CHAPTER 7 What Are the Different Ways to Communicate Nonverbally Across Cultures? CHAPTER 7 O !

ECT"#E$ AND O%T&"NE Cha'ter 7 Ob(ectives) As a result of reading Chapter 7, and participating in related class discussions and activities, you should be able to: (1) Develop a sense of intercultural alertness to the multiple interpretations that are attached to a single nonverbal gesture; ( ) !dentify the different functions and forms of intercultural nonverbal behavior; (") #onitor your o$n use of paralanguage or tone of voice as it reflects your intercultural or intergroup attitudes; (%) &eali'e the diverse richness in decoding intercultural hand gestures, touch, space, and time; (() Develop deeper observation and attending s)ills and move beyond surface*level nonverbal impression formation of culturally different others; and (+) Cultivate a heightened a$areness of ho$ your nonverbal behavior can be misconstrued in different cross*cultural situations, Cha'ter 7 Outline) !, -he !mpact of .onverbal Communication !ntroduction section: About +( percent of message is inferred via nonverbal channels A, #a)ing /ense of .onverbal Communication 1, Nonverbal communication: message e0change process involving use of nonlinguistic and paralinguistic cues (.1-2: -his is a brief description; see te0tboo) for complete definitions,) , *ulti'le channels: facial e0pressions, hand and body gestures, etc, 3, 1ne Code, #any !nterpretations: same cue can have different meanings C, 4erbal and .onverbal /imilarities: nonverbal cues can: 1, Repeat the verbal message , Contradict the verbal message ", Substitute for the verbal message (no $ords needed) %, Complement or accompany the verbal message and underscore it (, Accent or emphasi'e the verbal message

!!, 5orms of .onverbal Communication: -he seven forms of nonverbal communication are: physical appearance, paralanguage, facial e0pressions, )inesics, haptics (touch), oculesics (eye contact), and pro0emics A, 6hysical Appearance 1, !ncludes body type, height, $eight, hair, and s)in color, , Artifacts: ornaments or adornments ", !mpression management: e0ample is body alteration techni7ues C, 6aralanguage 1, Paralan+ua+e: how something is said, not what is said , 6aralinguistic features: a, Accent: ho$ your $ords are pronounced together b, Pitch ran+e: from high to lo$ c, Pitch intensity: ho$ high or lo$ your voice carries d, #olume: ho$ loudly or softly you spea) e, Articulation: precision or slurring of $ords f, Rate: ho$ 7uic)ly or slo$ly you spea) D, 5acial 20pressions 1, ,inesics: study of posture, body movement, gestures, facial e0pressions , 7 universal facial e0pressions (/AD5!/8): sadness, anger, disgust, fear, interest, surprise, and happiness ", Cultural -is'lay rules: procedures for the $ay $e e0press emotions 2, 9estures 1, .estures: culturally specific, significant forms of nonverbal comm, , 5our categories of hand gestures and body movements: a, Emblems: substitute for $ords and phrases (no $ords) b, "llustrators) hand gestures that illustrate spo)en $ords c, Re+ulators) used to regulate flo$ of conversation d, A-a'tors) unintentional habits to fulfill need (scratching) 5, 8aptics 1, Ha'tics: study of perceptions and meanings of touch behavior , High-contact cultures: direct eye contact, direct facing, touching, )issing, loud voices ", Low-contact cultures: indirect eye contact, little touching, softer voices %, #oderate*contact cultures: blend of both (includes :,/,) !!!, 3oundary regulations A, &egulating !nterpersonal 3oundaries 1, Pro/emics: study of space bet$een persons , !n the :nited /tates, four spatial 'ones e0ist: a, Intimate 'one: ;<1= inches, for those closest to us b, Personal 'one: 1=<%= inches, for closer friends, some ac7uaintances, colleagues c, Social 'one: %= inches to 1 feet, for larger events d, Public 'one: 1 feet or more ", Personal s'ace: unconscious protective territory that $e carry around $ith us and deem sacred, nonviolable, and nonnegotiable

3, 2nvironmental 3oundaries 1, Claimed sense of space and emotional attachment $e share $ith others in our community , .eighborhood layout, home design, etc, influence ho$ people behave ", >e$in?s f ormula: 3 @ f (6,2), 3ehavior is a function of persons in the environment and the environment C, 6sychological 3oundaries 1, "ntra'ersonal s'ace: the need for information privacy or psychological silence bet$een the self and others , 6rivacy regulation: important in individualistic cultures and not perceived as critical in collectivistic cultures ", 5eng /hui means AairB and A$aterB in Chinese; the philosophy of combining elements to attain good energy $ithin an area D, &egulating -ime 1, Tem'oral re+ulation: the attitudes $e have about time , Chronemics: ho$ people structure, interpret and understand time ", -$o patterns of time $hich are opposite and govern different cultures: a, *onochronic0time sche-ule 1*T2: schedule time so as to concentrate on one thing at a time; individualistic cultures tend to use this pattern b, Polychronic0time sche-ule 1PT2: completing human transactions prioriti'ed over time schedules; collectivistic cultures tend to use this pattern !4, !ntercultural &eality Chec): Do*Ables .onverbal chec)points to consider in communicating across cultures: A, 5le0ibly observe and identify nonverbal display rules 3, Attempt a deeper than surface e0planation for the behavior C, #onitor your o$n nonverbal behavior D, 3e sensitive to nonverbal display rules for emotions in a particular culture 2, 3e less Cudgmental and more tentative in interpreting others? nonverbal signals

CHAPTER 7 CHEC,0%P Chec3 out the follo4in+ cultural literacy 5uestions an- self0assessment 5uestions) Hit0or0*iss 6ui7: :se this 7ui' to assess your cultural literacy of one set of cultural display rules: emoticons, Can you identify the follo$ing emoticonsD 1, :*D , :*E ", :*F

POP0%P AN$WER) 1, >aughing , Angry ", /)eptical Chec) out 8it or #iss 7,1 in the te0t on page 1%; to 7ui' yourself on popular $ays to say A>1>B in other countriesG :*o

$elf0Assessment 6ui7: :se this 7ui' to assess your interpersonal space orientation, 1, !n a conversation $ith a stranger, ho$ far a$ay $ould you stand from him or herD , !n a conversation $ith a same*se0 friend, ho$ far a$ay $ould you stand from him or herD POP0%P "NTERPRETAT"ON) Hou may be surprised to learn that the ans$ers $ill vary according to culture, Pro/emic stu-ies reveal that different cultures regulate personal distance differently, /o the ne0t time you find yourself standing uncomfortably close to a stranger, remember that it may be due to cultural variation, (1f course, it may be because they li)e you ,) Chec) out my,blog 7,1 in the te0t on page 1%+ to do a full assessment of your interpersonal space orientation,

$elf0Assessment 6ui7: :se this 7ui' to assess your need for privacy or intrapersonal space, Choose the ans$er that best reflects your tendencies: 1, 8o$ irritated or stressed out do you get $hen someone enters your room $ithout )noc)ingD a, .ot very irritated b, 4ery irritated , 8o$ irritated or stressed out do you get $hen someone interrupts youD a, .ot very irritated b, 4ery irritated POP0%P "NTERPRETAT"ON) Hou may be surprised to learn that the ans$ers $ill vary according to culture, 6sychological boundaries are regulated differently; privacy regulation is considered more important in many Iestern social environments and not as important in collectivistic cultures, Chec) out my,blog 7, in the te0t on page 1%= to ta)e a full poll of your privacy needs,

$elf0Assessment 6ui7: :se this self*assessment to learn about your monochronic and polychronic time tendencies, Choose $hether you tend to agree or disagree $ith the follo$ing statements, Can you identify the time orientations reflected in these statementsD 1, #eeting deadlines is very important to me, a, Agree b, Disagree , !t?s o)ay to be late $hen you?re having a $onderful conversation $ith someone, a, Agree b, Disagree

POP0%P "NTERPRETAT"ON) 1a, Agreement on this item reflects a tendency to$ard a monochronic time orientation, Chec) out my,blog 7," in the te0t on page 1(; to ta)e a full assessment of your time orientation tendencies, POP0%P "NTERPRETAT"ON) 1b, Disagreement on this item reflects a tendency a$ay from a monochronic time orientation, Chec) out my,blog 7," in the te0t on page 1(; to ta)e a full assessment of your time orientation tendencies,

POP0%P "NTERPRETAT"ON) a, Agreement on this item reflects a tendency to$ard a 'olychronic time orientation, Chec) out my,blog 7," in the te0t on page 1(; to ta)e a full assessment of your time orientation tendencies, POP0%P "NTERPRETAT"ON) b, Disagreement on this item reflects a tendency a$ay from a 'olychronic time orientation, Chec) out my,blog 7," in the te0t on page 1(; to ta)e a full assessment of your time orientation tendencies,

$elf0Assessment 6ui7: -a)e this 7ui' to learn ho$ #- and 6- orientations affect lateness apologies: Hou arrive to class late, Ihat $ill you say to your instructor if you are: 1, -hirty seconds late , -hree minutes late ", 5ifteen minutes late POP0%P AN$WER) -he ans$er is that you are never to be late to classG :; Actually, research has sho$n that in the :nited /tates, the type of apology e0pected depends on the amount of time late, Chec) out my,blog 7,% and the discussion in the te0t on page 1( for more assessments and information about lateness and apologies in :,/, culture, (!t could save a relationship for youG)

CHAPTER 7 .&O$$AR80*ATCH"N. 6%"9 *atch the follo4in+ five terms 4ith their res'ective -efinitions) a, Artifacts b, 6ro0emics c, 6aralanguage d, 8aptics e, .onverbal communication

JJJ 1, /tudy of the perceptions and meanings of touch behavior, JJJ , 1rnaments or adornments that $e use to communicate Cust by $earing, JJJ ", Communicating $ithout $ords through multiple communication channels, JJJ %, .on$ord sounds and characteristics of speech, JJJ (, /tudy of space bet$een persons, physical contact, and the inner an0iety $e have $hen people violate our space,

POP0%P AN$WER) 1, d ,a ", e %, c (, b

*atch the follo4in+ five terms 4ith their res'ective -efinitions or e/am'les) a, Adaptor b, Cultural display rule c, !llustrator d, &egulator e, 2mblem

JJJ 1, -he Athumbs upB sign $ithout saying $ords, JJJ , .odding your head rapidly to speed up a spea)er during a conversation, JJJ ", Hour personal habit of covering your mouth $hen you ya$n, JJJ %, As you tell a hairstylist that you $ant only one inch of your hair cut, using your fingers to sho$ a space of one inch, JJJ (, Kno$ing that it is appropriate to display disgust or anger in public in -hai culture,

POP0%P AN$WER) 1, e ,d ", a %, c (, b

CHAPTER 7 RE#"EW 6%"9 *ulti'le Choice) /elect and clic) the 32/- A./I2& from the choices available, 1, 9igi?s beaded nec)lace and 9rant?s an)le bracelet are e0amples of JJJJJJJJJJ, a, )inesics b, emblems c, artifacts d, illustrators POP0%P AN$WER) c, artifacts (p, 1"()

, .onverbal cues can JJJJJJJJJJ the verbal message; this is a form of lea)age, or hiding ho$ $e really feel, a, regulate b, illustrate c, complement d, contradict POP0%P AN$WER) d, contradict (p, 1"()

", How something is said and not what is said describes $hat aspect of nonverbal communicationD a, 6aralanguage b, 6ro0emics c, 8aptics d, 1culesics POP0%P AN$WER) a, 6aralanguage (p, 1"7)

%, 9erald has learned that the ne$ culture to $hich he $ill be moving is a lo$*contact culture, !n order to fit in, 9erald )no$s that he must do less (fe$er) JJJJJJJJJJJ, a, hand gestures b, interaction $ith strangers c, touching d, eye contact POP0%P AN$WER) c, touching (p, 1%()

(, Ihen 9abe tal)ed to his roommate 9riffin on the phone, 9abe?s verbal message $as A! am a little annoyed,B but his JJJJJJJJJJ convinced 9riffin that 9abe $as feeling so angry that this $as a not good time to tell him about the bro)en coffee pot, a, haptics b, synta0 c, paralanguage d, )inesics POP0%P AN$WER) c, paralanguage (p, 1"7), 9abe?s tone of voice must have indicated very strong anger, &emember that the nonverbal communication tends to be believed more than the verbal, so 9riffin is smart to decide to $ait until 9abe cools off,

+, JJJJJJJJJJJJ are ornaments or adornments that $e use to communicate Cust by $earing, a, Cues b, Kinesics c, 6ro0emics d, Artifacts POP0%P AN$WER) d, Artifacts (p, 1"()

7, 9ary has Cust discovered that his co$or)er has been listening in on his phone conversations, 8e is really upset at this violation of this JJJJJJJJJJJJJ boundary, a, personal b, environmental c, temporal d, psychological POP0%P AN$WER) d, psychological (pp, 1%7*1%=), 6sychological boundaries include privacy regulation,

=, !n :,/, culture, the intimate 'one is appro0imately JJJJJJJJJJ in distance and is reserved for JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ, a, ;<+ inches; closest friends and family b, ;<+ inches; friends, family, ac7uaintances, and colleagues c, ;<1= inches; closest friends and family d, ;<1= inches; friends, family, ac7uaintances, and colleagues POP0%P AN$WER) c, ;<1= inches; closest friends and family (p, 1%+)

L, Ihen 9abrielle typed A! .22D -1 91 1. 4ACA-!1. .1IGB in a letter that $as mostly $ritten in conventional uppercase and lo$ercase typing, 9abrielle $as using capital letters to JJJJJJJJ that part of the verbal message, a, contradict b, substitute for c, accent d, regulate POP0%P AN$WER) c, accent (p, 1"()

1;, As 9emma participates in her study group meeting, she uses her hands to play $ith her pencil, $hich indicates the use of nonverbal behavior as a(n) JJJJJJJJJJJJ, a, illustrator b, regulator c, emblem d, adaptor POP0%P AN$WER) d, adaptor (p, 1%")

True:;alse) !n order to identify the best ans$er, consider $hether each statement is true (i,e,, accurate) or false (i,e,, inaccurate), Clic) either AaB for A-rueB or AbB for A5alse,B

1, #ore than half of a message is inferred through nonverbal channels, a, -rue b, 5alse POP0%P AN$WER) a, -rue (p, 1" )

, 1culesics is the study of eye contact behavior, a, -rue b, 5alse POP0%P AN$WER) a, -rue (p, 1"()

", #any hand gestures, such as the gesture for Ao)ay,B are performed the same $ay across cultures, a, -rue b, 5alse POP0%P AN$WER) b, 5alse (p, 1%1)

%, Hou may feel negative feelings if someone touches you $hen you don?t )no$ them $ell, because it violates unspo)en rules regarding haptics, a, -rue b, 5alse POP0%P AN$WER) a, -rue (p, 1%(), 8aptics is the study of perceptions and meanings of touch behavior,

(, Artifacts can place a person in a particular status or class, a, -rue b, 5alse POP0%P AN$WER) a, -rue (p, 1"()

CHAPTER < "NTERC%&T%RA& WE $%R;"N. Chec3 out the follo4in+ "nternet sites that are relevant to this cha'ter) -he Center for .onverbal /tudies has put together a very interesting $eb page: http:FFcenter*for*nonverbal*studies,orgF1(;1,html -a)e the poly vs, mono chronic test: http:FF$$$,innovint,comFdo$nloadsFmonoJpolyJtest,asp 5areed Ma)aria discusses hand gestures that have multiple meanings in different cultures and could get people in trouble: http:FF$$$,cnn,comFvideoFNFvideoF$orldF ;11F;"F LFgps,last,loo),", 7,cnn -his funny 6i0ar short demonstrates various nonverbal communication behaviors including: paralanguage, oculesics, facial e0pressions, and gestures: http:FF$$$,youtube,comF$atchDv@#J4*9! 3Oss -his article from the New Yor !imes discusses the connection bet$een touch and the success of professional bas)etball teams and players: http:FF$$$,nytimes,comF ;1;F; F "FhealthF "mind,htmlD Jr@1Pe0@1 = 71 %;;Pen@++a7f+++7L"%ff%dPei@(;=7PI-,mcJid@8>*D*!*.H-*#1D* #1D*#1"=*&1/*; 1;*8D&PI-,mcJev@clic)

;ilm) "ol#er ( ;;7), "ol#er is a film almost totally $ithout men, $ith the e0ception of one $ho leaves the film early, 3ut in this $orld $ithout men that is Q4olver,Q nothing seems amiss because the film is rich $ith $ell*defined $omanRs roles, nuanced, high conte0t, and very much nonverbally communicated,

oo3) 2d$ard -, 8all?s !he Hidden $imension (1L(L) gives many interesting e0amples of different cultures? usage of space, Although dated, this is a classic resource for the study of pro0emics,

CHAPTER 7 "NTERC%&T%RA& TO%R Chec3 out the follo4in+ intercultural scenario) (.1-2: /ee AChapter 7 Class 8andoutsB for a printable version,) PDA) Public Dis'lay of Affection? Mi Amor #i-eo Cli' 1, Clic) the lin) and have some fun $atching the short video titled A#i AmorB sho$ing a conversation bet$een t$o dating partners: a :,/, American male and a Cuban female, >!.K to A#i A#1&B 4ideo clip Alternatively, the video is also accessible through the follo$ing lin): htt')::vimeo=com:>?>@ABCA 6ass$ord: %n-erstan-in+"C (this pass$ord !/ case*sensitive) .e0t, revie$ Chapter 7 concepts, especially: 9estures (p, 1%1) 8aptics*revie$ the follo$ing concepts: 8igh Contact and >o$ Contact cultures (pp, 1%%*1%() .onverbal affect display or 6DA (6ublic Display of Affection) (p, 1%%) 6arralanguage (pp, 1"7*1"=) 6ro0emics (p, 1%+) Iatch the video clip again, ta)ing note of the different forms of nonverbal communication, the differences bet$een the t$o individuals, and their reactions to each other, 6rint off the A!nteractive 6robes: A#i Amor 4ideo clipB activity sheet, Ans$er the follo$ing 7uestions: (1) :sing the concepts from Chapter 7, ho$ $ould you e0plain the :,/, American boyfriend?s reactions to his Cuban girlfriendD ( ) 8o$ $ould you analy'e the Cuban girlfriend?s reaction at the end of this clipD (") 8ave you or your friends had similar Qculture*bumpQ e0periences that created nonverbal a$)$ard moments or interactionsD (%) As a communication consultant to this couple, $hat advice $ould you give to the American boyfriend so that his reactions aren?t so negativeD Ihat advice $ould you give to the Cuban girlfriend so that her final reaction isn?t so negativeD

",

%,

/ource: %i Amor video: Iritten, directed, and edited by Andre$ 3ottom and #aritte 9o, ;%RTHER APP&"CAT"ON PRO E$ >et?s apply some concepts from Chapter 7 to the scenario, 1, Iith regard to haptics, to $hat )ind of culture does the $oman belongD a, 8igh*contact b, >o$*contact c, #onochronic d, 6olychronic POP0%P AN$WER) a, 8igh*contact (remember that haptics refers to touch) (pp, 1%%*1%() , Iith regard to haptics, to $hat )ind of culture does the man belongD a, 8igh*contact b, >o$*contact c, #onochronic d, 6olychronic POP0%P AN$WER) b, >o$*contact (remember that haptics refers to touch) (p, 1%() ") Ihen the $oman moves to stand very close to her boyfriend and even reaches out and brings him close to her, his reaction indicates a violation in the area of: a, oculesics b, artifacts c, )inesics d, pro0emics POP0%P AN$WER) d, pro0emicsS$hich involves use of space, Apparently, he hasn?t 7uite let her into his Aintimate 'oneGB (p, 1++)

CHAPTER 7 C&A$$ HANDO%T$ NOTE) 8our instructor may as3 you to -o4nloa-D 'rint outD an-:or e0mail the follo4in+ class han-outs for this cha'ter) "NTERACT"#E PRO E$ ;OR EP% &"C D"$P&A8 O; A;;ECT"ON?F

.A#2:JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ "NTERACT"#E PRO E$ ;OR EP% &"C D"$P&A8 O; A;;ECT"ON?G 1As3 yourself an- 'robe your classmatesG reactions2 1, :sing the concepts from Chapter 7, ho$ $ould you e0plain the :,/, American boyfriend?s reactions to his Cuban girlfriendD

, 8o$ $ould you analy'e the Cuban girlfriend?s reaction at the end of this clipD

", 8ave you or your friends had similar Qculture*bumpQ e0periences that created nonverbal a$)$ard moments or interactionsD

%, As a communication consultant to this couple, $hat advice $ould you give to the American boyfriend so that his reactions aren?t so negativeD Ihat advice $ould you give to the Cuban girlfriend so that her final reaction isn?t so negativeD