FORM 5 Chemistry MODULE

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1 The reaction between calcium nitrate solution and sodium
carbonate solution is endothermic. Which of the following
energy level diagrams represents this reaction?
Tindak balas antara larutan kalsium nitrat dengan larutan natrium
karbonat adalah endotermik. Antara gambar rajah aras tenaga
berikut, yang manakah mewakili tindak balas itu?
A Energy / Tenaga
Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2-
CaCO
3
B
Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2-
CaCO
3
Energy / Tenaga
C
Na
+
+ NO
3
-
NaNO
3
Energy / Tenaga
D
Na
+
+ NO
3
-
NaNO
3
Energy / Tenaga
2 The combustion of methane in excess oxygen produces
carbon dioxide and water. Bond breaking and bond formation
occurs during the combustion. Which of the following occurs
with absorption of energy during this combustion process?
Pembakaran metana dalam oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan karbon
dioksida dan air. Pemecahan ikatan dan pembentukan ikatan berlaku
semasa pembakaran. Antara berikut, yang manakah berlaku dengan
penyerapan tenaga semasa pembakaran?
A Bond formation between carbon atom and oxygen
atom. / Pembentukan ikatan antara atom karbon
dengan atom oksigen.
B Bond formation between hydrogen atom and oxygen
atom. / Pembentukan ikatan antara atom hidrogen
dengan atom oksigen.
C Bond breaking in oxygen molecule to form oxygen
atom. / Pemecahan ikatan dalam molekul oksigen
menjadi atom oksigen.
D Bond breaking between methane molecules.
Pemecahan ikatan dalam kovalen antara molekul-
molekul metana.
3 Which of the following reactions absorbs heat from the
surrounding? / Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah
mengalami penurunan suhu?
A Dilute sulphuric acid is added to sodium hydroxide
solution. / Asid sulfurik cair ditambah kepada larutan
natrium hidroksida.
B Solid ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water.
Pepejal ammonium nitrat dilarut dalam air.
C Zinc powder is added to copper(II) sulphate solution.
Serbuk zink ditambah kepada larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat.
D A piece of potassium is added to water.
Seketul kalium ditambah kepada air.
4 The diagram below shows the energy level diagram for the
reaction between P and Q.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak
balas antara P dan Q.
P + Q R + S H = x kJ mol
1
200 kJ
P + Q
70 kJ
R + S
Energy / Tenaga
What is the value of x? / Apakah nilai x?
A +270 kJ
B +200 kJ
C 130 kJ
D +130 kJ
5 When 1 mol of solid sodium nitrate, NaNO
3
is dissolved in
1 dm
3
of water, 40 kJ of heat energy is absorbed. What is
the drop in temperature when 17.0 g of sodium nitrate is
dissolved in 1 dm
3
of water?
(Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23, specific heat
capacity of water = 4 J g
-1
C
-1
, density of water = 1 g cm
-3
)
Apabila 1 mol pepejal natrium nitrat, NaNO
3
dilarutkan dalam 1 dm
3

air, haba sebanyak 40 kJ diserap. Berapakah penurunan suhu apabila
17.0 g natrium nitrat dilarutkan dalam 1 dm
3
air?
(Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23, Muatan haba tentu air
= 4 J g
1
C
-1
, ketumpatan air = 1 g cm
3
)
A 1C
B 2C
C 4C
D 8C
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / SOALAN OBJEKTIF
MODULE Chemistry FORM 5
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6 In an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of
calcium carbonate, 50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
calcium nitrate
solution is added to 50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
sodium carbonate
solution. The temperature of the mixture drops by 1.5C.
What is the heat of precipitation of calcium carbonate?
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g
1
C
1
)
Dalam satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pemendakan bagi
kalsium karbonat, 50 cm
3
larutan kalsium nitrat 1 mol dm
3
dicampur
dengan 50 cm
3
larutan natrium karbonat 1 mol dm
3
. Suhu campuran
menurun sebanyak 1.5 C. Berapakah haba pemendakan kalsium
karbonat? (Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 J g
1
C
1
)
A 50 4.2 1.5

0.05
J
B 100 4.2 1.5 J
C 100 4.2 1.5

0.05
J
D 50 4.2 1.5 J
7 Combustion of 1.6 g of methanol will increase the temperature
of 500 cm
3
of water by 17C. What will be the increase in
temperature of 250 cm
3
of water when 3.2 g of methanol
is burnt? Pembakaran 1.6 g metanol dapat menaikkan suhu 500
cm
3
air sebanyak 17C. Berapakah kenaikan suhu bagi 250 cm
3
air
apabila 3.2 g metanol dibakar?
A 8.5C
B 17C
C 34C
D 68C

8 Heat of combustion of liquid paraffin is 10 600 kJ mol
1
.
Relative molecular mass of paraffin that is 212. What is
the mass of liquid paraffin has to be burnt to increase the
temperature of 1 dm
3
of water from 30C to 90C? (Specific
heat capacity of water = 4 J g
1
C
1
)
Haba pembakaran bagi suatu cecair parafin ialah 10 600 kJ mol
1
.
Jisim molekul relatif bagi parafin ialah 212. Berapakah jisim cecair
parafin yang mesti dibakar supaya dapat menaikkan suhu 1 dm
3
air
daripada 30C kepada 90C? (Muatan haba tentu air = 4 J g
1
C
1
)
A 0.48 g
B 0.96 g
C 4.80 g
D 9.60 g
9 An experiment is conducted to determine the heat of
neutralisation for the reaction between sulphuric acid and
potassium hydroxide solution. The information that has to be
gathered from the experiment are
Satu eksperimen dilakukan untuk menentukan haba peneutralan
antara asid sulfurik dengan larutan kalium hidroksida. Maklumat
yang perlu diperoleh daripada eksperimen ialah
I the increase in temperature of the reaction mixture
kenaikan suhu campuran tindak balas
II the volume of both solutions used
isi padu kedua-dua larutan yang digunakan
III specific heat capacity of the reaction mixture
muatan haba tentu larutan bagi campuran tindak balas
IV concentration of both the solutions used
kepekatan kedua-dua larutan yang digunakan
A I and II only
I dan II sahaja
B III and IV only
III dan IV sahaja
C I,II and IV only
I, II dan IV sahaja
D I,II, III and IV
I, II, III dan IV
10 When 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
sodium hydroxide
solution is added to 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
nitric acid,
the temperature of the mixture increases by xC. What
is the increase in the temperature when 50 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
sodium hydroxide solution is added to 50 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
nitric acid?
Apabila 100 cm
3
larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah dengan
100 cm
3
asid nitrik 1 mol dm
3
, suhu campuran tindak balas naik
sebanyak xC. Apakah kenaikan suhu apabila 50 cm
3
larutan
natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm
3
ditambah dengan 50 cm
3
asid nitrik
1 mol dm
3
?
A x
4
C
B x
2
C
C xC
D 2xC
5
CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMERS
Bahan Kimia untuk Pengguna
ANALYSING SOAP AND DETERGENT / MENGANALISIS SABUN DAN DETERGEN
State what soap is
Menyatakan maksud sabun
State what detergent is
Menyatakan maksud detergen
Describe soap preparation process
Menghuraikan proses penyediaan sabun
Describe detergent preparation process
Menghuraikan proses pernyediaan detergen
Describe the cleansing action of soap
Menerangkan tindakan pembersihan sabun
Describe the cleansing action of detergent
Menerangkan tindakan pembersihan detergen
Compare and contrast the effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent
Membanding dan membezakan keberkesanan tindakan pembersihan sabun dengan detergen
Identify the additives in soap and detergent and their respective functions
Mengenal pasti bahan-bahan tambah dalam sabun dan detergen dan kegunaannya

EVALUATING THE USE OF FOOD ADDITIVES

MENILAI PENGGUNAAN BAHAN TAMBAH MAKANAN
State the types of food additive and their examples
Menyatakan jenis-jenis bahan tambah makanan dan contoh-contohnya
State the functions of each type of food additive
Menyatakan fungsi bagi setiap jenis bahan tambah makanan
Justify the use of food additive
Menjustifikasi penggunaan bahan tambah makanan
Describe the effect of food additive on health and environment
Menerangkan kesan bahan tambah makanan kepada kesihatan dan alam sekitar

UNDERSTANDING MEDICINE
MEMAHAMI UBAT-UBATAN
State examples of traditional medicine, their sources and uses
Menyatakan contoh-contoh ubat tradisional, sumber dan kegunaannya
State the types of modern medicine and their examples
Menyatakan jenis-jenis ubat-ubatan moden dan contohnya
Describe the possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicine
Menghuraikan kesan-kesan sampingan penggunaan ubat-ubatan moden dan tradisional
Describe the correct usage of modern and traditional medicine
Menghuraikan penggunaan ubat-ubatan moden dan tradisional yang betul
BAHAN KIMIA UNTUK PENGGUNA
MODULE Chemistry FORM 5
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Soap / Sabun
1 Soaps are sodium or potassium
salt

of fatty acids.
Sabun ialah
garam

natrium atau kalium bagi asid lemak.

2 Fatty acids are organic acid with long carbon chain C
n
H
2n + 1
COOH, n > 10. Fatty acid found naturally as an ester with
alcohol glycerol (alcohol with 3 OH). Ester of fatty acid with glycerol is fat or oil. / Asid lemak ialah asid organik yang
mempunyai rantai karbon C
n
H
2n + 1
COOH, n > 10. Asid lemak boleh didapati secara semula jadi sebagai ester dengan alkohol
gliserol. (alkohol dengan 3 OH). Ester bagi asid lemak ialah lemak atau minyak.
3 Soap preparation by saponification: / Penyediaan sabun melalui proses saponifikasi:
a. Soap can be prepared from
animal

fats and
vegetable

oils.
Sabun boleh dihasilkan daripada lemak
binatang

dan minyak
sayuran

.
b. Soap are prepared by hydrolysing fats/oils in
potassium hydroxide

or
sodium hydroxide

solution,
the reaction is called
saponification

. / Sabun boleh disediakan dengan hidrolisis lemak/minyak dalam larutan

kalium hidroksida

atau
natrium hidroksida

, tindak balas ini dipanggil

saponifikasi

.
c. The
saponifcation
process involves
boiling

fats or oils with

concentrated

sodium hydroxide
solution

or potassium hydroxide
solution

. The products are glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which
are soaps:
Proses
saponikasi

melibatkan
pendidihan

lemak atau minyak dengan

larutan

natrium hidroksida
atau
larutan

kalium hidroksida yang

pekat

. Hasilnya adalah gliserol dan garam dari asid lemak iaitu sabun:
Fats/oil
(ESTER)
Lemak/minyak
(ESTER)
+
Sodium hydroxide
(ALKALI)
Natrium hidroksida
(ALKALI)
Saponification
Saponifikasi
Glycerol
(ALCOHOL)
Gliserol
(ALKOHOL)
+
Sodium salt of fatty acid
(SOAP)
Garam natrium dari asid lemak
(SABUN)

d. Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
H O
H C O C R
O
H C O C R
O
H C O C R
H
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H
+ 3NaOH +
O
R C O
-
Na
+
O
R C O
-
Na
+
O
R C O
-
Na
+
Fat/oil
Lemak/minyak
Salt of fatty acid
Garam dari asid lemak
Glycerol
Gliserol
Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida
R, R and R are long hydrocarbon chain (alkyl group). R, R and R can be from the same or different
groups.
R, R dan R adalah rantai hidrokarbon panjang (kumpulan alkil). R, R dan R boleh berada dalam kumpulan yang sama
ataupun berbeza.
e. Formula for soap: / Formula bagi sabun:
i. Structural formula for soap: / Formula struktur sabun:

O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
C O

Na
+
or / atau

O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
C O

K
+

FORM 5 Chemistry MODULE
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ii. The general formula of soap: / Formula am sabun:
RCOO

Na
+
or
atau
RCOO

K
+
,
where R is alkyl group, C
n
H
2n + 1
, n > 10
di mana R ialah kumpulan alkil, C
n
H
2n + 1
, n > 10
f. Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
Fatty acid / Asid lemak Soap / Sabun
Formula for soap
Formula bagi sabun
Oil or fat used
Minyak atau lemak yang digunakan
C
11
H
23
COOH
Lauric acid / Asid laurik
Sodium laurate
Natrium laurat
C
11
H
23
COONa
Coconut oil
Minyak kelapa
C
15
H
31
COOH
Palmitic acid / Asid
palmitik
Sodium palmitate
Natrium palmitat
C
15
H
31
COONa
Palm oil
Minyak sawit
C
17
H
34
COOH
Stearic acid / Asid stearik
Sodium stearate
Natrium stearat
C
17
H
34
COONa
Animal fats
Lemak binatang
Preparing a Sample of Soap in the Laboratory / Menyediakan Sabun dalam Makmal
Materials: Palm oil, sodium chloride, 5 mol dm
-3
sodium hydroxide, distilled water
Bahan-bahan: Minyak sawit, natrium klorida, natrium hidroksida 5 mol dm
3
, air suling
Apparatus: Beaker, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, filter paper, filter funnel, spatula.
Alat radas: Bikar, rod kaca, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, kertas turas, corong penuras dan spatula.
Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan alat radas:
Palm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxide
Minyak sawit + natrium hidroksida pekat
Heat
Panaskan
Procedure: / Prosedur:
i. 10 cm
3
of palm oil is
measured

and
poured

into a beaker.
10 cm
3
minyak sawit
disukat

dan
dituang

ke dalam bikar.
ii. 50 cm
3
of 5 mol dm
-3
sodium hydroxide
solution

is
measured

and
added

to the
palm oil

.
50 cm
3
larutan natrium hidroksida 5 mol dm
-3

disukat

dan
ditambah

kepada
minyak sawit

.
iii. The
mixture

is
heated

while being constantly

stirred

with a
glass rod

until it
boils

.

Campuran

tersebut
dipanaskan

sambil
dikacau

dengan berterusan menggunakan

rod kaca

sehingga
mendidih

.
iv. The
boiling

is continued for about 5 minutes.

Pendidihan

diteruskan selama 5 minit.

v.
100 cm
3

distilled water and three spatulas of sodium chloride are added to the mixture.

100 cm
3

air suling dan tiga spatula

natrium klorida

ditambah kepada campuran.

vi. The mixture is
boiled

again for another

five

minutes with constant

stirring

.
Campuran
dididihkan

sekali lagi selama

lima

minit sambil
dikacau

dengan sekata.
vii. The mixture is allowed to
cool

. / Campuran tersebut dibiarkan

menyejuk

.
viii. The
cooled

mixture is
filtered

and the residue is

rinsed

with distilled water. (The residue is

soap

.)
Campuran yang telah
disejukkan

tersebut
dituras

dan bakinya
dibilas

dengan air suling. (Baki itu ialah

sabun

.)
ix. The residue is
pressed

between a few pieces of filter paper to

dry

the soap.
Baki tersebut
ditekan

di antara beberapa helai kertas turas untuk

mengeringkan

sabun tersebut.
x. A small amount of soap is added to 2 cm
3
of water in a test tube. The test tube is shaken.
Sedikit sabun ditambahkan kepada 2 cm
3
air di dalam tabung uji. Tabung uji digoncangkan.
xi. The solution formed is touched and felt by fingers. / Larutan yang terbentuk disentuh dan dirasa dengan jari.
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Observation: / Pemerhatian:
1 The residue is a soft
white

solid. / Baki tersebut adalah pepejal

putih

yang lembut.
2 Soap feels
slippery

. / Sabun mempunyai rasa yang

licin

pada jari.
3 Soap is
foamy

when it is shaken in water. / Sabun

berbuih

apabila digoncangkan dalam air.

Discussion: / Perbincangan:
1 When palm oil is boiled with
sodium hydroxide

solution, a
soap

is formed. The reaction is called

saponification

. / Apabila minyak sawit dididihkan dengan larutan

natrium hidroksida

,
Sabun

terbentuk. Tindak
balas tersebut dipanggil
saponifikasi

.
2 The chemical reaction is: / Tindak balas kimia ialah:

H O
H C O C C
17
H
35
O
H C O C C
17
H
35
O
H C O C C
17
H
35
H
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H
+ 3NaOH
+
O
C
17
H
35
C O
-
Na
+
O
C
17
H
35
C O
-
Na
+
O
C
17
H
35
C O
-
Na
+
Glyceryl tripalmitate
Gliserol tripalmitat
Glycerol / Gliserol
Sodium palmitate (soap)
Natrium palmitat (sabun)
3 The soap can be
precipitated

by adding sodium chloride. Sodium chloride lowers the solubility of soap in water.
Sabun boleh
dimendakkan

dengan menambah natrium klorida. Natrium klorida dapat mengurangkan keterlarutan sabun dalam
air.
Conclusion: / Kesimpulan:
Saponification process

of palm oil in sodium hydroxide solution produces glycerol and

soap (salt of fatty acid)

.
Proses saponifikasi

bagi minyak sawit dalam larutan natrium hidroksida menghasilkan gliserol dan
sabun (garam bagi asid lemak)

.

Detergent / Detergen
1 Detergent is cleaning agent that is not soap. Detergents are sodium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonic acid or alkyl
sulphonic acid. / Detergen ialah agen pembersih yang bukan sabun. Detergen adalah garam natrium dari asid alkilbenzena
sulfonik atau asid alkil sulfonik.
2 Two common groups of detergents are: / Dua kumpulan detergen yang biasa adalah:
Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate / Natrium alkilbenzena sulfonat Sodium alkyl sulphate / Natrium alkil sulfat
O
R O S O
-
Na
+

O
O
R O S O
-
Na
+

O
R represents a long chain hydrocarbon / R mewakil rantai hidrokarbon yang panjang
3 Detergents are made from hydrocarbon which is obtained from petroleum. / Detergen dibuat daripada hidrokarbon yang
diperoleh daripada petroleum.
FORM 5 Chemistry MODULE
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4 Preparation of detergent / Penyediaan detergen
a. Preparation of sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate / Penyediaan natrium alkil benzena sulfonat
i. Alkylation: The long chain alkene is reacted with benzene to form alkylbenzene.
Pengalkilan: Rantai panjang alkena ditindak balaskan dengan benzena untuk membentuk alkilbenzena.
CH
3
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
CH = CH
2
+ O CH
3
(CH
2
)n C O
H
ii. Sulphonation of alkylbenzene: The alkylbenzene is reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form
alkylbenzene sulphonic acid. / Pensulfonan alkilbenzena: Alkilbenzena bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik pekat
untuk membentuk asid alkilbenzena sulfonik.

CH
3
O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
C O + HO S OH

H O
CH
3
O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
C O S OH + H
2
O

H O
Alkylbenzene
Alkilbenzena
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid
Asid alkilbenzena sulfonik
iii. Neutralisation: The alkylbenzene sulphonic acid is then neutralised
sodium hydroxide

solution to produce
alkylbenzene sulphonate salt, which is
detergent

. / Peneutralan: asid alkilbenzena sulfonik kemudiannya

dineutralkan dengan larutan
natrium hidroksida

menghasilkan garam alkilbenzena sulfonat, iaitu

detergen

.

CH
3
O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
C O S OH + NaOH

H O
CH
3
O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
C O S ONa + H
2
O

H O
Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid
Asid alkilbenzena sulfonik
Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate
Natrium alkilbenzena sulfonat
Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida
Water
Air
b. Preparation of sodium alkyl sulphate / Penyediaan natrium alkil sulfat
i. Sulphonation of alcohol: The long chain alcohol is reacted with
concentrated
sulphuric acid to form alkyl
sulphonic acid. / Pensulfonan alkohol: Alkohol rantai panjang ditindak balaskan dengan asid sulfurik
pekat

untuk membentuk asid alkil sulfonik.

O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
CH
2
O H + HO S OH

O
Long chain alcohol
Alkohol rantai panjang
Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
CH
2
O S OH + H
2
O
O
Alkyl sulphonic acid
Asid akil sulfonik
Water
Air
ii. Neutralisation: The alkyl sulphonic acid is then neutralised
sodium hydroxide
solution to produce
sodium alkyl sulphate salt, which is
detergent
. / Peneutralan: Asid alkil sulfonik kemudiannya dineutralkan
dengan larutan
natrium hidroksida

untuk menghasilkan garam natrium alkil sulfat, iaitu

detergen

.

O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
CH
2
O S OH + NaOH

H
O
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
CH
2
O S ONa + H
2
O
H
Alkyl sulphonic acid
Asid alkil sulfonik
Sodium alkyl sulphate
Natrium alkil sulfat
Sodium hydroxide
Natrium hidroksida
Water
Air
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The Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent / Tindakan Pembersihan Sabun dan Detergen
1 The cleansing action of soap: / Tindakan pembersihan sabun:
a. Soap with the general formula
RCOO

Na
+
/ RCOO

K
+

ionises in water to produce sodium/potassium cation,

Na
+
(or K
+
) and soap anion, RCOO

. / Sabun mempunyai formula am

RCOO

Na
+
/ RCOO

K
+

mengion dalam air

untuk menghasilkan kation natrium/kalium, Na
+
(atau K
+
) dan anion sabun, RCOO

.
b. Soap anion is made up of two parts: / Anion sabun terdiri daripada dua bahagian:
O
C
Alkyl
Alkil
Carboxylate ion
Ion karboksilat
O

R
i. R is a long hydrocarbon chain which are:
R ialah rantai hidrokarbon panjang yang bersifat:
hydrophobic (repelled by water)
hidrofobik (tak larut dalam air)
non-polar end (no charge)
hujung tidak berpolar (tidak bercas)
soluble in oil or grease
larut dalam minyak atau gris
ii. COO

is a carboxylate ion which are:

COO

ialah ion karboksilat yang bersifat:

hydrophilic (soluble in water)
hidrofilik (larut dalam air)
polar end (negatively charge)
bahagian berpolar (bercas negatif)
insoluble in oil or grease
tak larut dalam minyak atau gris
c. Example: / Contoh:
Sodium laurate : CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
COONa in water ionizes to: CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
COO

(soap anion) and Na

+
.
Natrium laurat : CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
COONa dalam air mengion kepada: CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
COO

(anion sabun) dan Na
+
.
The structural formula of soap anion: / Formula struktur anion sabun:
O
CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
C-O

Hydrocarbon chain or hydrophobic Caboxylate ion or hydrophilic

Rantai hidrokarbon atau hidrofobik Ion karboksilat atau hidrofilik
d. Simplified representation of soap anion is: / Struktur ringkas anion sabun:
Hydrophobic / Hidrofobik Hydrophilic / Hidrofilik
e. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap anions work together to remove greasy stains:
Kedua-dua bahagian hidrofobik dan hidrofilik anion sabun diperlukan untuk membersihkan kotoran berminyak:
i. The soap
ionises

in water to produce free moving soap anions and cations.

Sabun
mengion

dalam air menghasilkan anion sabun dan kation yang bebas bergerak.
ii. Soap anion reduces the
surface tension

of water which will increase wetting ability of water. Therefore,

water
wets

the dirty cloth. / Anion sabun mengurangkan

ketegangan permukaan

air lalu meningkatkan

kebolehan air untuk membasah. Oleh itu, air
membasahi

kain kotor.
iii. The
hydrophilic

part of the soap

anions

remains in water while the

hydrophobic

part dissolves and

penetrates into the grease.
Bahagian
hidrofilik


anion

sabun larut di dalam air manakala bahagian

hidrofobik

larut dalam gris.
Water
Air
Hydrophilic part / Bahagian hidrofilik
Hydrophobic part / Bahagian hidrofobik
Grease / Gris
Cloth / Kain
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iv. By the movement of water during scrubbing and rubbing, grease is loosened and
lifted

off the
surface.
Pergerakan air semasa gosokan dan pengocakan menyebabkan gris
tertanggal

daripada permukaan kain.

v. The hydrophobic part of soap anions surround the grease, the grease is suspended in the water.
Bahagian hidrofobik anion sabun mengelilingi gris, gris terapung di dalam air.
vi. The grease is dispersed into
smaller droplets

. / Gris berpecah kepada

titisan kecil

.
vii. The small droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to
repulsion

between negative charges

on their surface. / Titisan kecil tersebut tidak bergabung semula pada permukaan kain kerana
tolakan

sesama cas
negatif pada bahagian hidroforbik di permukaan titisan gris.
viii. The droplets are suspended in water, forming an
emulsion

.
Titisan tersebut tersebar sekata dalam air, membentuk
emulsi

.
ix. Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease droplets and the surface of the cloth is then cleaned.
Dengan membilas air kotor, titisan gris dapat ditanggalkan dan permukaan kain dapat dibersihkan.
Small droplet of grease
Titisan kecil gris
2 The cleansing action of detergent / Tindakan pencucian detergen
a. Detergent dissolves in water to form detergent
anion

and sodium
cation

. For example the ionisation

of sodium alkyl sulphate; / Detergen melarut dalam air untuk membentuk
anion

detergen dan
kation

natrium. Contohnya pengionan natrium alkil sulfat;
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
O S
H
2
O
O
O
O
-
Na
+
O S
O
O
O
-
Na
+
+
b. The structure of a detergent anion is similar to a soap anion. The detergent anion is also made up of two parts
i.e hydrophobic part and hydrophilic part. / Struktur anion detergen sama dengan anion sabun. Anion sabun juga terdiri
daripada dua bahagian iaitu bahagian hidrofobik dan bahagian hidrofilik.
i. Alkyl sulphate ion: / Ion alkil sulfat: ii. Alkylbenzene sulphonate ion: / Ion alkilbenzena sulfonat:
O CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
S
O
O
O

Hydrocarbon chain or
hydrophobic
Rantai hidrokarbon atau
hidrofobik
Sulphate ion or
hydrophilic
Ion sulfat atau
hidrofilik
O CH
3
(CH
2
)
n
S
O
O
O
-
Hydrocarbon chain or
hydrophobic
Rantai hidrokarbon atau
hidrofobik
Benzene sulphate ion or
hydrophilic
Ion benzena sulfat atau
hidrofilik

c. The cleansing action of detergent is also very similar to soap, the
hydrocarbon

chain dissolves and penetrates

in grease while the
sulphate ion or benzene sulphate ion

group remains in water. / Tindakan pembersihan detergen

juga sama dengan sabun, rantai
hidrokarbon

melarut dan menembusi gris manakala

ion sulfat atau ion benzena sulfat

kekal dalam air.
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The Effectiveness of the Cleansing of Soap and Detergent / Keberkesanan Pembersihan Sabun dan Detergen
1 The effectiveness of soap is reduced when used in hard water.
Keberkesanan sabun berkurang apabila digunakan di dalam air liat.
2 Hard water contains high concentration of calcium ion (Ca
2+
) and magnesium ion (Mg
2+
).
Air liat mengandungi ion kalsium (Ca
2+
) dan ion magnesium (Mg
2+
) dengan kepekatan yang tinggi.
3 Calcium ions and magnesium ions
react

with soap anions to form insoluble scum. / Ion kalsium dan ion magnesium
bertindak balas

dengan anion sabun untuk membentuk kekat sabun yang tak larut.
2C
17
H
35
COO

(aq)
+ Mg
2+
(aq)
(C
17
H
35
COO)
2
Mg

(s)
Stearic anion/soap anion
Anion stearik/anion sabun
Insoluble magnesium stearate (scum)
Magnesium stearat tak larut (kekat)
2C
17
H
35
COO

(aq)
+ Ca
2+

(C
17
H
35
COO)
2
Ca

(s)
Stearic anion/soap anion
Anion stearik/anion sabun
Insoluble calcium stearate (scum)
Kalsium stearat tak larut (kekat)
4 Formation of
scum
reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning.
Pembentukan
kekat

mengurangkan jumlah sabun yang diperlukan untuk pembersihan.

5 Detergent anions do not form insoluble scum with
calcium
ions and magnesium ions. This means detergent can
act as cleaning agent in hard water. Thus, detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.
Anion detergen tidak membentuk kekat tak larut dengan ion
kalsium

dan ion magnesium. Ini bermakna detergen boleh

bertindak sebagai agen pembersih dalam air liat. Maka, detergen lebih berkesan berbanding sabun dalam air liat.
6 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Cleaning agent
Agen pembersih
Soap / Sabun Detergent / Detergen
Sources / Sumber Animal fats or vegetable oil Long chain hydrocarbon from petroleum
General formula
Formula am
RCOONa
R O SO
3
Na, ROSO
3
Na
The structure
of polar end
(Hydrophilic)
Struktur hujung
berpolar (Hidrofilik)
O
C O

O
O
O
S O

or
O
O
O
S O

Carboxylate ion
O
C O

O
O
O
S O

or
O
O
O
S O

Benzene sulphate ion Sulphate ion

Effectiveness
Keberkesanan
Effective in soft water only Effective in soft water and hard water
Formation of
scum
Pembentukan kekat
Forms scum in hard water Do not form scum in hard water
pH Slightly alkaline pH value is modified to suit cleaning task
Effect on
environment
Kesan ke atas alam
sekitar
Biodegradable, do not cause pollution Mostly non-biodegradable, cause pollution
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7 Detergents generally contain a wide variety of additives. Additives are added to enhance its cleaning efficiency. Complete
the following table: / Secara amnya, detergen mengandungi pelbagai jenis bahan tambah. Bahan-bahan tambah dicampurkan
untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan pembersihan. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Additive / Bahan tambah Function / Fungsi
Biological enzyme such as lipase and peptidase
Enzim biologi seperti lipase dan peptidase
Remove protein stains such as blood
Whitening agent such as sodium perborate and
sodium hypochlorite / Agen pemutih seperti natrium
perborat dan natrium hipoklorit
Convert stain to colourless substances
Fragrances / Minyak wangi Add fragrance to fabrics and detergent
8 Experiment to compare the effectiveness of soap and detergent
Experimen untuk membandingkan keberkesanan sabun dan detergen
Apparatus: Beaker, measuring cylinder, glass rod / Radas: Bikar, silinder penyukat, rod kaca
Materials: 1 mol dm
3
magnesium sulphate solution, detergent powder, soap powder and cloths with oily stain.
Bahan-bahan: 1 mol dm
3
larutan magnesium sulfat, serbuk detergen, serbuk sabun dan kain dengan kotoran berminyak.
Cloth with oily stains
Kain dengan kotoran berminyak Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Soap + hard water
Sabun + air liat
Cloth with oily stains
Detergent + hard water
Detergen + air liat
Procedure: / Prosedur:
a. Two beakers are filled with 1 mol dm
3
magnesium sulphate solution until half full.
Dua bikar diisi dengan 1 mol dm
3
magnesium sulfat sehingga separuh penuh.
b. spatula of soap is added to one beaker and spatula detergent is added to another beaker.
spatula serbuk sabun ditambahkan kepada satu bikar dan spatula serbuk detergen ditambahkan kepada bikar yang lain.
c. The mixtures are stirred with a glass rod. / Campuran tersebut dikacau dengan rod kaca.
d. The dirty clothes are dipped into each of the beaker. / Kain yang kotor direndam di dalam setiap bikar.
e. The dirty clothes in each beaker are washed by scrubbing. / Kain kotor dalam setiap bikar dibasuh dengan gosokan.
f. The cleansing actions of soap and detergent on the dirty clothes are observed and recorded.
Tindakan pembersihan sabun dan detergen ke atas kain-kain kotor tersebut diperhatikan dan direkodkan.
Observation: / Pemerhatian:
Cleaning agent / Agen pembersih Detergent / Detergen Soap / Sabun
Effectiveness
Keberkesanan
Cloth is cleaned easily
Kain dibersihkan dengan senang
Cloth still dirty
Kain masih lagi kotor
Formation of scum
Pembentukan kekat
No formation of scum
Tiada pembentukan kekat
Scum forms
Kekat terbentuk
Conclusion: / Kesimpulan:
Detergent cleans stains more effective compared to soap in hard water. Detergent is more effective than soap in hard
water. / Detergen membersihkan kotoran dengan lebih berkesan berbanding sabun dalam air liat. Detergen lebih berkesan
berbanding sabun dalam air liat.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The diagrams below show the apparatus set-up for preparing soap.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan alat radas untuk penyediaan sabun.
Palm oil + concentrated
sodium hydroxide
Minyak sawit + natrium
hidroksida pekat
Soap
Sabun
Substance X
Bahan X
Heat
Panaskan
Heat
Panaskan
a. i. What is meant by soap? / Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sabun?

Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acid.

ii. State the name of the process to prepare soap. / Nyatakan nama proses penyediaan sabun.

Saponification

b. Substance X is added to the soap mixture to complete the process.

Bahan X ditambahkan kepada campuran sabun untuk melengkapkan proses tersebut.
i. State the name of substance X. / Nyatakan nama bahan X.

Sodium chloride

ii. Why is substance X added to the mixture? / Mengapakah bahan X ditambahkan kepada campuran?

To reduce the solubility of soap /to precipitate the soap

c. The following equation shows the reaction that takes place in the preparation of soap.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas yang berlaku dalam penyediaan sabun.
Palm oil + Concentrated sodium hydroxide
Minyak sawit + Natrium hidroksida pekat
Boil
Pendidihan
Sodium palmitate (soap) + Substance Y
Natrium palmitat (sabun) + Bahan Y
i. What is the homologous series of palm oil? / Apakah siri homolog bagi minyak sawit?

Ester

ii. Substance Y is another product in the reaction. State the name of substance Y.
Bahan Y ialah hasil lain dalam tindak balas ini. Nyatakan nama bagi bahan Y.

Glycerol

iii. A student wants to prepare a potassium palmitate soap. What alkali should be used?
Seorang pelajar mahu membuat sabun kalium palmitat. Apakah alkali yang patut digunakan?

Potassium hydroxide

d. The diagram below shows the structural formula of a soap anion.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur formula bagi suatu anion sabun.

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
C O
_
O
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
Hidrofobik Hidrofilik
i. State the property of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap anion.
Nyatakan sifat bagi bahagian hidrofobik dan hidrofilik dalam molekul sabun.

Hydrophobic dissolves in organic solvent. Hydrophilic dissolves in water.

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ii. Soap is used to wash oily stains on cloth. Explain the cleansing action of soap on the oily stain. / Sabun digunakan
untuk membasuh kotoran berminyak pada kain. Terangkan tindakan pembersihan sabun ke atas kotoran berminyak.

Soap reduces the surface tension of water and increases the wetting ability of water on the surface of the oily

cloth. The hydrophobic part of the soap anion dissolves in the oily stains.

The hydrophilic part of the soap anion remains in the water.

Scrubbing helps to lift the oily stains from the cloth and break the oily stains into small droplets.

The droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to repulsion between the negative charges on

their surface. The droplets are suspended in water forming an emulsion.

Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean.

2 The diagrams below show the structural formula for the anion part of cleansing agent X and cleansing agent Y particles.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bahagian anion agen pembersih X dan zarah-zarah agen pembersih Y.

O
R C O
-
Na
+
O
R O S O
-
Na
+

O
Cleansing agent X / Agen pembersih X Cleansing agent Y / Agen pembersih Y
a. Identify cleansing agent X and Y as soap and detergent.
Kenal pasti agen pembersih X dan Y sebagai sabun dan detergen.
Soap / Sabun:
Cleansing agent X

Detergent / Detergen :
Cleansing agent Y

b. Draw the hydrophilic part of cleaning agent is X and Y. / Lukiskan bahagian hidrofilik agen pembersih X dan Y.
O
C O
-
O
O S O
-
O
Cleansing agent X
Agen pembersih X
Cleansing agent Y
Agen pembersih Y
c. State the name of part of the cleansing agent X and Y that is soluble in grease.
Nyatakan nama bahagian bagi agen pembersih X dan Y yang larut dalam gris.

Hydrophobic

d. Soap is ineffective as a cleansing agent in hard water. Explain.

Sabun tidak berkesan sebagai agen pembersih dalam air liat. Terangkan.

The soap anions react with the magnesium ions and calcium ions in hard water to form white precipitate of

magnesium and calcium salt/ scum. Formation of scum reduces the amount of soap for cleaning.

e. State one advantage of detergent over soap. / Nyatakan satu kelebihan detergen berbanding sabun.

Detergent anion react with the magnesium ions and calcium ions in hard water to form soluble salt/no scum. The

cleansing action of detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.

f. One of the properties of soap and detergent is that they can form lather with water. What is the function of lather?
Salah satu sifat sabun dan detergen ialah ia membentuk buih dengan air. Apakah fungsi buih?

It helps to suspend the grease particles.

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3 A student carried out two experiments to investigate the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stained cloth in
hard water. / Seorang pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pembersihan sabun dan detergen ke atas kain
kotor yang berminyak di dalam air liat.
Experiment / Eksperimen Experiment I / Eksperimen I Experiment II / Eksperimen II
Set up of apparatus
Susunan alat radas
Detergent + hard water
Detergen + air liat
Soap + hard water
Sabun + air liat
Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Cloth with oily stains
Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Cloth with oily stains
Detergent + hard water
Detergen + air liat
Soap + hard water
Sabun + air liat
Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Cloth with oily stains
Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Cloth with oily stains
Observation
Pemerhatian
Oily stain remained
Kotoran berminyak kekal
Oily stain disappeared
Kotoran berminyak hilang
a. Compare the cleansing effect between experiment I and experiment II.
Bandingkan kesan pembersihan antara eksperimen I dengan eksperimen II.

Soap in experiment I is not effective as cleansing agent in hard water whereas detergent in experiment II is

effective as cleansing agent in hard water.

b. Explain why there are differences in the observations. / Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian.

Hard water contains calcium ions/Ca
2+
and magnesium ions/Mg
2+
. Soap anions in hard water react with

magnesium ions or calcium ions to form scum/insoluble precipitate, no foam is formed. Detergent anions react

with Ca
2+
ions and Mg
2+
ions to form soluble salt/ no precipitate/no scum, foam is formed.

c. State the substance which is more suitable as a cleansing agent to remove stains in hard water.
Nyatakan bahan yang lebih sesuai sebagai agen pembersih untuk membuang kotoran dalam air liat.

Detergent is more effective than soap as a cleansing agent in hard water.

Food Additives / Bahan Tambah Makanan

1 Food additives are added to food to: / Bahan tambah makanan ditambah ke dalam makanan untuk:
a. Improve its appearance, taste or texture / Memperbaiki rupa, rasa dan teksturnya
b. Preserve the food / Mengawet makanan
2 Food additive can be natural or synthetic compounds.
Bahan tambah makanan boleh didapati dalam bentuk semula jadi ataupun sebatian sintetik.
3 Food additives are classified according to their function. / Bahan tambah makanan boleh dikelaskan mengikut fungsinya.
Type of food
additive
Jenis bahan
tambah
makanan
Function / how it works
Fungsi/ bagaimana ia berfungsi
Example of food additive
Contoh bahan tambah makanan
Example of food
Contoh makanan
Flavouring agent
Agen perasa
Enhance the natural flavour of
the food / Meningkatkan rasa asli
makanan
Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Mononatrium glutamat (MSG)
Soup, frozen food, meat and fish
based product
Sup, makanan beku, makanan yang
diperbuat daripada daging dan ikan
Produce artificial flavour
Menghasilkan rasa buatan
Ester such as octyl ethanoate
(orange flavour) and ethyl
butanoate (pineapple flavour)
Ester seperti oktil etanoat (perasa
oren) dan etil butanoat (perasa nanas)
Cake, jam, ice cream and drinks
Kek, jem, aiskrim dan minuman
Sweeten the food, it has less
calories than sugar / Memaniskan
makanan, mempunyai kandungan kalori
yang lebih rendah berbanding gula
Aspartame / Aspartam
Drink and juice, frozen dessert
Minuman dan jus, pencuci mulut beku
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Type of food
additive
Jenis bahan
tambah
makanan
Function / how it works
Fungsi/ bagaimana ia berfungsi
Example of food additive
Contoh bahan tambah makanan
Example of food
Contoh makanan
Preservatives
Pengawet
Prevent food from being spoilt
Mengelakkan makanan daripada rosak
Prevent or slow down the growth
of microorganisms / Menghalang
atau mempertahankan pertumbuhan
mikroorganisma
Sodium nitrate
Natrium nitrat
Sausage, burger, luncheon meat
Sosej, burger, daging yang diproses
Sulphur dioxide
Sulfur dioksida
Fruit juice, jam, soft drink
Jus buah, jem, minuman bergas
Sodium benzoate
Natrium benzoat
Chilli and tomato sauce, oyster
sauce, fruit juice
Sos cili dan tomato, sos tiram, jus buah
Prevent food from being spoilt
Mengelakkan makanan daripada rosak
Remove water from the cell of
microorganism and retard the
growth of microorganism
Mengeluarkan air daripada sel
mikroorganisma dan membantutkan
pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
Salt
Garam
Salted fish
Ikan masin
Sugar
Gula
Jam
Jem
Prevent food from being spoilt
Menghalang makanan daripada rosak
Provide acidic condition
that inhibits the growth of
microorganism
Menyediakan keadaan berasid
untuk menghalang pertumbuhan
mikroorganisma
Vinegar
Cuka
Pickled
Jeruk
Antioxidants
Antioksidan
Prevent oxidation that causes
rancid fats and brown fruits
Menghalang pengoksidaan yang
menyebabkan lemak tengik dan buah
menjadi perang
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Asid askorbik (vitamin C)
Citric acid / Asid sitrik
Cake, biscuit, margarine,
fruit juice
Kek, biskut, marjerin, jus buah
Thickening
agent
Agen pemekat
Thicken the food
Memekatkan makanan
Improve the consistency of food
by giving a firmer, more uniform
and smoother texture
Memperbaiki struktur asal makanan
dengan menjadikan teksturnya lebih
sekata, halus dan licin
Acacia gum
Gam Acacia
Chewing gum
Gula-gula getah
Pectin
Pektin
Gelatin
Gelatin
Jam, jelly, cream cheese
and low fat yogurt. / Jem, jeli, krim
keju dan dadih rendah lemak.
Colouring
Pewarna
Add or restore the colour in a food
to make the food appearance look
more attractive.
Menambah atau mengekalkan warna
dalam makanan untuk menjadikannya
lebih menarik.
Azo compound such as tartrazine
and sunset yellow
Sebatian azo seperti tartrazine dan
warna kuning
Triphenyl compounds such as
brilliant blue
Sebatian trifenil seperti warna biru
Orange juice, jam
Jus oren, jem
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Stabilisers
Penstabil
Improve the texture of food by
preventing an emulsion* from
separating out into a layer of
water and oil.
Memperbaikkan tekstur makanan
dengan menghalang emulsi* daripada
terpisah kepada lapisan air dan
minyak.
* emulsions are either oil droplets
suspended in water or water droplets
suspended in oil.
*emulsi adalah titisan minyak yang
tersebar sekata dalam air atau titisan air
yang tersebar sekata dalam minyak.
Lecithin
Lesitin
Gelatin
Gelatin
Chocolate, ice cream,
butter and salad dressing
Coklat, aiskrim, mentega dan sos salad
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The table below shows the types and examples of food additives.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan jenis-jenis dan contoh-contoh bahan tambah makanan.
Types of food additives
Jenis bahan tambah
Examples / Contoh
V
Sodium nitrate / Natrium nitrat
Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida
Antioxidants / Antioksidan X
Flavouring agents
Agen perasa
Y
MSG
Octyl ethanoate / Oktil etanoat
W Acacia gum / Gam Acacia
Food colouring / Pewarna makanan Z
a. What is V, W, X, Y and Z? / Apakah V, W, X, Y dan Z?
V :
Preservatives

W :
Stablizers and thickening agent

X :
Ascorbic acid

Y :
Saccharin/aspartame

Z :
Azo compound/triphenyl compound

b. i. Give an example of food that uses sodium nitrate as food additive.

Berikan satu contoh makanan yang menggunakan natrium nitrat sebagai bahan tambah makanan.

Sausage/ burger/meat

ii. Explain how sodium nitrate works as food additive.

Huraikan bagaimana natrium nitrat bertindak sebagai bahan tambah makanan.

Sodium nitrate prevents sausage/ burger/ meat from being spoilt by slowing down the growth of

microorganism

iii. Suggest another example of the same type of food additive as sodium nitrate that is used in chilli and tomato
sauce. / Cadangkan contoh lain bahan tambah makanan dari jenis yang sama seperti natrium nitrat yang digunakan
dalam sos cili dan sos tomato.

Sodium benzoate

c. i. Give an example of food that uses sodium chloride as food additive.

Berikan satu contoh makanan yang menggunakan natrium klorida sebagai bahan tambah makanan.

Salted fish

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ii. Explain how sodium chloride works as food additive.
Terangkan bagaimana natrium klorida bertindak sebagai bahan tambah makanan.

Sodium chloride prevents fish from being spoilt by removing water from the cell of microorganism and

retards its growth.

d. i. What is the function of Y as a flavouring agent? / Apakah fungsi Y sebagai perasa?

Sweeten the food with less calories.

ii. What is the side effect of MSG on our health? / Apakah kesan sampingan MSG ke atas kesihatan kita?

Cause headache/falling hair.

iii. What is the function of octyl ethanoate as a flavouring agent? / Apakah fungsi oktil etanoat sebagai agen perasa?

Produce artificial orange flavour.

e. Name the example of food additives that cause the children to become hyperactive.
Namakan contoh bahan tambah makanan yang menyebabkan kanak-kanak menjadi hiperaktif.

Azo compound/ triphenyl compound.

Medicine / Ubat
1 A medicine is used to prevent or cure
disease

or to relieve
pain

.
Ubat digunakan untuk menghalang atau menyembuhkan
penyakit

atau mengurangkan
kesakitan

.
2 Medicines can be classified to: / Ubat boleh dikelaskan kepada:
a. Traditional medicine / Ubat tradisional
i. Obtained from natural sources (plants or animals), without chemical reactions
Diperoleh daripada sumber semula jadi (tumbuhan atau binatang), tanpa tindak balas kimia
ii. Prepared by boiling parts of the plants or crushed to make a paste / Disediakan dengan mendidihkan atau
menghancurkan bahagian tumbuhan untuk dijadikan adunan
iii. Usually not processed / Biasanya tidak diproses
b. Modern medicine / Ubat moden
i. Chemicals that are extracted from plants and animals or synthetic chemicals
Bahan kimia yang diekstrak daripada tumbuhan dan binatang atau bahan kimia buatan
ii. It is manufactured in the form of liquid, capsules, powders and tablet
Dihasilkan dalam bentuk cecair, kapsul, serbuk atau pil
iii. Usually processed in the laboratory / Biasanya diproses dalam makmal
3 Traditional medicine / Ubat tradisional
Complete the following table for some common traditional medicines and their functions:
Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk beberapa ubat-ubat tradisinal dan kegunaannya:
Traditional medicine
Ubat tradisional
Function
Fungsi
Aloe vera / lidah buaya Its juice is used to treat skin wounds and burns
Bitter gourd / Peria Fruits are used to treat diabetes
Ginger / Halia Rhizomes are used to treat stomach wind, improves blood circulation and digestion
Garlic / Bawang putih Used to lower blood pressure and also has antibiotic properties
Hibiscus / Bunga raya Leaves relieve headaches and hair loss
Turmeric / Kunyit Treats pimples
Tamarind / Asam jawa Juice reduces coughing
Centella asiatica / Pegaga Its leaves are used as herbal tea to treat depression and for longerity
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4 Modern medicine / Ubat moden
The following table shows the classification of modern medicines according to their effects on the body.
Jadual berikut menunjukkan pengelasan ubat moden mengikut kesannya ke atas badan.
Type of modern
medicine
Jenis ubat moden
Function
Fungsi
Example
Contoh
Note
Nota
Analgesic
Analgesik
To relieve pain without
causing unconsciousness
Untuk melegakan kesakitan tanpa
menyebabkan pesakit pengsan
Aspirin
(acetylsalicylic acid)
# acidic
Aspirin
(asid asetilsalisilik)
# berasid
Relieves pain caused by headache, toothache
and arthritis.
Meredakan sakit yang disebabkan sakit kepala,
sakit gigi dan artritis.
Reduces fever and inflammation caused by
infection.
Mengurangkan demam dan keradangan yang
disebabkan jangkitan.
Causes internal bleeding ulceration
(not suitable for gastric patients)
Menyebabkan pendarahan dalaman
(tidak sesuai untuk pesakit gastrik)
Paracetamol
#Neutral
Parasetamol
#Neutral
Relieves pain and reduces fever
Meredakan sakit dan mengurangkan demam
Does not reduce inflammation
Tidak mengurangkan keradangan
Does not irritate the stomach
Tidak menyakitkan perut
Codeine / Kodeina
C
18
H
21
NO
3
H
2
O
Cough medicine
Ubat batuk
Causes sleepiness
Menyebabkan mengantuk
Misuse of codeine causes addiction
Salah guna kodeina boleh menyebabkan ketagihan
Antibiotic
Antibiotik
- Used to treat infections
caused by bacteria or fungi
Digunakan untuk merawat
jangkitan yang disebabkan
bakteria dan kulat
- Antibiotics kill or slow
down the growth of
bacteria or fungi
Antibiotik membunuh
atau memperlahankan
pertumbuhan bakteria atau
kulat
Penicilline
Penisilin
Patient must take full course of the antibiotic
prescribed by the doctor to make sure all
the bacteria are killed, otherwise they may
become resistant to the antibiotic.
Pesakit mesti mengambil semua antibiotik yang
dipreskripsi oleh doktor supaya semua bakteria
dibunuh, jika tidak, bakteria akan menjadi imun
terhadap antibiotik.
Side effects of antibiotics are headache,
allergic reaction and dizziness.
Kesan sampingan antibiotik adalah sakit kepala,
alergi dan pening.
Streptomycin
Streptomisin
Psychotherapeutic
Psikoteraputik
Used to treat mental illness
Digunakan untuk merawat sakit
mental
Stimulants e.g.
amphetamine
Stimulan seperti
amfetamin
To reduce fatigue and elevate mood
Mengurangkan keletihan dan merangsang perasaan
Can cause addiction
Boleh menyebabkan ketagihan
Antidepressant:
Barbiturates and
tranquilizer
Antidepresen:
Barbiturat dan
trankuilizer
To reduce tension and anxiety
Mengurangkan tekanan dan kegelisahan
Can cause addiction
Boleh menyebabkan ketagihan
Antipsychotics e.g.
chloropromazine
Antipsikotik seperti
kloropromazine
To treat psychiatric illness with severe mental
disorder
Merawat sakit jiwa dan sakit mental yang teruk
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The diagram below shows the molecular structure of aspirin.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur molekul bagi aspirin.
H
C
C
H
C C
O
C
O
C
H
H
H
C
O
O
H
C C
H
H
a. i. What is the molecular formula for aspirin? / Apakah formula molekul bagi aspirin?

C
9
H
8
O
4

ii. What is the scientific name for aspirin? / Apakah nama saintifik bagi aspirin?

Acetylsalicylic acid

iii. State which type of medicine does aspirin belong to. / Nyatakan jenis ubat bagi aspirin.

Analgesic

iv. What is the side effect of aspirin on children below 12 years old?
Apakah kesan sampingan aspirin kepada kanak-kanak di bawah 12 tahun?

Irritates lining of the stomach and cause bleeding

v. Suggest another example of medicine that can be used in replacing aspirin to reduce fever.
Cadangkan satu contoh ubat lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan aspirin bagi meredakan demam.

Paracetamol

b. i. Antibiotic is one of the medicines that is always given by a doctor to a patient. What is the function of
antibiotic? / Antibiotik adalah salah satu ubat yang selalu diberi oleh doktor kepada pesakit. Apakah fungsi antibiotik?

To kill or inhibit growth of infectious bacteria

ii. Explain why the patient must take full course of the antibiotic prescribed by the doctor.
Huraikan mengapa pesakit mesti menghabiskan semua antibiotik yang telah dipreskripsi oleh doktor.

To make sure that all the bacteria are killed. If not, the bacteria will become immune to the medicine or it

will cause super infection

c. i. State the name of one type of medicine that changes the emotions and behaviour of the patient.
Namakan satu jenis ubat lain yang mengubah emosi dan kelakuan pesakit.

Psychotherapeutic

ii. A patient is suffering from hallucination, delusion or other symptoms of mental illness. Suggest the example
medicine that is suitable to treat the patient.
Seorang pesakit mengalami masalah halusinasi, khayalan dan gejala-gejala lain sakit mental. Cadangkan contoh ubat lain
yang sesuai untuk merawat pesakit.

Antipsychotic.

d. Medicines that are obtained from plants and animals are known as traditional medicines. State the name the
traditional medicine that can be used to cure diabetes.
Bitter gourd
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1 Which of the following molecules is soap?
Antara molekul berikut, yang manakah merupakan sabun?
A CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
COOH
B CH
3
(CH
2
)
2
COONa
C CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
COONa
D CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
COOCH
3
2 Which of the following are detergent?
Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan detergen?
I CH
3
(CH
2
)
11
OCOONa
II CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
COOK
III CH
3
(CH
2
)
11
OSO
3
Na
IV CH
3
(CH
2
)
11
SO
3
K
A I and II only
I dan II sahaja
C II and III only
II dan III sahaja
B I and IV only
I dan IV sahaja
D III and IV only
III dan IV sahaja
3 The diagram below shows the structural formula for a soap
anoin.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bagi anion sabun.
CH
3
CH
2
Part A / Bahagian A
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
C O
_
O
Which of the following is true about part A of soap anion?
Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang bahagian A bagi anion
sabun?
A It is ionic / Ia adalah ion
B It is soluble in grease / Ia larut dalam gris
C It is hydrophilic end / Merupakan bahagian hydrofilik
D It reacts with calcium ion to form scum
Ia bertindak dengan ion kalsium untuk membentuk kekat
4 Why is sodium chloride added during the preparation of
soap?
Mengapakah sodium klorida ditambah dalam penyediaan sabun?
A To soften the water / Untuk melembutkan air
B To decrease the solubility of soap
Untuk mengurangkan keterlarutan air
C To prevent the formation of scum
Untuk mengelakkan pembentukan kekat
D To reduce the surface tension of water
Mengurangkan tekanan pada permukaan air
5 Which of the following food additives slows down the activity
of microorganism? / Antara bahan tambah makanan berikut, yang
manakah dapat melambatkan aktiviti mikroorganisma?
A Benzoic acid
Asid benzoik
C Ascorbic acid
Asid askorbik
B Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida
D Pectin
Pektin
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / SOALAN OBJEKTIF
6 Which of the following is not used to prepare soap?
Antara berikut, yang manakah tidak digunakan dalam penyediaan
sabun?
A Fats or oil / Lemak atau minyak
B Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida
C Sodium hydroxide / Natrium hidroksida
D Sodium nitrate / Natrium nitrat
7 What is the purpose of adding azo and triphenyl compounds
in food? / Apakah tujuan menambah sebatian azo dan trifenil di
dalam makanan?
A To stabilise the oil in water
Menstabilkan minyak dalam air
B To enhance the taste and flavour of food
Menambah rasa makanan
C To prevent the food from being oxidised
Mengelakkan makanan daripada teroksida
D To improve the appearance of food by restoring their
colours / Supaya makanan kelihatan lebih menarik
8 Ascorbic acid is added to fruit juice. Which of the following
is the function of ascorbic acid? / Asid askorbik ditambah ke
dalam jus buah-buahan. Antara berikut, yang manakah fungsi asid
askorbik?
A As a flavouring / Sebagai perisa makanan
B To increase the calories / Untuk menambah kalori
C To decrease the action of oxygen
Mengurangkan tindak balas oksigen
D Prevent the growth of microorganism
Menghalang pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
9 Which of the following can be treated with streptomycin?
Antara berikut, yang manakah boleh dirawat dengan streptomisin?
A Cough / Batuk
B Anxiety / Perasaan kebimbangan
C Mental diorders / Gangguan mental
D Bacterial infected diseases / Jangkitan bakteria
10 Which of the following is used to cure headaches?
Antara berikut, yang manakah digunakan untuk menyembuhkan
sakit kepala?
A Cortisone / Kortison
B Barbiturates / Barbiturat
C Amphetamine/ Amfetamin
D Paracetemol / Parasetamol