others, but
remain ignorant."
Microscopical Essays,
C H A K
VI.
found
in
the Trunk of
the Willow
miscellaneous objects.
/--v
all
is
fufceptible, the
\J
molt noble
In
more or
lefs
fyftem of
and connection of a multitude of different pieces, which all confpire to produce one general effect., the manifeftation of the prinSo wonderful are thefe combinations, ciple which we term life.
that
we
are incapable of
fcfficiently,
organic al machines.
vile in
The
interior parts
all
of the
infect,
the moll
anatomift.
He would be
all it's
loft in
tempted to explore
windings.
Rr
to
Microscopical
to every one
Ess- ays.
who confiders
wonla*
Anatomique de
enough
and
will
of the wonders of
creation;
it is
enough
will
art
nefles
to
fkill
open
within
n fpeck
;
to lavifh his
butterflies
and
to inform ants
and ornaments on infects and and bees with better fagacity and
fcience than
exhibit.
human
policy can
For the
of our
God
are great
beyond eom-
and while the univerfe cannot contain him, his wifdom and might, his goodnefs and glory, and the fulnefs of his infinity;
ception,
are entire,
infinite fpace."^
Our theme no great (of one exclufive) knows; No little when from one, that one it flows.
*
1
*
is
only one,
all
truly
great!"
near^
infinitude exprefs;
of
Exprefs the
feal
character
divine,.
And
We
* Brooke's Juliet Grenville,
vol. I, p.
198.
Microscopical Essays.
325
itfelf, and which are
We
of the animal
it
This every other caterpillar, proceeds from an egg, which the parent moth takes care to depofit in general againft the trunk of the willow ; to- this it is attached by a vifcous humor, which
2,
3, 4,
5,
6, 7,
of Plate XII.
infect.,
it.
The egg
is
when
examined by the microfeope, we find broad waving furrows running through the whole length of it, which are again croffed by
clofe {breaks, giving
it
It is
becaufe the
When
tree to
met with under the bark of the which the eggs were fixed a humid oozing from the hole
;
to get
;
is
them
though
the fame
effect is often
Thefe
caterpillars
change- very
little
when they are full grown as when they are very young. Like many others they are capable of fpinning as foon as they are born. They change alfo feveral times- their fkin^. but as it is almofl impoffible to raife them under a glafs, it is not eafy to determine how many times, they moult or put off their fkin if we are to judge of the number of times by the difference in fize between the new born and full grown caterpillar and if we cornpare thefe with the increafe of the head, every time it moults; we may reafonably conclude, that it changes.
nearly the fame
;
oftener
326
Mi croscopic a.l
of
ES S A
YS.
caterpillars, that is, more than fome have been obferved to mouk
We
laft
chapter.
The
and other
interior parts
and
retire as it
the neck
it
it is
very
foft.
When
the
new
opened, and
and the other parts are formed, the old {kin is to be all the members withdrawn from it, an operation
more
fo
from the
cater-
and weak
is
ftate
of the
little
The
pillar
always
much
It
M. Lyonet,
two
winters at
it
leaft, if
ftate,
but then
cafe or
which
is
lined with
filk,
inclofed in
three
when
full
The
fize
which they
attain
compared
new born
caterpillar,
much
fuperior to that
It
Microscopical Essays,
Ft
327
month of May
it
pupa
ftate in the
it's firft
to the
moth
and
if it finds
none proper
The
hole being
it
made
or found,
filk,
fhape
the outfide
;
is
formed of little
flicks
united
together
in
all
directions
may be
mouth
except
of the hole
lines the
of aclofe texture in
tiffue
is
parts,
efcape at a
proper feafon.
the caterit's
head
may
In
Ikin
this ftate
firft
it
remains at
reft for
The
legs
becomes pale, afterwards the whole {kin appears brown, interior parts of the head are detached from the (kull, the
or
retire
withdraw themfelves
from
final 1,
much,
it
as at laft
by
variety of motions,
pufhes
down
moth may be
The
but
it
is
at
firft Toft,
is
the fore-part, in which the lineaments of the head, the legs, and
the
S 28
the wings of the
Microscopical Essays.
moth may be
is
di (covered, is -quite
immoveable,
moveable.
The
anterior
end of
this
pupa
eyes
;
is
furnifhed with two horns, one above the other, under the
on
it's
back
feveral
The pupa
moth
that
reis it
mains in
it's
cafe for
fome weeks
as foon as the
formed therein
is
finds itfelf
confined,
it
begins
-to
the points
ferve as a
on the back
it is
fulcrum, to prevent
it's
opening the
by redoubled
wards,
for if
it till
and
it
where
fall
it
makes a hidden
fall.
flop
advanced further
it's life,
would
Here then the pupa repofes itfelf for a time, after which the moth begins to difengage itfelf from the bonds which confine it; when it has
bly lofe
or be materially injured by the
it
fixes
itfelf
againft
tree, with the head upwards, and often remains in this fituation for fome hours, during which time the wings and members are
fit
for
atom
halts.
have been
at leaft
in-
it
generally puihes
it
one-
Descrip
Microscopical Essays.
Description
of
329
Plate
XII.
is
The body of
Fig. 2
parts, correfponding to
rings.
Thefe
divisions are
1,
marked
in
2, 3,
up
to 12; to
the
firft
is
annexed.
Each of thefe
part.
is
diftinguifhed
it,
follows,
By
;
we
acquire twelve
more
di-
marked
is
2, 3, 4, <&c.
the
word division
affixed.
To facilitate
found
it
M. Lyonet
to pafs through
He
therefore fuppofed,
firft,
a line to pafs
down
line,
becaufe
;
it
marked the
mod
caterpillar
and
palling
tail.
In
all
caterpillars,
on the
laft,
right
and
is
left
little
and
there
;
appearance like an
elliptic fpot
thefe are
work
as
they are
inferior
which
pafs
other on the
left fide
Thefe
gcp
Thefe four
Microscopical Essays,
lines,
pillar longitudinally into four equal parts, are attended with this
the heart, or
line
;
thread of hearts,
the
At equal
diftances
lateral lines,
lines.
and
we may
The
two others which are oppofite to them, and between the lateral and inferior lines, the intermediate inferior
the
lines.
An Explanation
Account
of Figures
of the
Of
all
beautiful a view, or a
more wonderful and fymmetrical arrangeof the mufcles the more fo, if they are taken
;
away by equal
ftrata
on both
fides, fo as
fide,
and by
this
means
and correfpond-
ence.
Fig.
and 2
is
caterpillars,
Opened
to-
on the oppofite
fids
Microscopical Essays,
fide of each caterpillar are perfectly fimilar,
331
mufcles, as in Fig. 2,
we
are enabled
which were covered in Fig, 1, and by this means fave much time in the defcription, and the addition of another plate.
The dorfal
letters
;
marked by
capital
Roman let-
ters
upon
all
eleventh
fituation
letter
always retains the fame, both in the defcription and the other
figures.
Preparation,
The
been
caterpillar
fat,
maffes of
left,
it
had
ren-
and
dered
difficult to diftinguifh
First
The
but
it
Ring.
anterior one
is
mufcle
is
double.
The
thick at top,
fide,
pn the upper
fide.
the other
infertion
of the
mufcle
is
little
feconj
332
fecond mufcle
Microscopical Essays^
is
little
below the
firft
is
it is
fixed
by
it's
firft
lip.
fome of the
introduces
itfelf
0,
and
/3 is
it is
fome times fmgle, fometimes double, and fometimes triple ; hardly poflible to open the caterpillar by the belly without
it
;
breaking
is
to the pofterior
is
at the
The
at
the
firft
is
fixed
one extremity, near the lower edge of the upper part of the
;
parietal fcale
itfelf
The
mer
;
anterior
it's
Thefe two
fixed
laft
pafling over
by
feveral tails to
!),
fometimes there
fold of the
only one
is
to the
on the
ffand
Microscopical Essays.
/3
333
entire,
and
t>
not
Two
in the
There are three, A, B, C, in fecond and four following rings. four, A, B, C, D, are to be the 7th, 8th, gth, and 10th rings
;
and
five,
A, B, C, D, E,
at the anterior
All thefe
files,
caterpillar
confift
but when
this is
is
found to
diftincl mufcles,
;
which
it's
infertions rather
as
beyond
the divifions.
and Each
one, becaufe
The
may
and
for the
fame reafon
and
d,
may
From
in
num-
communicate
of
ith with D,
Microscopical Essays,
of the
ring
;
laft ring,
is
much broader
it
one extremity of
is
is
at the
membrane
I,
which
is
the exterior
It
may be proper
A and B,
of the
is
laft ring,
fide
fcecal
bag.
The
grow
is
fupplied
by the
fix
mufcles C, which
go with
mufcles
it
The
nth,
have a
lateral
communication
at the 8th,
and 12th
ring
part.
;
divisions;
is
it s
place
is filled
ring,
from whence
it
intro-
duces
paffes
itfelf
fixed,
it
The
it
divifion,
;
being
from thence
divides
belly.
and fpreads
itfelf
The
Microscopical Essays*
The
and
third,
$35
of the fecond
third ring.
it
It
directs
itfelf
meeting
it
The
ring,
0,
which
is
at the fubdivifion
of the
laft
(il eft
fingle
it
begins
c,
and
c.
fmifties
on the other
fide, at
Explanation
of Fig.
2,
Plate
XII.
Preparation.
All the dorfal mufcles, thirty-five in number, were taken out,
as well as the feven lateral ones
in
the
preceding
figure.
All the
as the
{trait
mufcular roots
gaftric mufcles c,
which are
at the third
and fourth
At
was removed,
it
to point out
where
was
inferted.
The
3S 6
Microscopical Essays,
tracheal artery
The
was
alio
removed.
mufcles
* and
(i)
The
mufcles
it is
very
difficult to de-
ten
may be counted
fafcicle,
at the anterior
and
fcale,
and a
laterally
greater
number may be counted they communicate with each other by reciprocal branches, which makes it
determine whether they fhould be confidered as fingle
difficult to
mufcles, or as fo
many
diftinc~r
ones.
The lower
fide
;
extremity of
all
aft crofs, at
which, they
beyond
this line.
There are
firll
five lateral
mufcles
fometimes
fix
The mufcles
of the
firft
of
as
than in Fig.
may be termed
dividing
divifion has
Microscopical Essays,
divifion
;
337
is
double
divifions,
much
and fourth
and
others go under
laft.
we
find
them
but the
firfl;
Second Ring.
The
dorfal mufcles are fufficiently feen in this ring, to enable
C is
is
fairly
expofed
it
has
it's
poflerior
becomes forked, one branch paffes under the dividing mufcle, and is fixed to the kin, from whence it again proceeds, and forms the fine long mufcle oc
it
firfl:
of the
ring.
The
other branch
is
lateral line,
When the
we
fee the
C#
are removed,
whole of
the
direction
of
this
mufcle
is
en-
of C.
we
is'
in-
By
is
away
E we
:
are enabled to
mufcle F, which
parallel to
Tt
The
Mi
r-
os-co ptc
al Essays*
The
firft
0
dorfaf
mufcle, C,
and
cl
where
it
from thence
it is
As foon
to the
as
is
is
feen
this
grows-
it
lies
in a contrary directions
mufcle C,
and
is
inferted
into the
third
and fourth
divifions.
lies
The mufcle E
not fo obliquely
other
is
;
in the
fame direction
is
as the
mufcle C, but
at the third,
immediately under C-
The
firft
mufcle
is
infertion
is vifible,
the other
is
the mufcles
and G
mufcles to be defcribed in this ring ?
There are no
lateral
Rings*
lateral ones, to
and no
be
Microscopical Essays.
Of thefe two
it is
339
altogether feen
mufcles,
is
is
to ring, to the
is
one of the
ftrait
is
inferted at the
9.
divifions
of
it's
own
ring,
in
The
it
mufcle
is
fimilar to
of the preceding
it's
ring,
and
confequently
E is
differs
of the
direction.
The mufcle F
is
parallel to
E, and Ihorter
it's
anterior end
Posterior Part.
There
fome
is
is
failened
by
It
is
Microscopical Essays.
a
end
is
is
a fingle mufcle
fixed to the
it's
anterior infertion
is vifible,
the other
laft
leg
it is
ufed
toe
move
the foot.
The
fkin a
anterior part
of the mufefe
/3 is
heads, which crofs the fuperior line obliquely, and are fixed to the
little
above
it.
The
other end
is
fattened to the
mem-
brane T
An Explanation
or an Account
when
it
is
opened at
back,
Fig* 3.
Preparation for
The
Mr~
infect,
F
Only two
lower
lip,
g,
is
broad, and!
the
firft
fixture
is
at the bafe
is
of the
from whence
inferior
fixed be-
tween the
and lateral
the
Microscopical Essays.
The little mufcle d
and on the other
and the
lateral line
;
341
is
fattened
on one
fide to thefirftfpiraculum,
fide,
it
little
The
neck
lateral
mufcles
/3 is
feen
in this figure
the
pofterior fixture of I
;
/3 is
fixed a
little
on the other
fide
of C, at the middle of
the ring.
Second Ri n g
Three
galtric mufcles, g, h,
i,
appear here
;
g and h
are fixed
at the folds
fixture there.
is
triple
in one
of the divifions
it, is
feparated into
two
parts.
line,
and
is
fixed a
little
beyond
the middle of the ring, where the fimilar mufcle on the oppofite
fide
is
forked to receive it
Third Ring.
h,
which was
triple
is
in,
is
double here
;
that part
which
the broadeft
it
has
three
tails,
The
342
Microscopical Essays.
mufcle
i
The
and
fide
is
is
of the
Rings.
mufcle
f,
is
on the
fold
is
beyond the
divifion,
with
is
nth
the fixture
it
of
it's
ring
whereas in the
others
ring.
paffes over,
and
is
extremity of g is fattened to the fold which feparates the ring from the preceding one, and is parallel In
all
firft
to
% and placed
at the fide
of it.
The fix firft, g, are forked that of the fourth ring is very much fo it does not unite till it is near it's anterior infertion. The longeft tail lays hold of the following, and is inferted near
;
;
own
ring.
The two
laft,
g,
do not branch
out,
di-
The mufcle h
direction,
is
f,
and
of the
ring.
Ante
Microscopical Essays;.
Anterior Part
The
and
is
343
of the
here
is
twelfth Ring.
e
it
;
left
it is
in
it's
dire&ion
feparates
divifion,
from
it's
lateral^
upper
and
at the fub-
Lower Part
c
is
Explanation of
Fig. 4,
Plate XIL
appear in
letters are
this,
as well as
all
thofe lateral
and
dorfal ones
whofe
not found in
this figure.
First Ring,
e f g are the
e
gaftric mufcles,
is
it
pafles
crofles
f,
one of
it's,
infertions
at the
lower
line,
the other
at the
lateral,
between
f is
344
f
is
and nearly
it
{trait,
between
and the
lateral it paffes under e, and is which goes from one leg to the other
is
g,
their
fixture
is
about the middle of the ring of the fkin, near the neck.
at the fold
The
mufcles
is
and h are
fame fold
the other
end of h
Above
f,
reparation of
two
floating mufcles,
may be
feen
perfectly, as they
diffeclioa.
Second Ring.
Six gaflric mufcles,
diftinguiihed in
k,
1,
m,
n, o, p,
may be
pretty well
this ring.
is
di virions,
placed
ring
the head of
it is
and
it's
from whence
it
line,
and
line.
it's
fimilar
mufcle
of this
1 is
is
of the
of
it lies
under
and
is
faflened to the
leg.
m, two
Microscopical Essays.
m, two
inferted in the (kin,
fibres,
345
the head of
/3,
and
communicates, by a bed of
the other end
is
with the
of the mufcle 7;
of the third
divifion.
is
large
and broad
it
of 1
the
firft
fixture
is
at
from whence
it
goes in a
itfelf
under
o and m, where
o
it is
fixed.
is
little
of the leg
end
finifhes at
is
alfo f;ent
;
it
the leg
On
o there
it is
is
a triangular mufcle,
fimilar to
qof the
following ring;
by the mufcle m.
Third Ring.
This ring has no mufcle, fimilar to
rn
of the preceding
ring.
Uu
k only
246
Microscopical Essays.
k only differs from the mufcle of the fecond ring, in that it is* crofted by the oppofite mufcle, whereas k croffes.the. oppofite
mufcle.
As
the mufcles
1,
n, o,
p,
is
a triangular mufcle
it's
the bafe
fide
of
it
is
fold of
ring,
on the lower
it is
fummit
Rings,,
gaftric mufcles,
i,
R,
Y,
m>.
is
quite
;
ftrait,
and
is
placed at a
little
diflance-
it is
rings.
In the fix next rings thefe heads are fixed nearly at the
;
other
two
it
terminates
firft
at
the
The
and
laft is at
is
that of the
fix others
fme*
what lower, under the place where the mufcle % which precedes
them,
finifhes.
k
1
j
is
is
at the ikin
near
upon the
fold
which
is-
Microscopical Essays.
1 is
347
in
opening and
fame height as
little
Twelfth
There remains here only the
cle
Ring.
mufcle
firft
gaflric
;
d,
which
is
fafciis
of
fix,
the
fixture
of thefe
;
at
one or two
and
at the
oppo-
Their fixture
at the
their func-
it
We
one of
it's
infertions
is
at the
bottom of the
Explanation
The
5 and
lines.
of Fig. 5
and
6,
Plate
is
XII.
given at Fig.
6,
head of the
necefiary to
caterpillar in thefe
two
M.
Lyonet found
it
employ twenty,
this part.
in order to diiplay
will,
Thefe
however, be
feme idea of it
it
to thole
who
to
cannot procure or
itfelf;
may
alfo ferve
ftimulate thofe
who
hav*
u 2
^48
have
leifure to
Microscopical Essays.
extend further the anatomy of
their's
infects
for
it
is
only by a comparifon of
we can
ever
If this
com-
would be
fource of their existence, and point out the degree in which they accorded with thofe laws of goodnefs and truth, by which the
univerfe and
all it's
and governed.
magnified about
The
is
it
is
fat.
The
figures here
under conftate
in the third
and fourth
of ex-
amination,
when
a great
many
parts
in order
two palpi. The truncated mufcles D belong to the lower lip, and form a part of it's moving mufcles. K is the two L, the II, the two filk vefTels. ganglions of the neck united. oefophagus. M, the two diffolving vefTels.
H H,
the
J^
of four cephalic
arteries.
Fig. 5,
V, and Z, are the ten abductor mufcles of the jaw. T, S S, a k, a Fig. 6, under e e and f f, are feen four occipital mufcles. b, neck nerve of the firft pair belonging to the ganglion of the
;
Fig.
Microscopical Essays.
Fig.
Is
7,
349
Plate XLL
the
laft figures,
Excepting
(and the fe
is
marked with a
is
drawn,
number
The
nerves of the
firft
capital letters.
The nerves
Roman
The
letters.
by Greek
characters.
Thofe of the
by numbers.
Parts
of
the
many of the
ama-
zing wonders
more
fome of thofe
parts.
Of
Micro scop
Of the different Orders
ai E'SS&YSc
which the
of Muscles, by
foft,
and
have the appearance of a jelly they are of agreyifh blue, and the
filver-coloured appearance
veffels,
under
mod
beautiful fpe&acle.
fpirit
When
the caterpillar
lofe their
j
of wine, they
firm, opake,
and white
At
firft
fight they
might be taken
for
tendons, as they are of the fame colour, and poffefs almoft the
fame
luftre.
;
They
the
are
generally
flat,
and of an equal
iize
throughout
middle feldom
differs
either
in
colour, fub-
ftance, or iize,
from the
extremities.
The ends
Tally free
is
gene;
and floating
feveral of
parts of another.
They
in
thofe that
of wine,
when examined by
corifirt
the
may
*be
of
mufcle.
Thefe,
directed according to the length of the when divided by the afliftance of very fine
needles, appear to be
com po fed of frill fmaller fafcicles of fibres-, which, when examined with a very deep
'magnifies
Microscopical Essays.
The
mufcular
35?
much
Iafi is
larger
confift
caterpillar, are
found on examination to
;
of two
fubflances,
one
foft,
the
twilled
fpirally,
the afore-mentioned
needles, in a
drop of fome
fibres,
fluid,
we
compofed of
;
membranes, and
and
that
fluid,
many uncluous
particles*
The number of mufcles in a caterpillar is very great, exceedingby much thofe of the human body the reader may form fome
;
1*
and
2,
3 and
;
4,
of
They occupy the greater!; part of the head there is an aftonilhing number at the oefophagus, the interlines, &c. the
beds of them, placed one under the other, and ranged with very great fy.mmetry.
fkin
is
as
it
were lined by
different
The number of
diflinguifh
is
mufcles
truly aflonifliing
he found 228
in the head,
in all
1647
the body,
2066
making
404
1.
the- caterpillar, if
little
relation to
man
is
inclofed in a
is
bony
cavity
anfractuous, and'
this in the cater>i]j
-pillar;..
There
is
nothing iimilar to
"
352
pillar
;
Microscopical Essays.
we
find indeed in the
head of that which we are defcrithe purpofe of the brain, beanfwer to feems which bing, a part caufe the nerves that are difleminated through the head are
derived from
that
it
it
;
but then
this part
is
the furface
:
is
and
if
we
muft
call this
may be
faid to
have
thirteen,
line;
more fuch
parts following
each other in a
fize
it is
his readers,
M. Lyonet
The
fpinal
back, inclofed in a
marrow in the human fpecies defeends down the bony cafe is large with refpeft to it's length,
;
in thicknefs in pro-
removed
In the caterpillar,
the belly,
is
nearly of the
at the ganglions.
For a de-
we muft
M.
The
fub-
not near fo
man
it
The
no
vefiels
latter,
are
,
full
The
patient anatomift
and two
ones
Microscopical Essays,
ones
;
<^S3
principal
nerves,
whofe
under the
infect,
air,
one
they
of the
each of them
;
by means of nine
fpiracula
firft
fpiraculum,
and going a
little
laft,
terminating in fome
body of the
The
open
it's
all
elaftic veffels,
clofe together, or
They
compofed of three which may be feparated one from the other. The exterior covering is a thick membrane, furnifhed with a great number of
it's
and
coats,
fibres,
it,
commu-
The fecond
is
no particular
veffel
Is diftinguifhed in
The
third
is
compofed of
fcaly threads,
Ww
which
354
Microscopical Essays.
in a fpiral form,
and come
fo
neat
the intervals,
always open,
are
alfo.
notwithftanding the
other peculiarities in
plates.
There
many
firuclure,
The
236 fmaller
ones,,
different ramifications.
The
is
of a nature very different from that of larger animals. It is. almoft as long as the caterpillar itfelf, lies immediately under the
{kin at the top of the back,
and
ter-
diminiflies very
much
;
as
it
approaches
it
has on both
fides, at each divifion, an appendage, which partly covers the mufcles of the back but growing narrower as it approaches the
;
lateral line,
This mufcular tube has been called the heart of the caterpillar ; kind of lymph, which firft, becaufe it is generally filled with a
has been fuppofed to be the blood of the caterpillar
;
fecondly,
tranf-
becaufe in
all caterpillars,
whofe fkin
is
in
fome degree
and
alternate dilations
and contrac-
beginning at the tions may be perceived along the fuperior line, to the fourth, ring to eleventh ring, and going on from ring
whence
this veffel
file
of hearts; but
Microscopical Essays,
oo<j
bee
&M
this vifcera
;
little
larger animals
we
find
no
veflel
opening into
to anfwer to
Near
The
corpus craffum
is,
with refpecl
caterpillar
it,
;
to
whole
it is
ftance that
is
feen
on opening
all
the greateft
empty
it's
It is
of a milk-white
colour.
brain.
In
configuration
human
When
ventricle,
interlines.
The
about the fourth divifion. The anterior part which is in the head is flefhy, narrow, and fixed by different mufcles to the cruftaceous
parts thereof; the lower part,
which
pafies
is
covered
again narrower,
is
and
is
as it
were bridled by
which
fixed to
it
at
diftant intervals.
WW2
"
356
Microscopical Essays,
ventricle begins
The
little
divifion,
where
;
it is
it
is
which
is
the broadeft,
is
generally folded.
The
furface,
folds diminifh
it
ap-
and opens
into a tube,
which M. Lyonet
in ftru&ure
calls
There
a par-
are three of thefe large tubes, each of which differs from the others
fo
much, both
and
character, as to require
;
ticular
name
to diftinguifh
them
though
this is
enumerate thefe
characteriftic differences.
As moft
is
caterpillars are
faculty,
of
prepared,
and extended
the
air,
becomes a
veffels,
filken thread
thefe
two
veffels are
termed the
filk
or tubes
long, and are diftinguifhed into three parts, the anterior, the
termediate, and pofterior.
i%
The
it
two other
veffels,
which
it
diffblves
voured to give the reader an idea of the wonderful organization of this apparently imperfect animal. Affuredly, the 4000 * mufcles
employed
in the
conftruclion
of the coffus
!
cannot
be
* Lyonet
Microscopical Essays.
all
357
were
efientially
as if they
one, naturally lead the mind to confider the nature and perfection of the theatre of creation
;
and
to perceive
this
that
it
is
an
wifdom, which in
great purpofe
to difcover.
no doubt, framed the whole but what that purpofe is, we mail find
for
it
fome
difficult
Though
there
is
no doubt
may
as
be re-
one conall-
this
aclion
that this
tranfitory fcene
is
the
which
act thereon.
But
it
far
from the
fubject
We
recommending the
may
com-
be allured that he
with each other
;
will
upon an
as
attentive
pleafmg
figures,,
and perhaps
as the
man
358
lie
Microscopic ax Essays,
would
find that this
others,
will
evince
that they
from the
fathom
infinite
fource of wif~
as furpafs the
treafures
of
human
ability to
open to
The
following character of
give
it
in
am
perfuaded
it
would
lofe
by a
tranflation.
Je propoferai ici pour modele a tous les anatomiftes, ce celebre fcrutateur de la nature a la fagacite Sc au burin duquel nous
devons
le
ouvrage
meme
foupcoime
fait
la poffibilite,
de l'exiftence
plaifir
xiii.
d'une
Avec quel
a.
Sc
la
la
page
de
Preface
Comme je ne me
fuis
de
cette partie,
il
fi
pleine d'incer*
titudes,
pour
etre expofee
comme
faut, auroit
j'ai
;
exige nombre
les
eft
c<
d'experiences,
que
la
repugnance que
a faire fouffrir
" animaux, ne
(!
ma
loin,
repugnance, qui
meme
ait
alle
fi
que
j'ai
fujets,
eu
"PLATE 531
M icroscopical
eu toujours ouvrir." Si
terdifoit
=
Essays.
l'eau avant
359
que de
il
foin
de
les
noyer dans de
les
Gelon
ftipuloit
pour l'humanite.*
les
il
Quand
in-
aux Carthaginois
ftipuloit
vaincus,
facrifices
humains
les
Lyonet
tracoit ainfi
de-
voirs de l'anatomifte,
peignant
fi
naivement lui-meme.
Description, of Fig.
i,
Plate XIIL
Of the
This
is
a:
Lepas* Anatifera,
or Barnacle.
lliell-fifh
is
the fhell
cafe,
is
not
the ufual
to
but of
affixed
reft,
which are
two
long, (lender,
and crooked,,
running down lengthways,, and covering the joinings of the other It is a tender and brittle fhell-filh, in length about an pieces.
inch,
it's
The
{hell
part
is
it
adheres to a neck,
fifth
of an inch
in*
it
is
and
It
fea plants, or
any other
this
under water.
a:
neck
at pleafure,
which refembles
;
fmall gut,
and
is
it is
eompofed
f two membranes, an external one, hard and brown, an internal, The larger portions of the one, foft, and of an orange colour.
(hell
in the
others,
attachments, give
way/
*
Montesquieu,
opening of
thefe,
It
fifh,
any
direction.
-They
mouth of the
eafily
which
is
fituated
receives
what they
By
arms, which
may be
forms a current of
Fig.
1,
it
the microfcope.
of thofe from
feveral
which
joints,
thefe drawings
were made.
is
furnifhed
hairs.
;
of the arm
with a
brum of long
The
but they
object,
arms
illuftrates the
which fome
animal.
wheel
is
a hollow trunk,
confining of a
jointed hairy tube, which inclofes,a long round tongue, that the
animal can pufh occafionally out of the tube or fheath, and retract at pleafure.
The mouth of
lamina?,
this
animal
is
fingular in
it's
which go
dented
Needham's Microfcopical Obfervations,
Microscopical Essays.
361
aft
The
manner,
mouth of
a contracted purfe.
The
Britifh
weftern
ifles
commonly known
in thofe
places
Thefe
birds rarely breed with us, but feek for their fitting feafon iflands
lefs
we
find
them
in
common.
The
feeing the birds fo frequent, and yet never finding any of their
nefts,
About
mo ft common,
The
affixed
the
lepas anatifera
alfo
found
in great
abundance.
[hells
fifhermen,
to
who
by
it
rotten
wood, or dead
on the more, were foon led to imagine that the filamentous fubftances which hung out of them refembled feathers, and perout,
fuaded themfelves that the gee fe, whole origin they could before
by no means make
that the (hells
in (lead
of being
manner of their
and from
this a role
Xx
* Hill's Natural Hiftory of -Animals.
Of
r.c
ros
opical Essays.
and
4,
Oe the Proboscis
The more we
form anddefign.
apparatus
Plate
XIIF.
more we
find
it
is
marked with
perfection in
in the little
This pofition
fo clearly
proved
we
are
now
Swammerdam,*
[peaking of
it,
fays,
that
he cannot
refrain
from confeffing, to
the glory of the immenfe and incomprehenhble Architect, that he had but very imperfectly deferibed and reprefented this little
apparatus
for to reprefent
it is,
it
to the
life
in
it's
full perfection,
as
far
efforts
of humaxu
knowledge..
Soon
as the
fides,.
Behold the
little
And
boon exhales the morning fleam, And glows and opens to the welcome beam The vivid tribes amid the fragrance fly,
Now nature
And
ev'ry art,
and
trunk unfheathes,
;
Where from
Here
fip
And o'er
Still
bloom with
quiv'ring
gum* membrane
lie
hum,:
Where lodg'd
Each
Iufcious vegetation
wide explore,
:
p. ,1955.
Microscopical Essays.
The
By
dainty fuckle, and the fragrant thyme,
And curious
And
vital
warmth concocls
th'
ambrofial
tide,
Brooke.
By
lecl
itfelf
alio
to coi-
the honey, which we appropriate to ourfelves as if it was made for us. It may be confidered in a general view -as confirming of feven pieces
is
;
one of
;
thefe,
is
i i,
be,
this
conflitute
other
on each
aflift it
in extracting
and
gathering the honey from the flowers, but they alfo protect and
ftrengthen
it.
The
probofcis
be)
itfelf is
very curioufly
all
:
divided
round with
an elegant order
at
firfl:
thefe di virions,
fight as a
number of different
The two
are
of a fubfrance
;
partly between
they
are fet round with hairs, and are furniflied with air velels, are dHtributed through their whole texture
;
which
to
be a
little
by
At d d
are
two
x3
artku-
364
articulations,
ally
Microscopical Essays.
by means of which
or rather
the pieces a a
may be
occasion-
bent.
,
The joints
downwards
underneath,
againft
the head.
e,
:
Thefe
probable
two
interior ones e
affift
in defend-
and protecting
it
from
injuries
it is
alio
by
The
parts
k k of
this (heath
writers
the root.
The two
felf,
they originate at g g on the probofcis itand near that part, or articulation, byvwhieh the bee can upon
;
always moves
i,
and is
behind, becaufe
The
three joints
;
much
two
they are
all
The
nor cover
it,
is
{hut
up
as
much
as poflible.
Swammerdam
by opening the
it
:
manner of fingers,
and
and
it
pumes
it's
from the
fides
may be
able with
{heaths,
<r?<^>.
Microscopical Essays.
(heaths,
m m,
tliefe
cannot be
The
probofcis
is
partly
is
griflly
it
formed
in fuch
a manner/ that
will
internal cavity
may
be prodigioully enlarged, and rendered capable of receiving a very large quantity of native and undigefted honey, and larger
than might be ex peeled from
{hut
it's
fize.
When
the probofcis
is
up and
inactive,
it is
very
it is
much flattened, and is three or thick. The edges are always round
part of the trunk has
no
hair
on
but
is
covered with
little
and
at equal diftances
from each
little rifings
when
They
are probably
glandules, and
may have
is
up by the
probofcis.
Down the
a tube of a
much harder
;
very thick
fet
whe-
many
in
it's
determined.
The
probofcis terminates
is
a fmall cylinder
;
c,
at the top
of
which there
from
little
globule, or nipple
is
the circumference of
which
radiate
little
membrane,
which the
it
hairs are
fixed, into
much
mialler
inwards.
The
probofcis
is
fo con-
more than
they are
the broadeft.
The
double
cafe, a
under part
is
protected
by the body of the bee. Within fide the exterior (heath, and near the bottom q, are two levers, which are fixed to the end of
the probofcis, and by which
it is
raifed
and lowered.
If aT)ee
is
attentively obferved
when
it
has placed
itfeff
it
upon a
ft,
ufes this
It
and applies
it
moving
it
and fhorlenmg
to adapt
it
it
to the
Thefe various
all
Mr. Swammerdam thinks that the honey is, as ft were, pumped or fucked up by the bee through the hole at the end b of the probofcis
;
M.
Reaia-
Ml C R'OS'COP IC AL
M. Reaumur
thinks
it is
ESSA'YS.
gQj
which is conveyed down between, the fheath to the mouth of the To prove this, he placed a bee in a glafs tube, the infide of Bee. which was rubbed, over with honey, and little pieces- thereof placed in different parts he obferved the trunk lying on the honey,
;
the end thereof being flretched beyond the honeyed heap,; fhe
bends
of this
it
into the
inferts the
bow
backwards
Ifcis after-
wards conveyed to the throat by the various vermicular motions Thofe-who wilh for a fuller account of this f the probofcis.
curious apparatus, will do well to confult the interefting. memoirs
-
of M. de Reaumur,
who
has, with a
wonderful fagacity,
dis-
covered the principal fprings of this aftonifliing machine. He has there defcribed more than twenty parts of which it is made, and
almoft given a complete anatomy of this
little,
organ.
Like a
workman who
made, he
fitnefs,
takes to pieces
makes
us
remark
their
of their fprings,
are to be
pivots,
and
pillars;
many more,
of<
Insects,
The
The
beauty of their
colours, the delicacy of their ftru&ure, the ait with which they,
manner
in
Microscopical
Essays.
is
manifefted in fuch
The
wings.
of many
in feels are
covered and
Thefe
A
two-fold apparatus mare,
"
Like warriors
flride,
But
*
furl'd
Deceiv'd, our
we
admire,
attire
;
When
And The And
The
ones
;
lo
tilfued
wing
it's
folded
membrane
frees,
and
moll
fiudded with
curculio
brilliants.
imperialis
(or
diamond
fcales
beetle),
one
of the
and emerald.
it is
faid, that in
the
them
* Brooke's Univerfal Beauty.
t Fabricius Spec. Inf. 184,
129. -Drury.
Inf
Tab, 33,
Fig. 1.
Micro-scopical Essays,
them on a funny
great
is
day,
when they
are flying in
little
fwarms, fo
The
priated,
ftrength
and
at the
they ferve as
cies,
n feels to which they are approfame time that they p rot eel the tender wino-, a fnield to the body the ribs, and other prominen;
and
is
it is
up, in or derto lie .under the elytra for this purpofe they are furnilhed with flrong mufcles, and proper articulations, to difplay
and conceal them at pleafure. Fig. 2, Plate XIV. reprefents the wing of the earwig * when unfolded, and of it's natural fize. Fig: 1 reprefents it as exhibited by the omicrofcqpe. We (hall defcribe this more pa rticularly hereafter.
We have
wings of
the
infecls,
;
which
fo
affift
in
ranging
in
them
into dalles
be obferveci
this curious
many pages
wonders
tions,
we
to
to difplay the
mo-
and ornaments,
Yy
Forfkula auricularia,
Lin. Sy ft, Nat.
vol
i,
together.
part 2, 686-s.
Microscopical Essays.
together, fo
as
to
by the
diverfity
of
their ramificafortified
add to
it's
beauty
many have
their
wings
Plate
XV.
butterfly are
moftly farinaceous,
being covered with a fine duft, which renders them opake, and
alfo the caufe
fo richly
<e
Not
all
mockery of ftate,
of the great
The
Not
little,
low, fine
follies
all
Which
Ever
decks profufive
fince the
this duft
has engaged
this
For by
inflrufcales^
ment
it is
of various fhapes and colours, fome long and (lender, fome fhort
fmooth, generally
fixed to
EF
I,
of Plate XVI.
moths of various
moth fome
;
will
are triangular
covered in thefe
and between
;
thefe larger
ramifications
in general to
rife
minuter lines
may be
feen
feem
Microscopical Essays.
rife
37*
or plates,
dip-
forae
of thefe
it
fcales,
is
not eafy to
criminate
them from
hairs
The regular by the naked eye. and partly covering the one befide,
is
belt feen
by examining the
wing
fcales
in the
opake microfcope.
The
prodigious
number of fmall
infecls,
is
a fure
proof of
in vain.
That the lively and variegated colours which adorn the wings of the moth and butterfly arife from the fmall fcales, or plates,
that are planted therein,
is
this,
that if they
;
it,
the wing
perfectly tranfparent
but
whence
is
a queflion as
when he
afks,
"
Why does
foil
endue
The
blufhing
pale,
The
talcy nature
the
wing
is
of the wing, while a fmaller one firengthens the interior edge. When the moth immerges from the chryfalis, the wings are foft
and
thick,
and
if
may be
raifed up,
and
then
y 2
372
Microscopical Essays.
final I tube..
The
As
is
vellels,
or
ribs,
lie
between thefe
fkins.
moth and
their
manner of
flying
generally
move
;
in a
this
and down
them, as
by
zigzag line, to the right and to the left, up means they often efcape the birds who chace
this
may
a*
Dr.
tions
Hooke * endeavoured to
;
from
may be
ufefufto
Tome
more
will
To
invert igate
the
mode
were poife
or
one place
in.
the
air,
without
;
by looking down on
thefe
were thus fufpended, was not very long, but was lengthened when
fly
forwards.
He
wax,
Sec.
away
he wasthereby.
* Hooke's Micrographia,
p.
172,
/'
1787.
M rc r o
hereby
able- to
s c-
opical Essays,
From hence he
gjn
collected,
view
it
in
fomewhat
about the length of the body diftant from each other, often fhorter, and fometimes longer. The foremofl limit was generally
a
little
;
Kelly
above the back, and the hinder one fomewhat beneath the between thefe, to judge by the found,, they feemed to
equal velocity,
move with an
The manner
of their
moving
them, if ajuft idea can be formed by the ihadow of the wing, and. a confideration of it's nature and ftruclure, feemed to be this
:
the
wing being
fuppofecl to
be in the extreme
limit,
it is
then
;
little
;
depreffed
it
in
limit
1
;
before
arrives
move
fallen
wing begins
to dip behind,
limit
and
in
that pofture
feems to be
back again.
them with a
if
tuned in unifon
many hundreds,
of time.
and
the vivacity of
to a6l with fo
fenfations,
Simulated
much
comprehenfion.
Fig. l, Plate
XV.
is
a reprefentation of the
i,
elegant
mortnefs of
days in
it's
it's life,
it
feldom
fly
Hate
among
fting.
thole infecls
which have four tranfparent wings and no The wings are nearly of a length, and exaaly fimilar;
tliey.
374
Microscopical Essays.
they are compofed of delicate fine nerves, regularly and elegantly difpofed, as may be feen in the figure; they are beautifully
adorned with
hairs,
fine
and are
(lightly
tinged with
its
green.
The
body
is
of a
green colour,
and
from whence
by many
eggs on
This curious
it's
little
and appear
much
This fmgular
The
larva
coccinella,
which proceed from thefe eggs refemble that of the or lady cow, but are much handfomer it feeds like
;
them on
into the
and
changes
in the
pupa
ftate,
form of the
fly
here defcribed.
Fig. 2, Plate
XIV.
Fig.
reprefents the
wing of the
I,
forficula auricu-
part
2,
page 686-1) of
the natural
infeft
is
fize.
1,
the fame
wing magnified.
fo
very
common,
have wings, and fewer yet have feen them they are of a curious and elegant texture, and wonderful ftrufture. The upper part is
cruftaceous and opake, while the other partis beautifully tranflies nearly It folds up into a very fmall .com pafs, and parent. concealed under the elytra, which are not more than a fixth part
of the wing
fhirt
in fize.
They
;
firft
fold
A B,
and then
up the ribs like a fan the ftrong mufcles ufed for this purpofe The ribs are extended are feen at the upper part of the figure. from
Microscopical Essays.
375
from the center to the outer edge, others are extended only from the edge about half way, but they are all united by a kind of
band, at a fmall but equal diftance from the edge
evidently contrived to ftrengthen the wing, and
;
facilitate
various motions
thereof.
The earwig
is
a very deftru&ive
fruit,
mod
kinds of wall
to
and other
fine flowers,
Reeds open
both ends, and placed among fruit trees, are a good trap for them, as they croud into thefe open channels, and may be blown
out into a tub of water.
in the day-
time, thofe that are curious in flowers place tobacco pipes, lobfters claws,
flicks, in
order to
it's
catch them.
three different
eggs,
appearance in
fits
ftates.
De Geer
aflerts,
on her
eggs.
Of the Eyes of
The
Insects.
infefts
diners
eyes are moveable, and generally placed one on each fide of the
all
But
We
number
and
are
of eyes, which
fome
fpecies, as
vMlC-R OS
eyes, placed in
one
common
cafe or focket.
The two
ber of
little
this -congeries
lines,
protuberances on the head, which are formed by of eyes, feem to the naked eye to confift of a numcroffing with great regularity andexactnefs, at
fome from
diftance
from each
Thoie of the
fize,
for
Thefe eyes are fmooth and polifhed, that when viewed as an opake
a microfcopie view of this fubjecl.
will,
perfectly
objeft, they
Like fo
ing
objects.
almoft to
many mirrors, reflect the images of all the furroundThe figure of a candle may be feen multiplied infinity on their, furfaces, fhifting it's beam to each eye
it
animals are obliged to turn their eyes towards any object, but
thefe have eyes ready directed to
fent
itfelf.
it,
on whatever
fide
it
may
pre-
The genus
Though
flies
portion to the
yet thefeveral fmall eyes> of which they are compofed, are re-
markably minute
in
butterfly clafs.
Moft of the
eyes
butterfly -clafs
in
many thoufand
in the
fmall ones
but the
ektfs greatly
exceed
them
number of thefe,
as
many of their
and befides
vafily
more minute.
Microscopical Essays,
Mr. Hook computed 14,000 hemifpheres Mr. Leeuwenhoeck reckoned 6236 drone
;
in the
in a filk- worm's
two
eyes in
the
ftate
in each eye
fly.
The
appear with a
common
reading-glafs like
in
fhagrecn,
and Mr.
12,544 lenfes, placed in an hexangular pofition, each lens having fix others
Leeuwenhoeck reckoned
each eye of
this infect
round
it.
He
circles,
and
in
lens.
and feparate
fhewn, that
The Abbe
parts,
offices
of an eye.
Leeuwenhoeck difcovered the bundles of optic nerves which ferve and Reaumur fuppofes that thefe fupply the thefe imall lenfes
;
place of
all
that
is
organization
But
it is
in the
works of
Swammerdam
is
that
we
are enabled to
infects.
fibres,
facet, there
little
it
pyramid of
proceeds inwards.
as
number of
fides
An
;
innumerable quantity of
thefe fibres
tranfparent [white
is
fibrous
membrane, of
;
convex lhape,
this
which
alfo thick
fet
under
membrane
Microscopical Essays.
brane
is
another, which
it
tranfparent;,
;
under
this
many beams,
are laid
over them.
Each
fide
of the head of a
is
fly,
which
is
cut as
it
were into a
Nature
allots
two of thefe
and
as they
would imagine them to be very fuffieient for all There are, however, certain flies of the occafions of the animal. the ephemera kind which have four of thefe reticulated eyes, two
perfecl eyes, one
as
is
upon
it
Thefe have fomewhat the figure of a mufhroom, the head of extended a little beyond the ftalk, and the upper convex fur-
The firft
as
fly,
are
in colour
brown
thofe of the
mufhroom form
are of a
and
;
as
flies
for,
among
fome
much more
furni fried
with eyes,
is
The fly, thus remarkably produced from a worm of the fame kind
;
with the
common
fpecies of ephemerons
it's
body
is
of a pale yellow,.
andi
Microscopical Essays.
and
it's
379
wings white
the
two
inferior ones
Among
cies,
of different colours
there are
the
the
alfo
able colours,
fixed
different colours,
and
invariable.
The
One would
eyes, each
fly
but fo
it
many
furnifhed
The eyes already defcribed are properly called reticular ones * and to avoid confufion, it will be neceffary to defcribe thofe which differ from them by fome determinate name (they are now generally termed the (lemmata) thefe, when examined by the
;
bell
microfcopes,
gloffy,
leaf!:
and
appear-
They
are alfo
much
called,
fmaller than
may
therefore be
by way of
fmooth
Z 2
M. De
3 8o
Microscopical Essays.
la
M. De
firfl
perfon
who
dif-
He
thefe
little
creatures.
He
parent, and
them
to
be of the fame
nature of the cornea of our eyes, and really to ferve the fame
office to the creature poflefied
of them.
We
as
but there
in
which they
are wanting,
The The
in
amply made up by the fize and extent of the larger; but there are fome other kinds which want them,
this
the longer bodied and four-winged kinds, the the puceron-eaters (hemerobius).
flies
produced from
many
fpecies
of
flies
have
want them, that Mr. De la thefe eyes, there are yet fo many Hire would not have judged thefe to be their only eyes, if he had made experiments on the reticulated ones, in the manner of Mefl'.
that
-
in this
;
random, and feemed to have- no ftrength and wherever they fettled they did not avoid the hand which would
they flew
at
take
Microscopicai, Essays.
take them.
381
M. Reaumur made
fome experiments upon the which were all taken from the fame
alfo<
He
fpread
varnifh,
and fhut them up with fome of their companions which had not been touched, in a large powder-box. At about eight or ten
from the hive from whence they were taken, the cover of the box was taken off; thofe which had their eyes clear immefteps
and went to
their
habitation
to-
thofe
no hafte
get
out of the
flight,
box
and the
fides,
number
far.
To
air
oblige
;
fome of them to
to
fly farther,
they
they were
loft,
know
the
way
to its hive.
if
fame manner
and
let
;
them
not
way, or
even feek
fly far,,
it.
They" flew on
all fides
upon
-An
infect
is,
I believe,
but when
it is
in
it's
perfect ftate.
never found with both kinds of eyes The moth, for inftance, which
The wonderful
anatomift of the cofius has (hewn, that the eyes of the latter are in the form of a cup, and that the cornea, which is the cover to this
cup,
is
very tranfparent.
He
382
Microscopical
each of thefe
Essays..
optic nerve, that divides into fix brandies, which are conneclei
is
moth of
is
number
at
probably a telefcope,
confining
of three
lenfes.
It is
fly,
prepared as we have
iv.
light,
Mr. Martin
thatfthe edge of the cornea of each eye was always thicker in the
out, or increafe
fide,
amounting to a
full
number of exceeding
fmall double
and
of
Fig. 3, Plate
XVI.
is
cornea of the
libellula, as feen
by the microfcope.
parallel lines.
Fig.
The
4
is
fides
of
the fame
Fig. 5, Plate
XVI.
IcMer s
eye
Fig. 6, the ,.
.
r',.'
[f^rs ,y
*y
fi
Mr.
Microscopical Essays.
Mr. William Andre has (hewn, that
variations
tures
;
33
only
which are to be found in the eyes of thefe fmall creafor thofe of the monoculus polyphemus are made up of a
fmall tranfparent amber-like cones.
great
number of
Sir
See his
letter to
or king crab,
is
a cruftaceous
animal, found in
If the
large eyes
{hell
would be nearly
fmall ones on the divided edge, near the fore-part of the {hell
The
but
the*
made up of a
fo that they
great
number of
compofed of one
may be
many
The
with
many
and nearly of the fhape ef a kidney-bean, the concave edges looking towards each other, and the convex towards the edge of
the fhell.
If they
be examined attentively, we
depreffions,
may
difcern
on
their furface a
number of fmall
The fmall
look like two fmall tranfparent fpots, not larger than a pin's
head
thefe,
from
" The.
Ml
s:
RO SCO PICA L
Es8
VS.
defcribed
may be
;
fecn
on
the external fur face of the (hell with the naked eye
to
but in order
fubjeft, the
cornea
and applied
to a fingle micro-
light.
"
The internal
is
microfcope,
found to be thick
amber colour,
which Hand
downwards, and
ferver.
their points
The cones
in the
in general
fome
direction of
which
perpendicular.
"The
that through
which the
light pafles,
all fo
number of them
and tranfmit
it
may
iflue,
immediate organ of
fight,
;
which we
may
not
reafonably fuppofe
all
thofe
they ap-
proach the center, where they are not above half the length of
thofe on the edges."
Of
Microscopical Essays.
Of the Insect which is represented at Plate XVII.
This very beautiful and lingular
infect
it
385
Fig.
1,
2, 3,
was
firft
pointed out to
me by
mond.
in
Rich-
Her
Ma jelly
was pleafed
it,
to permit
this
me
to
have the
engraved.
it
from which
faw
it
plate was
When
as
Mr. Marfham
firft
at
Richmond, he confidered
in this country.
his
an undefcribed
infect,
it is
and an unique
But he
Syiiema
mentioned by Fabricius, in
genus,
Entomologist, as a
dorfigera
;
new
is
and there
one of the
celebrated Linnasus,
F. R. S.
now
M. D.
Sulz,
and other
have
alfo
defcribed
it.
It
appears at
firft
from thence.
It is
in
fome degree
are black
;
The
antennas
and
is
alfo black,
and
fur-
nifhed with a crofs one of the fame colour, near the head.
The
fcuteilum
is
yellow, the
abdomen
bla-jk,
and a fpot of the fame colour on each fide between the bands. A deep black polifhed groove extends down the back, from the thorax to the anus, into which the fling turns and js depofited,
leaving the anus very circular
;
a yellow line
runs
on each
fide
wt
the
3 86
the fling.
Microscopical Essays.
The
the
thefe points,
amined
microfcope, appear hexagonal, as in the plate and in the center of each hexagon a fmall hair is to be feen the
in
;
thick
form a groove for the next joint; they are yellow, with it is found in Italy, Switzerland, France, and Germany. Fig. 1, Plate XVII. mews it very much magnified. Fig.
black fpots
:
is
a fide view of it
fize.
lefs
magnified.
Fig. 3
is
the object of
it's
real
Fig.
and
6,
by
my
ingenious
Mr. John Adams, of Edmonton he was at the New Inn, Wahham Abbey, where it was fpied by fome labouring men who
were drinking
thought
flection,
it
their porter.
firft
perceived
it
this
and
horns
others thought
was a
mite.
friend,
who
Mr. Martin has given fome volume of " The Young Gentleman
and Lady's Philofophy." Mr. Adams favoured me with the infect, that an accurate drawing might betaken from it, which I thought
would be highly
quite
the entomologift.
It
appears to be
diftinct
fpecies
from the
phalangium cancroides of
-
Linnaeus, of
Microscopical Essays.
Roefel, Schaeffer, &c.
it
387
Geoffroy,
&c;
more extended,
the
this
is
obtufe,
and
body of the other being nearly orbicular, the clav/s (lender, finifhing almoft in a point, more tranfparent, and of a paler
It is
colour.
fimilar.
poffeflion,
one
like the
which
is
it
wants the
this.
fly,
fo
confpicuous in
He
found
by
it's
in Effex the
it
week
in Auguil,
difficulty,
without great
and
fly's leg,
much
prey,
creature fpring
forwards
full
again feize
dif-
engage
it.
Of
The
infect
Fig. 3, 4.
and
5,
which
is
originally
bladders at the
Linnaeus terms
it
trips.
They
have
live
upon
is
plants,
and particularly
in flowers.
5
The one
figured here
the antennas
fix articulations,
body
is
and
hairy, the
head
fmall, with
two
2
The
antenna?
388
Microscopical
Essays,,
and divided'
into
fix
The
extremities of
which
it
at pleafure.
It
places and
prefles this bladder againft the fubftances on which, it is walking, and feems to fix itfelf thereby to them the bladder fometimcs;
prefied.
They have
lafl
thefe-
to.
the up-
both
of;
them are
a; ftrong.
nerve run-
is
fet
The wings
of the
are reprefented
by They
themfelves
at.
Fig.
4,-
are to be found in
dandelion, &c.
>e
Fig.
2,
Plate XVIII.
is
lump
refer
For a
full
muff
the reader to Pennant's Britifh Zoology, vol. iv. page 117. There are no fcales on the body, but a greater number of thefe
tubercles,
in this
figure.
When
a good
^
fpecimen
procured,
it
forms a
mod
opake microfcope.
It is
exudes an un&uous
Fig..
389
clafs-,
XX.
is
which do not form a longitudinal future down the back, but fold
over about one-third of their length towards the bottom, where
it is
It is
ftriatus
by Linnaeus.
It
what
it
The
thorax
is
the
fide,
and
tri-
The
;
each end
ftriped,
with black.
The
parts
;
nerves
are
and membranaceous
feet are
of a
fine red,
and the
This pretty
It is
.
'
infect is to
be found
in June,
fize.
upon
the elm-tree.
reprefented at
A of the natural
2.
/
Fig.
Plate XX.
natu-
ral fize at
it
is
called
by Linnaeus chryfomela
It's
afparagi,
is
from
figure
oblong,
The
fame
and
cylindrical, the
bafijf-
Microscopical Essays.
the belly
is
This
little
when viewed by
any notice
;
the
appears
to deferve
it
but
when examined by
microfcope,
have.
is
This
to feed.
infect
is
found
in June,
on the afparagus
after
it
has run
De Geer
fays, that
it is
Fig. 3,
Plate XX.
is
The
infecl
which alone
genus.
this
is
fo
Geoffrey formed a
new one
for
it,
under the
;
title
of
even Linit,
where
to place
for in
it
an attelabus, but
it
as a meloe, calling
difficile
the
meloe monoceros
forte huic
figures of
but
ftill
determinatur
proximum."
it,
Schseffer
have given
would
a flirt
The head is
be
hid, or buried,
;
under
compofed of many
yellow.
black.
articulations,
feet are
of a dirty
The hinder part of the thorax The elytra are yellow, with a
down
Microscopical Essays*
down
the future
;
391
a band of the fame colour near the apex, and alfo a black point near the bafe the whole animal is
there
is
;
Geoffroy fays
it
is
found on um-
May
is
Fig. 1
and
3, Plate
XIX.
reprefents
two of the
feet
of the
They
Fig. 2
fize.
Of the Scales
The
of Fish.
fifties
afford
an immenfe
They
fome
fifh
thofe
which
are taken from one part not being entirely fimilar to thofe which
are
fcale to confift
of an
infinity
of
of
one over the other, or more limply of an of which thofe next the body of the fifh are the
ftrata exhibit
infinity
largeft.
Thefe
the microfcope,
we find them
to
be conftrudred
with
Microscopical Essays.
with
wonderful
art.
In fome fcales
we
difcover a prodigious
number of concentric
other, to be eafily
enumerated
and the
are
Thefe
flutings
often traverfed
fcale,
by others
this
which
is
in a flrait line
from
from a
fpecies
of the parrot
fize of
Fig. 9, Plate
X.
is
is
found on
fame
fcale
of the natural
fize.
Fig. 7, Plate
XIX. a
fcale
as feen in the
microfcope.
Fig. 8, the
Fig. g, Plate
XIX.
Weft-Indies, magnified.
of it's
real fize.
from the
fbal-fifh,
is
delineated as
that
it
appeared
in
the microfcope
which
ftands without
the fkin, as
may be
of
and
12, the
real fize.
H A T.
Microscopical Essays.
893
C H A
VIL
rTH
HE
polypes
defcribed
in
this
infecls,
of worms, and
order of zoophytes.
When
num-
time become fo
many
life
perfect
and
diftinct
tail,
animals
producing a head, a
and
itate.
They
this
are generally
known by
feet,
the
as
that, flrittly
no
mind
the fabulous
{lory of the
Lernean hydra.
is
in his refearches
difcovered
394
di (covered thefe
Microscopical Essays.
animals, and gave fome account of
anonymous hand on
We
till
had, however,
no
their various
when they
Trembley, to whofe
for the
affiduity
knowledge of their
*
engaged the attention of Mr,. and obfervations we are indebted; nature and ceconomy,
firft
Before thefe difcoveries of Mr. Trembley, Leibnitz and Boerhaave, by reflections on the various gradations in the fcale of
animated; nature, had endeavoured to prove that there might be
degrees of
life
plant,
might be found which would propagate by flips, like plants, Thefe conjectures were verified by Mr. Trembley, but not in confequence of any preconceived ideas in favour of fuch a fuppofition
;
on the
contrary,,
it
that,
own
Though
natural hiftory
is
it.
I {hall
endeavour,
{hall fee
firft,
in
which we
examined
this
wonderful pheneceflary,
We
Microscopical Essays.
$95
We
find
Mr. Trembley writing in January, 1741, to Mr. know whether he fhould *call the object
his attention a plant or
ft
an animal.
"
have
in
it
nee June
Iaft,
and animal.
it it
little
At
firft
it is
fight every
fenfitive
flips,
one imagines
;
to be a plant
but
it
if it
be a plant,
and ambulant
if
be an animal,
plants."
It
was not
fatisfy
or cuttings, like
in the
many
firft
he could hardly
an hundred more, he
fays,
familiar to him.
The
firft
M. Button
(dated the
18th of July, 1741) to Martin Folkes, Efq. their prefident, acquainting them with the difcovery of a fmall infecl called a polypus,
which
is
common duck
weed, and
tail,
which, being cut in two, puts forth from the upper part a
fo as to
If
it
to be-
come
all
firft,
and performare,
There
896
There
ing than
is
Microscopical Essays,
no phenomenon
that
in
all
natural hiftory
this,
man,
at
pleasure,
life
creative power,
more aft oni filmould have a kind of make two, each completely
it's
formed with
complete in
all
per-
each as
existit's,
refpecls as that
from which
derived
it's
of
nature.*
Mr.
commuHague,
adding, that
In
TremNovember
by any
account of a water
author
if this
;
infect,
it,
not yet
known
fix
to or defcribed
is
after defcribing
more
in
furprizing,
animal
is
cut into
pieces,
a few hours
r
there will be as
many
they were
all
November
Society, in
t
25, a letter
at the
Royal
by reafon, the
fa&s.
"
Some
the
who
* Goldfmith's Hiftory of
Animated Nature,
Microscopical Essays.
ftrongly againft
397
I
the
poffibility
of fuch a
diftruft
fact
but
have myfelf
my
mall
fo
am become
in
very diffident of
affirming
general affer-
poffibly be.
and
make
fame kind, or a
st
fruit.
The fame
make
it
alfo familiar to
their
refpective fruit
and
and every one knows that a twig of a willow and only ftuck into the ground,
from which
was taken.
grow, and become as real and perfect a tree
it
Here then we
find
kingdom, quite common, the very thing of which we have an example before us in the animal kingdom, in this new-difeovered
infect.
The
beft philofophers
daffies
logies
have penetrated into nature, the more they have extended this
analogy
:
now
in fuch a fcale,
life
who
is
the
man
one
begins?
or, juft fo
far,
and no
fort,
of operation
it's
is
place ?
a thing
or again,
who will
venture to fay,
in every animal
3q8
.Microscopical Essays.
Thus does
open
the author endeavour to per-
fuade the prejudiced, and lead them to pay attention to the facts
laid
to their view,
letter
January, 1740
which
letter
the fixth volume of Mr. de Reaumur's hiftory of in feels. In March, 1742, Mr. Folkes gave an account of them to the Royal Society, from cbfervations made on feveral polypes which had
by Mr. Trembley from Holland to him. The infecls now began to be known, and were foon found in England, and
been
fent
lifhed by M. Folkes,* my father, t and Mr. Baker J conviction now became too flrong for argument, and metaphyfical objections
gave way to
facts.
This animal
is
Hydra.
Animal
lateralibus
bafi fe affigens,
vagum, gelatinofum,
cirrhis
lineare
nudum^
Prolibus
contractile.
Os
terminale,
fetaceis cinclum.
(autumno
ovis) deciduis.
This animal
fixes
itfelf
itfelf,
by
it's
bafe, it
it's
is
gelatinous, linear
It's
and change
place.
mouth,
which
* Philofophical Tranfa&ions.
+ Micrographia
t
Illuftrata.
Microscopical Essays.
wlilcli
is
399
feelers.
It
at
one end,
is
fends
forth
it's
autumn
i.
it
fides,
which drop
off;
but in the
it's fide*
Hydra
fubdenis brevioribus.
fhort
arms
it
is
re-
XXL
2.
Hydra
fufca,
it
is
XXI.
Fig. 7.
The arms
3.
Hydra
alfo
number about
;
feven
it is
it is
XXL,
4.
Hydra
are generally
about
fix
in
number,
5.
Hydra hydatula,
i,
cario, Fig.
2, 3, 4,
Plate
XXL
This
400
Microscopical Essays.
-obfolete
arms;
is
6.
Hydra
infundibuli-
formi.
thr
atl
fer>
it
is
reprefented at Fig. 2|
2%
XXII.
7.
Hydra
focialis
XXL
and Hydra
Of the Hydra
Viridis,
Hydra
Fusca,
Grisea.
Thefe three
the
fpecies of the
greater!; number of experiments have been made, and of which we have the belt information, it is of thefe only we fhall
we
difficult to defcribe
has fcarce
it's
in
it's
tinually in
figure
Whoever
Microscopical Essays.
401
Whoever has looked with care at the bottom of a wet (hallow ditch, when the water is ftagnant, and the fun has been powerful,, may remember to have feen many little -tranfparent lumps, of a
jelly-like
fize
fide
fide
on the under
by the
calls
of appetite to action.
They
end there is a round about which the arms are placed as fo large opening,
to
at the other
by one end
many
rays
round a cent
r,
which center
is
the mouth.
They
are (lender
and
pellucid,
ftance, in confidence
fomething
like the
contract the
body
to a
confiderable length.
They can do the fame with the arms with worms and various kinds of aquatic in feels, mouth and fwallow them. After the food is
which are employed
reft,
and the
nutritive parts
in fuftaining
are feparated
from the
the mouth.
The
firfl
XXI.
little
Thefe are
The
indications of fpontaneous
creatures
motion were
firft
they can extend or contract, bend and wind them divers ways. Upon the flighted, touch they contract themfelves fo much, as to
appear
little
more than a
arms
difap-
402
difappeanng
6,
Microscopical Essays.
entirely.
He foon
and
after
grifea, Fig,
and law
it
eat, fwallow,
digeft
worms much
larger than
itfelf.
XXI.
The moll
extremity
I?
XXL
They
fix
e
the pofterior
f;
b,
body There is a
the
which we are
now
defcribinsr.
The
bodies
of the hydra
viridis,
Fig. 5,
grifea, Fig. 6,
The hydra
not diminifh in the fame gradual manner, but from the anterior
extremity a to the part d, which
is
of their body,
it
is
from
this
part
it
be-
at
lea ft fix,
and
molt twelve or
thirteen,
grifea.
though eighteen
may
They can
contracl their
;
they are not above one-tenth of an inch in length they can alio ftop at any intermediate degree, either of contraction or extenuon,
from the
The
fpecies
reprefented at Fig. 5
inch long
when ftretched out. Thofe exhibited at Fig. 6 and 7 are about three-fourths of an inch, or one inch, in length, though fome are
to be found at times about an inch
The arms_
;
of the hydra
thofe*
Microscopical Essays.
thofe of Fig.
403
are
commonly one inch long, while thofe of Fig. about eight inches whence Mr. Trembley has
;
to contract themin
which
They
contract themfelves fo
like-
much when
lump of
altera-
little
They can
contract, or
arms
their
in
all
poffible directions.
in general
Thofe reprelented
at Fig. 7,
let
arms
different turns
and
re-
water.
They can
fet
alfo dilate
body
at
different places,
;
fome-
if careiefsly
for rings.
They have
a progreffive motion,
which
is
performed by that
power by which they it retch out, contract, and turn themfelves For fuppoie the hydra, or polype, a b, Fig. 16, every way.
plate
XXL
b,
draws
itfelf
toge-
by bending itfelf io as to bring the head and arms down to the fubftance on which it is to move; to do this, it fixes the
;
when
2
it
and draws
it
Fig.
18,
which
Microscopical Essays.
which
it
tail,
flretches
it
out, as
in Fig. 39.
manner
and
the
in
of walking
terreftrial
aquatic animals.
flow, often
Hopping
middle of a
way.
ftep,
Their
:
ftep
in the following
inflance
b,
by the
tail
the
it firft
bends
is
moving, and
it
and
raifes
up perpendicular,
it
it
as in Fig.
22;
now bending
23
;
the
body
then loofen*
rifes
They defcend
at
pleafure
to
fides,
or
upon fome
aquatic plants
it
were
it.
upon the tail at other times they are fufpended by one arm from They walk alfo with eafe upon the furface of the water. If
tail b,
Fig. 7,
it
will
it
were
in a little
it
concave fpace,
of which the
tail
feems to be fufpend-
made
to fwim.
Hence when
water by which
a polype
fides
of the
glafs
means
to be fupported,
and give
it
time to dry,
attach themfelves
which
/
it
They
Microscopical Essays,
felves fo firmly
45
by the
tail
be eafily driven from the place where they have fixed themfelves they often further ftrengthen thefe attachments, by means of one
or two of their arms, which they throw out and
fubfiances as fo
fix to
adjacent
many
anchors.
polype, or hydra,
is
The mouth
fometimes
it
is
lengthened
and forms a little conical nipple, as at Fig. 13, Plate XXIII. A; fometimes it appears truncated, as at Fig. 8, Plate XXI at other times the interval between the arms appears clofed,
;
as at Fig. 2
and
12, Plate
Plate XXIII. A.
If
it
is
11,
in
either of the
two
laft
may be
difcovered.
which
is
this
may be
for the
when they
are expofed
to a ftrong
;
The ftomach
will,
however, be better
;
feen,, if
by a deep magnifier
one of them
is
reprefented as highly
fatisfied
mag-
XXL To
be fully
whether they
were perforated throughout, Mr. Trembley cut one tranlverfely into three parts each piece immediately contracled itfelf, and
;
became very fhort, and being placed in a mallow glafs full of water, and viewed through the microfcope, they were found to be vifibly
perforated.
They
46
Microscopical Essays.
it's
end
a,
Fig. 8,
of one of thele
as
this
tail
was
alio
is
per-
of the hydra
open.
The
perforation,
is
which
is
other,
aliments.
The
is
Ik in
which
inclofes
the bag,
;
ftomach,
may
be
faid to confift
On
orga-
muft refide
The
fkin
muft be
fo far organized,
as to
perform
all
the opera-
various motions*
for
Whatever
by
are the
thefe purpofes,
we
it
is
examined
each
a microfcope,
little
were cover-
ed with
grains
thefe are
more or
lefs
feparated from
is
extended or
contracted.
be cut
tranfverfely,
and placed
fo
that
may
lie
it's
whole thicknefs
grains.
be found to confift of
an
infinite
number of thefe
laid
To know
of the ftomach was formed of firmlar grains, feveral of them have been
the inte-
of an immenfe number of
them,
'Microscopical Essays,
them, being
and
lefs
.
4*7
as
it
tranfparent.
The
other, but
may be
feparated without
much
trouble.
Fig. 10,
Plate XXIII. A, reprefents a piece of fkin thus laid open. To examine thefe particulars further, a piece of fkin a, Fig, g, was
laid in a
mi-
crofcope, and
c d,
fome of the
as at
by
preffing
in
endeavouring
open them, they fpread themfelves into all parts of the water ? and at aft remained in heaps, as at e and
to
1
If a polype
is
wounding
it,
you
from the
fuperficies thereof,
and
But
if
it is
the
fymptom
irregular,
and
is
no longer
off
The
grains
it
fall
on
all
the
dilate,
becomes of a
form
as at a, Fig. 4, Plate
XXIII.
as
at b, Fig. 5.
The progrefs
viridis-..
of this diforder
is
moft
eafily
A very attentive
is
iil Is
gum, which
up the
intervals
between the
grains, in
403
It
Microscopical Essays.
it is
it
owes
it's
it's
magreen-like appearance
colour
;
it
is
from them
derives
for
The
and the
fu I fiance.
The
flruclure of the
When
arms of the polypes are very analogous to they are examined by the microfcope,
is
fhagreened
arm be much
contrary,
it
contracted,
it
on the
appears
lefs fo in
when
fo
continually
more
fenfible
tremity of the
arm than
at
it's
origin, as
XXL
XXL The
extremity
is
often terminated
by a knob, the
hairs
in Fig. 9, cannot
be
feen without a very deep magnifier, however they indicate a further degree of organization in this
little
animal.
towards the
light,
and
5
this
but
how
been
no appearance of
of the
this
organ was
found.
Notwithstanding
;
this,
which we
placed
PLA.TEXKL,
PLATE 5X1.
Microscopical Essays.
placed them be turned from
to have
it,
409
removed themfelves
next the
light,
and
Of the Food of the Hydr^:, and their Method of seizing and swallowing their prey.
As the hydra fufca, Fig. 7, PI. XXL has the longed arms, it's manner of feeding, and the different manoeuvres it makes ufe of to feize and manage it's prey, are more remarkable than thofe of the
two other
fpecies
;
it
To
view them
mould be placed
is
deep.
If the
polype
hang down towards the bottom. This is a very convenient fituation for giving them their food, and to obferve how they manage it.
for the moft part
An
it
it's
arms
as
reach of
expanded pofture it lies in expectation of whatever comes within the verge of this circle is feized by one or another of it's arms. The arms are then contracted till
in this
it's
one of them;
food
;
the prey
is
it
is
foon devoured.
vigorouffy, (to
exerted
it
may
be obferved to fwell
of
The
410
Microscopical Essays.
does not always wait for
follows
?
it.
The polype
and
in a
it
it's
prey,
it
feels
it
for
it,
manner
has
?
It
may be
afked,
how can
do
this
when
no eyes
purpofe
Who
do the glandular grains anfwer this can anfwer the queftion ? what are our own eyes
or,
fize ?
If this
mould be the
cafe,
our hydra would again exceed and realize the fables of the ancients,
Be
this
as
it
may, they
they can perceive the approach of their prey, and which renders
them
may
confirm or deftroy
perception.
When
as
foon
as.
touches this
it is
feized
worm, or
of the
millepedes, endeavours
by quick and
itfelf,
often
fwimming and
This
glafs
to the other.
it
often twifts
it
it
in the
it
form of a cork:
by which means
fliortens
it
more rapidly
the
in contact with
ano-
little
creature
is
prefently
engaged with
it
all
much
as
to
convey
to the
mouth,
which
it is
When
it's
mouth
is
generally
afhftance of a magnifying
but
it
as
opens
to be devoured
the
Microscopical Essays.
lips
411
gradually
dilate,
of the prey.
and adjuft themfelves accurately to the figure The greater! part of the animals on which the
it's
polype
feeds, are to
mouth what an
mouth of a man.
the polype are not always
;
in the
fame
fituation
if
of their extremities,
it's
it is
mouth
If
it
only opens
Fig. 5,
fo wide, as precifely to
give entrance
to the
worm,
it
Plate
XXIV. A.
;
be not too long for the ftomach, be longer, the end which
is
remains
is
there extended
bent, fo that
but
if it
firft
it
enters
when
the
worm
entirely {'wallowed,
may be
feen
XXIV. B.
to
worm, be prefented
mouth of the polype, it feizes this part with the lips, extending them on both fides, and applying them again ft the worm, fo that the mouth affumes the form of a boat, pointed at each end, Fig. 2, Plate XXIV. A; the polype gradually clofes the two
the
points of
it's
boat-like lips,
and by
this
XXIV. A,
that
A worm
lips fcarce
is
killed fo foon
by a polype,
active
mod
for
it's
touch the
it
worm
but
it,
it
the energy
of the poifon
in the
conveys into
though no wound
can be obferved
dead animal.
As
412
Microscopical Essays.
is
filled,
it's
capacity
is
enlarged, the
XXIV. A, the arms are for the polype hangs down without motion,
Plate
and appears
extended
to be in a kind of flupor,
;
and very
different
from
it's
fliape
is
digefted,
and
it
gradually recovers
it's
form.
The tranfparency of the polype permits us to fee diftinclly the worm which has been fwallowed, Fig. 12, Plate XXIV. B, which
gradually lofes
it's
form.
It is at
firft
macerated
in the
ftomach
of the polype, and when the nutritious juices are feparated from it, the remainder is difcharged by the mouth, Fig. 13. It is with
thefe as with other voracious animals, as they eat a great deal at
fa ft for
a long time.
kind.
The
hiftory of infects
obfervable,
motion may be
is
eafily
a polype which
not too
little
full,
and
fragments.
beft to feed the polype with fuch food as will give a lively-
coloured juice
filled
as for
inteftines are
for
by
this
means we
fhall
fee that
Some
of a fmall black
fnail,
that
is
frequently
Microscopical Essays.
The
4*3
tail,
even
as fine as a thread
to the
fo on.
The
polypes
thefe grains
become red or
lefs
nutritive juices.
if
It
is
alfo obfervable,
that
fame
The
be found
larva of
They may be
cut into
feize
the fame
own end, continuing fo to meet, in this pofition Fig. 8, Plate XXiV. A do till their mouths they remain for fome time, at laft the worm breaks, and each has
worm, and each begins
;
it's
(hare
it's
portion of
XXIV.
this
ex-
peeled,
414
Microscopical Essays.
it's
ftomach, but
it
above ftomach of the polype, which fo foon diflolves the animal fubftances which are conveyed into it, is not capable of digefting that of another polype.
an hour.
fafe,
after
having imprifoned
From hence we
Fig. 5, Plate
XXIV. A,
mouth,
a,
millipedes in
Fig.
1,
it's
Plate
XXIV. A,
;
by a
piece of packthread
partly towards the
c n, a millipedes feized by
;
it,
and drawn
mouth
io
arm
a
in fearch
of a fmall aquatic
itfelf
Fig,
2,
Plate
p an XXIV. A, a
;
arm
polype ftretching
worm
is
lying fideways.
XXIV. A,
it.
with the
plate
worm
fame
when they
have
fatisfied their
voracious appetite.
a,
Fig. 7,
one whofe arms are loaded full of them from head to tail. a polype
Fig. 9,
In
this
I fhall
in Plate
XXIV.
Fig, 12, a
worm
polype.
Fig.
1 1
worm.
in
Fig.
8, Plate
XXIV. A,
reprefents
combat
part.
for a
Fig.
Microscopical Essays.
Fig. 12, Plate
41^
XXL
thereof.
Of the Generation
As
of the Hydr.e.
the hydra fufca and the hydra grifea are .confiderably larger
viridis, it
is
more
It
manner of
If
upon
one of
them be examined
in
and more particularly prepared for propagation, it will be found to burgeon forth from it's fides feveral little tubercles, or knobs,
which grow
infpeclion,
larger
after
what
at
When
is
young polype
firft
terminates in a point as at
rather of a conical
e,
XXIV.
B, fo that
it
figure,
the body.
little
end
i,
Fig. 24,
The arms then begin to fhoot from the Plate XXIV. B. The tail adheres to
till
the
body
at laft
is
it
XXIV. B;
it
then
ready to be feparated
ones
fix
upon which
they may be fituated. They have then only to give a hidden There are fome jerk, and they are divided from each other. their performin then and trifling differences to be obferved now ing this operation, which it would be too tedious to enumerate
here,
416
here.
it's
Microscopical Essays.
polype, a
in
b, Fig. 20,
d,
places
glafs,
body
an arch of a
circle a
d b, againft the
fides
of the
it's
the
young
ones fhoot in proportion to the warmth of the weaand the nature of the food eaten by the mother fome have been obferved to be perfectly formed in twenty-four hours, while
ther,
;
The young
the
firft.
latter in a
cold
The
tail
fame manner
as
it's
own arms
do,
this
lies
in the
fame manner
it
as in the arms.
it's
When
;
catches
and
good
common
to each.
even to the parent body every Here then we have evident commuand the mother this communication
;
A large polype
little
of paper, in a
water
body of the young one was cut, and the fuperior part of that end which remained fixed to the parent
;
The
of the fhoot.
at
Thus
a fhort cylinder
open
light
both ends.
or
young one,
into
Microscopical Essays.
cal portion
417
parts,
;'
on obferving thefe
not
XXIV.
B, was
diftinclly feen,
young
one.
On
communication
it's
young
parent,
may be
feen
on feeding them
for
after
the
young
filled
been
eating.
tail
from the
from the
no particular part of the body before the reft, on which they produce their young. Some of them have been fo clofely obferved, and have fo greatly multiplied, that there would be fcarce any impropriety in faying they produced their young ones from all the exterior parts of the
part ac, with this exception, there
body.
five
or
fix
young ones
off another
at the
fame time.
that
came
place.
two years thoufands of them and confidered them with the moll fcrupulous atfor
any thing
like copulation.
To
be
on this head, he took two young ones the inftant from their parent, and placed them in feparate glaffes came they
more
certain
in
the
fame manner
to the
feventh
Microscopical
feventh generation
;
Ess- ay
The arms of
the
young
till
the
body has
fb
trunk;
life*
with branches.
after a
new
Here we
numbers of
From
broach; the
arms of the
little
bottom of the
culi per day,
veffel
rather
A polype
parts,
is
time becomes
a-
Microscopical Essays.
perfect polype.
is
mals, that even a fmall portion of their (kin will become a little polype, a new animal riling as it were from the ruins of the old
If the
young ones
in
it
are
the fame changes fucceed alfo are re-produced A truncated portion will put forth young before
the parent.
is
perfectly
formed
itfelf,
or has
acquired
it's
tail;
fome-
times the head of the young one fupplies the place of that which would grow out of the anterior part of the trunk.
If a polype is
flit,
middle of the body, a polype will be formed with two heads, and If the polype is (lit into fix will eat at the fame time with both.
becomes a hydra, with fix or (even heads. If cut off thefe are again divided, we mall have one with fourteen thefe, and as many new ones will fpring up in their place, and
or feven parts,
it
;
will
fo
many new
it
hydras
may
again be formed
As
if
ficient to
who
is
life,
in all
it's
immenfe
varied
the origin
of number,
;
in all
it's
now
as
numbers
may be confidered
make
manifeii
420
Microscopic al Essays.
itls
life,
and
thus
become
and
eternity.
The
polypes
may be
as
it
If the trun-
unite,
and form;
thread,,
fmgle one.
The union
up and
is
at
firft
made by a
fine
difappears,
the food
pairing
from onebut
portion to another.
Portions,
not only
of the
fame,
may be
Youi And;
may
that
fix
which
another..
There
is
ftill
more wonderful
effected
principles of animation,
and more
difficult to
other,
down
it
fo that?
heads
in this
Hate
laft
mud
firft
be
united, and'
at
performs
The hydra fufca furnifiies us with another prodigy, to which we know nothing that is fimilar, either in the animal or vegetable kingdom. They may be turned infide out like a glove, and
notwith-
Microscopical Essays.
42a
they live and aft as before. The lining, or coating, of the ftomach now forms the epidermis, and the former epidermis now
constitutes
may
fide.
the
the ftomach.
may
get out
when
body
little
and by
parent polype..
The polype thus turned, combines itfelf a thoufand different ways.. The fore-part often clofes itfelf, and becomes a fupernumerary tail. The polype which was at firft ftrait, now bends
itfelf,
fa that the
it
two
tails
which
(hut.
;
The
and
old
mouth
is
at the joint as
it
it
it,
new one
is
formed near
new
fpecies of
hydra
that has been divided into two parts, a the upper, c the lower
part, the
end
c being
common
this part
polype, and
is
fummer time
cut.
Fig.
17,
the anterior
end
is
turned a
little
outwards,
This end
now:
422
4
Microscopical Essays.
appears fwelled, as at
c,
now
this
Fig. 21
end
at
firft
Fig. 20,
;
appear between
them they can feize their prey, and eat before their arms have done growing. In the* height of fummer, the arms will often begin to moot in twenty-four hours but in cold weather it will
;
be
fifteen or
is
formed.
Fig. 22 reprefents a
this
became
alio
a complete animal in a
time.
The
fides
roll
themfelves up
extremities, rolling
up
in
a heap,
as
;
at Fig. 19,
it
Plate
it-
foon unrolls
felt and the cut fides form themfelves into a tube, whereof the edges
i,
Fig. 15,
on both
fides,
unite.
whole
fides gradually
The
join
fo
clofe, that
from the
firft.
moment
difcovered.
b,
Fig. 29,
the heads
it
of
becomes
a hydra.
fig. 24
Ml C R OS C O P
AL
S S A Y S.
423
Fig. 24 reprefents a polype that had been turned, endeavouring to turn itfelfback again, the fldn of the anterior part lying back
upon
times turned towards the head, fee Fig. 24 and 26, Plate XXIII, B, at others towards the tail. The anterior extremity e, formed
by
a,
days,
ones,
clofe,
new arms
where the
different
and the
acquired a fixed
a c always (hews the part the polype had. turned back, and.
it
a b the part
which has Been partly turned back, remains but a a, Fig. 28, Plate XXIII. B, the little time in that fituation. part where the portion it had turned back joined to the body a b
;
A polype,
became
this
ftrait,
withab;
the fame
began
there
moot from
the
mouth a
mouth
drawn
as at Fig. 25.
worm.
as
form had varied confiderably, may be feen by comparing Fig. 25 and 28, having now one
on
it.
We
Microscopical Essays.
We
may now be
permitted to
make a few
refle&ions
on
this
confidering the various properties that have been already defcribed, we fhall find in them many particulars-,
that are very analogous to others that are continually carrying
fmgular animal.
On
on
around us
parts.
we
is
a continual effort to
extend
portion of
life
which
is
modify by
each
it is,
re- action
it.
ciple within
part,
if
is an organized whole, of which each molecule, each atom, tends to produce another we may fo fpeak; one entire ovary, a compound of germ,
The polype
or feed. In cutting a polype to pieces, the nourifhing juices, which would have been employed in fupporting the whole, are made
to act
upon each
portion.
divided longitudinally, it forms two half the oppofite edges of thefe approach, and in a very fhort time form a perfect tube. The fides are made to touch each
is
When
;
a polype
tubes
other by certain motions and contractions of the piece but as foon as the edges come in contact, a flight adhefion takes place,
;
new ones
are unfolded, as in
means, the points of connection and cohefion are multiplied, the motion of the fluids are re-eflablifhed,
this
by
This
is
nearly gelatiis
fup-
inhabits.
The fame
reafoning
Microscopical Essays,
a-eafoning applies equally to explain
425
the formation of fo
many
it
a real hydra.
A new
polype
is
in a very different
formed out of fmall portions, or fragments, manner, the operations in nature being always
;
each fragment
is
this
part
is
and an empty fpace is formed to become the ftomach of the rifing polype,,
and
is
forth arms,
kind.
We learn
the polype
it
is
not fo fimple as
from this inftance, that the fkin of was at firft imagined for we find
;
cavity
thefe
of a ftomach
but
why
this,
membranes
and not in
of thefe
the larger,
we cannot
enable us to underftand
For
in the
as that part
little
interior fkin
of the ftomach*
of the polype
is
confequently fo fimilar
one may be
;
vital functions
fome
after
itfelf.
The
ikin,
vifcera
and outfide
#
3F
426
fide, fo that the
Microscopical Essays.
animal can live whether the fkin
is
turned one
The Author of nature did not create the polype to be turned as we turn a glove but he formed an animal
way or the
other.
;
whofe
vifcera
were
of the
it
fkin,
and with
powers to
refift
was unavoidably
might be turned
was
without deftroying
life.
it s j
exigence
it
by
itfelf,
and
pufli
tail,
when
The
commu-
nication
is
The
fore,
eafe with
which the
parts unite,
is,
as has
we
find
many
leaves
The
;
folid parts
of
the embryo,
womb
may be
is
capable of devouring
reft.
it s
prey
almort. as foon as
it is
In the ftruclure of
a particular place
is
thofe animals
us,
appropriated for
a tree,
is
covered
gems,
it's
it is
proceed from
fides, like
branches from a
;
tree.
The mother
is
fhe
by
it's
9?
Microscopical Essays*
Of the Hydra Pallens.
.427
The
In fee.
with,
is
3, Polyp.
tail is
arms are about the length of the body, of a white colour, and
generally feven in number, apparently
globules
it
compofed of a chain of brings forth the young from all parts of it's body.
it
Linnaeus defines
as
fubfenis mediocribus,
which we have
writers,
It
is
body
it
is
fpoken of by
many medical
who
dec.
hydatis animata
alfo
in the diflert.
it
de
inf. viv.
taenia hydatoidea.
Pallas defines
as
terminate
tracted
The
defcription I
fliall
from the Philofophical Tranfactions, No. 193, by Dr. Tyfon, who names it lumbricus hydropicus.
fome
in the pelvis,
428
Microscopical Essays.
to
be a particular
fort
of infec\ bred
animal bodies, or at
leafl
knife,
no
it.
retaining
it's
liquor, without
any of
He
from
it,
with an
it
orifice
at
mouth,
fo fupplied
bladder, or flomach.
3.
Upon
moved and
fhortened
Fig. in
it's,
XXI.
reprefents
external membrane,
it's
little
depreffed, or flatted, as a
drop of cmickfilver
is
will
be by lying on.
a plane.
better feen
is
the external
it's
membrane
;
being taken
confifts
an open
orifice
found at
extremity
it
of
vifible
when
with
magnified,
a.
in Fig. 3
little
it
then
all
granulated
;
number of
eminencies
the
itfelf in?
trial it
was found to be
fo
neck of this polype is xeprefented magnified and drawn out it* whole length on opening it there were found withkLthe two;
firings a a,
which probably convey into the ftomach the moiftureand nourimment, which the animal, by protruding it's neck, extracts from the external membrane.*
Hydra,
* Hydra hydatula habitat in abdomine mammalium, ovium, fuum, murium, &Ci Vefica lymphatica-, pellucida, magnitudme pmrui inter peritoneum et inteftina,
getiolat^
Microscopical Essays
Hydra Stentorea.
Fig. 27
425
and
28,
Plate XXIL
The arms of
trumpet-fhaped.
this
hairs, the
body
is
very
deferibed
by almoft every
writer
on
thefe fubjects
it
is
placed by Muller
among
the vorticellae.
They
are
the funnel*
like polype*
There are three fpecies of them,, which are of different colours, The white ones are the mofl common* green, blue, and white. It is neceflary to obferve them often, and in various attitudes, in
order to obtain a tolerable idea of their ftruclure.
They do not
comes in
form
their
clufters,
tail
to whatever
way
their anterior
end
is
being round, gives the animal fomewhat of a funnel form, though it is not completely circular, having a fort of flit, or gap, that
interrupts the circle.
is
furniftied
with
a great number of
little fimbrillae,
gjetiol'ata
os,,
tec-
43*
Microscopical Essays*
of water
;
into the
mouth of
the
little
Mr. Trembley
fmall animalcula
fays, that
fall
number of very
one
let
They can fafhion their mouths into feveral different forms. If any thing touches them they fhrink back and contract themfelves.
They
with.
live
the water in fearch of their prey, and fix to any thing they meet
dinally,
Thefe animals multiply by dividing themfelves, not longitunor tranfverfely, but floping and diagonal wife; the
new form of
tail
Of
the
new
tail,
with a
new
To make
the defcription
that
with the old head the fuperior polype, that with the new head the
inferior one.
The
firft
particular that
is
is
obfervable in thefe
polypes,
when they
the
one
is
going to divide
new
lips are
formed
at about two-thirds
;
of
the divifion
made
in a
;
doping
line, that
rent animal
difcerned
by a flow motion,
infenfibly
approach
Microscopical Essays*
approach each other and clofe, whereby a fwelling is formed on the fide of the polype, which is foon found to be a new head.
When the
fwelling
is
may
be plainly diftinguifhecL The fuperior one being now connected with the inferior one only by it's lower extremity, is foon detached
from
it,
fix itfelf
on fome convenient
fub-
ftance ; the inferior one remains faftened to the place where the
original
divifion.
From
and to
the various
are multiplied,
modes by which different fpecies of polypes we are led to form more exalted ideas of nature,
we
difcover
is
of her contents
we
learn alfo to be
more
cautious in reafoning
for a
known, becaufe we
ad
infinitum,
The growth of the hydra fufea is very quick, but that of the hydra ftentorea is much more fo. The progrefs of the fcetus
,
is
always more rapid than that of the infant and adult animal
is.
but
fo rapid, as
to appear
almoft like
an.
immediate creation*
Fig.
they are
of their natural
m
as
long
as at n, nearly globular as at o,
extended to the
full fize
432
Microscopical Essays,
i.
At k, feen as contracted at
The
fimbrillae,
or
little hairs,
I.
may
attitudes,
except thofe of
Of the Hydra
Socialis.
Hydra
PI,
XXL
many writers.
it
It
who
defines
as
vorticella
difco obliquo
it
Muller Animalcula
Pall.
304.
Pallas
makes
a brachionus,
Zooph. 53.
In Fig.
fied
;
1 1 thefe
they appear
to a common center, from whence they advance towards the circumference, where they turn
by
fmall thin
of vivacity and
fwiftnefs,
its
till
they
fphere the
flops,
When one of them has been in moand another begins fometimes two or
;
three
may be
and
the
The young
Microscopical Essays,
Of the Vorticell^e.
433
We now come to
later writers
which we
{hall
therefore adopt, as
we
think
it
behoves every
man
to maintain
which
is
defigned to difcriminate.
The
will
variety that
may be obferved
it
in thefe
is
firms a principle,
looked
more
it
life
to,
or ap-
fibre,
manifefled,
upon
VORTICELLA.
Animal,
flirps fixa.
calyce vafculofo
ore contractili
ciliato,
terminal!
A fmall animal,
ciliated,
the
mouth
is
at
one end
fixed.
VORTI-
434
Microscopical Essays.
VoR TIC ELLA AnASTATICA.
XXI.
and &
Vorticella anaftatica,
rigid ftem.
flowers,
Cluftering polype,
vol
xliv.
part 2,
p. 643.
clufter,
is
or more
fupported by
a ftem, which
is
fixed
by
it's
itfelf
;
ches,
whofe
collective
Every
compofed of one
principal branch, r
right
main ftem of the clufter an angle one from both fides of this nerve
; ;
and alfo of all the There are others ort lateral ones there is a polype or vorticella. both fides of the lateral twigs, but at different diftances from their
principal branch,
extremity.
like figure
;
all
exceeding
fmal-1,
and of a
bell-
difcerned*
Microscopical Essays,
of
it's
435
are
caufe
upon
the branches
of thefe
clutters
round
be more
Every
they do not
whence they
bent a
little
fet
is
inwards, fo that
If the eye
cup, the appearance of the whole eight or nine branches is like unto that of a ftar, with fo many rays proceeding from the center. If the clufter is {lightly touched, all the branches inftantly
fold up,
mafs.
fiu>
like
workman's meafuring
conftitutes
A new fpefame
life.
members of each
and
participate of the
A few days
after
one of thefe
clufters
is
bodies, or bulbs,
may be
thefe
grow very
faft,
and
arrive at
growth in two or three days. The bulbs detach from the branches out of which they fpring, and go themfelves away, fwimming till they can fettle upon fome fubftance which
they meet with in the water, and to which they fix themfelves by a fhort pedicle the bulbs are then round, only a little flatted oa
;
about twenty-four hours, during the fame time the bulbs alfo change their figure, and become nearly oval. There are in a
clufter
Microscopical Essays.
clutter but
vorticellas, neither
do
all
the bulbs
come out
at the
fame time.
The
bulb then
{till
two
which are
much
and
fix-
form
teen.
eight,
Thev
all
of an equal
fize
and the
fhape.
It
mode of propaga-
Fig. 13 reprefents
this
vorticella anaftatica
on
fome of thofe round bodies from which they firft fpring, and by which they are fo remarkably diftinguifhed from many other fpecies,
may be feen.
one of the globular bodies,
itfelf
Fig. 14 reprefents
after
it
has parted
after
from the
.
clufter,
to
pedicle have
begun
part-
is
Microscopical Essays*
Fig. 16 reprefents four that were formed
437
by the feparation of
in.
VORTICELLA PyRARIA.
Compofita, floribus mutieis obovatis, tentaculis bigeminis ftirpe
ramofa, Fig. 25 and 26, Plate XXII.
lefs
oval
florets,
fomewhat of a pear fhape, thebafe is pellucid, the toptruncated the lateral arms, which are a pair on each fide, canIt
is
;
in
kind of
circle.
XXII.
naked
florets,
two
tentacules,
Thefe
in the
vorticellse are to
be found
tail
united to one
common
ftalk.
They
is
it
has
two
fmall arms
may be feen
43$
go forwards
Microscopical Essays.
in a kind of fpiral line,
reft.
and then
in a little time
come
Fig.
40
Among
infecl,
differs
preceding account,
we
;
Norwich
it
he called
fruit
it
femblance
bore to that
it is
probadiffer-
fifty
or
to four or five.
The manner of
moving
is
They
VoRTICELLA OPERCULARIA,
FlG. 29,
PLATE XXII.
florets,
and a branched
fterru
of a lemon fhape, and are generally found from a Item, which moftly adheres to
fome convenient
That
fpecies
fubftance.
of them which
is
defcribed
much
which
Microscopical Essays.
which are reprefented
at Fig. 29, Plate
439
There was no
radii,
XXII.
main
flem, but
all
many
forming
a very pleafing
figure.
The mouths
ciliated,
furnilhed with a round aperculum, or cover, connected by a long ligament, or mufcle, which extends downwards through the
body, and
is
tail.
This
liga-
ment may be contracted or dilated, fo removed to fome diftance from the mouth
fhort hairs
may be
may be found to
radiate
from
it
thefe
have a vibra-
tory motion, by which they probably to draw in the proper nourifhment, after which they fhut or pull down the cover, which they again extend at pleaexcite
fure
clofe
operculum 29 reprefents the vorticella opercularia, f the removed at fome diftance from the mouth, at t, it is nearly clofe hairs to at r, the mouth contracted, the cover drawn in, and no
Fig.
be feen
u a part of the
ftalk,
Vorticella Umbellaria.
Vorticella compofita, floribus
ciliatis
globofis
muticis, ftirpe
ciliated
umbellata,
p-lobous
Fig.
30,
Plate
XXII.
Compound, with
naked
florets,
and
an umbellated ftem*
VortI-
Microscopical Essays.
Vorticella acinofa, fimplex, globofa, granis nigricantibus, pedtui-
We often find in
plants, pieces
divers places,
of wood, mail
(hells,
cover-
If
we examine any
of'thefe
by the
we
fhall find
them an affemblage of
which are often
many of
cluttering
form together a
fort
of branches,
Thefe
and according
con-
currence of many
other circumflances.
it
is
To
often rendered
lefs
diftincl;
on
The
is
about
The
is
anterior part,
fixed to a ftem,
or pedicle,
by the extremity of this pedicle that the vorticella fallens itfelf to any fubftance. It appears in the microfcope of abrownifh colour, excepting at the fmaller end b, where it is
be;
it is
whole pedicle b
e.
When the
anterior
it's
motion may be
perceived about
edges
and when
manner, fomething
Microscopical Essays.
thing very
441
with
much refembling the little wheels of a mill, moving great velocity, may be difcovered on both fides of the edges
part.
of this anterior
Thefe
vorticellae
are
to
able
to
do
this, either
by touching them, or
come
forth,
on refuming their former pofture, the edges may be feen to and put themfelves in motion as before. Minute
down
into thefe
They
is
in
when
beft
To
fee regularly in
clutters are
it is
way
thefe
little
itfelf.
creatures multiply,
fixed
by
The
is
at
firft
thort,
is,
but
it
foon
to divide, or
firft
two lengthways.
To
effecl
this,
drawn
and
may be
It
The
anterior
it
end
flattens gradually,
in
prothe
portion as
grows fmaller.
is,
then gradually
down
middle, that
that in a
to the
little
end of the
3H
The
442
Microscopical Essays.
or anterior part of each of thefe bodies,
in
The mouth,
by degrees
;
and
lips
The motion
it is
before -fpokert
of may then
ferving
it
;
alfo
be perceived.
firft
Indeed
it is
at
flow, but
more
it is
as fwift as that
it
look upon
as
completely
formed.
itfelf.
vorticella
The
ticellas
lower of the three drawings, Fig. 30, reprefents two vorjoined by their pofterior extremity to one pedicle fooa
[
each
vorticella begins, to
{hew a pedicle
ofT
own.
reprefents a
Fig..
30
duller of eight
figure
difpofed. as their
at b,
there were at
firft
only two
whofe branches lengthened to d, and then each of them was now forming four thefe again lengthened and
;
reached
i,
The
M. Bonnet
in
wonders afforded by a
feen, varied,
What
mind
!
unfore-
and
compafs
what a theatre
fo reclufe, that
exhibited to a thinking
But our
abode
is
we have but
T
how
great
would our
difclofed to us at once,
and we w ere enabled to penetrate into the wonderful aflemblage of living atoms !
Our
Microscopical Essays,
Our
eyes fee only the grofs part of the decorations, whilft the
!
443
ma-
Who chines that execute them remain in impenetrable darknefs into dive an abyfs obfcurity, or profound this enlighten (hall
where reafon
portion that
is loft, it
concealed within
is
Let us learn
us,
to
communicated to
tude the
firft
traces of
human underftanding
us in thefe difcoveries.
VoRTlCELLA 'BeRBERINA,
Vorticella compofita, floribus ovalibus muticis, ftirpe ramofeu
Compound, with
This
is
ing one in
many
refpecls, particularly in
is,
by
dividing,
or fplitting, according to
They
are
more
the are
glafs.
not
though
may
it
be obferved
formation.
For at
motion
is
3H
All
444
Microscopical Essays.
they
till
fix
again
upon
the branches,
when
defcrted,
bear no more
VORTICELLA DlGITALIS.
Vorticella compofita, floribus cylindricis, unifulcatis femiclaufis,
ftirpe
Ma, pedunculo
fiftulofo
ramofa.
Muller Animal
Infuf. p.
327.
is
very fcarce,
it
it
feems only to
who found
it
on the monoculus
1784,
it
when
who had
fought for
The body
it
is
cylindrical, cryftalline,
;^
trun-
The upper
with
convex furface
there
and thick
it
excites
o and
VoRTl-
16
*7
aS
Microscopical Essays.
VORTICELLA CoN V ALL ARIA.
445
Simplex, gregaria, flore campanulata mutico, tentaculis bigeminis, ftirpe fixa, Fig. gg,
florets bell-fhaped,
gregarious, the
Muller
Animal
Infuf.
Thefe vorticellae, or
bell animals, as
M.
Roefel, fixed to
To
many
little
white points,
The
mo-
at
once, taking
in a
moment
after they
again
be-
(trait as
Many
of them
tails
;
may be
cilia,
feen at times
adhering to each
fide
other by their
the
of the
Vorticella Urceolaris.
Plate XXII.
tail,
tefta
incifa,
cauda longa
bicufpi.
Muller Animal
356.
To
446
c 10 s
it
comical Essays.
;
To
but
when examined by
lower part,
is
the microfcope, a
difeovered,
feen,
which
it
It
and defcribed by moft microfcopical writers but as Mr. Baker's feems to us to be the moft perfeft, we fhall principally follow his
account of it.
He difeovered three
under the
;
fpecies of them,
vorticella urceolaris.
The firft fort, Fig. 36, 37, 38, are of the fecond kind. fpecies when extended, is about twice as long as it is broad. It is con=
tained in a
fhell
;
is
teeth, Or points
no
but
is
waved, or
At
tail.
it
the
It in-
bottom there
faftens itfelf
is
a hole, through
which
it
pu flies the
by
it's
this tail
tends to ufe
rotatory organs
water, and at
all
but when it is floating in the not adhering to any body, it when other times
wags the
tail
We may
:
confider
it
and abdo-
men; each of which may be extended and contrafted considerably it can by dilating all three protrude the head beyond the
Ihell,
fame.
puflied out
end of
this
are
two
fibrils,
that appear
when
they are at
reft
Mick o
^eft like
cx> p
cal Essays*
moved
to
447
and from
lituation
is
fometimes
vibra-
this alteration
is
repre-
fented at Fig. 34
The
thorax
within
is it
annexed to the lower part of the head, it is mufcular there is a moving inteitine, which has been fuppofed to
little
be
creature, fee b,
Fig,
A
and
communication
is
domen by means
of a fhort veffel c,
abdomen
rife
and
fall alternately,,
The food
it
conveyed through
is
abdomen, where
is
is
digefted; it
placed near
the
taili
The
It
is
tail
is
cleft
to fuitable objects.
(hell,
in generar projected
moving,
it
when
is
Iwimming
to direct
it's
courfe..
When
little
animal
is
placed
is
nearly
reft,
it
dried away, or
when
it
[has
a mind
to
compofe
itfelf to
contraas the head and fore-part of the body, and brings them down into the {hell, and pulls the tail upwards, fo that the whole
448
Mi croscopical
is
Essays.
fhell,
The
fhell
is
diftinguifhed
when
the animal
fhell, is as
is
is
no fubftance
interior parts.
thefe animals,
which
This has
but are
firfi;
kind a moveable
interline
was feen;
difcovered
in this a mufcle,
5
moft
may be
is
it
it
and
38.
diaftole
this
part
intended to be fhewn at
tail
to
have
fix teeth
or fpikes on one
it's
and
out
it
head fo
far
fometimes the
may be
gin of the
fhell.
Both
young
in
fomewhere
about the
tail;
opake
r
:
at
It is
it's
way out
it
much
alfified
of the parent.
motion,
The
then
fets
it's
rotatory organ in
Microscopical Essays,
motion by which
ftrokes with
Fig.
it
440,
is
38
another embryo,
was
left
adhering to the
fhell.
There
are four
more
fpecies
Linnaeus, which are the vorticella encrinus, the vorticella polypina, the vorticella
ftel lata,
and the
which do not
be
animal, of
come
The
defcribed hereafter.
There
is,
however, another
figure in Plate
Syftema Naturae, placed among the hydrse, but which he has fmce removed, and placed amongft the
in a former edition of the
tubularia
and
as I
do not
feel
ment, the
little
Tubularia Campanulata.
Reptans, tubis campanulatis.
tubes.
Fig. 32,
Plate XXII.
Creeping,
with campanulated
it is called
bell-flowered, or
plumed animal.
Thefe
fifteen in
little
number, living
cafe,
mouth upwards.
Thefe
bells,
or colonies, are to
45
Microscopical Essays,
The
bell,
tranfparent,
diftinctly
bells,
the motions of
it.
it's
inhabitants
may be
difcerned
through
There
in
is
an inhabitant.
The opening
it,
at the top
of thefe bells
it's
juft large
enough
body
to be
it
thruft out
alfo
from
the
reft
which
alarm.
it's
cafe,
bell,
and removing
it
to another.
cula feem
fifteen
;
when
may
be obferved to
they at
laft
feparate
The arms
in
fixty
may
often be counted
one plume, having each the figure of an Italic /; one of whofe hooked ends is faftened to the head and all together, when expanded, compofe a figure fomewhat like a horfefhoe, convex on
;
the fide next the body, but gradually opening and turning outexwards, fo as to leave a confiderable diftance within the outer
A
tremities
Microscopical Essays.
tremities of the arms.
154
When
creature,
by
rent in the water, which brings the animalcula, and otber minute
it,
into
it's
The
(wallowed
is
rejected
by a contrary motion.
may
As when
the fkin
it
tranf-
has retired
The body
and the
(kin
is
It is cylindrical,
very tranfparent.
it is
The plume
is
only a continua-
of the fhape
of a horfefhoe, from
outwards.
to
fome
finenefs
The plume which they form gives them a refemblance The arms may be compared, from their and tranfparency, to very fine threads of glafs. The
flowers.
bafe of the
plume
is
grooved, and
it
is
by the
is
forms, and
as a
mouth
it's
to the animal.
;
tranfparent fkin
cipal
may be
diflinguifhed,
the
oefophagus e h
the
flomach f
is
The
the
ment within
fide
of
plume,
and then
rife
up again
then
45^
Microscopical Essays.
;
thus
arms,
it's
it
brings into
mouth
it
is
body
in
is
formed, which
is
many of
being
deftitute
nor cruftaceous
bodies to
we cannot with propriety fay the young ones we can, however, perceive thefe oviform The developement is gradually unfold themfelves.
;
and car-
came
There
creature,
is
little
ex id in
Fig.
polypes, very
is
32 reprefents three tubularia? campanulata?, or plumed much magnified, namely, bfacddehgi, which
cell
;
out of it's
A C,
which
is
within
it's
cell,
Microscopical Essays;
one,
453
tuus, which
f
'
is
out of
it's
cell
ftomach, a
bafe e a
c,
the rectum,
is
acd de
feen,
this
which
but
little
bafe
BAG one of
in
the animals
i&
drawn
into
;
it's
cell,
g o o threads which are fixed at one end to the intestines of the animal, by the other to the bottom of the celL
contained
^
R.
.ft
17
% * * * * * *
H1NDMARSH,
Printer.
'Ves iS
feff
* # * #
454
Microscopical Essays.
C H A
P.
VIII.
Of
the
Animalcula Infusoria,
UR
tions
contracted, but
knowledge of the microfcopic world is at prefent very we know enough to give us high concepconcealed wonders, and to
fill
of
it's
us with profound
made
life
recipi-
A
little
this
difcovered.
referable fo
it is
The
thofe with
prefented to
gradations of
the eye.
many
exiflence far below the minuted of thofe which we cbferve with to difcover the microfcope and though by this we are enabled
;
myriads of different creatures roving in the leaf! drop of water, as fuppofe that HE who if it were a fea, yet it is not unreafonable to worlds, has peofilled the immenfity of extent with funs and
has
than any pled every particle of fluids with more minute beings fublime ideas of apparatus of ours can perceive, agreeable to the
the poet
Gradual
Microscopical Essays.
Gradual from thefe what num'rous kinds defcend,
455
Evading even the microfcopic eye one wondrous mafs Full nature fwarms with life
!
Of animals,
Waiting
or atoms organized,
The hoary
fen,
Of peftilence thro' fubterranean cells, Where fearching fun-beams fcarce can find a Earth animated heaves. The flowery leaf
;
way,
Wants not
Within
it's
it's
foft inhabitants.
Secure,
winding
Holds multitudes.
foreft
boughs,
The downy
Of mellow fruit, the namelefs nations feed Of evanefcent infects. Where the pool
Stands mantled o'er with green,
invifible,
Amid
Each
whether
it
pierces, foothes,
With
Nor
air,
it
is
the ftream
Of pureft
feems,
Thefe, conceal'd
heaven, efcape
*-
* Let
45^
Microscopical Essays,
Let no prefuming impious
Creative
railer
tax
Wifdom,
as if
of her mind?
As if upon
full
proportion'd dome,
On
of art
critic fly,
whofe
An inch around,
And
lives the
Has fwept
Mark'd
at
once
their
dependance
As with unfaultering accent to conclude That this availeth nought ? Has any feen The mighty chain of beings leffening down From infinite perfection to the brink
turns ?
And hymns of holy wonder, to that Power, Whofe wifdom mines as lovely on our minds,
As on our
fmiling eyes his fervant fun,
Thompson.
Animal-
Microscopical Essays.
Animaleulum
might be applied
fize to ourfelves.
fignifies
457
little
to every animal
It
which
is
confiderably inferior in
by
this
name only
and
is
of
more
efpecially applied to
invifible to the
By
thefe
we
new
mals are difcovered, which, from their minutenefs, muft otherwife for ever have efcaped our obfervation
:
of thefe
invifibles there
all fizes,
may
refift
be,
is
yet
unknown
cerned of
naked
eye, to fuch as
powers
many moving
points.
The
nute,
fmalleft
living
creatures
;
for
may
upon
the earth,
it
is
fcarce
poffible to get a
view of them
and
we
are enabled,
by applying
of
a drop of
it's
contents.
It
if feeds,
ble fubftances, are infilled in water, the water will foon be filled
little
animals.
We
find them, in
moving
and rapidity
?
fome-
45
Microscopical Essays,
ftrait
forwards,
at other times
and turning round, and then running backwards and forwards through the whole dimenfions of the
rolling
one while
in fport
drop, as
little
if
at other times
attacking with
avidity the
They know
how
their
any obftacles that would interrupt motion, and even to avoid one another you may fee hun;
other
which they
thereto.
laid,
it
and take one diametrically op polite By inclining the glafs on which the drop of water is
are moving, to
may be made
move
in
any direction
the animaicula
it,
in the
grow
;
fmaller,
an anxious
vifible, as
momentary
refpite
of life
is
very
well as an
uncommon
laft ceafe.
water
fails,
they at
it is
im-
poflible to re-animate
frefh water.
Animaicula and
infects will
carried
beyond a certain
produced
live in
infecls, is fatal to
which
mow.
Microscopical Essays.
If the fmalled drop
459
of urine
is
about, apparently happy thefe animalcula are roving the acid foon fly to the other fide, but
and eafy,
they inftantly
cating
itfelf
communi-
but the
evil alfo
foon expire.
animalcula, as in every other part of nature, there is inalways a certain proportion p refer ved between the fize of the and their number. There are always fewed amongft the
Among
dividuals
in fize,
or lowed to which our powers of magnifying will Like other anireach, there are myriads to one of the larger. attained mals, they increafe in fize from their birth till they have
of the
lafl
deprived of food, they grow thin and difcovered perilh, and different degrees of organization are to be
their full growth.
When
in their dru&ure.
The
birth
and propagation of
is
as
for
though
mod
cafes,
from feeing
the
fpring, yet
we
in
numerous
manner
is
We have feen
multiply and
parent's
and vorticella
and
fubdivifions of the
body
this
many remarkable
va-
Some
multiply by
takes
Microscopical Essays.
takes place in the middle, forming a kind of neck, that
becomes
they are enabled by a flight degree of motion to feparate from each other. Thefe animalcula, in genetill
ral,
but
is
when
in great forwardnefs,
itfelf
uncommon
to fee
on the neck of
Another
itfelf
fpecies,
when
it is
fixes
to the
bottom of the
it
figure, afterwards
upon an
changing
direction of its
1
rotatory motion
ines
on
mal culum
Some
from another
is
feen to detach
itfelf,.
fome propa-
manner
as thofe
we deem more
perfect animals.
From what
it
are not purely mechanical, but are produced by an internal fpontaneous principle, and that they mufl therefore be placed among
ft rongeft.
marks,
and the moft decided characters of animation that there is no foundation for the fuppofition of a chaotic and
neutral kingdom, which can only have derived
it's
and confequently,
origin from
very tranfient
and
fuperficial
Microscopical Essays.
It
may
alfo
as
we
motions
of the limbs,
of the larger animals are produced by the mecnanical conilruction of the body, ana the action of the foul thereon, and are forced by the ocular demonllration which arifes
from anatomical chiiettion, to acknowledge this median m which animal is adapted to produce the various motions me cefTary to the
and
as
when we have
we
find thole
me-
Sec. in
the larger;
ther
when
the
ftruclure c n therefore
be traced no fur-
by the eye or
glaffes,
we have no
the parts which are invihble are not equally the fubjecl of mechanifm for this would be only to affert in other words, that a
:
thing
may
it is
ex iff becaufe
we
fee
and
feel
it,
when
fenfes.
and animalcula
we
fee
and members which occafion thefe motions are invihble, mall we infer that they have not mufcles, with organs appropriated to the
motion of the whole and
becaufe
it's
parts?
To
we cannot perceive them, would not be a rational conclufion. Our fenfes are indeed given us, that we may comprehend fome effects but then we have alfo a mind with reafon bellowed upon us, that from the things which we do perceive
;
with our
effects
fenfes,
we may deduce
MefTrs,
462
Microscopical Essays.
Needham, and Baron Munckhaufen, have conof animated nature in
fo different a light
Meffrs. Baffon,
fide red this part
from
we cannot with
Mr. Needham imagined that there was a vegetative force of water, and every vihble filament
conftfts
;
may
glaffes.
That agreeable
to
can
in
it's
revolution, to return
by a flow defcent
one
common
principle,
afcend to a
new
life.
whence it's atoms may return again, and That notwithstanding this, the fpecific
muft receive to conflitute
it
it
this
M. Buffon
to
afferts,
that
compofe a
them by
the
name
of organic
particles,
found
Baron Munckhaufen fuppofed that the and firft animals, and then vegetables
;
feeds of
this
moving fome
It
Microscopical Essays,
It
4%
might be
Needham and
and organic
particles, to
fub diluted words in the place of things, and that we are no gainers by the fubftitution, unlefs they explain the nature of thefe
powers.
But
to this
we may
add, that
all
thofe
who have
as
Ellis,
ll
ex-
amined the
fubjf 6t
with accuracy
and
attention,
Bonnet,
De
ler,
Sauffure,
Mul-
&c. difagree wi
the fore-
going gentlemen, proving that they had deceived themfelves by inaccurate experiments, and that one of them, M. Buffon, had
not feen the fpermatic animals he fuppofed himfelf to be deferring, infomuch that Mr. Needham was at lad induced to give up
his favorite hypothefis.
To
this
we may
nomenon
is
no argument
exigence.
Though we
manner
are
for the
would reckon
it
about in diforder.
parte,
The
cafe
7
is
to
whofe animation
he
They
are
exceed-
ingly frnali in
fcope,
Mr. Baker has made them affume a more refpecfable appearance; fo as to have a diameter of an inch and an half, and a proportionable length.
r
464
brifkiy
;
Microscopical Essays.
the motion of their interlines was very vifible
;
when the
of
Now, were we
to find a creature
the fize of this magnified eel gafping in a place where water had
we
it
to
be merely an
organic particle, or fortuitous allemblage of them, but a fiih. Why then fhould we conclude other-wife with regard to the eel
it's
natural
ftate,
than that
it is
little fiih ?
In reafoning on
we ought ever to remember, that however eflential the diftin&ion of bodies into great and fmall may appear to us,
this fubject,
whom,
as
p re lies atom."
himfelf, " an
atom
is
to exert his
power a
was
little
light
mere organic
mountain,)
affemblage
would appear
the
like a little
he
whole as an
them.
of
and be
afraid to
come near
Whenever,
with
therefore,
we
of felf-prefervation, or whatever we make the charaaeriftic of animals, neither the fmallnels of their fize, nor the impoffibility of our knowing how they came there, ought to
a principle
I (hall
made by
full refu-
Mr.
tation of thofe
B. Munekhaufen.
By
thofe
* Encyclopedia
Britannica,
vol. 1,
p.
456.
Microscopical Essays.
thofe he
4%
water,
it
made on
irr
appear-
ed evidently that the feeds were put in motion by minute animafs, which arofe on the decompofition of the mufhroom thefe, by
;
pecking at the
feeds,
which are
little
round
reddifli
bodies,
the food
The
on the
and animal
infufions,
when
fuppofed by Mr. Needham to be zoophytes, were found by Mr. Ellis to be of that genus of fungi called mucor, many of which
have been figured by Michelius, and defcribed by Linnaeus. Their vegetation is fo quick, that they may be feen to grow and
feed under the eye of the obferver
;
may be
feen in
Mr.
Ellis's
lix.
p. 138.
alfo
this
fpecies
filamentous roots,
from whence
on the
iffue in
top there
is
abundance,
elaftic
force,
which move
little at-
full
attack thefe feeds, and thus prolong their motion; but after a
fmall fpace of time they rife to the furface,
can
465
Microscopical Essay s.
called microfcopic'animalcula.
Indeed,
it
is
furprizing that
grains for any thing elfe than a vegetable production, a true fpe-
of mouldinefs.
On
to a
the
25th of May,
a potatoe in
confiftence.
Ellis boiled
mealy
He
put part of
it,
tion of the boiling liquor, into a cylindrical glafs vefTel, that held
fome thing
lefs
it
clofe
imme-
New
each other.
On
the 26th of
afterwards,
he ex-
magnifier of Wilfon's
at Tv part
is
reckoned
of an inch
full
of animalcula of a
moving
to
and
fo that there
life
than vegetable
in each drop.
tried,
it
;
to
fo at
warm,
The
Microscopical Essays.
The
animalcula are infinitely
fraaller
467
and of a very different fhape ; the truth of which every accurate obferver will foon be convinced of, whofe curiofity may lead him
to compare them, and he
is
way
akin.
one kind of thefe animalcula infuforia that increafe by dividing acrofs into nearly two equal parts, and that the infufion was made
from hemp-feed, he procured a quantity of this feed, fome of it he put into New River water, fome into diftilled water, and fome
into very hard
pump
water
in which they were kept, the heat of the weather, or the warmth minute animalcula in all of there was an appearance of millions
the infufions
made
their
which ilill appearance; thefe were much in an undulatory fro motion, and to wriggled thefe continued time that they moved turning themfelves round very quick all the
;
forwards.
Mr.
fins
Ellis
found
out,
by mere
accident, a
method to make
their
appear very diftindly, efpecially in the larger kind of animalcula, which are common to molt vegetable infufions, fuch as
the terebella.
at
one end,
a gimlet:
by applying a
horfefhoe geranium,
become
ex
tended
like fo
many
bridles all o
round
their bodies.
The-
fins are
***
468
Microscopical Essay s.
of the middle of their bodies.
kill
Before he difcovered
different kinds of la Its
this
expedient, he tried to
;
them'
by
and
fins
fpirits
by
for
this
means, their
were
fo contracted, that
he could not
diftinguifh
them
in the leaft.
if
them, they
rendering their
again invifible.
It
is
One
might well have deemed an object that was a thoufand times too little to affect our fenfe, as perfectly removed from human difcovery
;
yet
whom
reality,
the
greater
number of
fize, that
through a lens ?
whofe
focal diftanee
is
;
pear as fo
many
points
be diflinguifh-
an
we
invert igate
of an inch long,
WUj
by
the
each animaleulum
definitely fmall
is
equal to
inr
bodks very
familiar to us
now
fui prized
to
Microscopical Essays.
be told of animals many millions of times fmaller than a mite
there are
469
;.
for
fame animalcula
is
fo fmall, that,
upon
calculation, the
whole earth
to thefe
little
Thele coninternal
fiderations are
further heightened,
by
reflecting
all
on the
each
mud
have
the proportion,
is
in-
and each
fpecies.
of animal-
we now proceed
the arrangements of O. F. Muller,f and giving the reader the difcriminating characters by which he has diftinguimed them, abridging, enlarging, or altering the defcriptions, to render
them
in
fome
inftanees
I hope,
more
more
Thofe
that
t<,
Monas
punctiforme.
A mere point.
2, Proteus
mutabile.
Mutable..
3.
* Cyclopedia Britannica, Art. Animalcule.
Volvox
*:
o
3.
Microscopical Essays.
Volvox: fphaericum.
Enchelis
Spherical.
4.
cylindraceum.
Cylindrical.
5.
Vibrio
elongatum.
Long.
* Membranaceous.
6.
Cyclidium: ovale.
Oval.
7.
Paramecium: oblongum:
Kolpoda: fmuatum.
Oblong.
8.
Sinuous.
9.
Gonium
angulatum.
With
angles.
10. Burfaria.
Hollow
like a purfe.
II.
3.
With
tail.
2.
Trichoda
crinitum.
3.
Kerona : corniculatum.
Himantopus
cirratum,
With
horns.
4.
Girrated,
Microscopical Essays.
5.
471
ciliated.
Leucophra
ciliatum undique.
Every part
6. Vorticella
ciliatum apice.
The apex
(hell.
ciliated.
*.
Covered with a
7.
Brachionus
ciliatum apice.
The apex
a
s.
ciliated,*
I.
Mgn
Vermis inconfpicuus, fimpliflimus, pellucidus, punftiformis. An invifible,* pellucid, fimple, pun&iform worm.
1.
Monas Termo
Monas
gelatinofa.
Gelatinous
Mona.
fpall.
op. phyf.
I,
p0
obf, p. 174.
Among
microfeope,
the
moft minute,
fmall jelly-like
point,
microfeope, and being but imperfectly feen by the fmgle thefe, and fome others of the mona kind, are fo delicate and flender5
that
it is
fight
of many
who
difappear
* By
eve,
invifible
we
only
mean
by the naked
472
Microscopical Essays.
it
were
full
of thefe, that
it
not eafy to difcover the lead empty fpace, fo that the water
feems changed into another fubftance
lefs
it-
felf
tranfparent, but
confifting
fown together.
fimilar to that
water, the
may be perceived, fomething when the fun's rays mine on the animalcula being violently agitated, or in a commoIn this a motion
is
which
obferved
It is
very
common
in ditch water,
and
in
almoft
all
infufions,
both
of animal
and vegetable
fubftances.
2.
Monas Atomus.
Plate
Monas albida pun&o, variabili inftru&a, White mona, with a variable point.
This animalculum appears
highly magnified,
is is
XXV.
Fig.
as a
when
it is
marked with a black point, the fituation of this is fometimes varied, and found at the other end of the animalculum; fometimes two black points are to be feen crofling the
generally
It
it
was found in
fea
was
there were
no other animalcula
in the
fame water.
3.
Monas
Ml CROSCOPICAL Essays,
3.
473
Monas Punclum.
Monas
nigra.
A black mona.
folid,
were found in a
foetid infufion
4.
Monas
Ocellus*
Monas
hyalina
pun&o
centrali notata.
Tranfparent like
talc.,
The margin
irregularly,
is
black,
in the middle
it
moves
fre-
5,
Monas Lens.
Monas
This
a round
is
hyalina.
among
the
number of the
of
figure,
and
fo pellucid, that
Though
they
may
often
be feen
ate,
Contrary to the
When
the water
is
are oerceived,
Allow
474
Microscopical Essays,
motion, confined to one fpot,
this in
A flow tremulous
ceived at intervals
;
may be
lively,
per-
little
and
It's
motions
are, in general,
may fometimes be
fpecies,
feen
very quick
whereas
it is
by
divifion.
It
is
is
to
;
be found
in all water,
in that which;
pure
alio in infufions
of animal or vegetable
are to be found in the
fubftanc.es,
made
;
either
of
numbers,,
of various
fizes,,
of the teeth.
The
firft
fpecies are fo
numerous
as.
confined fpace,
6.
Monas Mica.
Mona, marked with a
circle.
Monas, circulo
This lucid
the
notata.
little
point
may be
common
;
fingle microfcope,
when
the magnifying
power
is
it
increafed
it
tranfparent,
it's
were within
circumference
this ellipfe is
little
to-
There
Microscopical Essays,
There
round
kidneys
arid the
is
475
;
a confiderable variety in
it's
motions
it
often turns
iske
fame place
an appearance
two
may
animalculum
from
invifible
and vibrating
hairs.
They
7.
Monas
Tranquilla.
Monas
rent
nigro.
Egg-fhaped, tranfpa-
They
being fometimes
The
black margin
is
not always to be found, and fometimes one would almoft be tempted to think it had a tail. It is found in urine which has
been kept
mals
live:
for a time.
The
urine
is
covered, after
it
has remained
thefe ani-
which
we
find that
it
priated to,
and
living in
8.
Monas
47^
Microscopical Essays.
8.
Monas Lamellula.
Flat tranfparent monas.
is
fait
it
water.
is
It
is
of a whitifh colour,
long as
often appears as
if double,.
9.
Monas
Pulvifculu.0 *
Monas
green margin.
of different
fizes,
the circum-
fome, probably indicating that they are near feparating, or dividing, into
at others fix
two
diftincl;
animalculurn
and
feven, or
They rove about with a wavering motion, and in the month of March in marftiy grounds.
10.
Monas Uva.
Monas
It is
hyalina gregaria.
little
affemblages
more
When
col leledi
Microscopical Essays,
collected in a heap, the only
lution, or rolling round.
477
is
a kind of revo-
The
as
move about
To
ther
try
whether
this
by chance, or whether it was their natural (late to be thus grouped together, the following experiment was made. A fingle
corpufcle was taken the
moment
itfelf ;
it
it
foon increafed in
and when
had attained nearly the fame bulk as the group from which it was feparated, the furface began to aflume a wrinkled appearance,
which gradually changed till it became exactly This new-formed group was agai parent group.
like the preceding one,
fimilar to the
i
decompofed,
and
in a little
became
as large as that
It is
found
in a variety
II.
Proteu
s,
An
11.
Proteus Diffluens.
XXV.
Pro-
branching
itfelf
A very
478
Microscopical Essays.
very
fmgular animalculum,
;
mucous mafs
different
it is
filled
is
fizes,
and
continually changing
figure,
is
Being
ealily
and
it
puflies
out branches
of
different
lengths and
breadths.
The
imme-
new-formed
parts, always
changes of form
in the animalcula.
little
The changes
do not
are ob-
creature,
arife
from any
internal
extraneous caufe,
on
it's
powers.
It
is
to be
it
only faw
twice, although
of infu lions.
It is
12.
Proteus Tenax.
Proteus
in
fpiculum diffluens,
Fig.
4 and
5,
Plate
XXV.
A gelatinous
changes
firft
it's
it
extending
out in a
{trait line,
an
being
without any interlines, and the globules collected in the upper part, it next draws the pointed
it
into a
round
The
lower
479
in Fig. 4
It
;
is
fwelled out as
it
is
reprefented
the
pafles
is
through
forms before
arrives at that
which
feen
at Fig. 4.
fcarcely
is
fpot, only
bending about
fideways.
to
nitida
grows,
-a
the
tail,
III.
O L V O X.
pellucidus,
Volvox
inconfpicuus
fimpliciffimus,
fpheericus.
An
invifible,
13.
Volvox Punclum,
puncxo lucido.
Spherical, of a
Volvox
fphaericus, nigricans,
A fmall
is
globule
one hemifphere
is
vehement motion
tremulous manner,
moves
in a
and often pades through the drop, turning round as if upon an Many may be often feen joined together in their paffage axis.
through the water, they fome times move
as in a
little
whirlpool,
and
then feparate.
It is
found
in
14.
Vol-
480
Microscopical Essays.
14.
Volvox
Sphasrical
There feems
to
in this ani-
malculum
flowly.
the circumference
tranfparent.
It is to
;
be found
generally in the
month of June,
in
marihy places
it
moves but
15.
Volvox Globulus.
Globular volvox, the
Volyox globofus,
poftice fubobfcurus.
is
mona
form.
it
verges fometimes a
little
it's
and make the hinder part of the commonly a flow fluttering kind of body appear opake motion, but if it is difturbed the motion is more rapid.
interlines are juft vifible,
;
The
it
has
It is
found in
mod infufions
16.
of vegetables.
Volvox
Pilula.
Volvox
fphaericus, interaneis
immobilibus virefcentibus.
interlines;
Small
This is a fmall tranfparent animalculum it's inteftines are immoveable, of a green colour, and are placed near the middle of
;
the
may be
difcovered
is,
animalculum.
creature appears
If this
is
circle.
tory motion of any fringe of hairs, they are inviflble to the eye,
even when
aflifted
by the microfcope.
at
It
at another quick,
and
is
to be
found
in water
late as the
month of December,
17.
Volvox Grandinella.
Spherical
Volvox
is
much
is
marked with
no motion
is
to be perceived
among
the in-
(trait line,
fomefpojt ?
times
it's
courfe
irregular, at others
i8.
Volvox
Socialis.
Volvox
diilances
Spherical volvox,
placed
at
equal
When
482
Microscopical Essays.
very
When
fome
It
much
naked eye.
confifts
filling
up
they are
all
of an equal
fize.
Whether they
common membrane,
ftalk, as in
or whether
common
We
is
are
alfo
it is
particles
of which
ufed,
compofed
when
a very
disis
large magnifying
power
The motion
left,
tg.
Volvox
Sphsericula.
Volvox
Spherical
This fpherule
ferent fizes.
l
is
points,
of dif-
It
a quarter of a circle
left to right.
from
ight to left,
20.
Volvox Lunula.
moleculis
fimilaribus
lunatis.
Volvox
hemifphaericus,
An
Plate
hemifpherical
volvox,
Fig. 7,
XXV.
Is
483
molecules, homogeneous, pellucid, and of trie fhape of the in it's full quarter, without any common margin.
moon
It
is
in a continual
twofold motion
among
the
They
are found in
21.
Volvox
volvox.
fphaericus
membranaceus.
Spherical membranaceous
This is a tranfparent globule, of a greenifh colour the fcetus of fmaller greenifh globules. It becomes whiter and compofed is brighter with age, moves flowly round it's axis, and may be per;
But
membrane
were granulated, which has occafioned fome obfervers to imagine it to be hairy the
;
young.
The
exterior molecules
may be
wiped
off,
leaving the
membrane naked.
are of a proper fize,
ft
When
the
young ones
the
membrane
mother
{fare
melts away.
fuperficies
Moft
484
Microscopical Essays.
fpeak of finding eight
lefier
Mod authors
larger
;
globules
wkhin the
progeny
is
different
it's
well
known
indeed
grandchildren.
firft
who
lum, and depicted it; a circum fiance which has not been mentioned
by Baker and other microfcopic writers who have defcribed it. It may be found in great plenty in ftagnant waters in fpring and fummer, and in infufions of hemp-feed and tremella.
thus defcribed
It
is
by Mr. Baker.
tail,
or
fins.
It
moves
in all directions,
forwards or backwards, up or down, rolling over and over like a bowl, fpinning horizontally like a top, or gliding along fmoothly
/
without turning
itfelf at all.
;
Sometimes
and when
it's
it
can turn
it's
round
place.
as
are placed,
young.
The
body
in
fome
as
it
were dotted
all
over with
little
and
alfo
that in general
it
appeared
as if it
was
fet
able hairs.
By
are at
Thefe animalcula
%ure
Microscopical E s s a ys.
figure,
485
;
and
in fub fiance
in the
globes
may be
perceived;
each of thefe are fmaller animalcula, which have alfo their diaphanous membrane, and contain within themfelves ftill fmaller
which may be diftinguilhed by the affiftance of very powerful glafTes. The larger globules may be feen to efcape from the parent, and then increafe in fize, as we have already
generations,
obferved,
22.
Volvox Morum.
orbicularis, centro moleculis fphaericis
Membranaceous
fufBciently diftinguifhed
membrane.
The middle
part
full
may
mo-
and
is
and December.
23.
Volvox Uva,
Volvox globofus, moleculis fphaericis virefcentibus nudis. Globular volvox, compofed of green fpherical globules, which
are not inclofed in a
common membrane.
This
486
Microscopical Essays
medium between the being like the one com
volvox
pillula
It eonfifts
greenifti colour,
is
fometimes of
common memit,
brane
this
is
a kind of halo
may be
perceived round
but whether
been difcovered.
The mafs
;
generally
moves from
right to
left,
and from
left
to right
fcarce
It
in
was found in the month of Auguft, Two mafTes in water where the lemna polyrrhiza was growing. of thefe globules have been feen joined together. They contain from four to fifty of the globules, of which a folitary one may
the globules themfelves.
now and
then be found.
24.
Volvox Vegetans.
& dichitomis,
terminating
It eonfifts
invifible to the
naked eye
at the
is
little
Muller
at
;
firft
thought
it
to
river fertularia
but
.afterwards
he found the bunches about in the water with a proper fpontaneous motion. fwimming Many old branches were found deferted of their globules, while
Microscopical Essays.
the younger branches were furnifhed with them.
river water in
It
487
was found in
1780.
N C H E L
I S.
An
invi-
cylindric
worm.
Enchelis Viridis.
25.
Green enche-
This
obtufe
is
tail,
It
is
continually varying in
it's
to left.
26.
Enchelis Pun&ifera.
Enchelis
nata,
acumithe
Fig. 8,
Plate
XXV.
Green
enchelis,
fubcylindric,
It is
there
is
a fmall
in
be feen
body.
The
hinder part
is
pellucid
and pointed
an incifion
is
4 88
is
Microscopical Essays.
When
found
motion, the whole ofdt appears opake and
the mouth.
green.
Is
in marfhes.
27.
Enchelis Defes.
Enchelis
viridis, cylindrica,
fubacuminata gelatinofa.
Green,
fomewhat pointed.
The body
quite opake
is
;
is
it
is
the fore-part
bluntly rounded
off,
finifhes
From
it's
opacity,
be difcovered
there
is
a degree of
It
is
exceeding
idle,
to be found,
though
rarely, in
an infufion of lemnee.
28.
Enchelis Similis.
an opake body, with a pellucid margin both extremities under one are obtufe, but the upper one much more fo than the It's motion is generally it is filled with moveable fpherules.
It is
;
left
it is
when moving
ated.
It is
En-
Microscopical Essays,
29.
489
Enchelis Serotma.
Enchelis
ovato-cylindracea.
interaneis
immobilibus.
Enimmove-
An oval
it
is
go.
Enchelis Nebulofa.
Enchelis ovato-cylindracea,
interaneis
manifeftis mobilibus*
interlines.
moveable
The body
often
filled
is
ftiaped like
an egg, the
;
fore- part
narrow, and
it
in
moving,
elevates
as
found
in
the
31.
Enchelis Seminulum
It is
it is
broad,
the
inteil ines in
It
the fore-
moves by
It
may
be feen fometimes
fwimming
Microscopical Essays,
fwimming about with the
extremities joined together.
Found
in
32.
Enchelis Intermedia.
Cylindri-
This animalculum forms an intermediate kind between the enchelis feminulum, and the cychdium
The
body is
reft
has no vifible interlines, the fore and hindfize, the edge of a deeper colour than the part are of an equal
tranfparent,
of the body
a point
is
of fome of
them, in others
it is
as if a line palled
33*
Enchelis Ovulum.
Enchelis
enchelis.
cylindrico-ovata
hyalina.
Egg-fhaped tranfparent
animalculum; nothing
;
is
difcovered within
increafed
ficies,
but with an
the fuper-
power fome long foldings may be feen on and here and there a few bright molecules.
34.
Enchelis Pirum.
Pear-form enchelis,
This
Microscopical Essays,
This
berant,
;
49 1
is
enclielis
is
lively
and
protu-
and
filled
empty it has moveable molecular inteftines. It's motion is rapid, palling backwards and forwards through the diameter of
the drop.
tubercle,
When
at reft,
it
feems to have a
little
(welling, or
35.
Enchelis Tremula.
Oval
enchelis, cylin-
This
is
alfo to
it is
the end of
be placed amongft the mod minute animalcula rather pointed, and has a tremulous motion it
;
it
has a
tail.
crea-
may
at times
malcula,
36.
Enchelis Conftricla*
Suboval en-
An
found
as if a firing
animalculum of an oval fhape, the middle part drawn in, was tied round its It is of a very fmall fize, and is
in fait water.
Microscopical Essays,
37.
Enclielis eliptica,
tic
Enchelis Pulvifculus,
viridi.
Of an
dip--
It
is
trie
fpots
myriads
;
may
it is
found
of the
veflels in
which water
been kept
for
fome
time.,
38..
Enchelis Fufus..
round and tranfparent, the fore and hind-part fmaller than the reft of the body, and equally fo, the ends a little truncated. In the infide a long and fomewhat winding interline,
is
The body
a fky-coloured bright
verfely fituated,
fluid,
and.
may be
difcerned.
It's
was found
in
pure water,.
39.
EncheUs
Fritillus.
A eylindric enchelisj
m
the hinder-
Mulkr
is
No
;
in-
can be feen.
fomethe drop in a diametrical line, with a wavering motion times turns round for a moment, but prefently enters on. it's,
ufual courie..
Is
40.
Enchelis Caudata..
XXV.
The body
cules divided
is
from each
body; the
fore-part,
a,
end truncated.
It is
41.
Enchelis Epiftomium.
En-
roundiflu.
In
494
It is
Microscopical Essays.
among
the fmailer
;
animalcula the body is cylindrical bright, the hind-part obtufe, the fore-part fmaller, and terminating in a globule a black line may now and then be per-
and
ceived
down
the middle of
it.
42.
Enchelis
Gemmata.
duplici,
in
Enchelis
cylindracea,
ferie
globulorum
with
collum
the
hyalinum produ&a.
Enchelis
a cylindrical
body,
upper part prolonged into a tranfparent neck, a double feries of globules running down the body. It's motion is flow, and generally
in a (trait line
;
it is
Enchelis Retrograda.
Enchelis hyalina, antice anguftata, apice globulari. Tranfparent enchelis, the fore-part rather fmaller, and terminating in
XXV.
no
vifible interlines,
It
thicker!: in 'the
It
each end.
generally
;
moves
grade manner
and
if it is
obftru&ed in
1 1
motion, draws
itfelf
up
as
it is
reprefented at Fig.
44.
Enchelis Feflinans.
Oblong
The
'icroscopical Essays.
The body
ends obtufe
interlines,
;
495
is
round, of an equal
fize
the length
bules
it
alfo to
fide
to the
manner.
was found
in
fea.
water.
45.
Enchelis Farcimen.
cylindric
at
both ends.
The body of
it is
this
is
interlines
opake, and
not to be diflinguifhed
fo as to
it
ways,
form the
figure
of an
Joblot found
it
in
it
moves
in
an undulatory manner,
4.6,
Enchelis Index.
En-
produced out fo
part.
The body
conical figure
rather opake,
;
and of a long
4q6
M.I-C
roscdpical Essays.
projec"tioiiss
obtufe.
It
lemna minor.
47.
Enchelis Truncus.
XXV.
Cylin-
a kind of head.
the
This
is
body
is,
cylindrical,
Something
may
be fometimes feen to proceed from one of the Globules of different alter it's fhape confiderably.
feen within the body.
It
it
can
may be
left.
48.
Enchelis Larva*
long
two
little
fide.
It is
is
filled
the fore-part
is
formed
from
this end.
The lower
part
of the body
there are
two fmall
49.
En-
Microscopical Essays;
49.
497
Eu clid is
Spatula.
Enchelis cylindrica
flriata,
apice hyalino-fpatulata.
A cylin-
and of the
ihape of a fpatula.
This animalculum
cryftailine
is
;
appearance it is marked with very fine longitudinal has generally two tranfparent globules, one placed and furrows, below the middle, the other near the extremity of the body on
;
which are
oval.
The
top
is
form
in general.
Muller mentions
it
when
50.
it
again appeared.
Enchelis Pupula.
A cylindric enchelis,
The
fore-part
is
protubef antly round, and rather opake, the 'hind-part pellucid, both extremities obtufe, furnifhed with a papillary finger-fhapcd head, the hinder- part marked with a
tranfparent circle, or circular aperture.
The
fore-part filled
up
with moveable molecules, which are more fcarce in the hinder* part. It lias.a rotatory motion on a longitudinal axis, and moves
in
an oblique direction.
It is
to be found in
Microscopical Essays
51.
Enchelis Pupa.
It
is
is
much larger
formed from
with obfcure
all
but
this
end
is
opake, and
filled
it
chelis pupula.
exceeding flothfuL
V.
BR. 1
o..
Vermis inconfpicuus,
invifible
fimplichTimus,
teres,
elongatus.
An
worm, very
fimple, round,
52.
Vibrio Lineoia*.
Very
This
is
in flenlittle
dernefs the
monas termo.
it
The
almoft
more than
points.
oblong obfcure
In a few days
^3. Vibrio^
Microscopical Essays.
53.
40/c
Vibrio Rugula.
Myriads of
lineola
this fpecies
may
be found;
it is
It
appears as a
little line,
which
is
fometimes drawn up in an
all.
54,
Vibrio Bacillus.
Vibrio
linearis,
aequalis
utrinque truncata.
Linear vibrio,
This
lens
;
is
vifible
in a certain pofition
gelati-
fix,
and
fize,
it
is
and has no
vifible interlines
it's
action
flexures of the
difficulty perceived.
in the
at the
it
fame time
but
in the
was
in the
firfl
latter,
many of the monas lens and kolpoda cucullus many of vibrio bacillus, and few of the monas.
in the
3 P a
55
Vibrio
0;.
Microscopical
5,
Essays*.
Vibrio Undula*
never
(trait
when
at reft
it
refembles the
M,
in their flight
through the
it's
motions are
refts-
It
generally
upon the top of the water, fometimes it one extremity, and whirls itfelf round.
This
the
little
by
is
creature that
Leeuwenhccck
fays exceeds
im
defcribed in Fig. 5, Epif. Phyf. 41, being an hundred times than a muftard-feed, and on which he makes the following very
ju0
bfervation
That
and
we muft conclude
tendons
;
and mufcles are as neceffary to them as to other animals if tothis we add the organs of fenfation, and thofe of the inteftines,. the mind is loft in the aftonifhment which arifes from the impreffion of infinite, in the indefinitely fmall.
56.
Vibrio Serpens,.
A flen-
501
A {lender gelatinous
diftances
;
little
and
at equal
generally
moves
in a ftrait line
an
interline
may be
difcovered
but
is
in river water,
Vibrio. Spirillum,
Vibrio
filiformis,
ambagibus
in
angulum acutum
tornatis..
fcrew
It
is
fpiral
an exceeding minute fmgular little creature, twilled in a< form the Ihape of thefe bendings remains the fame even
;
when
line,
the animal
it's
is
in motion, not
It
natural fhape.
moves generally
It
in a ftrait
and
fore-part.
58.
This
little
vibrio
is
twifted
and
The body is
long,
the
apex
rather
It's
growing
is
fmaller,
and twitted
motion
;
of the
common worm
it
When
it
bends
from one
long line
may be
difcovered, fometimes
whole;,
Microscopical Essays*
whole, fometimes broken
^various folds.
:
when
It
may be
ftrft
fcope, and
Leeuwenhoeck in all his works, as found in the dung of frogs, and in the fpawn of the male libellula. It is to be found in
marfhy water
in
59.
Vibrio gelatinofus,
teres,
antice anguftatus.
This vibrio
is
It is
cylindric, milk-coloured,
;
no
traces of interlines to
five fpherical
It
hind-part.
it
much
inwards as to give
It's
motion
is
They
waters.
60.
Vibrio Bipunciatus.
Vibrio
linearis, aequalis,
binis mediis.
throughout, both
ends truncated, and two fmali globules in the middle of the body.
than the following animalappearance, the fore and
hind-
It
is
of a fmall
fize,
and rather
lefs
talc-Jike
Microscopical Essays,
hind-part truncated
;
in the
is
in
a limit line;
it's
movements
was
61.
Vibrio Tripunclatus.
Vibrio
linearis,
tribus, extremis
minor ib us.
The body
is
the
is
green matter
in
fome there
is
feldom
moves
far,
and then
motion
is
reclilinear,
backwards and
forwards,.
6*2.
Vibrio PaxiliFen
XXV.
vibrio,..
This
is
malcula.
different.
parcels,.
504
parcels,
Microscopical Essays,
from feven to forty
in
of forms, fometimes in a
11 rait
moving
in a zig-zag
dne&ion,
when
at reft,
As
this
affinity
will
like annua'
be better pleafed
than to have it
introduced in
this place,
new and
animal
diftinct fpecies.
This
little
is
uncommonly
refemblancc
fifty
It's
The to an hair induced Mr. Baker to call it the hair-like inf ect. body, or middle part, which is nearly fIra it, appears in fome compofed of fuch parallel rings as the windpipe of land animals
-confifts of,
but feems
in others fcaled,
each other.
It's
hooked, pretty nearly in the fame degree, but in a direction contrary each to the other and as no eyes can be difcerned, it is
;
difficult to
judge which
is
the head or
tail.
It's
all
animals hitherto
compofed. of
many
it
and
;
joints,
it
move
directly
forwards
but when
inclinable to -change
it's
quarters,
can
left,
or
left to right,
;
at the
fame
performs by
turning upon one end as a center, and defcribing with the other
it
and
Microscopical. Essays.
-and fo alternately,
505
whereby
;
it's
progreffion
is
in a diagonal line,
as
whoever
will take
the
trouble to
compares
in that
diately be fatisfied.
All
it's
much
nor
patience
fins,
and attention
hairs,
has neither
feet,
nor
another, fo as to be like a
S; nor
is
part, to be perceived,
to fuppofe
it
the
of millions might be
llngly,
When
viewed
or feparatcd
tranfparent,
and of a
when numtill
bers of them are brought together they become opake, and lofe
their green colour in proportion as the quantity increafes,
laft
at
for
on viewing
they will
for
fome time
be feen to difperfe
If a multitude of
them
are
put into a jar of water, they will form themfelves into a regular
body, and afcend flowly to the top, where, after they have re-
to the
air,
When
3
lhey
zsQ
Microscopical Essays.
low
as they intend.
creatures having
fo
down
grow weary of
it's
fit
nation,
and had
a,
mind
to
change
it's
quarters.
Both armies,
fame
;
fo time, the one proceeding upwards, and the other downwards A defire that after fome hours journey they met in the middle.
of knowing
how
obferver to watcli
them
carefully,
and
to his furprize he
faw the
left,
army
that
to-
make room
were defcending.
it's
going up marching in two columns to the top, and the other proceedinginone column to the bottom, as if each had been under
the direction. of wife leaders..
63.
Vibrio Lunula.
Bbw--
The body
quarter;
it is
refembles
much
moon
at the
fkhV
of a green colour, and has generally from feven to the fmaller ones are of a very
;
middle: fome
little
varieties
may may be
Microscopical Essays.
;
57
winch are not eafy to be defer ibed it will be enough to have .given the reader their general and diftinguifhing chara&eriflics,
Vibrio Verminus.
64.
Vibrio linearis
compreflus,
antice
quam
poflice
angufiicr.
round tranfparent anirnalculum, or rather along cryflalline membrane, the hind-part broader than the fore-part, the apex
moves quickly, with an undulatory motion, backwards and forwards; they fee m to be joined in a very fmgular manner, and are found in great plenty in fait water that had been kept fome days, and was foetid.
Vibrio Malleus.
65.
linear
and
This
is
T\
It is in
motion and
at reft every
motion
it
66.
Vibri#
aoS
Microscopical
66..
'Essays-;.
Vibrio Aeus.
Vibrio
cauda
fetacea.
Linear
vibrio,,
with a neck, the upper extremity obtufe, the lower one terminate
-
ing in a fetaceous
tail.
This vibrio
is
of the
ftiape
of a fewing needle
in the
partly tranfparent,
and marked
and
brittle.
A
It
motion may
when
in motion.
.67.
Vibrio Sagitta.
Vibrio fublinearis,
colli,
cauda
fetacea.
Somewhat linear in it's appearance, a well-marked truncated and open, the tail fetaceous.
,
The body is
dle,
which
is
the fore-part
is it
flrait
and black.
The motion
of
this
animalculum feems to be
It
is,
found in
fait water..
63. Vibrio-
Microscopical Essays.
68.
Vibrio Gordius.
Vibrio
fize
aequalis,
Vibrio of an equal
tubercle.
throughout, the
terminated by a
little
round animalculum
is
the
fore-part
for
about one-fix th
with a Iky-
tranfparent, and
;
furniflied
is
a fmall
fait
Found
in
water.
6g,
Vibrio Serpentulus,
This vibrio
is
of aa
It
is
which
It
does not
adhere to objecls
by the pointed
points.
it is
It's
is
Terpentine, fometimes to be
met with
perfectly
ftrait
flill,
;
and
it is
is
found
in infufions
of vegetables
after
fome
is
weeks Handing
fre~
jo. Vibrio
M icroscopic al
70.
E s ay
&<,
Vibrio Coluber,
Vibrio
tail
filiformis, feta
caudali geneculata.
Filiform vibrio,
trie
fetaceous,
the body.
confpicuous.
The
body-
It is
71.
Vibrio Anguillula.
Vibrio of an equal
fize
through-
may be
fpeeies,
namely,
Anguillula Aceti.
Vinegar Eel.
Syft.
Nat. 1326.
p. 3, n. 1,
1,
p. 2, pi. 2.
fig. 2.
Hook's Micr.
p. 25,
1,
p. 7.
Power's
Microscopical Essays,
towers Micr. Obf.
p. 38.
fig.
8 and
10.
- Micr. Expl.
9.
p. 81,
pi. 5,
fig.
fig.
C,D. Rozier Journal Phyfique, Mars 1775, Janv. & Mars 177$.
pi.
32,
197, A,.B,
ir
p. 83.
Anguillula Glutinis.
Pafle Eel.
p. 82.
.
.
Adams
Micr.
Illuf..
The body
with
little
is
and
fize.
and
Anguillula Fluviataiis.
invis)..
Needham
Micr. p. 99,
pi. 5, fig. 7.
fig. 9.
p. 8o, pi. 5,
du faux
ergot.
2,
SpaUanz..Opufc.,Phyf. part
%<
l0
Micr-oscopic al Essays.
The body of this
though a few
is
is
tranfverfe lines
may be
final!
It
little
globules,
oval ones
the
tail
terminates
in a point.
eels in
fides
of
veftels in
The eels of pa Re have been more diftinguifhed than moft other animalcula, as well on account of the various [peculations and
theories to
ties.
firft,
which
it
has given
rife,
Four
different fpecies
of eels
of the
page 511, we fhali now give a more particular defcription. To be certain of procuring thefe eels, boil fome flower in water, to which you have added a few drops of vinegar, provide an earthen pot which has
a hole
at
the bottom,
fill it
in this earth
the pot
is
to
be
warm
place in the
winter
by
this
means you
will
very feldom
fail
of finding in ten
This
long,
eel,
when
at it's full
growth,
is
and rather
lefs
about one hundred and twenty times, only compreffedfo much between two plates, by means of an adjufting fcrew, as not only to prevent
it
Fig. 6, Plate
XL
reprefents
one of thefe
eels magnified
flatten it in
a fmall
degree.
Microscopical Essays.
degree.
5*3
pieces,
there are
two
little
moveable
b
is
or nipples, a
formed, that
terminates in the
projects
mouth
tail is
the hinder-part
tail
is
round,
but
ther.e
from
it
a fhort fetaceous
in the
young
eels
the
termination of the
but
it
finifhes
by a gradual diminution.
gently preffed,
There
;
is
probably a vent
near
z,
of the excrements
two or three
jets,
it.
of a very fubtle
If the preffure
is
increafed, a fmall bladder will be forced out, a further compreffion burfts the bladder, and the bowels are forced through the
opening.
is
neceffary to obtain an
{hewn here
for
as
eafily
effeaed;
operation.
nature,
by very
c, Fig.
little
art,
performs the
it's
The
oefophagus, b
6 and
10, at
c,
origin
a,
is
and forms a
till
cd;
it
comes to d, where it fwells out as at de f it then grows fmdler There is a till it comes to g, when it again fwells out as g k 1. narrow neck at i, which in it's natural ftate is feen in the bag k 1.
The
part k
is
the ftomach.
M.
animalculum
the
is
little veflel
oefophagus, which
form within
3
it,
till it
comes
to in,
from
514
Microscopical Essays/
prolonged
in the
from whence
which
pafles
it is
by
minates
itfelf at
abdomen
i,
k.
To
two
this tube,
are fixed
is
final 1
tranfc
that
pointed
be
eel.
We
eel.
muft
this
duel
is
to
head or
which
is
hence
when
body
the
forced towards
the anterior part, they meet with a reliftance in pairing from the
abdomen forced by
upper
with
abdomen being
it,
made
to aft againft
burfls at the
part,
and the
all it's
nterior part
on
leflening the
dif-
glafs.
Not
pofed by fome
cenftitute the
&c.
"of thefe
minute animalcula,
which motion may be difcovered, and to leave the reft to future 1 The parts which may be feen in obfervations cn the fubjeft.
motion within -thefe minute creatures
are,
1.
of
2. thefe duft, from it's origin at m, to the two appendages appendages themfelves 3. the remainder of the tube, from the appendages to the infertion at the ventricule k ; 4. in the fwell;
ing g k
I. a
The
reft
of
this
duft,
oefopha-
Ml CROSCOPICAL Essays.
oefophagus b
c,
no motion.
There
is
<
a variety
It is
in the
motions of the
at. other
firft
times
when
and
creature
is
favorable, they
feem to have
to,
move
up and down.
alternately, the
The
part g k
independent of
is
the
reft.
whofe motion
connect-
ed with the
of the animal.
The
body of
the eel,
and which may be obferyed by the aid of the microfcope, are the vefic-Is which contain the food, thofe which are filled with a transparent fubftance, and the
womb,
or ovary.
The
firft
form the
abdomen and
interlines
which prevents
and
clearly diftinguifhed
we may
of the animalculum
j
is
runs from
to tix
it -is
at thefe
that the eggs begin to be formed, for the large II eggs are always
to be found in the middle,
at the ends, as
may
be feen
at j f
and u
x.
.-
All the eels which bear eggs have two protuberances, y y, formed on the exterior part, near the center of the ovary it ap;
pears like a tranfparent femicircular membrane, but is really a kind of hernia, or bag, in which one or two eggs may be fome-
.$#T
& ^<v
1
V''*';
"
'
'tinted
516
times feen
;
Microscopical Essays.
all
have not
Now as the younger eels appendage, nor any markb ot a rupture, we may reafonably conclude that it is from hence that the little eels iffue
this
eels,
young
eels
may be
have one time in the belly of the parent, twenty- two eggs have been counted in the ovary. M. Muller fufpefted that there
;
the egg
been feen
at
to
M.
it
He continued his
eels,
refearches
upon
the fame
fubjecl:
on other microfcopic
The next
ceding
It is
it is
eel
we
it
fhall defcribe
is
the eel of vinegar, Fig, f oviparous and viviparous like the preis
;
filiform,
differ
confiderably.
fmaller,
and more
and
a
this eel,
tail,
it moves with much greater more lively. We may obferve in fmall, at the tail of what may be feen at large at the beginning of the viper's
is
little
from
it.
An alimentary
duel:
may
be
eafily difcovered,
The
Microscopical Essays,
The
fecond fpecies of pafle eel
is
5*7
It
is
;
oviparous.
eafily
it
diflinguifhed
from the
8.
firft
kind,
is
reprefented at Fig.
Tne conformation of
find
and the
ligent
obferver will
By
be-
a void fpace
is
left
little
yond the middle of the body, where the eggs are collected. There is no exterior protuberance near the ovary, as in the preceding one, but a fm all hole, I, may be difcovered, near which are
placed two
little
tubercles f
f,
We meet with
called the
may
with reafon be
common eeh
germ
This
when
at
it's
full
growth,
;
is
common
eel of blighted
wheat
one of them
They
no ranges of globules
like
it,
by the two
little
protuberances which are near the middle of the body, and by the
regular diminution of the
tail.
It is oviparous..
A very
larger fort
in pafle; they
may
alfo
be found of the
young
eels
by
their vivacity
and
ilendernefs.
Of
5 i8
Microscopical Essays.
Of the Eels
in
blighted Wheat.*
and
Thefe
coveries.
defcribed by
him
in
a work entitled
New
Microfcopical Dis-
They
which
is
often
more than a black powder) but abundance of ears may be obferved in fome fields of corn, which have grains that appear
;
blackifh, as if fcorched
thefe,
of threads, or
each other
ripe
in
much
down of fome
any
fibres
be applied to it; the then feparate, and prove themfelves to be Jiving creatures.
eels are in general
Thefe
a
of a large
fize,
magnifying glafs, b^ing about one-thirtieth of an inch and one hundred and fortieth broad. Fig. reprefents 5 one of them magnified about one hundred and twenty times;
in length,
common
reft
of the body.
The
end a
is
pointed.
diftinguifhing
mark of thefe little creatures is a row of tranfparent globules, which are placed at intervals through the whole length of the
body, beginning
ceafes, at b,
They
are in diameter
rather
* Btid
avoiti.
Microscopical Essays.
is
5*9
c
is
body.
This part
is
tranfparent, and
;
there
is
a neck in the
near
Great care
fkin of the
mould be taken by
eels
in 'difen gaging
;
which fwim flowly which about the little internal motion of when the "water, but without any principle obfervation is made, immediately after the grains proceed from
black globules are difengaged,
;
if
the eels that are broke are left long in the water,
will take place, as
It is
the fame
phenomena
in
-vegetable infufions.
owing
to
we may
attribute
many of
the fanciful
pofitions of M. Meedham, which were deduced from ill-conducied experiments, and which, when properly examined, are found to
be
M.
fprang up
He
alfo
found them
plant,
it
in other
to difengsge
mull be
middle
of the body.
fpace, but
it is
The
inteflinal
in thefe
an empty
the
of an indetermined form.
The
animalcula from
520
the plant are
Microscopical Essays.
much more
grains.
lively
The
principal
phenomena of
this
is
who
cir-
They
portion to the plant, fo that at laft they may be obferved with great eafe by the naked eye, being two-tenths of an inch long, and nearly one-tenth in diameter. Fig. 4 reprefents one of thefe
magnified nearly in the fame proportion as Fig. 5 a a the ovary, which may be traced almoft from the lower extremity to the middle of the' body, where the body becomes fo opake as to prevent
;
it's
The
eggs,
when
growth, are nearly of a cylindric fhape, both ends rounded; towards the extremity b there are two little protuberances d d,
thefe pro-
The
membrane
;
it
covers the
young
eel,
which
is
thefe eggs
may
of thefe
eels
;
is
obtained by examin-
it
;
affords
two generations
may be
it's
exift-
bleffings
of
Some
In fome we
may
eggs, in others
motion
in the
with a variety
of
Microscopical Essays.
afford great pleafure to the fpe&ator.
.521
One
is
of
life,
after
having
loft
them
for inftance,
for
fome of
years,
been preferved
when many
will find in
if
or begins to
will
fail,
be
aq-ain revived.
It
vations of
may be proper to notice here, that according to the obferM. Roffredi, thofe eels which have done laying of
endowed with
this
wonderful faculty.
In the
a fmall
parcel
of blighted
then new
dif-
carefully
in order fo to do,
he cut open fome of the grains that were become dry, took out
and applied water to it on a flip of glafs, but could difcern no other motion than a feparation of the fibres or threads, which feparation he imputed wholly to an elafticity in
tire
fibrous matter,
the fibres
after
till
watching them
he was wear}',
an
522
Microscopical Essays.
who
having,
by
trials
of his own, found out the caufe of this bad fuccefs, adto
;
vifed
deep the grains before he attempted to open them on doing which, he was very foon convinced of his veracity,
fight
him
of
this
wonderful phe-
nomenon.
At different times
after
this,
He
fpace
of thirty-fix hours,
when
believing
them
fufficiently
feparated im-
life
them
for about
them
again, found
much
the
number moving
and in
an hour or two
ufually are.
after they
appeared
of
this
experiment.
We
find
an
in (lance
;
here that
life
may
be
that
by an exhalation of
may
begin
organs and
;
of the body
may be
life
fhrunk up,
dried,
and hardened
to acluate the
and
yet, after a
long while,
may
anew
all
faculties
vefieis
may be
reftored,
Here
is
bodies quite dried up for the fpace of four years together, without
hi
Microscopical Essays.
It
523
when
the blighted grains of wheat have been kept a long time, and the
for
we
find, that
on
the
do not
fo certainly
in
either buried
out
and thereby renders them incapable of being any more employed to perform
the actions of
and indeed, there are always fome dead ones amongft the living, whole bodies appear burden, or
life;
lie
Some
difcretion
is
and drynefs of them for if they are not opened before they have been too much or too long
animalculum
will
foftened, the
be
old
fo.
Of the two
when put
to foak, he
opened one
after
:
it
had
lain thirty-fix
lie
on opening found
in
all
hufk dead,
and feemingly
alive
a decayed condition
but great
numbers
brflkly.
ilfued
after they
all
inevitably perifh
and when
with them
if the
hulks are
left
they
52
Ro se o
ii
Essays^
will:
continue
months together, and, fhould the water dry away, may be revived again by giving them, a frefh fupply..
As
in the
microfcope,
it
will
this fubject,
young
eels
from
made by Mr. Sherwood, but more particularly purfued and defcribed by Mr. Baker. Take up a very fmall quantity of pafle where thefe eels abound, on the point of a pin, or with a {happened quill; lay,
it
on a
flip
of
glafs,
and
diluting
it
many of them
be extremely
will
become
eye
and {hayed-
remove
mud have
it
When-thus confined,
may
is
eaftly
be cut afunder
tranf-
verfely,
or fharp penknife
will enable almoft
as
or if the eye
deficient, a hand-magnifier
any-body to perform the operation; As foon the parts. are feparated, apply your object to the microfcope*
if
and
made about
fizes,
of different
will
be feen to
iffue forth.
anguijlae,
coiled up,,
and included
proper membrane,
which
is
Theit inclofes the embryo animal. and moft forward break immediately through this delicate
nimbly;,
M
nimbly
j
G RO
C OP
C AL
E s SAYS.
525:
and the
and move about more {lowly mature continue entirely without motion. The
ringlets,
is coinpofed not unlike the afpera arteria of land
of many annula, or
animals, and
it
is
feems to be confiderably
elaftic
for as foon
thruft.
as
the operation
out with
fome degree of violence, by the fpringing back or adion of this bowel. An hundred or upwards of the young ones have been
feen to iffue from, one fmgle eel,
of them
may be accounted
for, as
Hereby we
alfo learn
that thefe creatures are not only like eels in (hape, but are like-
but
little
rilk
of being difappointed
all prolific,
for they
feem,
like
earth-worms, to be
one
young
before, Or
make your
trials
when
cafe they
the pafte has been kept a very long time, (in which have been found fometimes unfruitful) you may be fure
of
fuccefs..
An
This,
<r
uillula
Marina.
when preffed between two plates ofglafs, appears to be more than a cryftalline fkin, with a kind of clay-coloured interlines. The fore-part of the body is truncated, the lower part drawn out to a fine point, the reft of the body is of an equal
little
fize
throughout.
The younger
ones are
filled
with pellucid
molecular inteftmes,
72.
yihrk
526
Microscopical Essays.
72.
Vibrio Linter.
Vibrio ventricofo-ovatus,
vibrio, with a fhort neck.
collo breviffimo.
Ventricofe oval
This
inflated,
is
fomewhat depreffed
not very
the apex
is
is
prolonged into a
moveable
cules.
It is
common, but
is
to be
lemnas.
73.
Vibrio Utriculus.
Vibrio
teres, antice
ventricofus.
Round
ventricofe.
It
does not
ill
the belly
is
replete
with molecular
truncated
belly.
;
clear, the
top
in
vifible at the
bottom of the
It is in
74.
Vibrio Fafciola.
medio
latiufculus,
little
poftice
aculus.
This
Microscopical Essays.
This
is
527
Mens
gradually
alfo perceptible.
The motion of
from the
froft,
it
is
quick, darting
It is
itfelf
up and down
jult
the
found in water
loofened
75.
Thick
fharpened
neck a
little
bent.
It is larger
Ihape.
fize
The neck
is
round,
fliorter
The
cules
flow.
thick,
fomewhat
the motion-
>
76.
Vibrio StricluSo
Vibrio elongatus
tufo.
linearis,
fore-part, the
apex obtufe.
being a membranaceous bright thread, withthicker, round,
is
The body
linear,
;
the hind-part
and
filled
with
a fmall pellucid
empty.
52 8
Microscopical Essays.
fpace.
empty
The apex
is
obtufe,
it
has a
Vibrio Anas.
Oblong
tail.
vibrio,
The
Both the fore and the hind-part is prolonged into a pellucules. cid talcy membrane, which the animalculum has a power of retracting at pleafure.
is
T
The neck is
It
tail,
the neck.
mod
<
w ater
a fpecies
river water,
longer neck.
78.
Vibrio Cygnus..
Corpulent vibrio,
with a
crooked neck.
This animalculum
is
little
more than a
mod
pellucid line,
at the
crooked
at top,
prominent
is
in the middle,
and fharp
reft
end;
of the body,
the interme-
tail,
and
is full
lucid interlines.
jhofe
It is
jg. Vibrio
Microscopical Essays,
79.
529
Vibrio Anfer.
Fig.
XXV.
Elliptical
tuberculo dorfali.
and a
little
lump on
the back.
It
is
guifhed by the
lump
b, Fig. 29,
neck
from
this
The
trunk (d)
is
elliptic,
and
bright, the
is
body
the apex even and whole, blue canals paffing between the
;
in
one
perceivable.
is
neck is more
lively
fpiral.
duck-weed.
80.
Vibrio Olor.
XXV.
Elliptical,
An
animalculum which
is
continually
moving
it's
lively neck
is elliptical'
is
and
fharp.
It
membranaceous,
is
winding
the hind-part
cules.
5 3<3
cules.
Microscopical Essays.
The neck
(d)
is
of an equal fize throughout, except a fmall degree of thicknefs at The neck is very lively in it's mothe apex (f) very pellucid.
tions, the
body
in
flow.
Is
found
water that
is
is
full
of a vegetable greennefs.
Vibrio
Falx.
81.
Vibrio gibbofus,
poftice obtufus,
collo falcato.
gibbous
neck crooked.
The body
little
is
the trunk,
The
trunk
filled
itfelf is
rather rounding
or
The
motions
much
82.
Vibrio Intermedins.
Vibrio membranaceus,
antice
attenuatus,
fmall,
poftice fubacutus,
vibrio,
the
fore-part
the
hinder-part
It
and the
it is
a thin
membrane, conftantly
folded.
The
whole of
Microscopical Essays.
with grey particles, of different
fizes
;
53*
round a
tail
it
has
all
diftincl:
is
truncated, the
obtufe.
VI.
CYC L
D I U M.
A fimple,
invifible, pellucid,
flat,
orbi-
worm.
Cyclidium Bulla.
83.
or orbicular fkin,
the
edges a
reft.
By
juft perceptible.
pound microfcope, fome globular cryftalline-like interlines are It moves flowly and femicircularly. Is found
occafionally in an infufion of hay.
84.
Cyclidium Millium.
Elliptic
and
cryflalline
It is
naceous, elliptical
a line
is
of it, a point
motion
fwift,
and interrupted
it is
85, Cycli-
Microscopical Essays.
85.
Cyclidium Fluitans,
Oval
cryflalline cyclidium*
This
is
one of the
fmallefl animalcula.
The body of an
;.
oval,
two fmall
blue fpaces
may be
difcovered,
little
by the
affiflance
of the micro*
creature.
86.
Cyclidium Glaucoma*
confpicuis..
Oval
cyclir
difficulty.
with a
well-defined
edge;
the interlines,
when
it
is.
;.
empty, are
being
full,
dark glo-
In plenty of water
direction
;
it it
moves
fv/iftly in
whenever
moves {lowly
often be
it
feems to be taking in
Two
may
by death,
rated.
evapothey
the.:
The
unikilful in obfervation
in
muft be careful
left
8:7..CycIi
ESS AYSv
533
Cyclidium Nigricans.
Oblong cy-
It is
flat,
With
a fmall magnifier
may be
88*
Cyclidium Roflratium.
Cyclidium
ovale,-
antice
mucronatum.
An
oval cyclidium^.
This
is
fore-part
with
this
it
feels
and
have
examines bodies.
probably
ciliated,
though the
hairs
The
into
little
divided
are
two
legs,
or branches
two
The
89.
Cyclidium Nucleus.
An
oval cyclidium,,
The
534
Microscopical Essays.
is
The body
part
the hind-part acute, the interlines veficular, the fore and" hind-
on each
fide dark.
It
90,
Cyclidium Hyalinum.
Cyclidium ovatum,
hind-part acute.
poftice
acutum.
This cyclidium
interlines, the
it
is
oval,
flat,
and
bright, without
any
vifible
91.
Cyclidium Fediculus.
An
oval convex
1.
p. 282.
back gibbous, the extremities deprefled and truncated, fometimes one end feems cloven into two points, perhaps
ture of the mouth.
this is
the aper-
upon the hydra pallida as if it had feet, going back again every moment. It is fcarce ever feen but on the arms and the body of the hydra.
It
runs
92. Cyclic
Ml
CPvOSCOPIC AL
Essays.
535
92,
Cyclidium Dubium.
Oval cy-
This
is is
fpecies, the
is
body
is
of an oval fhape,
is
one
fide
pellucid,
VII.
Paramecium.
fimplex,
pellucidus,
Vermis inconfpicuus,
oblongus.
membranaceus,
flat
An
membranaceous,
worm,
93.
Paramecium
Aurelia.
Paramecium compreffum, verfus anticam plicatum, poih'ce acutum. Paramecium comprefled, oblong, folded towards the
fore-part, the hinder-part acute.
Ellis,.
is
without
;
interlines, the
various fizes
gular
53^
Microscopical Essays,
motion
rectilinear,
They may
lying
on one another by
middle.
fometimes be feen and fometimes cohering by the many months in the fame water if it is not
alfo
They may
turns,
where there
is
plenty of duck-weed.
94.
Paramecium
Chryfalis.
XXV.
Paramecium
tufum.
Cylindrical
It differs
but very
;
little
(a b)
it
are
is
more obtufe
the margin
fait
an inhabitant of
water.
05.
Paramecium Verfutum.
poftice incraflatum, utraque ex-
Paramecium
thick,
cyl indraceum,
tremitate obtufum.
Cylindrical
obtufe.
oblong body, green, gelatinous, filled with molecules, the lower part thick, the fore-part fmaller, both ends obtufe, and
An
may
be feen to propagate by
divifion*
Is
found in ditches.
96. Para-
Microscopical Essays.
g6.
537
Paramecium Oviferum.
XXV.
Paramecium deprefium,
Paramecium
A membranaceous,
having many oval very body, and many black
oval,
.97.
Paramecium Marginatum.
XXV,
Parame-
duplici.
largeft
of
elliptical,
every
(b),
where there
a pellucid veficle
;
this
animalculum
is
furrounded by a broad
double margin
feen.
terline,
(a),
when
may be
fpiral in-
VIII,
KOLP'ODA.
Vermis inconfpicuus,
fmuatus.
An
invifible,
very fimple,
pellucid,
flat,
crooked
worm.
98,
KM-
538
Microscopical Essays.
98.
Kolpoda Lamella.
antice curvata.
is
no
and
middle.
fro
It's
motion
is
vacillatory and
flat fide,
lingular,
is
moving
to
on
it's
as
ufual with
is
mod
micro-
fcopic animals.
found
in water, but
met
with..
gg.
membranaceo
hyalino.
The apex
is
It
found
100.
Kolpoda Roftrum.
uncinata.
Kolpoda oblonga,
hooded.
antice
Oblong,
the fore-part
The
tufe,
fore-part
is
is
ob-
One
'
of the
often fo blunted
and
dilated;
Microscopical Essays.
dilated that the reft of the
539
and
that
It
body appears
It's
quite fmooth,
motion
is
is
to
be found
in
101.
Kolpoda Ochrea.
Kolpoda elongata, membranacea, apice attenuato, bafi in angulum reclum produ&a. Kolpoda long, membranaceous, the
apex attenuated, the bafe bent
in a right angle to the
body.
and of a Angular
figure, deprefled,
ftrait,
what
bent, filled
bladders
difperfed here
and there
bright
leg.
and
human
2
from the
02,
Kolpoda Mucronata.
Kolpoda membranacea dilatata, antice anguftata, altero marMembranaceous dilated kolpoda, the fore-part pine incifa.
i mailer
fide.
This animalculum
is
a dilated bright
obtufe point, a broad marked border running entirely round it within the margin it is filled with grey molecules, a flefhy difc on
one
fide,
which terminates
It
on the other
103. Kol-
4|b
Microscopical Essay s.
103.
Kolpoda Triquetra.
margine
retufo.
Kolpoda obovata
depreffa, altero
Kolpoda
confift
;
lower convex
It
bent fo as to>
was found
in fait water.
104.
Kolpoda
Striata..
acumi-
rotundata.
Oblong, fomewhat of
pear-ihape,
It is
very pellucid and white, the upper part rather bent, and
at the
little
when a
is
ufed, the
the
lower extremity
furnifhed, like
Is to
many
other anifait
final 1 globules.
be found in
water..
105.
Kolpoda Nucleus.
Egg-fhaped kolpoda, with an
Kolpoda
acute vertex.
It is
brilliant trans-
parency, which renders the vifcera vifible; they confift of a heap of round diaphanous veficules.
io5.
KoI-
Microscopical Essays.
106..
Kolpoda Meleagris.
antice
Eolpoda
up.
mutaBilis
uncinata,
poftice
complicata.
XXV.
;
A
in a
it
has a
dilated
fineft folds,
which
it
varies
and bends
clear
moment
full
body
to the middle
is
and
and
of molecules
more
more equal
moves fometimes
22, Plate
in a
ft rait,
fometimes in a crooked
Fig..
XXV.
a the
bottom.,
1.07=..
Kolpoda
Aliimilis.
Kolpoda depreffa, non plicatilis apice uncinate, margine am tico ad medium, ufque crenulato poftice, dilatato acutiulculo.
Kolpoda
depreffed, the apex turned in the
the lower part fwells out, then diminifhes again into a fhort point,.
It is
it
middle.
4,
208- Kol-
542
io3.
Microscopical Essays,
Kolpoda Cucullus.
ventricofa, infra
Fig, 23, Plate
XXV.
Egg-fhaped
Kolpoda ovata
apicem
incifa.
It is
filled
with
little
number and
fize.
The
It's
figure of the
moftpart
is
of an obtufe beak,
interlines are
to twenty-four bright
;
little veficles,
thefe
young ones fome have fuppofed that that had been fwallowed by the kolpoda,
but Mr. Muller thinks they are the offspring of the kolpoda.
In fome only one cryftalline veficle occupies the middle of the
body.
When
the water
is
it
ufual,
and protrudes
it's
offspring with
It
moves
in general
all
directions,
found
in
infufions
of
memin
branaceous fubffanee
may
the fame
may
be obferved
call-
109. Kol-
Microscopical Essays.
109.
543
Kolpoda Cucullulus.
apicem oblique
little
Kolpoda oblonga,
infra
incifa.
Kolpoda ob-
A very
top,
It
it
is
furnifhed with
there
is
is
a bending a
little
beneath the
which
in
was obferved
an
infufion.
110.
Kolpoda
Cucullio.
Kolpoda
apicem tantillum
finuata.
Flat
This
per
is
an oval, or rather an
elliptical
fide,
kolpoda,
flat
on the
it is
up-
fide,
membranaceous and
to the hinder-part
bright,
filled
with
folds
filver-like globules.
it
in different pofitions.
111.
Kolpoda
finuata.
lien.
Kolpoda
curved
craiTa
medio
This kolpoda
is
thick,
and
in the
middle.
The body
of a kidney
is
round, curved a
;
the whole
body
is
filled
with molecules.
It's
motion.
514
l
Microscopic ai Essays,
.
ion
is
quick, vacillatory,
fail,
it
and interrupted.
is
it
fwims
comprefled, and at
aft
burfts.
found in an infufion of hay, generally about teen hours after the infufion is made.
It is
thir-
j 12.
Kolpoda Pirum.
Fig.
20 and 21,
Plate
XXV.
Convex
Kolpoda convexa,
ovalis, apice in
roftrum produ6ta.
The body
equality, the
is
in-
little
bent
it is
of a pale
re-
little
globules.
Fig. 20
it is
dividing.
113.
Kolpoda Cuneus.
apice dentata.
Kolpoda
clavata,
teres,
Clavated kolpoda,
This
is
a large animalculum,
dill ind vifcera.
the
body
white,
gelatinous.,
is
without any
On
the apex
is
is
diftinguifhed
by
it
can bend in a
form.
IX. Go-
Microscopical Essays.
ix,
545
gon
u m.
Vermis inconfpicuus,
fimpiiciffimus, complanatus,
angulatus.
An
invifible,
worm.
114.
Gonium
Pectorale.
XXV.
Gonium
cis.
This gonium
molecules.
Thefe fixteen
little
fize,
of a
membrane,
on both
fides.
It's
animality
is
evinced by
fpontaneous motion,
left
;
thefe little
;
when
in
motion, round
larger
when
reft.
at reft
the four
in
are a
little
than the
Found
pure
water.
115.
Gonium Pulvinatum.
opacum,
little
Gonium
quadrangulare,
pulvillis
quatuor.
Qua-
pillows.
as
little
quadrangular
it
fides
looks like
Thus
it
firft
examina-
jVl
into
fquare fpaces
by
lines
Found upon
dunghills.
116.
Gonium Corrugatum.
albidum,
Gonium
quadrangulare,
medio correptum.
the middle..
Qua*-
little in
It
is
lomewhat of a fquare
little
vifible vifcera, a
found
in
va-
rious infufions
in
fome
appears ftreaked.
117.,
Gonium Re&angulum;.
This gonium
is
Gonium
reel*
It.
differs
little,
a right
118,
Gonium Truncatum.
poflice arcuatum,
'
.
Gonium obtufangulum,
Gonium
with
ob:-~
Much
is
a ftrait
line,-,
the fides forming therewith obtufe angles, the ends of theie fides
are united
by a curved
line
the.,
greeny
Microscopical Essays.
green, there are two
tion
is
547
it's
little
mo-
languid.
It is
X.
Bursa ria,
A very
fimple;,
119.
Burfaria Truncatella.
top truncated.
An
'
animalculum that
is
vifible to
where there
at
mo
ft;
five
yellow eggs.
It
moves
itfelf at
pleafure
from right to
left,
and from
left
to
;
line
fometimes
it
120.
Burfaria Bullina.
Boat-fhaped burfaria,
lip.
pel-
548
Microscopical Essays.
pellucid cryftalline animalculum, fu mimed with fmaller
and
the under-fide
121.
Burfaria Hirundinella.
XXV.
little
them fome refemblance It is invifible to the naked eye, membrane under the microhollow pellucid a be to but appears They have no vifible interlines it moves fome what like fcope.
fore and hind-part produced fo to the head and tail of a bird.
;
a fwallow
tail,
122.
Burfaria Duplella..
XXV..
cryftalline
little
membrane
we
except a
Was.
123.
Spherical burfaria,
A fub-
Microscopical Essays,
549
fubfpheric
right to
XL Cercaria,
Vermis inconfpicuus, pellucidus, caudatus.
lucid
An
invifible pel-
worm
with a
tail.
124.
Cercaria Gyrinus..
This cercaria
is
round,
tail.
The body
;
is
the fore-part fomewhat globular, the hind-part round, long, and pointed fometimes it appears a little comp relied on each fide.
The
tail is in
it is
fwimming,
like that
of the tadpoles.
maleula.
125.
Cercaria Gibba.
Cercaria fubovata
con vex a,
antice
fubacuta,
cauda
tereti.
Somewhat of an
the
tail
round,
It
no
It
is
C RO
SCO P
AL
E S SAYS.
many
were found
in
in other infufions.
126.
Cercaria Inquieta.
Fig. 31
XXV.
Changeable -convex
with a fmooth
tail.
This animalculum
fo often
it
;
if" s
body, that
it is
it
like a
nous, the
filiform
and
flexible, the
vehemently, no
at the bafe,
at d, Fig.
globule
may be
obferved
and two very fmall black points placed near the top
;
32
is
not
known.
tail.
Was
water,
a,
b the
127.
Cercaria
Lemna,
and 35.
Cercaria mutabilis,
cercaria,
fubdepreffa,
cauda annulata.
an annulated
tail.
Mutable
fomewhat
flattened, with
at firftlight
though
it
is
altogether
different.
The body
is
Shape of an oblong
or triangular, kidney-fnaped.
The
tail
ihort 5
RO
COP
AL
Es S A Y s
55*
cylindric,
ffiort,
thick,
and without
when
it
it
is 11
much
velocity, that
diftinft,
appears as
were double.
fixiall
The
inteftinesis
not very
pellucid globule
per-
its
it,
It
but with difficulty difcovered, he fuppofes to draws the tail fometimes into the body. Fig.
tail
;
the
body
;
Fig. 34,
c,
lar
els,
body
Fig. 35, the body extended, e e the eyes, f f the bowveficle,, b a fmaller one. large a g
It
tail,
it
extends the
it
;
perpendicularly,
in this
ftate
refembles
much
128.
Cercaria Turbo.
XXV.
Globular:
medio
a bridle.
and of a
taley appearance.
It
this
figure
is
oc-
black-,
feve-
globules
may be
difcerned, the
tail
fometimes quite
is
It
to be met. with
Cerf
55 2
i
Microscopical Essays.
29.
Cercaria Poduria.
Fig.
XXV,
Cyli
:
Cercaria cylindracea,
poflice
acuminata
fubfifla.
It
refembles the
is
live
among
the lemna,
pellucid, and
of a head, a trunk,
and a
is
tail
with black
fpiral
interlines
appears
more
Nothing to be
fit
The
tail,
in
moft
nations,
ap-
When
a continual motion
among the interlines, which, from the occaflon, make the body appear very rough
;
fome
fometimes perceived.
It
moves from
one place to another, turning round at the fame time as upon an It is to be found in November and December, in marfhy axis.
places that are covered with lemna. trunk, c the
tail,
b the
it
feen at
e,
two
points
f the hairs
on the
fide.
130.
Cercaria Viridis.
fiffa.
Cylin-
two
parts.
it's
longed
(late,
is
fubjecl, as
well
Microscopical Essays.
well as the colour,
it
553
differs
tail,
confiderably from
fo
as to
others the
ditches of
fides project
outwards.
Handing water.
131.
Cercaria Seiifera.
Cercaria
cylindracea,
antice
anguPdor,
poflice
acuminata.
This
is
fmall er
reit
the trunk
is
tail
fharp, near
it is
is
row of
fhort hairs.
when found
in fait water.
132.
Cercaria Hirta.
cylindrical
at
the lower end, moveable, yet rigid, and placed at fome diftance
when
in motion, the
body feems
as if
it
was
little
from each
was obferved
in fait water.
133, Cer-
554
Microscopical Essays.
133.
Cercaria Crumena.
ing points.
The body
is
ventricofe
;
and
cylindrical, mufcular
and thick,
ftrak
the
134,
Cercaria Catellus..
This animalculum
others
;
is
more complex
in
is
is
it's
it
affixed to the
body
is
only by a point
as
an abdomen, which
long
as the head,
and a
tail
which
and terminating
It
firft
two briftles thefe it can unite and feparate at pleafure. moves with vivacity, though without going far from it's
place.
135.
Cercaria Catelina,
Cercaria diftinguifhed
Microscopical Essays.
It differs
555
being larger,
in
feveral refpects,
the
body
thicker,
more
cylindrical,
with two fhort diverging points projecting from the middle. found in a ditch where there was plenty of duck-weed.
Cercaria Lupus.
Was
36.
XXV,
fpinis
'
Cercaria cylindrica,
clongata,
tail
torofa
cauda
duabus.
This animalculum
is
larger than
it
mo ft
feme
particulars in
which
full
of
mufcles,
cylindric,
compofed of a head,
tail is like
and a
tail
the head
is
larger than
little
hook
the
fpines, that
extends differently.
it's
It
it
fometimes contracts
extends
itfelf to
it's
fize
then again
ufual
form,
Was found
in
tail,
the head,
137.
Cercaria Vermicularis.
Fig. 40,
exfertili,
cauda fpina
two
the
tail.
It is
into eight or nine rings, or folding plaits, the apex either obtufe
ter-
3X2
mmating
55 6
Microscopical Essays.
fome times a fwelling is peroften proje&s from the in ci lion at the
;
Is
found
in
duck-weed,
138.
Cercaria Forcipata.
Cercana
cylindrica,
rugofa, probofcide
forcipata
exfertili,
cauda bicufpidata.
Cercaria cylindrical, wrinkled, with a forked probofcis, that can thru ft out, or pull in. It is found in marfhy fituations.
it
139.
Cercaria Pleuroneaes.
XXV.
tail,
Orbicular the
confid-
It is
In the fore-
The
hind-part
is
furnimed with a
tail.
the larger of
in
them are
bright.
It's
motion
is is
vacillatory
lateral
membrane
upwards; the other, folded down. Found in water that has been kept feveral months,
140. Ccr-
Mi croscopic al Essays.
140.
557
Cercaria Tripos.
XXV.
Cercaftrait
The body
the
triangle,
flat,
down
into
two
linear ears, or
tail.
arms
is
prolonged into a
It
was found
in fait water;
b the
tail,
This
it
is
that
thrufts
out
at pleafure.
It's
body
is
'
oval, fmooth,
membranaceous,
pellucid,
with a
black margin.
The
tail is
under
it,
at
to project but
There
is
a kind of border to
Is fre-
the hinder-part.
It's
142. Cercaria
Tenax.
cauda
thick,
Cercaria membranacea,
triplo
antice craffiufcuia,
truncata,
breviore.
tail
truncated, the
It
55
It
is
Microscopical Essays.
an oval, pellucid membrane, fomething larger than the
mona
lens.
The
It
143.
Cercaria Difcus.
A fmall
orbicular cerca-
with a bent
tail.
144.
Cercaria Orbis.
Orbicular
briftles.
145.
Cercaria Luna.
Orbicular
ed, fo as to
XII,
Leucophra.
ciliatus.
An
invifible
ciliated.
146. Leu-
Microscopical Essays.
146,
559
Leucophra Conlhclor.
mobilibus.
Leucophra
rical
Sphe-
interlines.
This animalculum, or rather a heap of anhnalcula, fpheriqal, and larger than moil fpecies of the vorticella
is
perfectly
it is
femiIt
it
rolls
at
intervals,
from right to
found.
left,
but
fel
the fpot
where
it is firft
The innumerable
without any order.
this
fphere
From
on
one
or
fide,
left,
it is
then tranviolent,
becomes more
fide,
is
moved towards
the other
and continues to
fail,
move
in a fpiral line.
When
they affume
an oblong, oval, or a cylindric figure the hind-part of fome is compreffed into a triangular fhape, and the tranfparent part efcaping as
it
interlines,
which continue
fails,
to
move
the water
when
the molecules
But
this alfo
foon vanifhes,
fal
when
ammoniac,
as defcribed
by Baker,
p. 3, No.g,
147.
Leu
5 6o
Microscopical Essays,
147.
Leucophra Mamilla.
opaca, papilla
Leucophra
fphaerica,
exfertili.
Spherical opake
It
is
filled
;
it
and draws
in in
occa-
uncommon
marfhy
water.
148.
Leucophra
Virifcens.
Leucophra cylindracea, opaca, poftice craffiore. Cylindrical, opake leucophra, the lower part much thicker than the upper
part.
This
filled
is
coloured animalculum,
rally
moving
in a
f Ira it
line.
Found
in fait water.
149.
Leucophra
Viridis.
Leucophra
ovalis opaca.
Though
cophra
particulars
at
firfl
fight
it
may be
virifcens, yet
;
on a further examination,
diners in
many
feen
it
'elf in
the fame
it is
manner
in two.
that does.
alio
much
fmaller.
it
Sometimes
to
was going
be divided
1^0.
Leu-
Microscopical Essays.
150.
Leucophra Burfata.
truncata.
Leucoplira
Green oval
leu-
This
phra,
is
fimilar
in
many
refpe&s to
the foregoing
filled
leuco-
it is
with green
is
to be found in fait
151.
Leucophra Pofthuma.
opaca, reticulo pellucenti.
it
Leucophra
globularis,
Globular
net.
Was
found
152.
Leucophra Aurea.
utraque extremitate
aeq-uali
Leucophra
ovalis, fulva,
obtufus.
The little
it
has, in general,
a vehement
rotatory motion.
153. Leu
5&2
Microscopical Essays,
j
53.
Leucophra
gelatinofa,
Pertufa.
Leucophra
latera fu Holla.
ovalis,
altera
the
fide.
It
was found
154.
Leucophra Fracta.
Leuco-
The body
is
flat,
changing
it's
form confiderably.
Leucophra
Bilatata.
Leucophra complanata,
Smooth
A gelatinous
in the fore-
number
irregular
in the
hinder-part;
it
is
fometimes
at other. times
the fhape
is
more
and oblong.
1x6.
Leu*
Microscopical Essays.
456.
5%
Leucophra
opaca
Scintillans.
Leucophra
ovalis, teres,
viridis.
green leucophra.
This animalculum
is
fuppofed to be
ciliated,
from
it's
bright
it is
nearly of an egg-fhape.
Was
found in
December among
157.
Leucophra
Veficulifera.
XXV.
Leucophra ovata,
with veficular
interaneis veficularibus.
Oval leucophra,
intef lines.
An animalculum
that
is
a kind of
mean between
little
the orbicular
and
infide,
bladders.
The
little
by Spalanzani; he
like this
confefles,
environed with
158.
Leucophra Globulifera.
Cryflalline leucophra 9
|Y2'
The
gf5
Microscopical Essays.
is
The body
to ft ines,
it is
though
one edge
it
has three
hairs.
pellucid globules
It
was found
in a ditch
159.
Leucophra
Puftulata.
Leucophra ovato-oblonga,
An
ob-
The body
lower part
is
is
white, gelatinous,
fomewhat granulated
the
in
was made
an
is
covered with
little
mining erecl
discovered.
nairs,
It
may be
found
marfhy waters.
160.
It is a
Was
found
in (linking fait
161.
Leucophra Acuta.
apice acuto,
mutabilis,
flavicans,
Leucophra ovata,
teres,
Microscopical Essays.
5%
body crammed with an innumerable quantity of little fpheIt is fometimes drawn up into an orbicular fhape, at other rules.
times one edge
is
finuated.
It
was found in
fait
water.
162.
Leucophra Notata.
Leucophra ovata,
teres,
pun&o
marginali atro.
Oval leuco-
163.
Leucophra Candida.
Leucophra hyalina, oblonga, altera extremitate attenuata, Leucophra of a talcy appearance, oblong, one end curvata. fmaller than the other, and bent back.
The body membranaceous, flat, very white, with no terlines, if we except two oval bodies which are with
perceived; the whole edge
-fait
is
vifible in-
difficulty
ciliated.
Found
in an infuhon of
water*
164.
Leucophra Nodulata.
depreffa, ferie
Leucophra ovato-oblonga,
nodulorum rduplick
An oblong
nodules,
.
row of little
365. -Lea*,-
-Mi c r o s cop rc a l
E ss a y s.
165.
Leucophra Signata.
Oblong fubdepreffed
with
little
leu-
molecular globules,
line in the
this
midis
one end of
in
fait
at
Common
water,
in the
166.
Leucophra "Trigona.
Thick, obtufe, an-
Leucophra
gular,
filled
veficles,
much
fluctuating hairs.
fituation.
not common.
Was
found in
a marfhy
167.
Leucophra
Fluida.
Leucophra fubreniformis,
ventricofa.
Leucophra fomewhat
of a kidney
168.
Leucophra Fluxa.
Reniform finuated leucophra.
Leucophra fmuata
reniformis,
169.
Leu
Microscopical Essays.
169.
567
Lcucophra Armilla.
Leucophra
teres annularis.
Round annular
leucophra.
170.
Leucophra Cornuta.
Fig.
XXV.
cone;
Leucophra
green, pake.
An inverted
fome refemblance to the vorticella polymorpha and the vorticella viridis, and requires to be obferved for fome time bethe body conv fore it's peculiar characters can be afcertained
It
bears
pofed of molecular
part
it is
veficles,
like
with a
little
an inverted cone, the fore-part wide and truncated, prominent horn, or hook, on both fides, the hindevery-where
ciliated,,
minute
and moving
The
hinder-part
is
pellucid,
The animalculum
will at
at
at
another time
it
When
breaks
found
late in the
year
it
marfhy grounds.
at b,
fides,
pointed,
f the
is
obtufe
Fig.
43,
cilia,
horn.v
k the
171, Leu*-
i.
Leucophra Heteroclita.
Fig.
44 and 45.
Leucophra
organo
criftato
duplici exfertili.
can
To
it
appears as a
white point, in the microfcope as a cylindrical body, the forepart obtufely round, the middle rather drawn
in,
round, but
much
very
With
a large
found to be
ciliated.
it
The
gene-
It is
reprefented in Fig. 44 as
a the fore-
part,
the plumes,
gg
XIII.
Trichoda,
crinitus.
An in vifible,
pellu-
worm.
172.
Trichoda Grandinella.
fuperne crinata.
Spherical,
Trichoda
;pellucid, the
fphaerica,
pellucida,
the top of
briflles,
more
fhort
animalculum extending,
and
Microscopical Essays,
and then withdrawing them
in
5 69 found in pure
an
inftant.
It
is
17,3.
Trichoda Cometa.
Fig,
XXV.
Sphe-
crinita,
globulo appendente.
It is
174.
Trichoda Granata.
XXV.
Sphe-
Trichoda
rical,
fphaerica, centro
It
It
it's
interlines are
impercepti-
fhort hairs
on the edge.
175.
Trichoda Trochirs.
antice
utrinque crinita.
fide
of the
by a
little
bunch of hairs.
176, Tri-
Microscopical Essays.
176.
Trichoda Gyrinus.
Trichoda ovalis
Oval, round,
It is
and
few.
free
from
hairs,
a*
Found
in fait water.
177.
Trichoda Sol.
Fig.
XXV.
Trichoda
giobularis,
undique radiata.
Globular trichoda^
every-whcre radiated.
This fplendid creature conflitutes a new genus, but of no more of the fame kind,
cryftalline
it is
as
we know
a
is
introduced
here..
It is
it
little
befefc
it's
furface
The body
the
ani-
malculum remaining confined to the fame fpot. It, was found in: water in which there were other infuforia, and which had been kept for three weeks. It propagates by divifion, and is reprefented as dividing in Fig. 66.
.'
278.
Trichoda
Solaris.,
crinita.
Spheroidal trichoda^
The
Microscopical Essays.
The body
middle of
letter S.
it
;
571
is
in
many
may be
difcovered
it
has feldom
hairs,
is
each of them,
179.
Trichoda Bomba,
Fig. 67
and 68.
Changeable, with a
pilis fparfis.
It
it is
is
clay molecules
it
is
very lively,
180.
Trichoda Orbis.
emarginata
Trichoda
orbicularis.,
antice
crinita.
Orbicular,
It in
fome
is
larger
is
orbi
cular,
the
hairs
the whole
is
compofed 6f yeficu-
lar molecules.
ilJ
Tri-
572
181.
Microscopical Essays.
Trichoda Urnula.
Fig. 64.
Trichoda
This trichoda
is
in the
form of a water
even and
fhort.
It's
motion
is
182.
Trichoda Diota.
Trichoda
sta.
The body is of a
clay colour,
and
filled
183*
Trichoda Horrida
radiantibus cincla.
the fore-part rather broad and truncated, the lower part obtufe^
briftleso
Microscopical Essays.
184.
573
Trichoda Urinarium.
Egg-fhaped, with
crinito.
185.
Trichoda Semiluna.
Semiorbicu-
crinita.
quarter..
186.
Trichoda Trigona.
Fig. 63.
ciliata,
it
poftice erofa.
Convex, the
off.
were gnawed
This
is
a triangular animalculum, a
little
little
broader.
notch
is
187.
Trichoda Tinea.
This
is
club-
This animalculum
is
it is
alfo like
fome of the
tinea.
188.
TvL
574
Microscopical Essays,
188.
Trichoda Nigra.
Trichoda
Oval com-
The body
at reft
is
opake,
is
when
;
in violent
motion
it
is
black,
when
is
one
fide
pellucid
fur-
nifhed with
little
moveable
was found
in fait water.
189,
Trichoda Pubes.
Fig. 61
and 62.
Trichoda ovatr-oblonga gibba, antce depreffa. fhaped oblong bunch, fore-part depreffed.
An
egg-
An
folded,
and
fomewhat convex underneath at leaft this is if s appearance when in motion. Very minute hairs occupy the apex, but which are with difficulty feen, except when it is in the agonies of
death,
it
ed chink
as it were to draw in the laft drop of water. Is found in water where the duck-weed grows, moftly in December, b the hairs, c the black globules, a the projeaing bunch.
igo.
Trichoda FIoccus.
Membranaceous
from the
which are
fet
with hairs.
Tri-
Microscopical Essays.
191*
575
Trichoda Sinuata.
altero
Trichoda oblonga
poftice obtufa.
depreffa,
margine fmuato
crinita,
An oblong
low and
end obtufe.
The
inteftines
it is
that
which
is
ciliated.
It
was found
in river water.
192.
Trichoda Praeceps.
Membranaceous
trichoda,
fomewhat lunated,
A pellucid membrane,
neck, one edge other edge
is
kind of
the
rifes into
hump back,
convex.
Fig.
Plate
XXV.
Trichoda
crinito.
which
it
Oval trichoda, the lower part obtufe, with a long neck, has a power of contracting or extending.
Baker's
EmpL
This
-6
This
is
Microscopical Essays,
the fame animalculum which was dignified
it's
by Mr*
for the
it
affuming a
number of different
in
it's
ihapcs, fo as fcarce to be
;
known
lame animal
will often
various transformations
and
indeed, unlefs
it
become fuddenly
invifible.
When water,
weeks, in any
wherein any
forts
be col-
fome whereof being taken up with the flip of glafs, in a drop of water,
and looked
about
at
feveral kinds of
at large.
The
we
are treating of
is
which fmall
It's
fifties,
water-fnails,
body
in fubftance
and
finely-pro-
of a
fize perfectly
the
animal.
194. Tri-
Microscopical Essays,
294.
577
Trichoda
Verfatilis.
collo retraclili,
infra
Oblong
neck that
It
neck
fhorter,
lefs
fpherical,
the hinder-part of
the fea.
195.
Trichoda Gibba.
gibbera,
Fig. 55.
extremitatibus obtufis.
Oblong
bunch
The body
is
it
are
numerous obfcure molecules, and three large globules, the ends rather incline downwards; when the water begins to fail, a few
minute hairs may be difcovered about the head, and
at the
abdo-
men
the
ftriated longitudinally.
Trichoda Foeta.
extremi-
ciliata,
Oblong
trichoda, with
The
c8
Microscopical E s say s.
is
The body
the other;
as
to.
round and long, and when extended refembles a and one fhorter than
fides,
fo
197.
Trichoda Patens.
Fig. 54.
Trichoda elongata,
cihata.
teres,
is
antice
foveata,
fovsa marginibus,
This trichoda
fore-part
it
has a
It
is
filled
'fore-part bright
and
clear,
a long opening
is
(a)
tapers to a point,
and
befet
with hairs.
found o,
198.
Trichoda Patula.
Trichoda ventricofa,
fubovata,
canaliculo crinito.
figure,
199.
Trichoda Foveata.
Trichoda oblonga,
poftice mutica.
latiufcula,
Oblong
trichoda,
rather broad,
three
little
200. Tri-
Microscopical Essays.
200.
579
Trichoda
Striata,
Ifriuata
et^eihata,
Oblong
trichoda,
It is
firft
fight
The body
fet
is
end
is
body becoming
it
final ler
where
eggs,
the hairs
commence
other,
has a
end to the
December.
and
at the
abdomen
It
row of little
was found in
river water in
201.
Trichoda Uvula.
Fig. 53.
crinita.
Rather
fize
This animalculum
is
fix
it is
broad, round,
fhort
fore-part,
fomeare difperfed
into
Found
in
4A
202. Tri-
Microscopical Essays*
202.
Trichoda Aurantia.
patula, apice ad
Trichoda
crinita.
medium
Trichoda fomewhat
It
.
is
filled
veficles^
203..
Trichoda
Ignita..
It is
of a
fine
caftj..
;
the
it
204.
Trichoda Prifma.
in
carinam comprefla,
very fmaUj and fo transparent* as- not eafily to be de* Mneated 5. no hairs could be obferved ? and it's form is lingular.
It is
2050 Tri-
Microscopical Essays.
205.
5 8i
Trichoda Forceps.
Trichoda
tis.
crini-
unequal
A large
low colour, filled with molecules black opake globule, the fore-part
of thefe
is
is
in the fhape
of a
bill,
(falciformis)
;
dilated,
different lengths
at pleafure
;
it
and (hut
it
thele forceps,
and
It
crofs
them
by
this
motion
was found
folftice.
in
206.
Trichoda Forfex.
Trichoda ventrofa, antice forcipata, poftice papilla duplici Ventrofe trichoda, the fore-part formed into a kind of inftrufta.
forceps,,
One of the
other, hooked,
and
ciliated.
It
was found
in river water.
207.
Trichoda Index,
alteroque
crinito,
degitum produ&o,
5 82
Microscopical Essays,
is
formed by the
It
fore-part,
was found in
water.
208.
Trichoda
S.
Trichoda
flexis.
flriata,
oppofitum
A yellow animalculum,
fil
iated longitudinally
formed of two pellucid membranes, the lower end is obliquely truncated. Trichoda Navicula.
209.
Trichoda
nula.
promi-
Three-cornered trichoda,
the fore-part
little
truncated
and
ciliated,
upwards.
It
is
rather broad,
it
has a kind of
down
the middle.
210.
Trichoda Succifa.
margine
crinito, poflice in crura in-
Trichoda
aequalia
ovalis depreffa,
erofa.
two unequal
legs.
211. Tri-
Microscopical Essays,
211.
5%
Trichoda Sulcata,
Trichoda ovato-ventricofa,
utrinque crinito.
a furrow at
ventral^
Ovated ventricofe trichoda, the apex acute ? the abdomen, both fides of it ciliated.
242.
Trichoda Anas.
Fig. 49,
A fmooth animalculum,
Vkh darkifh molecules
neck
guid.
at
;
five times
broader than
it is
long, filled
a bright neck b c, under the top of the d there mine a few unequal hairs. It's motions are lan* It is found in pure water.
213.
Trichoda Barbata.
ab apice ad medium
Trichoda elongata,
dle, hairy.
teres, fubtus
crinita
Trichoda long, round, the under-part, from the apex to the mid-
This animalculum
tufe, the fore-part
is
narrower, forming as
under
this
is
The trunk
of grey
molecules..
214. Tri-
c r
op'1
At Essay b.
50 and 52, Plate
214.
Trichoda Farcimen.
Fig.
XXV.
thick
Trichoda elongata,
Long and
The body
minute
hairs
is
;
mucid
veficles.
215.
Trichoda
undique
Crinita.
Trichoda elongata,
ufque
crinita.
teres,
ciliata,
fubtus ad
medium
Long
216.
Trichoda Angulus.
Angular, the apex hairy.
crinita.
is
long,
by a kind
of articulation,
more convex than molt of it's kind, into two parts, of equal
indiftincl:
217,
Trichoda Linter.
XXV.
Both
Microscopical Essays.
Both
extremities of the
585
be convex
at
body are
It differs
raifed, fo as to
like
a boat
fometimes the
from
grafs.
218.
Trichoda Paxillus.
Trichoda
obtufa.
Linear
and
hairy,
A long animalculum,
Was
found
219,
in fait water.
full
ra-
ther fmaller than the hind-part, and furnifhed with minute hairs.
Trichoda Vermicularis.
cylindracea,
Fig.
1,
Plate
XXVI.
erinito.
Trichoda elongata,
Long
apex
hairy.
full
of mole-
was found
in river water.
It is
reprefented in different
b the
hairs,
c a little
.220.
Trichoda Melitea.
Fig. 2, Plate
XXVI.
pili-
Trichoda oblonga,
fero.
apice globofo,
Oblong
ciliated trichoda,
ciliated,
and a
kind
cS6
:
-
C R OS
kind of periftakic motion may be perceived. It founds and even then in fait water., a the -neok>.
apex, c the body ciliated.
very rarely
the glpbularr
h-
222,
Trichoda Fimbriate.
Eig, 2, Plate
.
XXVL
crinita , poftice
Ob Ova ted
oW-
223.
Trichoda Camelus*
Trichoda antice
each
crinita, eraffiufeula
Thick, and the fore-part hairy, with notches on the middle and!
fide,
The
fore-part of the
body
in
is
ventricofe
the Hack
is
divided,
by
an incifion in the middle, into two tubercles, the lower part of the
belly, finuated.
Languid
it's
motion.
Is
often, in infufions
of vegetables,
224.
Trichoda
Augun
Trichoda oblonga
.
The body
;
.
oblong,
depreiTed s
the
feet
;
fore-part
beyond
thefe,
with
briftl@g#
225. Tri-
Microscopical Essays,
225.
S7
Trichoda Pupa.
crinita,
cauda
iflexa.
This
tri-
choda
is
tail inflected.
At
firft
fight
it
The body
is
may be
is
defcribed as confiding of
it
three parts
broad, and as
were hooded,
the top furnifhed with very fmall hairs, a tranfparent veficle oc-
hangs over the breaft from the bafe of the head, refembling the
fheath of the feet in the
pupa of the
gnat,
226.
Trichoda Lunaris.
Trichoda arcuata,
teres,
bent.
is
round
fore-
and
part
The edge
227.
Trichoda Bilunis.
crinita,
cauda
bifeta.
Arch-
little
bridles proceed-
228. Tri-
5 88
228.
Plate
XXVI.
feta Ion-
antice
crinita, poftice
Oblong
trichoda, with
a kind
the mouth, b a
final L,
knob
at the
bending of the
c the tail
229,
Trichoda, Tigris.
fetis.
long, and
fomewhat
cylindrical^,
longbriftles.
It differs
tail;
from the preceding in two particulars firft, that of the fecond, in a kind of incifion in the body, at fome little
;
diftanee
230.
5 and
6, Plate
XXVI.
crinita,
cauda articulata 9
Oblong
and
hairy,
the
tail articulated,
briftles.
The body
which
is
it
interior one,
pendage, which
The
exterior,
one
membranaceous,
;
dilated,
pellucid,
and
r
the
Microscopical Essays.
r draw in the orbicular
589
In fome there
it
membrane
tail,
at pleafure.
;
in others five
at the
fecond joint,
laft.
It
In Fig. 6
it is
mouth open,
in Fig.
b the
5 with d the
fpine at the
231.
Trichoda Clavusv
crinita poftice
acuminato-caudata..
The
fore-part
round and
a
a&s
fharp-tail.
This animalculum
not
much
unlike in Ihape to
common naiL
232.
Trichoda Cornuta.
crinita,
cauda;
linear
and fimple.
To
thefe characters
we may
body
is
membrana-
ceous, elliptical,
crammed with
Body,
233.. Tri*
Trichoda Gallina.
cauda
piloFa.
tail
Long
formed
of fmall hairs.
The body
flat,
hairs, the
hinder-part terminating in a
which
formed of very
fine
was found
in river water.
234.
Trichoda Mufculus.
Fig. 7, Plate
XXVI.
Egg-
crinita, poftice
tail
mbtus caudata.
A
line,
fmooth egg-fhaped animalculum, with a double margin, or drawn underneath it, the fore- part narrow, and furnimed
;
underneath
is
a fmall
tail.
,
It
is
and moves,
(lowly.
Is
235.
Trichoda Delphis.
cauda acuminata, mbrellex a.
crinita,
It
Microscopical Essays.
Tt
is
fmooth and pellucid, the fore-part dilated into a femidecreafing in breadth towards the
tail
;
eircle,
fome-
be found
in river water.
236.
Trichoda Delphinus.
Fig. 8, Plate
XXVL
trim-,
tail,;
crinita, poftice
cauda reflexa
is
the
which
A pellucid,
Is
the hind-part
produced into a
at the
it is
veficles
of an unequal
fide
;
fize;
tail
it
fometimes
moves on
it's
the
feldom varies
for:
in its pofition.
rfome months,
Was
237.
Trichoda Clava.
crinita,
cauda
reflexili.
The
club
The
fore-part
is
obtufe, pellucid
23S, Tri.
59 2
Microscopical Es s at s.
238.
Trichoda Cuniculus.
Trichoda
oblonga,
antice
crinita,
poftice
fubacuminata.
filled
Oblong, the fore-part hairy, the hind-part rather acute, with molecules and black veficles.
Trichoda
239.
Felis.
Fig. 9, Plate
XXVL
in caudam
large,
Trichoda curvata,
attenuata, fubtus
I
ongitudinaliter crinita.
Curved trichoda,
the
head, b the
c the hairs.
240-
Trichoda
Pifcis.
Fig. 13
and
14, Plate
XXVL
crinita, poftice
in
caudam exqui-
minating in
longer than
Oblong, the fore-part hairy, the hind-part tera very flender tail. Smooth and pellucid, much
broad, but of nearly an equal breadth through-
it is
out, filled with yellow molecules, the fore-part obtufe, the hind-
is
convex*
tail.
241.
Trichoda Larus.
Trichoda elongata,
teres,
crinita,
cufpidi
caudali
duplicl
Long round
points.
two
Microscopical Essays.
242.
593
Trichoda Longicauda.
XXVI.
cauda elon-
et crinita,
& bifeta.
briftles.
truncated and
let
long, with
terminated by two
f the bridles.
243.
Trichoda Fixa.
Trichoda
fphserica,
peripheria crinita,
pedicello
folitario.
little
Spherical trichoda, the circumference fet with hairs, and a folitary pedicle projecting from the body.
244,
Trichoda Inquilinus.
Trichoda vagbata,
tra
folliculo
folliculum
retortili.
Sheathed trichoda,
little
a cylindrical
245.
Trichoda Ingenita,
Trichoda
vaginata,
folliculo
deprefTa,
bafi
latiore
feflllis.
The animalculum
lhaped
;
that
is
is
funnel-
a hair, of hairs,
funnel.
It
may be
4
mouth of the
ths
594
Microscopical Essays.
tail
refling
on the
was found
in lalt water.
246.
Trichoda Innata.
Fig.
1,
Plate
XXVI.
Trichoda vaginata,
culum.
palling through
diftinguifh
it
fufficiently
b the animal-
culum
in the fheath,
d the
247.
Trichoda Transfuga.
Trichoda
finuata, altero
mucronata.
full
the hinder-part
ed.
248.
Trichoda
Ciliata..
See Zool*
Dan. Icon.
249.
Trichoda Bulla.
Trichoda membranacea,
crinita.
Iateribus
inflexis,
antice
&
poflice
Membranaceous
laft
fore
it
differs
only
by the
Microscopical Essays,
250.
595
Trichoda
Pellionella.
Cylindri-
This trichoda
is
with a
fore-part
very
fine,
of
briftles.
251.
Trichoda Cyllidium.
XXVI.
Egg-fhaped,
crinita.
extremity
footfteps
of an
ad-
external organ.
vacillates
upon
the
edge,
commonly
;
vancing on
it's
flat fide,
continually drawing
up water
it
then
gapes, opens into a very acute angle, almoft to the middle of the
body.
inftant.
It
is
difficult
to
be perceived,
as
it
effecls this
it
in
an
a the mouth,
in
extends
when
agonies.
252.
Trichoda Curfor.
pilorum
ftriclo-
rum
&
curvorum
fafciculo.
hairy,
the
59$
Microscopical Essays.
two
fafcicles
of
ftrait
and curved
The body
there
is
flat,
and
filled
with molecules
in
the
fore-part
cumftances,
we may
fee the
water as
it
were fucked
'
in.
253.
Trichoda Pulex.
XXVI.
crinita.
incifa, fronte
&
bafi
Egg-
254.
Trichoda Lynceus.
XXVI.
Nearly
Trichoda fubquadrata,
roftro
adunco, ore
crinito.
mouth
hairy.
At
firft
fight
it
monoculi.
The body
membranaceous, and
as
it
were cdma
is
little
bun-
and
out,
and
is
girt
round
with a few
briftles.
The
mouth
body
another tube
It is -filled
alfq perceivable
bafe.
252. Tri-
Microscopical Essays,
255.
Trichoda Erofa.
Trichoda
latere crinita,
poftice fetofa.
with
briftles.
256.
Trichoda Roftrata.
flavefcens, ciliis
longis fetifque
Deprefled trichoda,
and
The body
margin, the
the
reft.
and
hairs
them
longer than
The
figure of the
body
is
fomewhat
;
triangular, the
is
the
beak
gether orbicular.
kept.
Found
in water
257.
Trichoda Lagena.
Trichoda
teres,
ventricofa,
roftro
produ&a,
poftice fetofa.
fet
Round
with
briftles.
258. Tri-
598
258.
Microscopical
Trichoda Charon.
Fig.
Ess a y s.
18, Plate
47 and
XXVI.
Boat-
Trichoda cymbiformis
Ihaped trichoda
hairy.
with furrows,
the fore
is oval it refembles a boat both in fhape and moupper part hollowed, the under part furrowed and convex, the item round, with feveral hairs projecting from it. Several hairs mayalfo be feen on one fide. Was found in fait
;
The body
tion, the
water,
that
is
a the head,
b the
tail
d, Fig. 18,
a pellucid bubble
fometimes to be perceived.
259.
Trichoda Cimex.
XXXI.
Trichoda
et poftice crinita.
Oval trichoda, with a lucid margin, both the fore and hind-part
hairy.
It
is
about the
fize
an incifion
in the
It
When
it
fourfmall
thefe
it
which are
fixed underneath,
come
into
view
ufes as feet,
briftles at
hairs..
260. Tri-
Microscopical Essays,
599
260.
Trichoda Cicada.
Trichoda
ovalis,
& fubtus
crinita,
poftice mutica.
the
It
M.
dif-
may be
XIV.
r o N A,
Ah
invifible
worm
with
261*
Kerona Raftelkim.
Kerona orbicularis membranacea, nafuta, corniculis in tota Membranaceous orbicular kerona, with one projecting pagina.
point, the
There are
three rows of horns on the back, which nearly occupy the whole
of it.
It
was found
in river water.
262.
Ke
6oo
Microscopical Essays,
262.
Kerona Lyncafler.
roftro obtufo,
is
Kerona fubquadrata.
bus.
difco corniculis
micanti-
263.
Kerona
Hiftrio.
XXVI.
Kerona oblonga,
It is
or' five
black
points in the fore-part, which are continually changing their fituation, thick fet with fmall globules in the middle,
among which
four larger ones are fome times perceived, thefe are probably
eggs
in the
the body,
globule, f
d a
fome
brifiles.
264.
Kerona Cypris.
XXVI.
This animalculumis comprefled, and fomethingin a pear-fhape, the fore-part broad and blunt, the front is furnimed with fhort
hairs a, or
little
Microscopical Essays,
in the hind-part, partly
601
extended
ftrait,
partly bent
down; the
motion
lemna.
is
retrograde.
It
k found
in water
which
is
covered with
265.
Kerona Hauftrum.
corniculis mediis,
Kerona
orbiculata,
antice
membranacea
the fore-part
membranaceous and
the hinder-part
266.
Kerona Hauftellum.
in
Differs
out any
brililes.
267.
Kerona
Patella.
Fig. 22
XXVL
Kerona
fore-part
flexilibus pendulis.
With one
the {hell
fomewhat notched, the fleffiy body lies in the middle of above and below are hairs, or horns, of different
beyond the
fhell,
;
feet
and
oars,
part.
268. Ke-
602
Microscopical Essays,
268.
Kerona Vannus.
Kerona
ato,
ovalis, fubdeprelfa,
anticis,
margine altero
pofticis.
corniculis
fetifque
kerona, one edge bent, the oppofite edge ciliated, the front furnifhed with horns, the hinder-part with briftles.
269.
Kerona
ovata,
Pullafler.
Fig. 24
and 25,
Plate.
XXVI.
crinita.
Kerona
antice fmuata,
fronte
creftata,
bafi
on the
It
many
upper part
pellucid, without
of the front*
270.
Kerona
Mytillus.
XXVI.
Kerona
ciliated.
animalculum, the fore and hind-part rounded, very pellucid and white, dark in the middle, with black inteftines, intermixed with a few pellucid
it
A large
veficles.
plates.
as
The
it
fore-part
is
is
ciliated,
alfo
ornamented
'
with
Microscopical Essays.
with two
little
603
;
with thefe
hind-part
it
whirlpool.
The
is
out beyond,
c the hind-
the margin,
part,
ciliated,
d projecting
271.
Kerona Lepus.
bafi fetofa.
Kerona
ovata,
apice crinito,
Egg-fhaped, the
The body
Ihort
is
waving
with
briftles.
272.
Kerona
Silurus.
'
Kerona oblonga,
antice
dorfo ciliato.
Ob-
An oval fmooth animalculum, fomething crooked and opake, a fafcicle of vibrating hair on the forepart; the hind-part, or fharp tail, furnifhed with unequal moveable rows of hairs, the
back
the
is
alfo ciliated
thefe hairs
infide are
varies
opake points. The figure from oval to oblong, the filaments of the conferva are
fome unequal,
273. Ke~
Microscopical Essays.
273.
Kerona Calvitium.
Ra-
Kerona
The body
hinder-part
;
is
flat,
both
fides
obtufe, filled
with black molecules, and more particularly a dark fpot near the
the interjacent veficles are pellucid,
no
hairs
on the
two
little
Found
274.
Kerona
Puftulluata.
Kerona
one edge of the hinder-part finuated, both ends fet with hairs,
fore-part.
fait
water.
XV.
Man
topu
s.
cirratus.
pellucid, invi-
275, Hi-
* That
is,
furniflied
with a
Microscopical Essays.
275.
Himantopus Acarus.
XXVL
acuminatus.
the fore- part
Himantopus ventrofus,
Ventrofe himantopus,
fharp.
poftice cirratus,
antice
the
hinder-part
cirrated,
It is
lively,
The apex
is
more or
lefs
attenuated, at the
hairs, like
will
of the
little
creature, with
rows of long
hair, or feet,
To
many
it is
continually
tions,
it
moving
in
various direcplace.,
It is
276.
Himantopus Ludio.
XXVL
Himantopus
wards.
cirrata,
fupra crinita,
cauda
furfum extenfa.
tail
extended up-
This
full
is
of
little
and a
little
bent, the
The
dle of the
back
b,
from the
fide
6o6
fide
Microscopical. Essays.
of the head hang three moveable and
flexible curls a, diflant
from each other. When the animalculum is in motion, the tail is drawn tight, and extended upwards, and often appears as if it
was
cleft.
It is
curled up
when
the
little
creature
is
at reft.
277.
Himantopus Sannio.
ciliata,
infra crinita.
Crooked
It is
very
much
like the
cilia
are longer
it has alfo two than the hairs, and are continually vibrating the head. fides Is found but both on moveable curls hanging
279.
Himantopus Volutator.
antice cirratus.
Himantopus lunatus,
the fore-part hairy.
Lunated himantopus,
A very
fome
lively
animalculum, of the
ftiape
of a crefcent, with
underneath
round
280.
Himantopus Larva.
medio
Himantopus
elongatus,
cirratus.
Long himantopus,
By
Microscopical Essays.
By
from
it's
607
but
is
motion
it
differs
it
in
The body
rather
depreffed and long, the hinder parts acute, and generally curved,
pellucid, filled with granular molecules.
281.
Himantopus Charon.
fulcata, in fovea
Himantopus cymbseformis
cirrated.
ventrali
cirrata.
An
oval
pellucid
hairy,
furrowed
up
fo as to
form an intermediate
-
no
hairs
on
the hinder-part.
282.
Himantopus Corona.
depreffa, in utraque pagina cirra-
Himantopus femiorbiculata,
ta.
A membranaceous
terlines,
or a kind of
hairs,
mane; towards
the
or fpines.
XVI. Vqr-
6o8
C R O SCOPICAL
E S SAY 3.
XVI.
Vermis
A worm
capable
of contracting or extending
cilia.
283.
Vorticella Viridis.
XXVI.
Cylindrical,
To
it
fore-part
figure.
Notwithstanding
it
fimplicity,
into
which
room
to fufpecl that
it
fur-
moves fometimes
fometimes in a
fijait line,
284.
Vorticella Sphaeroida.
Vorticella
cylindrico-globofa,
uniformis, opaca,
A globous
cylinder, uniform
and opake.
it appears little
To
of a dark-green colour
Microscopical Essays.
may be
609
adjacent water, very fhort hairs, which are probably the caufe
thereof,
perceived.
285..
Vorticella CinBa.
XXVI.
This vorticella
in the
form of a trapezium, of a
blackifli
opake.
It is
of an irregular
fide,
naked eye,
ciliated
fide
on every
the hairs
It
286.
Vorticella Lunifera.
Green
The
away
like
of the crefcent
the fore-
part
is ciliated.,
It is
found in
felt
water*
287. Vor~
6io
Microscopical Essays.
287.
Vorticella Burfata.
XXVI.
centrali.
Vorticella
viridis,
apertura
truncata,
papillaque
Green
projection.
Ventricofe,
crammed with
of
it,
and both
there
is
fides
c c, pellucid
in the center
b,
of the aperture
which,
when
all
the ani-
makulum
ture
is
at reft,
appears notched
cilia
;
furrounded with
thefe are
fometimes
erected,
fide.
Found
in
water,
a the
the pellucid
288.
Vorticella Varia.
Cylindrical,
truncated,
ciliated.
opake,
blackifh-coloured
vorticella,
the
fore-part
289.
Vorticella Sputarium.
ciliis
This
Microscopical Essays.
This
is
611
thofe
among
where
all
are lingular
viewed fideways
it is
fomewhat tapering towards the hinder-part, with a broad pelluviewed from the top it has fometimes a broad face, or cid edge
;
difc, furniflied
and
filled
with fmall
lefier
lemna.
2cp.
Vorticella Polymorpha.
Plate
XXVI.
vorti-
Vorticella multiformis,
cella, green,
viridis,
opaca.
Many-fhaped
opake.
To
it
appears as a
it
mod
puts
on every moment
it is
fuch various forms, that they can neither be exhibited to the eye
by
truly
ders of nature, aftonifhing the mind, fatiguing the eye, and continually exciting the fpeclator to alk,
"
Quo teneam
vultus
in
a the
fore-part,
g the hind-part,
d the fore-part
"fometimes to be obferved.
2 9 1 > Vor-
Microscopical Essays.
291.
Vorticella Multiformis.
Green, opake*
This
is
fo
like
Is
the
it
needs no further
defcription.
found in
292.
Vorticella Nigra..
Fig..
Top-fnaped black
To
little
the
as fmall'black points
it
appears as a
when
it
white hooks
come
into fight,
by
their afliftance
it
moves
in
it is
that they
found
293..
Vorticella Cucullus.
Vorticella elongata,
vorticella
is
teres,
Thistrun-
mouth obliquely
cated.
Microscopical Essays,
This vorticella
613
ones, as
conical,,
it is
of a
294.
Vorticella Utriculata.
Vorticella viridis,
ventri colli,
produclilis,
antice
truncata.
Green
a
much
fhape of
at
common
waterrbottle,
the
all,
and
20,5.
Vorticella Ocreata.
Vorticella fubcubica,
infra in
This vorticella
is
fomewhat of a cubical
under part
It is a
part of a boot
is
truncated
and
It is
an inhabi-
tant of rivers,
296.
Vorticella Valga.,
Vorticella cubica,
infra divaricata.
!ower part
divaricated.,.
This.-,
6 14
This
is
Microscopical E S S AY S.
filled
as
broad
as
it is
Found
in
marfhy waters.
297.
Vorticella Papillaris.
&
late-
hyalina.
tail,
Ventricofe vorticella,
papillary
Is
met
with.
298.
Vorticella Sacculus.
Vorticella
cylindracea,
apertura repanda,
margine
reflexo.
Cylindrical vorticella, the aperture broad and flat, the edge turned
'
down.
A thick animalculum,
filled
with molecules
the edge
to
be feen on both
lijdes
the mouth.
299.
Vorticella Cirrata.
ventrali.
two
tufts
of hair on
300. Vor-
Microscopical Essays.
300.
Vorticella Nafuta.
Fig. 38, 39,
Plate
XXVI.
Vorticella cylindracea,
Cylindrical, with a
crateris
An animalculum that
it is
is
invifible to the
naked eye
but
when
armed with microscopic lenfes, it appears curioufly furnifhed with a rotatory organ, which encompafles the middle of the
body.
It is
pellucid, cylindrical, of
ciliated,
;
an unequal
fize,
truncated and
the
a point
on each
nearly
;
This
but
is
when
in
motion
when
its
another
is
now
fafcicles
of moving
variegated
if
hairs
to
be difcovered
the
fame time.
The
at
this
apparatus
(more particularly
the
the
30 u Vor-
6i6
"Microscopical Essays.
301.
Vorticella Stellina.
"Vorticella orbicularis,
difeo
moleculari,
difc,
peripheria
ciliata.
and
ciliated peri-
phery.
.302.
Vorticella Difcina.
Fig. 8, 9,
10, Plate
XXVI. A.
ciliato,
fubtus convexo-anfata.
Orbicular
vorticella, the
fide.
edge
ciliated,
303.
Vorticella Scyphina.
Vorticella craterformis,
cryftallina,
medio
fphasrula
opaca.
in the
Bowl-fhaped
middle.
vorticella,
cryftalline,
an opake fpherule
304.
Vorticella Albina.
Cylindrical vorticel-
305.
Vorticella Fritillina.
apice truncata,
ciliis
praslongig,
Empty
apex truncated
306. Vor-
Microscopical Essays.
306.
Vorticella Truncatella.
6i 7
ciliis
breviufcu-
filled,
It is
is
crys-
talline,
it's
fkin
is
perfectly
fmooth and
rior
is
it's
hinder extremity
is
truncated
there
is
;
which
ferves as a
mouth
thickly ciliated,
307.
Vorticella Limacina.
XXVI.
Cylindrical
Vorticella cylindrica,
truncata,
ciliis
bigeminis.
cilia.
308.
Vorticella Fraxinina.
Vorticella
gregaria,
cylindracea,
oblique
truncata,
ciliis
and a
fiffure
or notch
upper edge.
The
body
is
is
rather tapering,
and
filled
;
towards the
upper end
proceed,
it
is
tranfparent
two
fmall tubercles,
from each
fide
4 F
309. Vor-
6iS
Microscopical Essays.
309.
Vomcella
work.
Cratsegaria.
See
page 437 of
310.
this
Vorticella
Hamata.
margine
XXVI.
rigid is.
fet
Vorticella
burfaeformis,
aperture
it's
aculeis
aperture or
mouth
It is
about
the
body
is
extended,
311.
Vorticella Crateriformis.
XXVI.
poftice.
Vorticella fubquadrata,
ciliorum
fafcicuiis
etiam
This vorticella
cilia
is
even
at the hinder-part.
it is
broad, approaching
is
fomewhat
to a fquare, with
is
convex
fides
the head
fituated at
fmooth, fome
traces
of interlines are
is
a confiderthis
compohng
Two
Microscopical Essays.
619
as at Fig.
Two
at this
*,
time they
may
without
alter-
fmooth and
moveable
cilia.
312.
Vorticella Canaliculata.
Dilated, pellucid,
fide.
To
to.
it
appears as fo
;
many white
points adhering
is
when
;
in the fide a
is
kind of incifion
may
little
it is
by which
it
excites
313.
Vorticella Verfatilis.
Vorticella
elongata fpiculiformis,
mox
urceolaris.
it's
Long
fiiape into a
with
it
fniall
radii,
whence
may be
.2
314. Vor-
6~20
Microscopical Essays.
Vorticel la Ampulla.
Fig. 4
314.
and
5,
Plate
XXVI. A.
of it
is
Little
malculum,
more need be faid to enable the reader to know this aniif he mould meet with it, than to obferve that the
in the fhape
is
bag
is
much
of the
common
water-bottle
at
that the
it*
animalculum
fometimes to be obferved
filling
it.
the bottom of
fometimes nearly
315.
Vorticella Folliculata.
Vorticella oblonga,
folliculo
cylindraceo hyalino.
Oblong
This animalculum
is
when
at
it's
bafe appears
truncated.
316.
Vorticella Larva.
fomewhat
in the fhape of a
two
The
may
be
diftinguifhed
of
agio-
Microscopical Essays.
a globular projection
aperture.
621
may
at times
317.
Vorticella Succolata.
Fig.
XXVL
poftice biis
This
vorticella
in figure
notched, forming, as
it
were two
teeth, the
biphyllous.
Each of thefe
head
parts
is
parts
is
furrounded with
a a a fmall
interior
and d the
J,
little
horn
at the
318.
Vorticella Aurita.
ciliis
utrinque
both
fides
of
it
furnilhed
with rotatory
the
tail
biphyllous.
319.
Vorticella Tremula.
brevi unicufpi.
the
This vorticella
into parts
mouth divided
cauda fomewhat of a conical fhape, which are fet with fmall fpines or
is
from the
tail.
622
It is
Microscopical Essays.
a pellucid, crystalline, ventricofe animalculum
fide
;
within
it,
on one
is
the
tail
is
and very
fhort.
'
320.
Vorticella Senta.
Somewhat of
tail fhort,
It
is
The body
hairs,
is
;
part truncated
but
flilfer
it
vibrating,
with which
draws
in all
321.
Vorticella Lacinulata.
XXVI.
binis
fetis
cauda Ji-
the aperture
lobated, the
fmall,
brillles (d).
The body
third part
is
is
Jpread on both
is
lit-
Microscopical Essays.
a
little
another of thefe
is
difcovered
makes
is
it
appear
little
like
finall flower.
The
hind-part,
when
in motion,
bent
When
may
the animalculum
;
Is
fwim-
ming,
it's
be feen
molecular interlines
direction.
Is
are vifible
it
moves with
velocity in an oblique
found
in
pure water.
Vorticella Conftricla.
322.
Integra,
cauda annuor
Elliptical
tail
ventricofe vorticella,
the aperture
mouth
undivided, the
tail,
fully dif-
tinguimed.
has been fuppdfed to be the heart; there are two kinds of them,
they
move by
to the glafs
upon the
;
11
age,
fix
body
and
as
much
as poffible
they
place where they intend to move, and then draw the hinderrpart
to
it,
fo on.
They fometimes
tail,
upon one of
When
they open their mouths very wide, the lips are ciliated,
in
fome of them.
323. Vor.
624
Microscopical Essays,
323.
Vorticella Togata.-
Vorticella fubquadrata,
binis,
apertura integra,
fpinis
caudal ibus-
plerumque
unitis.
Square
not di-
of two long
fpines,
The body
is
filled
with molecules,
the middle part pellucid, the hinder-part rather broader than the
fore-part, the fore -part ciliated, the tail
324.
Vorticella Longifeta.
fetis
Long vorticella,
flat,
the
tail
briftles.
The
briftles
two
which
conftitute the
tail
is
longer than
the other.
325.
Vorticella Rotatoria.
PL XXVI. A.
collar],
little
Brachi-
Microscopical Essays,
Brachionus corpore conico fubzequali.
Hill Hifl.
Anim,
Ditto.
Brachionus.
Pallas
Zooph. 50.
plate io s
2,
p. 77,
fig.
18;
and
p. 96,
ABCDE
K.
fig.
255,
p. 386,
f. i 5
2.
f.
6, 7, 8.
pi. 11,
f.
to 13
and
fig.
1,
2, 3,
6, 7,
15,
16,
17, 18,
io 5 20, 21,
XXVI. A, belonging to
the work.
No perfon
refer us to
fucceeding writers
creature.
him
little
What
as
I.
mail fay
upon
this
animalculum
will therefore
be taken chiefly
appear
me
It
626
It
Microscopical Essays.
may be proper
differs in
to obferve,
refpecls
firft.,
that
animal
fome
from
that of
Mr. Baker's
fir ft,
by
the rotatory organs on the back, which flretch out like ears
fecondly, the two
little
the
body
and thirdly, the two black points near the top of the head, which
are probably the creature's eyes.
This
little
animal
is
found
fome
they are
fometimes to be found
alfo in ditches
It
it is
It
may be
kept for
dry
as duff,
When
dry,
it is
by flow degrees, becomes very lively, and in a little time protrudes it's wheels, and fwims about or elfe, fixing itfelf by it's tail, brings the food in fearch of food
;
to
it
by
the
it's
rotatory organs.
is
lead, or the
fediment
it
has
left
may
rner,
when
all
the water
is
is
to
difcover,
Microscopical Essays.
dife over,
627
moft
firft
little
it's
mo-
performed
like
many of thofe
tail
infects,
by
firft
by
thefe
It
it's
form
becomes
brifldy,
clubbed, and immediately dividing, exhibits to our view two circular inftruments, fet with minute hairs, that
move very
is
An
aperture,
;
or mouth,
alfo perceived
the animal
may
ming about
in purfuit of
food while in
this ftate.
The moft
head
ther
is
defcribed
is
for
taper form,
infecl,
becomes on a fudden
as
broad
procure
food.
The
628
Microscopical Essays.
circular bodies
which project from them have much the refemblance of wheels, and feem to turn round with confiderable velocity, by which means a very rapid current of water is brought
The
little
creature
as thefe
fet
is
with
they
difficult to
determine
how
what
;
is
their real
this as it
figure,
concave, or conical
be
from a couple of tubular cafes, in which they can be again reThey do not tracted, at the will and pleafure of the animal. always turn the fame way, nor with the fame velocity they will
;
fometimes move in contrary directions, fometimes both one way. The figure varies, from the degree of their protrufion, and from other circumftances. They appear fometimes like minute oblong
fquares, rifing
circle
at other times
they
way
like fo
many hooks
now and
number of
is
mallets.
When
firft
feen to
open or
fet
which when
fully
little fpicuke, having all a nimble and continual vibrating motion upwards and downwards, whereby the water becomes agitated, each wheel being in this cafe doubled, or like a round
When
in
proportion to the
of the animal
and though
circle,
it
is
then
more
particularly
remark-
Microscopical Essays,
remarkable for
it's
629
brightness,
may be perceived about the midmany veffels may be feen to take their
origin
from
this.
The
circle,
thorax, or breaft,
is
by
a fhort annular
or neck
whole an.malculum.
little
In
it
is
we
of the
creature
the heart
tole
and
i)
Hole cannot
it
i
fail
obferver.
and
ap-
them a
flat,
figure
fomewhat
like
the
;
feparate
The
when
they
come
together,
heart
is
communicated
going
we may
per-
and
dilatations
It
is
apparently
correfpondent thereto.
neceflary,
however, to remark,
or at leaf!
it
is
fometiraes fufpended,
two
re-
as
From
horn
630
Microscopical Essays.
infect turns
on
it's
back or
fide.
there
is
The abdomen
much
and
of
this
vifcera.
When
creature
is full
colour, extending
tail,
and
which propel
their contents
downwards.
and
round
the bowels.
It
in length
very much, or
a cafe for
all
confiderably, fo as to
become
the
reft
of the body.
The
tail
it is
of a tapering form,
it
is
and
confifts generally
of three joints
tail,
when
inclined to fix
fix,
itfelf to
little
it
thrufts
;
tlrefe
fame time.
feem
ming.
allift it
at the leaft
Mr. Baker
conjectures that
they have eyes lodged near the wheels, becaufe while they are in
the globular or maggot
ftate, their
Microscopical Essays.
ing
;
but after the wheels are protruded, they are performed with
XXVI. A,
maggot
lefs
reprefents this
(late
;
little
animal in what
Mr. Baker
calls the
the fnout
is
fometimes
(a)
Fig. 15 reprefents
it s
to place^
flate.
it,
and
in the pollure
it
when
it is
preparing to fwim
wheels in motion.
Fig.
it's
full extent,
At
more
(c.)
particularly exhibited,
;
Fig. 19
is
full
ing
it's
wheels about.
5^2
Fig.
Microscopical Essays.
20 fhews
in this
it
with
it's
fide
one of the
wheels
other.
pofition appears to
Fig.
in the poftures
fiibril-
when
Fig. 2,
it is
into the
it
abdomen
ftill
at Fig. 21
as the tail
it is ftill
at Fig.
22 as
appears juft
ad-
is
drawn
tail.
hering by the
it
it's
rolls
it's
;
head and
is
them
into
body
it
repre-
one of which,
tail,
is
XXVI. A.
Fig.
1 1 is
part
within
may be
feen,
which
Fig. 3
tail,
is another kind it has two projecting points from the and the head furnilhed with a number of fibrillar
;
Fig.
Flate
26.
A.
I
flate
26. A.
I-
23
Microscopical Essays.
Fig. 13 reprefents another fpecies, defcribed
633
by
Spall anzani.
XXVI.
by Mr.
Miiller.
326.
Vorticella Furcata.
Vorticella cylindrica,
bifida.
apertura
Integra,
cauda longiufcula
tail
rather long,
parts.
A cylindric body,
the
apex
the
tail
little
turning in-
wards.
When
at reft,
it
but
when
water.
in motion,
feparates them.
Generally found in
common
327.
Vorticella Catullus.
XXVI.
Cylindrical
vorticella,
the
It is a little thick animalculum, mufcular, folding itfelf up, of an equal breadth throughout, the body disfigured by longitudinal folds, winding varioufly the anterior part, or head, connected
;
to the
body by a
little
neck,
it
The
tail (e) is
in
two
very
634
very fmall
interlines
Microscopical Essays.
briflles (d),
which
It's
it
at pleafure
the
ill- defined.
motion
rotatory,
but in various
directions.
Is
found commonly in
marmy
waters.
328.
Vorticella Canicula.
tail fhort^
articulated,
and dividing
into
two pointed
parts.
329.
Vorticella Felis.
With
tail,
The body
is
large, the
;
apex of an equal
tail
thicknefs, obtufe,
fpines,
the
acute, with
two pellucid
330.
Vorticella Stentorea*
331.
this
work.
332. VoiV
Microscopical Essays.
332.
Vorticella Flofculofa.
Fig.
635
XXVI.
Vorticella caudata
pellucido.
aggregata,
With
tail
difc.
To
it
low eggs.
By
from
mouldy
center.
They
either fmgly, or
many of them
a vortex
in the water.
fociety,
and
aft fingly;
they
may
of
and
will
tail.
be found to
conlift
is
The head
no
veflige
often fo
drawn back
but
it
into the
abdomen
(d), that
of
it
remains
oPa kidney-fhape.
The
abdomen
interlines,
an oblong, oval, pellucid, replete with obfcure amongft which are one or two remarkable black oval
tail is
fpots (e)
the
fharp,
as
the abdomen,
333.
Vorticella Citrina.
XXVI.
it
can con-
and equal-fized
4H2
The
636'
Microscopical Essays.
is
The head
equal
fize
;
full
fometimes within
It's
it.
No
i&
motion
different
from moft of
It is
but not
eafily defcribed.
c c
fmall feet.
334.
Vorticella fimplex,
Vorticella Piriformis.
obovata,
pedicello
minimo
retraftili.
which
it
itfeif.
335.
Vorticella Tuberofa.
Simple
vorticella, the
it
of
his
/
336. Vor-
Microscopical Essays.
336.
Vorticella Ringens,
637
orifice that
contracts or dilates.
The
little
creature
is
pear-
it
can con-
an obtufe point.
337.
Vorticella Inclinans.
head.
A
and
pellucid pendulous
is
little
occafionally,
;
by
contraction,
made
pedicle
it's
fhape
is
like that
of a tobacco-pipe.
338.
Vorticella Vaginata.
Simple
vorticella, erect,
For
6g8
Microscopical Essays.
For the 339th, 340th, and 341ft, the author refers to the Zool. Dan. he terms them vorticella cyathina, vorticelia putrina,
vorticella patellina.
342.
Vorticella Globularia,
Vorticella fimplex,
fphaerica,
pedunculo
retortili.
Simple,
is
of the mouth
it
ciliated,
contracts
frequent
among
343.
Vorticella Lunaris.
XXVI.
Sim-
The
fides,
fmall
head of
this
animalculum
is
crater-form (goblet-
As often
it is
mouth
is
is
when
(hut, this
twifted
up
fpirally,
and
cilia
a the head
{hut, c the
f the pedicle
when
ftrait,
g when
bent.
344.
Vo*
Microscopical Essays.
344.
Vorticella Convallaria.
639
345.
Vorticella Nutans.
Vorticella fimplex,
turbinata,
pedunculo
retortili.
Simple,
The
{lender,
pedicle
and t wills itfeff fpirally, is exceeding and has a kind of cap on the head the margin white
is
fimple,
as
it
346.
Vorticella Nebulifera.
XXVI.
Simple, egg*
reflexili.
The body
ture
is
is
it
narrow
at the bafe,
at top,
the margin as
but
when
the aper-
fhut, the
animalculum
the pedicle
is
may be
eonfiderably longer than the body, and generally much bent back, a the head open, b almoft fhut, c quite fhut, d the ftalk when ftrait,
at e
it is
feen diftinaiy,
is
bent.
640
Microscopical Essays*
347.
Vorticella Annularis.
V orticella fimplex,
Sim*
This
is
vifible to the
naked eye
is
(hut, truncated
is
when
it is
open, -with
and
head, the
apex
is
twilled fpirally.
appears to be annulated.
348.
Vorticella Acinofa.
this
work.
349.
Vorticella Fafciculata.
dunculo
retortili.
Simple,
green,
bell-fhaped,
the margin or
twifted.
A congealed green
ditches,
is
maf\
..Inch
is
often
fwimming about
in
compofed of myriads of
eye
thefe animalcula,
which are
not
vifible to the
of green flowers.
at
narrow
bottom, pellucid.
It
may fomeis
little
head
at the apex.
35-
Vo
*"-
Microscopical Essays.
350.
Vorticella Hians.
641
retortili.
This
is
among
the
mo ft
minute.
The head
;
a gaping cleft
difcovered defcend-
351.
Vorticella Bellis.
Sim-
it
can
contracl: at pleafure.
The head
filled,
yellow, refembling
much
it is
ciliated
and are
abundance, moving in a
The
foot, or pedicle,
is
long, (lender,
and pellucid
it is
;
di-
vided into two parts, with fmall knobs on the top of each
bafe adheres to a bulb, the
fcales.
the
under part
is
352.
Vorticella Gemella.
Vorticella
fimplex,
fphaerica,
capitulo
gemino.
Simple,
fpherical, with a
double head.
The
pedicle
it's
is
long,
;
little
heads at
apex
4 I
353- Vor-
342
Microscopical Essays.
353Vorticella Pyraria.
this
work.
354.
Vorticella Anaftatica.
effays.
355'
Vorticella Digitalis.
this
work.
356.
Vorticella Poiypina.
XXVI.
reflexili ra-
pedunculo
Compound
ftalk.
ing branching
When
many
like fo
.
little
upper
with interlines
the branches
knobs,
the head
when extended,
357'
Vorticella Racemofa.
Compound,
pedicle rigid,
To
Microscopical Essays.
it
643
focialis,
To the
in
naked eye
from
it
but
is
diftinguifhed
by always adhering
which
it is
placed.
very
fine pedicle is
On
examining
cryftalline pel-
varioufly agita-
They fometimes move feparately, fometimes are fometimes drawn down to the root, and in a mo-
Brachionus.
A worm
ca-
358.
Brachionus
Striatus.
Fig.
Brachionus univalvis,
bafi integra,
tefta
ovata
apice fexdentata,
fhell
cauda
nulla.
oval
and
filiated, fix
The
figure.
fhell
is
it's
with
on the edge
'of
it,
down
fhell,
and fmooth.
traced
;
on the other
of the
towards the
tail,
there are
two
little
The
1
Microscopical Essays.
The animalculum
of a yellow colour
three
little
is
pellucid, cryftalline,
it
now and
on the under
when
the apex
is
rigid points..
It is
an inhabitant of the
lea.
359.
Brachionus Squamula.
Brachionus univalvis,
Univalved brachionus,
with
teeth,
360.
Brachionus Palav
Brachionus univalvis,
tefta
an oblong excavated
fmooth, no
tail.
{hell,
It is
of a yellow colour..
361.
Brachionus Bipalium.
apice decemden-
Brachionus univalvis,
tefta
oblonga
inflexa,
Univalved brachionus, the fhell tata, baft integra, cauda fpuria. oblong and inHeRed, ten teeth at the apex, the bafe fmooth, a
fpurious
tail.
362. Bra
-Microscopical Essays.
Brachionus Patina.
3S2.
Brachionus univalvis,
tefta orbiculari
integra,
(hell,
cauda mutica,
with an orbicular
tail.
is
rather
is
fo as
This
little
creature
re-
it
is
affixed to the
middle of the
it
were upon a pellucid fubftance, which is divided into two lobes between thefe lobes and the rotatory inftrument there is a filver-coloured crenulated membrane two
and ftand
as
it
fmall claws
may be
mouth and
other organ-
ized parts.
363.
Brachionus Clypeatus.
Brachionus univalvis,
integra,
tefta
oblonga,
apice
emarginata,
fhell
bafi
cauda mutica.
oblong,
naked.
364.
Brachionus Lamellaris.
Brachionus univalvis,
corni,
tefta
produ&a, apice
cauda
bipili.
extending
confider-
64 6
Microscopical Essays.
there are
confiderably beyond the body, the bafe divided into three fmall
horns, at the end of the
tail
two
hairs.
365.
Brachionus Patella.
emar-
fhell,
two
two
The
fills
up the intervening
are very diftincT:
The head,
of the trunk
the
is
tail,
the bottom
it
fhell.
;
The
it
is
fhort,
fhell,
annulated,
flexible, the
the apex diverging into two very fine briftles (g); it fallens itfelf by thefe, artd whirls about with the body ered the rota;
tory
cilia (c)
are
all
Found
in
marfhy water
the winter.
366.
Brachionus Braclea.
Brachionus univalvis,
Integra,
tefta fuborbiculari,
apice lunata,
ban
fhell
tail fur-
3 6 7> Bra-
Microscopical Essays,
367.
647
Brachionus
Plicatilis.
Brachionus univalvis,
emarginata.
tefta
oblonga,
apice crenulata,
{hell,
bafi
the
apex
368.
Brachionus Ovalis.
Brachionus bivalvis,
cifa,
{hell,
form-
ed of two
369.
Brachionus Tripos.
XXVI.
cauda
Brachionus bivalvis,
duplici.
tefta
apice mutica,
bafi tricorni,
The body is
open on the
laminae pro-
orifice
two
;
little
at the
tail
bottom are
(g)
a,
and a moveable
little
between
creature opens
and
{huts at pleafure
by
thefe
it
fixes itfelf to
obje&s.
a the
late-
ral cilia,
mafs.
370. Bra-
64 8
Microscopical Essays.
370.
Brachionus Dentatus.
Brachionus bivalvis,
tata,
fhell,
den-
cauda fpina
duplici.
formed of
two
371.
Brachionus Mucronatus.
Brachionus bivalvis, fubquadrata, apice et bafi utrinque mucronata, cauda fpina duplici.
372.
Brachionus Uncinatus.
XXVI.
mucronata,
fhell,
Brachionus bivalvis,
cauda rugofa
bifeta.
This
is
terminating in a point,
1
mufcular, furnifhed with a hook on the fore -part, a final rotatory organ, a tail compofed of joints, long, and cloven at the end into
two
briftles.
It
can open
clofe, c
it's
fhell
both
at the fore
and hind-part,
a the
fhell
tail,
when
i
the
the briftles.
373. Bra-
Microscopical Essays.
373.
649
Brachionus Cirratus.
Brachionus capfularis,
tefta
cauda
Larger than the preceding, ventricofe, fomewhat pellucid, the head conical, on both fides of which is a bundle of
bifeta.
hairs
it
374.
Brachionus Pa flu s.
Brachionus capfularis.
tefta
cylindracea,
frontis
cirris
binis
375.
Brachionus Ouadratus.
Brachionus capfularis,
bicorni, cauda nulla.
Ihell,
tefta
with two fmall teeth at the apex, two horns proceed from
it
the bafe,
has no
tail.
376.
Brachionus Impreffus.
Brachionus capfularis,
obtuft emarginata,
fhell
tefta
cauda flexuofa.
tufe, the
tail
flexuous or bending.
377- Bra -
Microscopic a l E s s a y/s<
377.
Brachionus Urceolaris,
Fig.^oand
For
a-
57, Plate
XXVI. and
of
this
XXIII
full
defcription
fee
page 448.
378.
Brachionus Bakeri.
XX VL
Brachionus capfularis,
bah; bicorni,
tefta
cauda longa,
bicufpi.
fhell ventricofe,
two horns
at
the bafe,
the
tail
This
fhell,
differs
from each
of which there
is
tail,
and
of a
terminating in a point.
different form,
alfo
of the
fhell is
having
Ihorter ones.
From
;
quently extended
fu mimed*
with
a-
border of little
hairs,
in a vibratory
manthey
The
eggs are
;
tail,
five
Mr. Muller
has- fur-
two fmall
this
creature,
379.. Bras.
M icroscop
379.
al
Essays,
Brachionus Patulus.
Brachionus capfularis,
tefta ventrofa,
Capfular brachionus-j
4K2
CHAP.
652
Microscopical Essays.
CHAP.
IX.
of Timber,
THE
field
fubjecl:
of obfervation to the
well
life
may be
employed
it
juft
trees
and
plants,
nature,
and
offices
Malphigi,
Grew, Duhamel,
Hill,
Bonnet, and
Be
Sauffure,
;
this fubjecl:
and
we
by fome
paid
by
the reft to the advantages their favorite purfuits might have derived from the ufe of the microfcope
and the
di {feeling knife,
we
at
One
what has been done, than at what reafon that our knowledge of the
is
of
this
chapter
is
fo circumfcribed,
Microscopical Essays.
tion to the ftru&ure of plants;
to this,
$53
other can fes,
among
we
may
different
on the principles of vegetation. We are, however, fo little acquainted with the Heps which Providence takes to lead intelle&ual, but free agents, to the knowledge of truth, and the
theories
before
it
can mine in
it's
it is
effort
we may
Redeemer
in
things are
now
converging,
As Dr.
Hill
is
the
firft
writer
who
natural hiftory in
an orderly and
fcientific
manner,
I (hall ufe
the
of
the rind;
2.
the bark;
3. the blea 6.
wood;
5. the
corona or
circle
of propagation;
the
pith.
firength of the
in,
and carry on
it's
it
obtains
peculiar
and
virtues.
Thefe
veffels are
of
five kinds.
Juice
* See the Bifliop of Exeter's Ssrmon before the Society for the Propagation of the
Gofpel.
R<
O S COP I C A'L
"E S S
A -YS.
Juice
f t,
|
Vess.els..
2.
^1
3.
^4.
5.
The exterior veffels, placed between the rind and The .interior, in the fubftance of the bark. The intimate, in the fubftance of the blea. The fap veftels, in the fubftance of the wood, The coronal, in the corona.
accurate inftruments, or a
the .bark.
More
more minute
veftels, in
inveftigation
the parts,
may
a fyftem which
more thoroughly
Of the Rind,
The
ftance,
exterior covering of
all trees is
which has been compared by many writers to the (kin of animals, and called by names analogous thereto thus it is called
;
the epidermis
by Duhamel, the
full
fkin
Hill.
When a
tree
is
of fap,
it
this
it
membrane may be
eafily de-
covers
may be
large
may
alfo
the rind
of the leaves of
many
from the other parts, by fome of the mining caterpillars methods for effecting this purpofe have been defcribed
159 of this work. to be of little ufe,
artificial
in
page
Though
it
the rind
may
at
firft
fight
be thought
procefs
will
Microscopical Essays.
procefs of vegetation
raoft
;
655
trie
important
offices affigned to
Many
is
and Malphigi
we may
bark of the cherry and plumb trees an arrangement of the parts proper to form the rind, and this arrangement is occafioned by
the endeavour of the vafcular part to extend
ference, and'the refiftance
it
itfelf
to the circum
and that
hence the
form..
The Upon
rind
is
of trees,
to
the branches, the roots, the leaves, the fruit, the flowers, Sec.
the trunks of large trees fome pieces only of the rind are to
be found, having probably been broke by the increafed fize of The rind of fome (pedes of trees will bear being the tree.
ffretched
much
and remain
for a
confiderable
afferts,
Duhainel
remains longer
lefs
efforts
This circumflance
much
in
favour of the
difcinft organization
who
only fuppofe
it
is, it is
clofelv
which
in
fome
may
with
difficulty.
Duhamel
fays, that
65 5
Microscopical Essays.
fix difiintl coats,
much
further.
fome of
reft,
by the confufion
in
lie
one
upon another.
The
cherry
following experiments
may throw
little
light
upon
air,
this
obfcure fubjecl'*
tree,
and the
expofed to the
a part
;
of the bark which was next to the rind dried up and exfoliated
the part next to this did the fame
;
after
two or three
pieces
exfoliations,
Some
of rind were
taken from a few young branches, and the wounds were covered
with a cloth that had been foaked in
the rind appeared in a very
foliation.
little
on
thefe
time, without
From fome
before
a flight exfoliation
followed with a
new
rind.
and the wounds covered as was obferved here, which was foon The bark was taken entirely off from
it
was
wood
from
air.
upon
left
on the branches and the root, but fpots, which were firfl formed at confiderable
torn,
p. 12.
Microscopical Essays.
fiderable diftances
years, this
from each
other.
cherry-tree.
generates
new rind did not appear like the natural rind of the From thefe experiments we learn, that the rind remore readily in fome cafes than in others, and that it
becoming dry
fo
many minute
alfo
holes for
may
be perceived in
it;
parts, oc-
Dr.
Grew
veficles,
or
fibres
or
vefTels,
thefe are
conjoined by other tranfverfe ones, but that as the rind dries, the
bladders or blebs Ihrink up and difappear.
not
differ
much from
feries
who
formed of a
of longitudinal
veffels,
in a tranfverfe feclion,
form
made up of
ception, occafioned
film.
The mode
of obtaining an accurate view of the organizaby conveying coloured liquors into the feveral
i
62 of thefe
eflays
4
* Diihamel Phyfique
.des
L
Arbres, vol
1,
p. 9.
658
eflays
;
Microscopical Essays.
by
this
we
find that
The
root,
which
is
is
above ground,
gether,
The
cold of
are (hut, or
nearly
by
this contraction
a very
little
for the
and
at a
time
to caufe
trees, the
exift.
The warmth
fluids
this
By
this
means,
dered fupple,
coverings.
and may be
from the
under
In roots the colour of the rind varies very much, being white
in
Every
root, according to
Grew,
after;
after
a ring
is
wards (em off from the bark, which forms the fecond flan
in the root of dandelion,
thus
eafily feparated
Hill's
p. 37*
Microscopical Essays.
one,
<%9
which
is
frefher,
"and
adheres
more
year
falls
off in the
Of the Vessels which are contained between the Rind and the Bark.
Thefe are called by Duhamel the
cellulaire)
cellular
coat, (eriveloppe
by Hill the
exterior veffels,
exteriora.
It
veflels,
or
vafa propria,
do not form
confifls,
it
wood of
fpecific
but that
it's
it is
derives
virtues, qualities,
live,
and
tree
may grow,
it's
and give
fliade
without
virtues
them
but on thofe
;
peculiar character
and decided
depend
larger!
or
we
fcarce find
allotted place,
it's
peculiar form,
trees
it's
and
feparate ufe.
Many
have them
their parts,
Gn
we
find a fubftance of a
deep green
number'
of
p. 73.
66b
Microscopical Essays.
;
it is of filaments, interwoven together in various directions in others, particularly than in -the more abundant in fome trees
elder,
in
fummer than
in winter;
it
is
then
alfo lefs
in
a living
fummer
fhoot, but
much
When
of this
but
little
the rind
is
perfectly feparated,
it;
;
it
clafs
behind
and
to the rind
run ftraitdown the branch, but interweaving with each other form a kind of net. Thefe packets may be feparated eafily from the bark
is
;
when
is
examined,,
found to be compofed of twelve or fifteen diftincl; veflels^ it with hard rinds. Dr. Hill fays, that with a great deal of patience,, a vaft number of objects, and a good microfcope, ,we may fee by
what means
for
we
fh all rind
upon the
which
fit
thereto,
and that
is filled*-
Of the Bark.
The bark lies next
within the rind, and
it
differs
but
little
from k
in the
in conflru&ion, though
fcale of vegetation, the
holds a
more important
qualities
office
growth and
p. 75.
M
S'
ro s copical
it.
Essays.
It is,
661
therefore,
found to
kinds.
It
is
feed.
Even
there, as in the
of a kind of fpunge, or
bladders.
...
like a cruft
of
it's
pores
when
in water
may be further inferred from the conwhen dry, and the eafe with which they Grew has called it a moft curious and exIn the courfe of
it
it's
growth, the
call
-
becomes what we
was once
from
change
in feparating
it.;.
By
is
it
is
varioufly difpofed in
it
is
and the
like, it
is,
thick.
And what
it's
is
more
is
particularly to be attended to
that
in
fome
inner verge
radiated.
trees,
is
and a
? -
great
many herbaceous
it
plants, in
this
part
continued
were fo many
fome
particular trees,
live
when
de-
prived
* Hill's Conftru&ion of Timber,
p. 118.
Ibid. p. I2Q.
662
Microscopical Essays,
;
degree anfwering
The bark appears to be formed, firft, of longitudinal fibres, which Duhamel confiders as fo many lymphatic veffels; fecondly,
by a kind of a filmy
as a
cellular tiflue,
ed
kind of bladders by fome, or as parenchymous by others; of the vafa propria interiora, or interior juice
vefTels.
thirdly,
The
lie
one
is
we
when
do
time
fills
up the
interftices
is
removed.
To
this,
;
confiderable
It will
fome require
for years.
and afterwards
this
pulpy matter.
may
moved
The mod:
feems to be
exterior ftratum,
when examined by
fibres,
;
formed of Ample
which
graft.,
or
but when
examined by a micros
other.
found to be a bundle of
which may be
eafily feparated
from each
Grew
fays,
animals?,
which run
off any
branches,
Microscopical Essays.
branches, or fuffering any change in their fize and fhape.
the bark
663
Hence
may
are capa-
The
ble to
on (agreeabundles
;.
many
of one
little
fafcicle part-
more or
it,
lefs
at others
it
whizh
meets with.
In this
manner new
this
new
filaments;
fibres
by
is
pro-
ceed in a ferpentine
The thicknefs
ftrata
is
of the bark
is
entirely
longitudinal fibres,
which
lie
and the
fomuch
fibres
mo ft
annihilated,
and the
feem to
parallel to
each other.
There arefome
,
trees,
and
im
in
which
There
are
many
fome the
diminifiV
66^
Microscopical Essays.
more
interior,
and form-
ing
as
it
were
fo
many
conical cells.
'
We
is
may,
I think,
membranes, which extend over The moft exterior memthe whole exterior furface of the tree.
bark
compofed of feveral
the rind
brane
is
under
this
is
what Duhamel
veftels
coat; next to this the cortical ftratum, or true bark of the tree,
which
is
formed of lymphatic
ranged more or
interiora.
lefo
in a
reticular form,
;
The mefhes
and
filled
wood.
Thefe
cavities
are
with a
cellular tiffue,
tinued from the wood to the rind, joins and unites the cortical
ftratum, and afterwards fpreading
on the
Of the Cellular
Tissue.
We now proceed
fills
to give
up
fibres.
called
confider
it
as
with
an horizontal
:
of the
to jthe
fame
fize,
Grew compares
The
it's
flelh
of
moft
much
filled
.considerable difference in
organization,
Be
this as it
may,
ttbe
Microscopical Essays.
the nature of this fubftance.
it's is
66 6
form and
but very
little
known.
It
floccofe,
and varies
in
colour in
different fpecies.
we
In thofe trees
are ufually
very
is
lodged the
of pine.
beft,
which
fills
them may be
is
The
pinus oriental is
feen.
the
which thefe
veflels are
moll diftin&ly
Of the Blea.
This
is
which
is
therefore
them by maceration.
fufpecls
even the
veflels
themfelves to
be
formed/
fo
or
mouths,
xnoifture
may be
which
is
to
the
life
and health of
plants.
difcerned, except
when they
are
opened
665
Microscopical Essays.
opened by the feafon of the year, either before the nrft leaves of though a final 1 quanfpring, or in the midfummer {hooting time
;
tity
of
mo
Pane
will
no quai>
tity v/ould
The
blea
is
a zone
more or
lefs perfect,
which
is
lies
under the
principally diftin-
guifhed from
it
by being
lefs
denfe.
is
is
The
fat in
compared
this fubftance
to the
it
as
wood
of perfection.
It is
organized
veffels,
manner
wood, and
poffeffing the
fame
The
juice
;
veffels
of
this-
may be
feparated from
it
by maceration
.
in this ftate
Of the Wood.
When
is
taken away,
we come
to the
wood, which
fol id
fubftance,
The wood,
ftrata,
in a
may
be
confidered as
the other
;
formed of
which are
thefe ftrata
confift of lignous
fibres
Microscopical Essays.
fibres or
66j
vafa pro-
lymphatic
veffels,
the cellular
web
or
tiflue,
is
pria,
air veffels. It
more difficult
wood than that of the other general much harder, and thereand
fit
many
If
fubjecls, before
for examination.
we examine
we
(hall
we
cut the
compounded of fmaller
ones,
which
are, therefore,
not fo eafy
trees,
By
the
wood may be
number of leaves,
or
flrata,
examined
by
the microfcope,
dinal fibres
;
we
{hall find
them
to be
compofed of
longitu-
the exifl-
ence of thefe
further proved
by the
facility
fibres.
with which
may may
formed of fmall
or
Veffels, collected
fome
more
work.
obliquely, c rolling
There
is
though
it
may be difficult
4
to difcover
it
in
many
on
568
Microscopical Essays.
finenefs of the mefh.es, the hardnefs of the
fibres.
on account of the
exift
though
and
lefs
differ in
from the cortical, while none is found in thofe of the wood. In this it would appear from the obfervations of Duharnel, that he
r
was miftaken..
tranfverfe feclion of
wood
number of
by concentric circles, interfperfed with veflels of varying, magnitude the variations in this ftruclure afford much pleafure to the curious obferver, and throw
are interfered at different diftances
:
confiderable light
it is
upon
for
from
the'
arrangement of
fo
that
we have
many
differ-
ent fubflances.
receive,
we
mall
find,
A lemon ingrafted
upon an orange
it's
flock,
is
capa-
and vigour
to-
Microscopical Essays.
the deadly night-fhade.
66g
cool houfe-Ieek, and the fiery muftard, the nourifhing grain, and
lig-
We
which
fibres,
in
the blebs of the bark, only that here they, are fo crouded and
firetched out as to appear like parallel threads* fomething fimilar
to a net
when drawn
tight.
Of the Corona,
Dr. Hill gives
pith,
this
it
name
to that circle
and feparates
differs greatly
blance to either.
It is, according to him, the moft important part in the whole vegetable fabric, by which the propagation, and
is
carried on. *
It has been ufual to fuppofe the pith of vegetables to be the part in which thefe wonderful fources of increafe refides, but this
is
and he
afferts,
that fo far
to the
other parts,
it is
in reality pofterior to
fome of them.
The
* Hill on the-Conftru&ion of Timber, p. 55,
M
The corona
pith
is
C R O
O,
C AL
E S S A Y-S.
is
it
and wood in
all
whole outline
is
more or
lefs regulated.
veffels, like
The
general circle
is
cellular,
compofed
perfectly
clu Iters
of blebs and
fimilar to
is
oblong
of
different veffels
are placed
amongft
it.
Thefe
clutters
are
the corona.
They
has two
diflincT: forts,-
and the
interior to the
wood of trees
and within each of thefe are difpofed veffels not unlike thofe in trie blea and wood, though often larger than they are foand
-
in thofe parts.
is
compofed of
all
and rind
it
the duffer
when
it
will
then need
their covering
in
it's
prefent in-
clofed flate,
does not.
from
a tree
is
ready
at all times,
and
and
for the
whole trunk, and the branch in all it's length, have this courfe of eflential veffels ready to be protruded out, and the proper and In fome trees thefe natural integuments as ready to cover them.
parts are
more
evident, in others
Dr.
the 'greater celandine, are proper fubjecls for opening this great
myfiery
Microscopical Essays.
myftery of nature.
6yi
On
it's
cluflerS
depend that
property of vegetables, that they can be produced entire from every piece. Thefe cluflers follow the courfe of the other portions
of the tree
they are
of the fmallefl twig, cannot produce a leaf or any. other part of a vegetable alone, but muff afford the whole, for they are complete bodies,
tunities
is
of extenhon.
we
Of the Pith.
The
it is
pith
is
large in
found in the center of every young moot of a tree fome, lefs in others, but prefent in all. It is placed
It
tiffue
it
is
as
it
in general, the
cells
Duhamel,
though
it
communicates.
For the rays which extend from the opinion, produced from it. Thus,
the parenchymous parts of the
may
differ in
name from
is
wood, yet
;
it is
of the fame
fo that, accord-
ing to this idea, the Ikin, the parenchyma, the infertions, and the
pith*
672
pith, arc all
,the veffels.
Microscopical Essays.
one piece of work,
rilled
up
in divers
manners with
the
wood grow
branch of
one year
in the
two years
old,
and
fo on.
In very
an
;
herbaceous
(late,
mt when
fucculent,
is
arrived
fo compreffed as to
be almofl annihilated.
In examining different branches that proceed from others in their firft ftate, a fmall communication between the pith of the one
will
be found
but
this
communication
is
generally
cells
The
of
is
formed are
at
firft
entirely
it is
many
formed
and regulating
and comes
its
extenfion
it
or primordial to
after
all
poftnate,
it's
them
of time, as well
blebs,
as in
ufes.
That exhaled
Hill's Con-ftru&iQn of
Timber,
Microscopical Essays,
juices cloathing the bubble, gives
firfl
it
673
The
feafon
is
the time of
it's
greatdl
ufe,
and
it
immediately after
begins to decay.
The
pith has in
it
much
more
complex than
{ingle
it
is
really
It confifts
of a range of bladders,
is
it
The membrane
procure
but as
it is
very
difficult to
ate,
though pleafmg forms, which are occafioned by the interfecuoqs as feen one over another.
itfelf
onward
of the circle
The
thus
is is
duller
itfelf is
wood and
all
out in
it's
cl oaths it
the
firfl
no
pith.
The
continuation of growth
;
is
made
difpofition a fmall
vacancy
is
made
in their center.
it
and
as
it
enlarges
This enlarges as they increafe, becomes filled with the exudation of thofe
bladders which remain and conflitute the pith, fed from the inner coat of the pith, which already begins to' form itfelf into a new corona. Grew feemed to think, that in fome inllances the pith was of pofterior growth to the other parts, and derived it's origin from the bark and that the infertioris of the bark
little
;
running
in
N
p. 99.
674
in
<
Microscopical Essays,
in the center,
and
confti-
tute
tranfverfe lection, in
cut
The
fcarlet
oak of America
them.
little
recommendof
ed 'as a proper
If a fhort cylinder
macerated, be hollowed
away with a
is
chiflel,
we
fhall fee
what a
wood
it
occupied by thefe
veiTels
is
eafy,
If a
number of
thefe, thus
of
fome
will at
of wine, and when that has been two or three times changed,
they will be in a condition to be viewed for undemanding their ftrufture another method of preparation has been already fliewn
;
in
page 162.
veffels
called
by fome
air
writers
by others tracheal
veflels.
however, to be remarked,
v
fch, refer-
who have
confidered them as
flate
;
more herbaceous
in
tins
cale they
we
As
Malphigi
affertSj,
Microscopical Essays.
afierts, that if
675
they are examined in winter, they often exhibit a vermicular motion, which aitoni flies the fpeclator.
to contain the
whole flruclure
and that
it is
the
fuppofe
that mull be
which remain
;
to
be fpoken
of.
They
is
and important
though they are fometimes repeated in the wood and the corona. Their coats are thicker than thofe of any other
in the blea,
veffels. *
It is
not
difficult, after
rate
fome of thefe
veffels
perfect, cylinders,
uniform texture.
It
circles,
which are
tree,
feclion
of
almoft every
From what
we may deduce
The moft
obvious
tree, are
2
83 and 85.
the
Conftru&ion of Timber,
p.
676
Microscopical Essays.
fruit.
when compared to
thofe of an animal,
and
this
The
fibres,
interior part
may be
number of
here
named
;
velfels
velfels.
mere
air
The
vertical direction
tree
they
and often leave oblong intervals or Ipaces. There is great reafon The for fuppofing them to be a fpecies of lymphatic velfels.
vacant fpaces between thefe
fibres are filled
up by a
veficular
is
membrane,
called
The
and in the juices which they contain. In the part properly called the wood, we meet with the Tap velfels but as in fome Hates they feem as if they were formed of
the foregoing in their
;
air velfels,
trachea,
making up an
The
Plate .WIT
Microscopical Essays.
The
interior
677
pan of the
tree
may be
further confidered as
ftrata,
Whatever part of a plant we examine, we find thefe and no more. The root it's afcending ftalk, and defccnding fibre, are
,
different
fub fiances.
Thus
the
And what
ap-
be found to originate
in thefe.
is
is
divided
two
more than a fine film of irregular mefbes, the inner one compofed of large blebs, leaving in fome It is fubjecls large vacant fpaces, which form it's vafa propria. made up of feveral flrata, laying one over the other.
to
be
little
Next
is
to this
is
the blea,
which
is
of an uniform
ftruclure.
It
brought to perfection.
flate
The
being fo
much
fhorter as this
is
more vigorous.
differs in
The wood,
fity
it
den-
and
wood.
It
is
made up of flrong
it
The
life
refide in
from
it all
fhoots a
pith inwards,
Every
678
Microscopical Essays.
tree
Every
may be
confidered as confiftmg of
numerou con-
centric ftrata, or
flakes,
forming
lb
many
is
1 he mofl exterior contain the rudiments of the bark, the more interior thofe of the wood. In the germ they are gelatinous, by degrees
they become herbaceous, and in proceis of time
confiftency of wood.
it
number
almoft indefinite.
afiumes the
Thus
may be
which
tween
number of concen-
each compofed
fibres are
The
fpaces
be-
thefe,
interwoven with
cellular tiflue,
The
fjy
ftrata
after the
firft,
other
is
the moft
interior ftratum
that
is
which hardens
this
then covered
fo on.
another which
more
ductile
From
length
as
gains
it's
height.
;
The
ftrata
the
The
may make
their
way more
The
may
more
effectually catch
When
ed under the
a flumes the
may have
in the
air,
its
roots elevated
and
will
grow.
YZ.A.TJF.
xxvnr
Microscopical Essays.
grow.
6/9
is
The
phenomena of vegetation
The
figures in Plate
are portions of
The
feclions
were cut by
fir ft
brought
this
art to perfe&ion,
and
re-
as yet in thefe
performances.
Fig.
hills,
Plate XXVII. a piece of an herb growing on dungby the name of fat-hen it is one of the fpecies known and
;
of orach.
Portugal.
Fig.
Fig. 3, a
comes from
Fig.
i,
Plate
feclion of the
althea frutex.
Fig. 5, a ditto
from
real fize
of
the feclions.
Plate
XXIX.
Fig.
1,
common
cane.
cane.*
bamboo
cane.
Fig. 3,
one of fugar
H A
P.
68o
Microscopical Essays,
CHAR
j
X,
Of the Crystallization of Salts, as seen by the Microscope together with a concise List of
'
Objects.
Crystallization,
of natural
cryftal.
in general, fignifies
the natural
form-
Hence
of
tallized falts,
now
generally
is
reckoned to be
operation
moft commonly applied to bodies of the falinekind; and their feparation in regular figures from the water, or other fluid in
diffolved,
is
If the
fenfe,
word
as
it
cryftallization
were to be confined to
it
moft proper
a fluid to a folid
ftate,
by the union of
their parts,
which
fo
arrange themfelves,
that they
Microscopical Essays.
figured mafles, like native cryftal
;
6Si
word
naturalifts
this
and
it
now
lignifies
is
a regular arrangement
the
parts of any
body which
Thus opake
ft
ones, pyrites,
and
when
and
falts.
The
for
is
This being
eftabli fried,
cryftallization
may be
defined,
an
fluid, are
difpofed to unite
mafles.
and
to
form
folid,
regular,
and uniform
To
underftand as
much
as
lization,
we muft remark,
That the integrant parts of all bodies have a tendency to each other, by which they approach, unite, and adhere together, when not prevented by an obftacle.
i
.
2.
That
g 2
2.
Kfl.C
ROSCOFIC AL Es SAYS',
tendency
That
of integrant parts
fenfible
compounded
cryftallize.
much more
3. .That.
integrant
we do not know the figure of the- primitive molecules of any body, we cannot doubt but that thofe
although
:
4.
That
unite indifcriminately
by any of their
all
fides,
body be equal and fimilar;.and probably the fides, by which, they tend to unite, are thofe by which they can touch raoft extenfively
and immediately.
The mod
general
phenomena of
manner
to
cryftallization
may be con-
have
;
it's
fluid
if
away, thefe integrant parts will approach together; and as the quantity of intervening fluid dimini flies, they will at' laft touch
and
unite.
They may
alfo unite
fo near to
each
mutual tendency
If,
be capable of Overcoming
befides, they
fides
molt difpofed to
union, they
fimilar.
will
haftily,
taken:/;
'Microscopic ail E s s a y s
taken away, fo that the integrant parts
fhall
68 3
be approximated,
and be brought
fides as
they
will,
in fuch
fiances,
form
folid maffes,
whofe
Different
are,
falts
by
this
means,
But
;befides the large cry Hals produced in this way, each fait
capable
>of
made
ufe of,
and the
to
we
are indebted
Mr.
medal
1744.
Thefe micro-
name
the
of configurations
diftinclion
but
this
term feems
inaccurate,
and
the the
may be properly preferved by calling the large ones common, and the fmall ones the microscopical cryflals of
fait.
It falts
fubjecl,
why
why
every one
Sir Ifaac
by fuppofing the
fluid,
particles
be
at equal
diftances
from each
in regular
other; and that then the power of the attraction between the
faline particles
figures, as
could not
fail
to bring
them together
each
Ma
each other.*
Microscopical
But
it is
Essays..
certain
mud be
concernall
ed
mere
attraction, otherwife
faks
would cry flail ize in the fame manner. Others have, therefore, had rccourfe to fome kind of polarity in the particles of each fait, which determined them to arrange themfelves in fuch a certain
form; but unlefs we give a reafon for
plain cryflallization
this polarity,
we only ex-
by
itfelf.
One
overlooked by thofe
fubject,
do not only
one
them,
Did they only attract each other,, the fait, inflead of cryflallizing, would fall to the bottom as a powder whereas, a faline eryflal is compofed of fait and water, as certainly as the body of
;
an animal
is
if
a faline eryflal
is
deprived of
it's
aqueous part^
form
as, if it
was deprived of
is accomplished by the fame powers to which the growth of plants and animals are to be.
a (bribed.
Some kinds of cryflallization refemble vegetation fo much, that we can fcarce avoid attributing them to the fame-
caufe.
It
all
in nature
may be
organization
* Encyclopedia Britannica,
p.
2329.
Pl.ATF.XXX.
Microscopical
vifible.
Essa.ys,
685
Hence
and vice
verfa.
growth and
all
origin.
a germ, in
which
by the
of a de-
termined figure,
cryflallized beings
which
unite
in
one comnion
;
mafs..
Thus
their
though
fubftance
daily.
is
We have
falls for
how to
microfcopical obfervations.
XXX.
and
manner
there defcribed.
Fig. 2, Plate
XXX.
nitre.
in flattifh figures.,
fides nearly,
after a
number of thefe
on
be ob-
Fig. 3, Plate
XXX.
is
a drop of
diflillecl
verdigreafe, as
is
it
apin*
peared
when viewed by
the microfcope.
There
a difference
the-
-686
CROSCOf
Essays.
was made.
Fig.
of
XXXI. reprefents the microfcopical cryftals of fait wormwood. The fhootings from the edges of this folution are
1,
PI.
many
be obferved, as
well
as
little
cryftals
of a -variety of
Fig. 2, Plate
fait
XXXI.
The
is
fhootings of this
very flow
many
fpicula
moot from
of diver*
branches
may be
laft,
and forming at
out leaves.
fays
Salt
of hartihorn, Fig.
3,
Plate
XXXI.
This
fait
moots out
folid, thick,
from
thefe
it
Fig. 4, PI.
configurations of fal
in the
ammoniac.
:
microfcope
a general
may be more
formed, by
exhibited, than
by any verbal
defcriptioru
COM-
Microscopical Essays,
A"
687
the Microscope.
mud, from
whole of the
their
;
The
fhort
lift
the
ani-
nature of the
fubjecl:,
be very imperfect.
for the
all
not one of them that, when properly examined, will not afford
inftruction
works of creation,
The Syftema
Naturae of
Linnaeus
may
The
lift
little
more than a
their attention,
may
incite
them
them a
Ihadow of heavenly
and
all
things, a fchool in
which
and
God
is
the teacher,
earth,
nations have a
this ufe
common
intereft,
The
it,
made
it
will
by
for
inftruction.
From hence
Hence,
and
revelation.
God
as
men
Him
as the
WhercfaiUiiul
we go
4.
688
faithful
wknefs, and
as the fcrip-
and
it
of
God
is
aright.
'*
Of Opake Objects.
Ores and minerals afford an immenfe variety of very beautiful
and fplendid
felecl the
objects.
From amongft
thefe the
obferver
may
green cryfiallized
needle
mixture of fmall
naked eye.
minute
is
(hells,
from Rimini,
Mr.
(hells
Walker has publifhed a fpecimen of the fmall microfcopic which are found on our own coaft. From this work we
that there
are fhell-fifh as
learn,
fmall as
poHejOfed of beauties, of
we
-entitled,
"
A Collection of
The
the minute and rare Shells found on the Sea-more near Sand-
wich."
T here
is
full
of fmall garnets.
;
a pleafing object
it
when examined
balls,
by the microfcope, we
much
harder
* Jjuj'
Microscopical Essays.
liarder than
free-flone;
the grains
are, in
general, fo firmly
it is
hardly poflible
grains.
objects
{hall
Insects of all kinds, both foreign and domeftic, are pleafing but as the foreign ones are not fb eafily met with, I
;
mention but a few of them, confining myfelf principally to thofe of this country. Among the exotic infecls none appear more
beautiful in the microfcope than the curculio imperialis, Brazil,
or diamond beetle
the bupreftis
ignita,
China;
(hops
;
blifter-fly,.
or cantharis of the
&c.
Among the
Englifh beetles
we may reckon
caffida nobilis
and nebulofa.
Coccinella, or lady-cow
of thefe
fomela,
melanopa, afparagi,
vide Plate
XX.
Fig. 2.
nucumi
infecl:
refem-
bling the
diamond
beetle,
but in miniature
this country.
curculio albinus,
Leptura aquatica,
and crim-
Arcuata
ariclis,
is
Carabus nitens,
Grylgrafs-
fcund
many
this
fmall carabi.
lus, gryllo
talpa, or
mole cricket
infecl:,
and the
hoppers, are
many of them
Sec.
viewed feparately,
are-
690
Microscopical Essays.
Cicada,
fanguinolenta, nervofa,
interruptaj.
notone&a
rea,
field
head and claws of the nepa cine* or water- fcorpion, and, the whole variety of ci nieces, of
ftnata, minutiffima,
bugs.
The wings of
butterflies
is
'
the
common white
wifh
it
butterfly,
extremely
were in
of thefe
my
power
pupa
ftate
infecls, as
in
ingenious writer
may
have
worms upon the earth, like ourfelves they then retire into a coverings which anfwers the end of a coffin, or a fepulchre, wherein they are invifibly transformed, and come forth in glorious array, with wings and painted plumes, more like the inhabitants of the hea;
"
Some of tliefe
time as helplefs
vens than fuch worms as they were in their former ftate. This trans-
formation
is
fo ftriking
prefent, in-
termediate, and glorified ftate of man, that people of the moft re-
mote
clofed
to
antiquity,
embalmed and
and
in-
them
in
an
referable
as
we
where
this
cuftom
prevailed,
was
probably
of Hebrew
original."
The
many
X,
Fig,
to 5.
The
of
Many,
Microscopical Essays,
Many
or
flies
of the ichneumon
flies,
many
forts
of mufca^
coloured
acari,
1
or ticks
6.
XVIII.
Fig.
and
Some
all
the
dnifcus or
wood
loufe, julus,
and fcolopendree.
The feathers of peacocks, and many other birds, have a grand effect when viewed in the opake microfcope, as have alfo fome Madrepores, fpecies of ferns, moffes, and wood cut tranfverfely.
millepores, fponges, corralines, &c. exhibit wonderful appear-
naked eye.
alfo
thefe
may
Minute
many
2.
fpecies
Soal,
fifh
from Otaheite,
of fnakes, lizards,
Sec.
An
endlefs
variety
will
be difcovered in*
The
rality
much
in
;
and of fo
little
curiofity
and beauty
by the curious
but when
are found to be
worthy of a greater attention ; thofe which apto one another, when viewed by the naked eye,
when
as the different
of the creation.
variety
and
beauty
692
Microscopical Essays.
beauty about them, their internal ftru&ure, when laid open by different feclions, appears yet more admirable.
The
feed of the
;
mufk fcabrous
is
amazing
in its
mape
and!
ilruclure
it
;
loped brim
which run down from the mouth of the vafe, and thence becoming narrower, form the bottom. Between thefe ribs, down to the beginning of the narrow part, it is clear, though not wholly tranfparent, and from thence to the bottom the ribs are
hairy.
is
in a mortar.
The
an oftagonal
but
mouth of this
drawn
out, becaufe
it's
extremity within
From
it's
five
little
wards, and are thereby prepared to caufe the feed to recede from
it
is
on being touched.
of a
fine
The
bafon,
from which
brown.
The
.call the fycamore tree, confifts of a pod and it's wing; two of thefe grow upon a pedicle, with the pods together, which, makes them refembk the body of an infeft with it's expanded
properly,
wings
winged
round
this
contains a
compact
clofely to
pellet,
it.
flicks veryr
a*..
When
pulled
off.
inftead of difcerning
kernel y
Microscopical Essays.
kernel, as in other feeds, there appears
693
an
folded up in a
mod furprizing
manner.
The
pedicle of this
is
about two-eighths of an inch long, and it's feminal leaves of about pair of fix-eighths each; between thefe the germina of the next microfcope leaves are plainly vifible to the naked eye, but with a
they are feen with the greateft beauty and perfection. Thefe, and a number of fuch other beauties in this part of the creation, are
defcribed at large by Dr. Paribus,
in his
work
entitled,
"A
Microfcopic Theatre of Seeds." Moft kinds of feeds mould be prepared for a microfcopical examination, by fteeping them in
warm water till their coats are feparated, and their feminal leaves may then be opened without laceration. But feeds, while dry,
and without any preparation, are of an almoft infinite variety of (hape, and afford a number of pleafmg objecls for the microfcope.
Transparent. Objects..
We may
many
baeus
fele& from the elytra, or upper wings of beetles,, beautiful obje&s;.-the conftru&ion- of thefe will be found
to differ very
much
all
folltitialis,
or fmall cock-chaffer;
grylli; as locufts,
americana,
01
cock-roach;
the
grafshoppers, &c.
Among.
the cicadas, the elytra of the nervofa are the moft elegant, the
The
thefe,
we may
fefecl
from
as the
flriatus,.
Plate
XX.
Fig. 'l
The
China,
differs eiTentialiy
from
all others.,
;
<
..
Xh^
Microscopical Essays,
The
under, or
attention
more tranfp.arent wings of beetles excite out even more than the upper, or cruftaceous ones; for
of them are calculated to fuftain in the air, or manner in which they fold them up under the no their mechanifm muft aftonifh and delight us
;
many
upper
cafe,
two genera
fame genus
Plate
will
will
be found
be exacl
is
;
alike,
XIX.
;
Fig. l,
folding
fize.
common
in
Among
the membranaceous or
is
more tranfparent-winged
difTering effentially
in-
from
Or ifmglafs
little
or feathers, as in
fome
&c. &c.
The
libellulae,
with numerous
their flight
May
flies,
are
much more
delicate,
thefe
Microscopical Essays.
thefe
files reft
The phryganeae
;
differ
very
much
wings
their
under
of them fo
tinguiftied
and the upper ones are of a ftronger texture, many much reiembling frnall moths as not eafily to be dii:
from them
places.
found in the
vicinity
of ponds
or marfhy
gance
is
their wings,
in a beautiful
manner
there are
is
many
fpecies of thefe
1.
flies
equally beautiful, a
fpecimen
has
deli-
fuperior
is
the tube
eggs,
The
Gnats
in
&c v
;
beyond the
its-
power of enumeration
particular beauties,
in fhort, there
The current
fphinx
and will amply repay the attentive obferver. moth connects the tranfparent and farinaceous
many plumed
all
other fmali moths furnifh wings fufficiently tranfparent for obfervation, the fringe or edges being remarkably beautiful.
Many
examined
obje&s
as
by the early microfcopic writers, it will be hecef-. fary to give fome account of them, as without it the work might be .deemed, incomplete. Every one is acquainted with the agihty,
ticularly noticed
and
M
and blood
it
RO S CO PICA h Essay
s,
tliirfty
which
avoids
comes
to the
It
attack,
it
purfuit.
belongs to the
aptera, has
two eyes,
fix feet,
roilrnm
is
is
inflected, fetaceous,
comprefled.
and armed with a fling the belly This creature is produced from eggs, which they
;
them food, or
affix
them
to the
on which they are produced in a fortnight they come to a tolerable fize, and are very lively and active; but if they After are touched at this time, they roll themfelves up in a ball.
;
about eleven days from the time of their being hatched, they feek
a place to hide iru and
if
where they continue from nine days to a fortnight, when having acquired fufficient flrength, they burft from their confinement, perfectly formed,, and armed with powers to djfturb the peace of
an emperor.
The
flea
:
when examined by
it is
the microfcope
is
not an unplea*
it
fing object
difficult,
as
in the celebrated
The neck
of a lob Iter
;
is
much refembles
with a
fuit
the
tail
the
body
is
covered
all
over
curioufly jointed and folded over one another, and yet yielding
to all the
little
animal
or hairs
it
has
two
Microscopical Essays.
fharp eyes to look before
it
%7
it's
leaps, for
which purpofe
leaps, fpring
is
legs are
it
can
own
very near the neck, and often conceal the probofcis from our
the breaft
:
two
fore ones
is
the pro-
bofcis, or fucker,
witrTwhich
it
is
placed at
the end
legs are
of the fnout,
firft
and
;
is
not
removed
in
it
made an
entrance, are
adjacent parts, and occalion that round red fpot, with a hole in
the center of
it,
is
another naufeous
infect,
upon
the peace of mankind, and often banifhes that fleep which even
the night
is
the fea-
fon
when
:
the bed
bug
iflues
from
it's
retreat to
make
it's
depre-
dations
by day
it
make
a fecure lodgeart,
it's
habitation with fo
it's
much
that fcarce
retreat
from every corner of the bed, drops from the teller, and crawls from behind the arras, and travels to the unhappy patient, who vainly wilhes for reft and refrefhment."
then
iflues
Thefe
Microscopical Essays.
Thefe
infects are as difagreeable
from
Linnaeus thinks
not
originally of
European growth, but were imported, from fome It has two brown fmall prominent eyes, twoother country. antennae, and a crooked probofcis, which lies clofe under the
breaft.
Inftead of wings,
pieces
two
fides.
flat
which
Thefe
plates,
firft ring of the belly, and extend towards the the trunk and the head, are amply fet with
we
find
on the
it,
entirely cover
hairs.
The
probofcis
is
are probably fo
many
is
articulations
It
this piece
is
beft feen
on the
the {kin
has fix legs, each of which has three chagrined, and the feparation of the rings
marked by a fmooth filming band. On the belly, at a fmall diltance from the edge, you may perceive a fet of circular thefe are the fpiracula. fpots, two on each ring, except the laft
ufually
;
Examined
terlines.
it's
internally
we
it
and
in-
The
inflant
it
endeavours to
it's
gain:
habitation,
and feldom
in
making good
retreat.
Of the
Ioufe.
all
feem to unite in
their natural
nefs, difeafe,
animal,,
and
to regard
it
as
"
upon man,
add
itfelf to
of his calamities."
When
deformity
the
fills
human
Ioufe
is
its.
us with difgufl.
we may
:
diftinguifb
two
fine
of the head
; ;
Microscopical Essays.
there
is
$99.
are
it's
has no
common
way.
the Akin
is
From
ufes as
hooked
the
claws, thefe
body
finifhes in
a cloven
hairs.
tail,
which
is
gerierally covered,
and
partly concealed
by
From
and
it's
fkin,
inter-
nal parts
may be
of the veins
arteries,
and the
motion of the
When
the
blood
feen to
is
rum
ftomach, and
it's
greedinefs
is
excrement con-
ejected at the
is
new
fupply.
There
fcarce
fo faft as this
unwelcome
it
intruder, the
moment
it
is
excluded
begins to breed.
would be
reader
which go
The
who wimes
more
4
Q2
which
700
which
Microscopical Essays,
infeft various animals,
would do well
The
fpider
is
is
often
examined by the
microfcope, and
much
life
and furprize
it
expect
it
it's
coming, and
is
it
is
when
a
m
Xo
heedlefs
;
flies
the
window proves
and
fierce,
conftant death
The villian
Mixture abhorr'd
Of carcafes,
in
all"
O erlooking
Near the
his
wanderer
The prey
And,
at laft enfnar'd,
he dreadful
darts.
;
With rapid
Strikes
backward grimly
pleas'd
the flutt'ring
diftrefs,
wing
And And
fhriller
as tranfparent or
opake
upwards
two
little
Ml CROSCOPIC AL Essays.
paffes before
it
;
and on each
round
fide a
fo that it
all
it.
They
are immoveable,
and feem to
be formed of a hard, tranfparent, horny fubftance. The number of eyes is not the fame in all the fpecies of the fpider. They
have eight
legs,
ter-
minating in two crooked moveable claws, which have little teeth at a fmall diftance from thefe claws, but placed highlike a faw er up, is another, fomewhat like a cock's fpur, by the affiftance of
;
which
feizes
it
adheres to
kills it's
it's
webs;
it
and
prey
is
one upon
another.
Mr. Leeuwenhoeck
flita
wound it makes*
The
ceps^
may be found
;
in
cobwebss
being tranfparent,
an excellent object
and the
fangs, or for-
may
be
eafier feparated
from
it,
The
web, and their manner of weaving them, have been difcovered by the microfcope. The fpider is fup plied with a large quantity of
glutinous matter within
it's
body, and
five dugs,
or
teats, for
fpinning
it
into
thread.
This
fubftance,
when examined
from
it's
tenacity,
The
it
adheres to
any
yo2
any thing
air.
it is
Microscopical Essays.
prefled againft,
in the
The
The
threads
unite at a
and
compofed of
five
joined to-
many
times doubled
when
the
web
is
in
formation.
The
gnat
is
We
have
Thefe, as they
There
is
no
:
fpecies of infect
mankind than the gnat others give more pain with their it is only by accident we are flung by them but the us in whole and follow companies for gnats third for our blood, There are many marmy places in our country, where the it. legs and arms of the inhabitants are kept fwelled all the fummer
fome
to
flings,
but
by the
which
biting
of thefe
infects
in
many
life,
It is
one of thofe
infects
two
ftates
of
each other
in
From
ftate it
is
moft
for a
happily fuited to
life;
moderate magnifying power will difcover what paffes within it's tranfparent body. It has a large fcaly head, with two large antennas, befides feveral hairy parts,
and
articulated
If the
briftles
near
dif-
worm be
may
Microscopical Essays.
divifions of the thorax
;
703
the
abdomen
is
The
tail is
by
dis-
one of thefe it cover two pulmonary tubes, through which the infe6l breathes. The larva has a power of moiftening the tail with an oleaginous
fteer itfelf
can
any way,
in the other
we may
liquor,
by which means
it
can fufpend
itfelf
water.
On
tation to the
bottom
annexed to
their
They pafs from this ftate into that of the pupa, which is the gnat inclofed in a thin fkin, under which it is formed and ftrengthened,
the organs of refpiration are changed,
which are placed near the head, keeping itfelf rolled upon the furface of the water, though on, the leaft motion it defcends, unrolling itfelf, aided by the oars near,
ihe taiL
From
ftrufture
little
winged
infee! proceeds,,
afHve to the
laft
whole
head, adorned
with feathers,
may
be deemed
ation.
one of the molt curious inftruments in the infect creof a fealy (heath
is
;
It confifts
at
end of
this
there
darts
four
concealed*.
^04
Microscopical Essays.
probofcis of the gnatconfifts of a great
all
it
The
number of ex;
this
is
of animal bodies.
fheath,
The
the
lindric tube,
The
lefs
flieath
is
a cy-
infe6t
can
feparate
as
from the
is
dart,
and bend
of
more or
in
proportion
tube the
the dart
is
From
this
fling
darted,
which
confifts
;
five
fome of thefe
edged fword, while others are barbed, and have a vaft number of When this bundle of blades is introduced into a cutting teeth.
vein, the
blood
rifes
up the blades
it's
as fo
many
capillary tubes.
The moment
drops of a
fluid
fluid are
is
infmuated by
into the
which
we feel when
Plate
creature.
XVI.
Fig. tB
it
is
infinite
compofer, as mull
flrike
with admi-
him
all
to reflect
on
the
immenfe
ftdll
finifliing
The whole of
formidable apparatus
compofed of
of the
two guards, or
in a flefhy
cafe5
Microscopical Essays,
cafe,
705
it
which
in the
figure
is
totally
removed, as
contained
infects
with two
or
flelhy
The guards
head by a
fubftance,
to the
joint of the
upon
fide
ferve
it
by fide whenever the animal flings, and by that means prefrom external injury. The two lancets, b b and B, evilike the
dently open the wound, and are of a delicate and tender ftru&ure,
formed
The two
if
it
;
intended to
to accom-
which, they
are
jagged,
or toothed
they
may
alfo
ferve, from their hard and horny texture, to defend the tube
e E, which
is
it
and convey
cafe,
d D, which
covers
feparately at B, C,
D, E.
De Geer
obferves, that
;
only the
declares,
and Reaumur
peared to
made one difgorge itfelf, the blood it threw up aphim to be more than the whole body of the infect could
have contained.
The
parent, are well adapted for obfervation, as they exhibit the out-
little
animal
earwig, which
is
The
flings
of
vary
not
no(y
Microscopical Essays.
;
require diffettion, as the flings (for they have generally two) are
is
added a pair of
The
flings
is
of the^hryfis
ferrated, or
notched
like
a faw..
The head of
infecls
is
bofcis, various as
the
infects themfelves,
but
all
deferving the
and purpofes.
flea, gnats,
Among
bug r
lar
empis, conops, &c. to which we may add the Anguone of the tabanus, which we have juft now defcribed* Wc
fully defcribed the bee's apparatus,,
have alfo fo
is
it-
unneceffary to enlarge
on
it
here.,
The
been defcribed, page 175; and that of the lepas antifera in particular, page 359.
The
is
of the microfcope
the
eyes
of the libellula are hexagonal, vide Plate XVI. Fig. 3 may be feen Plate XVI..
Hair of animals,
ties
as the
many
fpe-
of
tail
of
offer
many
beauties to the
curious,
Microscopical Essays.
curious obferver.
tubular,
707
The
briftles
is
the reader
many
on the
in
Venom of Vipers,
much
The
diverfified,
and
their
mechanifm truly
Scales of
fifth,
the
is
fcales
of fnakes,
&c.
&c.
fcales
fpecimen of
light,
fcales
given, Plates X.
and XIX.
The
form a
but at
fifh,
they hinder
the fluid from penetrating the body, for which purpofe they are
laid in a kind
of natural
oil
w hich may
T
be the reafon
fifh,
fcales
than fea
being
liable to accidents.
by or un-
noticed
but it
is
peculiar beauties
have generally
ther
;
Many
other
ticularly
708
Microscopical Essays,
Mr. Martin
fays, that the internal
fpungy fub-
fiance of bones
may be better
;
of a moth's wing
and
but the
largeft,
flellatarum, or
humming-bird moth
I.
a fpeci-
men
is
given, Plate
XVI.
Fig.
EFH
Tranfverfe feclions of
pithy or foft nature
Plates
;
all
by the
figures in
with
all
mouldinefs,
all
confervse,
which
The
;
extenfive family of
corallines prefent
an elegant appearance
fickle,
fir,
fox
tail,
Sec. defcribed
by
Ellis.
fibres
and nerves
wax,
is
anatomical preparations.
The
quaking grafs
is
much
admired, as
artificial
is
Among
the
workman
particles
from the
collifion
of flint and
fteel,
wire
melted by the
ele6lric explofion,
&c.
Sec.
&c,
Tlie
Microscopical Essays.
The
by
709
who have leifure, and are frequently in the country, an endlefs variety may be added to them but thofe lovers of the icrofcope, who may have neither leifure nor opportunity to fearch for themfelves, may be fupplied with all, or moft of them*
thofe
;
No. 60,
Fleet-Street,
London.
when
The
tail
of
of fifties, &c.
The
The
I hope,
as well as
form a proper
"
How
God how
!
excellent the
confidered plants,
things..
and animals
four-footed, beafts^
and
creeping
In
all
was manifefted
infinite
Yet fo much was made known unto me, as declared the power and goodnefs of God, and the continued agency of the great Creator, and Lord of all things,
I
beheld
jw
I
Microscopical Essays.
beheld the caterpillar idum g from
it's
it's
needful for
fupport
fly
had placed
it,
that
it
might have
whereon
It
to feed.
it
weaveth
it's
it's
end, buildeth
a rich tomb.
It refteth
from
it's
labours,
At
it
is
new
life.
leaveth
it's
How
It
is
glorious are
it's
wings
and
it's
limbs
how
delicate
covered with
rich
all
plumage;
around.
With
it's
trunk
it
whereon
it
was
firft
nourifhed, rejoicing in
the bounty of
it's
Maker.
mindful of
offspring,
But, at his
command,
it
is
it's
and pro-
With
Microscopical Essays.
With anxious
given for
it's
711
care
it
God
hath
infant
worms.
Though
leaves,- yet
it is
it's
choice.
It curioufly
fpreadeth forth
talk.
it's
eggs
ful-
Illeth
it's
appointed
her
The
fage s art
is
known
to her
me
mod
capacious form,
and the
belt divifion
of fpace.
Without
fcale or
foundations.
She layeth her foundations in the upper part downwards, even unto the ground and exquifitely
;
fhe buildeth
finifheth
her
Behold
we
we
jet
glafs
darkly^
how
excellent
* Hymns
to the
S,
7*3
INDEX.
A
APPARATUS
;
of 79 of the improved compound, 87 of Cuff's double, 82 of the opake folar, 98 common ditto, 102 ; Culpepefs, 91
;
of
;
Animalcula in
;
infufions,
how
procured, 150
;
defcri-
fyftem
Antennae of infe&s, their varieties defcribed, 175. Aphis, or puceron, defcribed, 251.
Anguiltae, or eel-like animalcula, 510.
B
Butterfield,
Mr.
his
method of making
glafs globules, 9.
Bonnani, Philip, his compound microfcopes defcribed, 17. Barker, Dr. Robert, his improvement on the compound microfcope, 18.
Bark of trees
defcribed, 660.
4S
Botanical
7H
Botanical
INDEX.
microfcope of Dr. Withering, 115;
214.
living,
common
ditto,
manner of
257
different
forts
of,
282
mafon, 284;
Bug
defcribed, 697.
C
Cellular tiffue, 664.
Corona of trees
163.
defcribed, 669,
how
to ufe
81
lift
Culpeper's
ditto,
89
how
to ufe
it,
90
lift
of it's apparatus, 91
phalama
coffus, defcribed,
324.
D
Divini, Euftachio, his
compound microfcope
defcribed,
ifj
E
Eye, nature of vifion in
Ellis's
the, 31.
1
10
to ufe
it,
12.
Eel's
INDEX,
Eels in pafte,
:m
;
how
procured, 151
defcribed, 511
in vinegar,
imperialis, 368.
Earwig
defcribed, 374.
Eyes of
infe&s,
382
of the monoculus
polyphemus, 383.
F
Focus, what, 34,
Feathers, or fcales of a moth's wing, 370.
G
Glafs globules ufed as microfcopes, 8
;
invention attributed to
M.
9,
ibid,
De Torre
;
method of making
Gnat
defcribed,
702,
H
Hartfoeker, invention of glafs globules attributed to him, 8.
of making
glafs
globules
in
1656
fcope,
4 S 2
7 i6
fcope,
INDEX.
14;
his
;
compound microfcope defcribed, 16; his method of meafttring the magnifying power of the compound
his
microfcope, 58
method of
fixing ohje&s
intended to be
drawn, 139,
Hill, Sir
John,
his
of
trees, for
ob-
Hemerobius
their food,
and method!
ft
$Mr
167
;
*W }d
.
Jan fens
2.
;
Infects, a fcientific
legs
ditto,
;
179
of, of, of,
wings
ditto,
182;
;
of;.
185
the
how
larva
claffed
by
;
Linnaeus, 187
189
193
pupa
eggs
of,.
197
their
;
refpiration,
240
elytra,
generation
248
.;
of,
265, 269
;
their multiplication,
271
of,
food
;
368
wings
of,
367
L
Lieberkuhn, Dr.
his
microfcope defcribed, 7
ditto^ 7.
Leeuwenhoeck's microfcopes
advantages, 65
it's
peculiar
it's apparatus, 79 Light rays ufed as a folar microfcope, 78 experiment made with, 29; of the management of the, 131.
Lenfes^
INDEX.
Lenfes, the various forts defcribed, 37
;
Lamp,
114;
his
mode of
its
Lepas
388^
M*
Microfcopes,
firfl
invention
of,
Son, ibid,
defcription of
known'
impro-
Romans,
;
fingle
microfcope defcribed,,
of,"
further explained, 44
magnifying power
ditto
45
ved,
glafs
by Lieberkuhn, 65;
globules ufed infiead
13
;
water, ditto,
compound of Dr.
Philip
Hooke
defcribed,
Bonnani's ditto, 17 compound, improved by Dr. Robert Barker, 18; by Dr. Smith, 18; explained fully, 46 folar, invented by Lieberkuhn, 19- explained, fully defcri;
49;
bed, 99 ; lucernal, invented by G. Adams, 22 it's peculiar advantages,. 65, 67 fully defcribed, 67 ufed as a folar, 78
; ;
;
Delebarre's, 23
their
mag-
improved compound?.
718
pound, 89;
folar,
;
INDEX.
Culpeper's,
or three-pillar'd,
ibid,
improved
103
;
Tingle pocket,
fcrole
for
opake
objects,
107;
Ellis's aquatic,
114; botanical
common
ditto,
Medium, what, 24
rare,
and
denfe, ibid.
Magny, Mr.
lenfes,
his
55.
Micrometer, the needle defcribed, 59. Mufca chameleon, it's changes defcribed, 220.
Motion of the wings of infefts defcribed, 372. Monoculus polyphemus, or king-crab, eyes
39 1 Meloe monoceros
-
of,
383
apus?
defcribed, 390.
N
Needle micrometer, 59.
O
Objeds, opake, how examined
catalogue
of,
73
688
tranfparent ditto, 76
catalogue
of,
693
mode
Polypes,
INDEX.
P
Polypes, directions for finding, &c. 152;
defcribed, 393;
7*9
re-
production
of,
418.
R
Rays of
light,
experiments
made
654.
with, 29
Rind of
trees confidered, p.
S
Smith, Dr. his improvement on the
compound
viewopake
microfcope, 18.
99; improved fo
as to
as well as tranfpa-
Salts,
worm,
it's
388 of the
;
foal,
fifh,
392.
;
391
;
Haddock, 392
392 fea perch, 392. a perch from the Weft Indies, 392 foal, 392,
;
of the parrot
T
Torre, T. Di. of Naples, his
globules, 10,
glafs
Termites
7 20
INDEX.
:;
Timber, organization
of,
652.
V
Vifion, the nature of, 28
;
in the eye, 3 1
157.
many
Veflels
fap,
674
in-
raoft,
W
Water, globules
drops
of, 14.
of,
two
103;
improved by a
Wafp,
of
the
butterfly,
370
motion
372
of the hemerobius
perla,
373
of the earwig,
374.
Wood confidered,
668.
Cata-
'CATALOGUE
O
O R G E
No, 60,
ADAMS,
Majesty,
London,
Optical
Inftruments.
with
glaffes
HE
The
with
glaffes
.'
.
s
s.
'd,
t
tQ
0
0
o
..
15
o
0
6
I0 10
Double
Another
of ditto
in filver
"
Nofe
fpe&acles,
mounted
and
'Ditto in tortoifefhell
filver
.Ditto in horn
"
and
fteel
Concave
Ditto
glaffes in
mounted
in
and
filver,
pearl
and
filver,
in various
Opera
glaffes,
-4
220
g
1
2
1
o 0
18
18
Telefcopcs
722
A
life at
Catalogue of Instruments.
"
by night
15s.
ll
to
may
be drawn out at
il. 11s.
12
Acromatic
telefcopes,
once, and that fhut up, conveniently for the pocket, from
6d. to
13
An
optical vade
mecum,
13s. 6d. to
terreftrial*
4
it
14
and
celeftial
obje&s, from
11
work
and an half /long, with
different.
An acromatic
eye-pieces
all
18
18
Reflecting telefcopes of
36
15
21.0
12
8'
from
to
8
5 o 2
reflecting microfcopes,
microfcope
5 21
2
212
for
210
5
16
21
5
Ditto
<
16
o
7
Camera
Magic
obfcuras,
from
8s. 6d. to
22
1
globes,
mounted
--
~~
27
0
..
Ditto
A Catalogue
Ditto in the Ptolemaic or
Ditto,
12. inches in diameter,
of Instruments,
common manner
mounted
in the belt
manner, from
6
5I. 5s. to
s.
d.
6 16
3
0
6
0
Ditto in the
common manner
An
to
dial,
6
3
Manual
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from
ll. is.
or
from
40
3 3
1
0
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0
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10
0 0
0
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to
dials,
equatorial
portable
obfervatory,
from from
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Univerfal ring
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0 0
Tranfit
irrftruirients
800
to
Neat magazine
cafes of inftruments
Elliptical compalfes
new
35
11
O
II
Beam
Triangular compalfes of a
contraction
Adams's
fectoral, elliptical,,
from
to
Adams's protracting
parallel rules,
&c.
&c.
A new infttument
and
utility,
12
2
12
12
,5
0
6
to
5 6
14.
0 0
0;
3I. 13s.
6d. to
to
Theodolites, from
41. 4s.
A neat portable
theodolite
1 2I. 1 2s.
31 8
10 18
0 6
to
61. 6s.
to
2I. 2s.
to
3i
to.
10.
Q.
10 15
O O
.
15
PhilofophicaL
.7-4
Catalogue of Instruments.
Philofophical Inftruments.
Improved
;
electrical
machines, from
3I. 13s.
6d.
to
to
.
j.
40
,12
0 .0 12
2
,10
.
from
Medical apparatus
air
and
all
Small fingle-barrelled
Small double
ditto
pump
<
A
An
large ditto
air
i
6
14
16
-LO
Table
pump
air
to
10
improved
pump,
Apparatus to an
Barometers
Ditto
air
pump,
pump
.3
.
. .
in
O
2
0
.0
3I. 3s.
to
is.
12
5
Marine barometers
Thermometers,
Ditto with
1 1.
to
11
Reaumur and
Farrenheit's fcales
Botanic thermometers
from
1
Thermometers
for brewers,
2s. to
18 2
The mechanic
Ditto, fitted
O
.6
3 21
.0
up on a
improvements
accelerated, retarded,
An
apparatus for
making experiments on
up
and rotatory
motion
mechanic apparatus
people,
fitted
for
&c.
fitted
fame purpofe
<*
-
young
26
16
7
0
16
A pneumatic apparatus,
An electrical
up
for the
0 0
apparatus, fitted
A magnetical apparatus,
Conductors for
fhips,
10
5
10
to preferve
^.w-J
:V
'
.
E
line 15,
R
for
22,
17,
T
read
read
A.
animalcula,
animalcula.
Page
2,
animalculas
8,
for
animalculas
375,
for
eggs
read
chickens.
^Dflfl
0D1AAADA
nmahrb QH271.A213
Essays on the microscope;