TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PREFACE

1.0

INTRODUCTION

2.0

OBJECTIVE 6

3.0

SIMPLIFIED THEORY

4.0

EQUIPMENTS

5.0

PROCEDURE OF WORK 16

6.0

ANALYSIS 24

7.0

CONCLUSION

9.0

REFERENCES

11

40
40

1.0

INTRODUCTION.

Road curve is a one from another survey work in engineering surveying. This work
includes levelling, traversing, long section, cross section and detailing. Two types of curve in
engineering survey namely horizontal curve and vertical curve.
Horizontal curve is to continue road with different direction. the purpose of horizontal
curve is to deflect a vehicle travelling along one of the straight safely and comfortably through
the angle to enable and to continue its journey along the other straight line. In horizontal curve
is known as deflection angle and its name horizontal curve because all measurement in their
design and construction is considered in the horizontal plane.
This practical works consist of 3 main surveys works. Traversing, levelling and
tacheometry. Each result has its tolerance to be acceptable and each works has its own way to
be carried out. All the works to investigate the road curve.

2.0

OBJECTIVE.

2.1 Levelling.
Establish a Temporary Bench Mark (TBM)
Learn how to book data and calculate it from the precise levelling
instrument
To know the procedures of precise levelling
To get close with precise level
Refresh back how to determine the reduce level of the TBM by
transferring the value from the Bench Mark (BM)

2.2 Traversing.
To apply concept whole to the part in this practical.
Propose for traversing survey is for surveying detail. A traverse network
of survey line and ground marks provides control points refer the lot which
can be accurately plotted in a plan. These details can be plotted as
reference to the plotted traverse lines and stations.
To learn about law to process traverse to find lot refer cadastral
surveying.
After we finish this practical with successfully we can learnt to process
traversing data and can plot the traverse.

2.3 Solar Observation.

To determine true bearings and true azimuths for the datum

To find m correction for the traverse.

To prove the position of the traverse.

2.3 Detailing
Determine the reduce level and location every details.
To get view about permanent details around the survey area such as
building, drain, tree and etc.

3.0 SIMPLIFIED THEORY.

3.1 Traverse
Latitude

= Distance cos Bearing

Departure

= Distance cos Bearing

Linear misclose =

Latitudes misclose

= North latitudes - South latitudes

Departures Misclose = East departures - west departures

Adjusted latitudes

Adjusted departures =

Final coordinate

= N/S/E/W + adjusted

3.2 Levelling

Levelling is the based on the horizontal line of the instrument (level) with the level
line of the point on the earth.

The difference between two points is the heights of the point itself.

The level is an optical instrument that provides a height reference. This reference
is a horizontal plane through the axis of the telescope; know as the Height of
Collimation. Once the height of collimation (or instrument height) has been
measured, the height of other station can be found by measuring from this plane
with a staff. The height of collimation is found by taking a back sight to a staff
place on a bench mark. The staff reading is added to the bench mark value to
obtain the height of collimation. Once the height of collimation has been found,
ground height at any spot below this plane can be found by observing the staff
and subtracting the staff reading from the height of collimation. The test that we
undertake in order to determine the amount of error and then eliminate it from our
measurement is known as the two peg test. If the level is in perfect adjustment
(Hb Ha) = (Hd Hc). However, it usual that there is a difference between the
true and appearance heights and since this has been measured over a distance
of L m the collimation error for the level is given by:-

Error = (Hb Ha) (Hd Hc)

L

If the collimation error is found to be less that about 0.001m, the level is
assumed to be in adjustment. If the collimation error is found to be greater than
about 0.001m, the level has to be adjusted

3.3 Tacheometry.

All total station will measure a slope distance, zenith angle recorded by the
theodolite along the line of sight to calculate the horizontal distance.

Horizontal and vertical distance can be obtained without any calculation.

Data obtained will be recorded any processed in computer.

Reduced level can be calculated by:-

RLt = RLi + Hi + V T
V = L Sin

Error & Accuracy

i.

Errors in Tacheometry Surveying.

Instrumental Errors
Field Errors.

ii.

Accuracy of Tacheometry
The overall accuracy expected for distance measurement is 1 in 500.
The best possible accuracy is only 1 in 1000.

3.3.1 Longitudinal section.

for long section the origin of the graph is at the left-hand side with levels
being plotted vertically and chainages horizontally

scales Hz=same as the road layout

Vt = exaggerated

3.3.2 Cross section

for cross section the point where the center line meet the cross section
is taken as the origin

distances from center line to points where the levels were taken are
plotted horizontally to the left and right of the origin with the levels being
plotted vertically

scales Hz=exaggerated
Vt= exaggerated

3.4 Composite curve

4.4.1 Transition Curve and circular Curve

Transition curve is one type of the Horizontal curve that have varying
radius.

Transition curve can be use to improve the safety and comfort of

passengers in vehicles when we traveling around horizontal curves.

We should be aware of the limitations of circulars curves due to the

centrifugal force that act on vehicles as we travel along the curves.

Transition curve can be use to introduce these forces gradually and

uniformly, so it will increase the safety for passengers in the vehicles.

In other words, transition curves produce a gradual change when we get

into straight line to a circular curve and then we go out from circular
curves to a straight line back. These also call a composite curve

DIAGRAM 4.1

4.0 EQUIPMENTS.
1) Total station
Display data for tacheometric such as distance and bearing.
Picture:

2) Tripod.
Fix and make temporary adjustment for level instrument, total station and prism.
Picture:

3) Prism
Used for reflect the electromagnetic wave from EDM to get distance reading.
Picture:

4) Tape
Measured height instrument, height target and prism pole
Picture:

5) Mini prism
Reflecting the EDM waves to get a slope distance to details.
Picture:

6) Mini pole.
Fixed a mini prism and located to details, long section and cross section.
picture:

10

7) Level Instrument
Observe a staff reading along collimation line.
Picture :

8) Staff
Measured a height from ground level to coolimation line.
Picture :

11

9) Staff Bubble
Make sure the staff in upright condition while observation.
Picture :

10) Sun Glass

11) Used with theodolite during the solar observation.
Used with total station the solar observation.
Helps to reduce the sun light through the eye.
Picture :

12

5.0 PROCEDURE OF WORKS.

To do this practical, there are 3 types of survey works that we had to apply to find the
roads curvature. There are:
I.

Levelling

II.

Traverse

III.

Solar Observation

IV.

Tacheometry

I. Levelling.
1) Establish three points on the ground surface along the road curve.
2) Mark two points as point B and C and between the two points mark one point as
A. (DIAGRAM 5.2)
3) The distance from point A-B and point A-C is 50 meters and above. Make point A
as the Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) for the point B and C by Fly Levelling from
the bench mark to the point A.
4) The level instrument is set up, read the levelling staff at point A as a TBM which it
is the back sight and its reduce level is known.
5) Turn the level instrument to take front sight staff reading at point B (CP1).
6) Moved the instrument forward and make a temporary adjustment.
7) Take the reading from staff at point B as a back sight for new instrument position.
8) Take the staff reading point C as a front sight.
9) Transfer the instrument forward and take back sight and front sight reading until
close to another known reduce level point such as TBM, SBM or BM.

13

10) After finished finding the reduce level for the three points, all the traverse stations
or points must be measure to get the reduce level for each station, the method is
still the same.

DIAGRAM 5.1

C
> 50 m
B

> 50 m
Road Curve
14

DIAGRAM 5.2

II. Traversing.
1) First, set the instrument on station 1 and do the temporary adjustments.
2) A prism is placed into the tribrach and clamped in positions.
3) Using the certified plan the datum can be determined, it is shot from station 2 to 1
for the forward bearing and all the data that had been taken is in bearing.
4) After that, set up a total station and start work from station 2 to station 1 these
stations become as the back bearing. Station 2 to 3 became as forward bearing.
5) At the station 2 hold the value that get from the last observation, after that, release
hold and take a reading then write in a form both result, face left and face right.
6) This method continued the same for each station until the traverse close .

From the
total station is set
station
2
and
located the prism.
become as back
stations
2-3
bearing.

diagram 1.3, a
at the station 2 and
station
3
also
Stations
2-1
bearing
and
become as forward

15

DIAGRAM 5.3

III. Solar Observation.

1) Make the R.O station by used a peg on the R.O station.

2) Then by using prismatic compass, assumed the bearing of the R.O or take the
bearing from Certified Plan from instrument station.
3) Set up the theodolite at the instrument station.
4) The bearing from the instrument station to the R.O is inserting into the theodolite.
(DIAGRAM 5.4)
5) Then the observer will search the sun and when the sun is get through from the
theodolite at left cross hair, take down the time, horizontal, and the vertical
bearing. Make sure that sun flitter is put on the telescope.(DIAGRAM 5.5)
6) Step of 5 are repeated in 1minute interval time for first set while for change to
second set are in 2 minute interval time. The procedure is ended by turn back the
telescope to the R.O. (DIAGRAM 5.6)

16

SUN

THEODOLITE
TRIPOD

GROUND

DIAGRAM 5.4

17

DIAGRAM 5.5

DIAGRAM 5.6

IV. Tacheometry.

1) Produce the traverse at survey site and determine the coordinate of all traverse
stations.
18

2) Applied the reduce level (RL) at every traverse stations with fly levelling survey.
3) Make a temporary adjustment for total station at station 1 which the RL and
coordinate is known.
4) Measured the height of total station (hi) and mini prism pole (hp).
5) Set horizontal bearing to the RO station.
6) Located mini prism at details around the observed station.
7) Open the bearing to the mini prism.
8) Record the horizontal bearing, vertical angle, slope distance and the mini prism
height at every detail taken.
9) After all details was taken, transfer the total station to another station and
measured the instrument height.
10) Record all data for all details taken at every stations traverse until all details in
survey area are recorded.
11) Besides detailing, there are Cross Sections and Longitudinal Sections.
12) For the long sect. there are 5 chainages for each sides B-C and B-A.
13) The distances between the chainages at least 10 meters.
14) The chainages must be straight on the line between the 3 points.
15) And for the cross sect. each long sect. will have at least 5 chainages to the right
and to the left. The ten chainages on the straight line must be 90 degree from the
long. Sect.
16) Cross sect. crossing the long sect in the both side.

19

DIAGRAM 5.7

CH 01

CH 02

CH 03

CH 04

CH 05

DIAGRAM 5.8

2
20

DIAGRAM 5.9

6.0 ANALYSIS AND PLOTTING.

6.1 LEVELLING
6.1.1 RL station 5.
21

Back
Sight

Intermediat
e sight

Fore
sight

Rise

Fall

1.781

Reduce
Level
15.811

Distance

Remarks

2.210

0.315

1.466

17.277

BM(15.81
1)
c.p

1.915

0.725

1.485

18.172

c.p

1.130

2.950

17.727

c.p

2.390

0.484

0.646

18.373

c.p

1.075

1.091

1.299

19.672

c.p

0.656

0.825

0.250

19.922

Stn 5

1.035

1.100

0.444

19.478

c.p

0.664

2.410

1.375

18.103

c.p

3.010

1.079

0.415

17.688

c.p

0.532

1.899

18.799

c.p

0.951

2.501

1.969

16.830

c.p

1.256

1.995

1.044

15.786

c.p

15.791

BM(15.81
1)

18.605

1.035

1.111

1.251

0.005

(18.625)

6.262

(6.282)

15.791

(18.625)

(6.282)

15.811

-0.02

-0.02

-0.02

6.1.1.1 Analysis and plotting.

BM

= 15.811

22

Observed value

= 15.791

Misclosure

= Observed value - BM
= 15.791 15.811
= -0.02m (20mm)

Based on number of instrument positions

No.of instrument position, n =

13

Allowable Misclosure, E

12mmn

1213

43.267mm (0.043267)

Misclosure more than E, levelling work is acceptable.

6.1.1.2 Adjustment of misclosure station 5.

23

Back
Sight

Intermediat
e sight

Fore
sight

1.781

Reduce
Level

+/- e
(adj)

Adj
Reduced
level

15.811

Remarks

BM(15.811)

2.210

0.315

17.277

0.0015

17.279

c.p

1.915

0.725

18.172

0.003

18.175

c.p

1.130

2.950

17.727

0.005

17.732

c.p

2.390

0.484

18.373

0.006

18.379

c.p

1.075

1.091

19.672

0.008

19.680

c.p

0.656

0.825

19.922

0.009

19.931

Stn 5

1.035

1.100

19.478

0.011

19.489

c.p

0.664

2.410

18.103

0.012

18.115

c.p

3.010

1.079

17.688

0.014

17.702

c.p

0.532

1.899

18.799

0.015

18.814

c.p

0.951

2.501

16.830

0.017

16.847

c.p

1.256

1.995

15.786

0.018

15.804

c.p

1.251

15.791

0.02

15.811

BM(15.811)

Correction = misclose

N is a no. instruments position

N
= -0.02
13
= -0.0015
+ e (adj) when initial RL of the last reading < BM @ TBM value.
e (adj) when initial RL of the last reading > BM @ TBM value.
The adjustment of reduce level (RL) we can get when we () with the reduce level (RL).

24

6.1.2 RL Station 4.

Back
sight

Intermediate
Sight

Fore
Sight

Rise

Fall

2.088
0.610

0.593

2.698

(2.693)

(2.693)

1.495

21.426

Stn 4

1.490

19.936

Stn 5(19.931)

(1.490
)

19.936
19.931
0.005

7.1.2.1 Analysis and plotting.

Stn5

= 19.931

Observed value

= 19.936

Misclosure

= Observed value - BM
= 19.936 19.931
= 0.005m (5mm)

Based on number of instrument positions

remarks

Stn 5(19.931)

(1.490
)
0.005

0.005

distanc
e

19.931
1.495

2.100

Reduced
Level

No. of instrument position, n =

Allowable Misclosure, E

12mmn

122

16mm (0.016m)

Misclosure more than E, levelling work is acceptable

25

6.1.2.2 Adjustment misclosure of station 4.

Back
sight

Intermediate
Sight

Fore
sight

2.088

Reduced
level

+/- e
(adj)

Adj
Reduce
d level

19.931

0.610

Correction = misclose

remarks

Stn 5(19.931)

0.593

21.426

-0.0025

21.424

Stn 4

2.100

19.936

-0.005

19.931

Stn 5(19.931)

N is a no. instruments position

N
= 0.005
2
= 0.0025
+ e (adj) when initial RL of the last reading < BM @ TBM value.
e (adj) when initial RL of the last reading > BM @ TBM value.
The adjustment of reduce level (RL) we can get when we () with the reduce level (RL).

26

6.1.3 RL Station 3.
Back
Sight

Intermediat
e sight

Fore
sight

Rise

Fall

Reduce
Level

2.109

Distanc
e

Remarks

21.424

Stn 4(21.424)

2.150

0.474

1.635

23.059

Cp

0.454

0.483

1.667

24.726

Stn 3

0.595

2.121

1.667

23.059

Cp

2.223

1.628

21.431

Stn 4(21.424)

(3.295)

21.431

5.308

(5.301)

3.302

(5.301)

(3.295)

(21.424)

0.007

0.007

0.007

7.1.3.1 Analysis and plotting.

Point 2/stn3

= 21.424

Observed value

= 21.431

Misclosure

= Observed value - BM
27

= 21.431 21.424
= 0.007m (7mm)
Based on number of instrument positions
No. of instrument position, n =
Allowable Misclosure, E

12mmn

124

24mm (0.024m)

Misclosure more than E, levelling work is acceptable

6.1.3.2 Adjustment misclosure station 3.

Back
Sight

Intermediat
e sight

Fore
sight

2.109

Reduce
Level

+/- e (adj)

Adj
reduced
level

21.424

Remarks

Stn 4(21.424)

2.150

0.474

23.059

-0.0018

23.057

Cp

0.454

0.483

24.726

-0.0036

24.722

Stn 3

0.595

2.121

23.059

-0.0054

23.054

Cp

2.223

21.431

-0.007

21.424

Stn 4(21.424)

Correction = misclose

N is a no. instruments position

N
= 0.007
4
= -0.0018
+ e (adj) when initial RL of the last reading < BM @ TBM value.
e (adj) when initial RL of the last reading > BM @ TBM value.
The adjustment of reduce level (RL) we can get when we () with the reduce level (RL).
28

6.1.4 RL every station

Back
Sight

Intermediat
e sight

Fore
sight

Rise

Fall

1.734

Reduce
Level

Distanc
e

Remarks

19.931

Stn 5(19.931)

2.091

1.420

0.314

20.245

Stn 6

1.970

1.135

0.956

21.201

Stn 7

1.775

0.141

1.829

23.030

Cp

2.048

0.933

0.842

23.872

Cp

0.862

0.308

1.740

25.612

Stn 8

0.285

1.755

0.893

24.719

Stn 3

1.614

1.315

1.030

23.689

Stn 2

0.339

0.505

24.798

Stn1

0.526

2.168

1.829

22.969

Cp

2.063

1.537

21.432

Stn 4(21.424)

5.289

21.423

13.244

11.743

1.109

6.790

(11.743)

(5.289)

(19.922)

1.501

1.501

1.501

29

6.1.4.1 Analysis and plotting.

Stn 4

= 21.417

Observed value

= 21.423

Misclosure

= Observed value - BM
= 21.423 21.417
= 0.006m (6mm)

Based on number of instrument positions

No.of instrument position, n =

10

Allowable Misclosure, E

12mmn

1210

37mm (0.037m)

Misclosure more than E, levelling work is acceptable

30

6.1.4.2 Adjustment misclosure another station.

Back
Sight

Intermediat
e sight

Fore
sight

1.734

Reduce
Level

+/- e (adj)

Adj
reduced
level

19.922

Remarks

Stn 5(19.922)

2.091

1.420

20.236

-0.0006

20.235

Stn 6

1.970

1.135

21.192

-0.00067

21.091

Stn 7

1.775

0.141

23.021

-0.00075

23.020

Cp

2.048

0.933

23.863

-0.00085

23.862

Cp

0.862

0.308

25.603

-0.001

25.602

Stn 8

0.285

1.755

24.710

-0.0012

24.709

Stn 3

1.614

1.315

23.680

-0.0015

23.679

Stn 2

0.339

0.505

24.789

-0.002

24.787

Stn1

0.526

2.168

22.960

-0.003

22.957

Cp

2.063

21.423

-0.006

21.417

Stn 4(21.417)

Correction = misclose

N is a no. instruments position

N
= 0.006
10
31

= 0.0006m
+ e (adj) when initial RL of the last reading < BM @ TBM value.
e (adj) when initial RL of the last reading > BM @ TBM value.
The adjustment of reduce level (RL) we can get when we () with the reduce level (RL).

6.2 TRAVERSE
Bearing / Angle
Station

From

Line

To

Final Bearing

Station

Face Left

Face Right

Average

Station

Datum drpd

PA

160 04 15

Garisan

2-1

160 04 15

340 04 15

48 00 43

Finale
Distance

47 56 30

29.480

247 5 30

53.574

54.748

C - 1

2
3

48 00 40

228 00 45

M 45

228 00 45

48 00 45

247 9 43
C 2

3
4

279 09 40

67 09 45

M 45

67 09 45

247 09 45

195 40 43

195 36 20

C 3

Azimuth dgn

M 45

Matahari

4
5

195 40 40

15 40 45

32

15 40 45

195 40 45

341 27 10

341 12 46

34.130

C 4

5
6

341 27 10

161 27 10

M 45

Bearing / Angle
Station
5

Face Left

Face Right

Average

161 27 10

341 27 10

28 41 00

From
Station

Line
Final Bearing

To
Station

Final Distance

28 36 30

45.110

79 45 00

64.045

198 57 20

63.073

339 59 40

32.129

C 5

6
7

28 40 55

208 41 05

M 45

208 41 00

28 41 00

79 49 28
C 6

7
8

79 49 30

259 49 25

M 45

259 49 28

79 49 28

199 02 00
C 7

8
1

199 02 00

19 02 00

M 45

19 02 00

199 02 00

340 04 23
C 8

1
2

340 04 20

160 04 25

M 45

Garisan 1-2

dibaca

340 04 23

Sepatut

dibaca

340 04 15

33

Tikaian
Pembetula
n

-8

Dalam 8

Stesen melalui

-1 bagi

Setiap

stesen

stesen

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8&1

6.2.1 Traverse analysis

S
t
n

Bearing

Distance

Latit

Depart

Adj.
Latit

Adj.
Depart

N/S

E/W

53483.726

-39939.592

47 56 40

29.480

19.747

21.889

19.748

21.886

53503.472

-39917.700

247 05 40

53.574

-20.852

-49.350

-20.850

-49.356

53482.618

-39967.044

195 36 40

54.748

-52.728

-14.733

-52.736

-14.739

53429.887

-39981.771

341 13 00

34.130

32.312

-10.990

32.313

-10.994

53462.198

-39992.757

28 36 50

45.110

39.601

21.603

39.603

21.598

53501.797

-39971.148

79 45 10

64.045

11.393

63.023

11.396

63.016

53513.188

-39908.118

198 57 50

63.073

-59.650

-20.497

-59.647

-20.504

53453.535

-39928.608

340 00 10

32.129

30.192

-10.987

30.193

-10.990

53483.726

-39939.592

Linear Misclose = 1 :

= 1 :

34

= 1 : 8437.312
The traverses linear Misclose is over the tolerance, 1:8000. So the traverse
is acceptable.

6.3 TACHEOMETRY.
7.3.1 Detailing, Cross Section & Longitudinal Section Result.

See in Appendix 2.

6.4 SOLAR OBSERVATION.

See in Appendix 2.

35

7. CONCLUSION.
All the data that had been received was processed to get the shape, the height
and the position of the curves on the plan. To get the best result, its mean to do well in
levelling, detailing, traversing, solar observation, longitudinal and cross sectioning. This practical
just like tacheometry, varieties elements are needed to build a plan of the road curvatures. The
plan is consists of every characteristics of the curves, the coordinates, and the reduce level. The
output of the project is like a certified plan, the plan that shows the roads curvature. All the data,
levelling and traversing is acceptable under and over the tolerances. A lot of things we had
learned in this practical form the beginning until the end.

36

9. REFERENCES.

Surveying for engineers ; 4th Edition ; J.Uren and W.F.Price

Surveying for engineers ; 3rd edition ; J.Uren and W.F.Price

Asas Ukur Kejuruteraan ; Ab. Hamid Mohamed ; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

37

APPENDIX A
DIARY OF WORK

38

Date
20th January 2009
(Tuesday)

3rd February 2009

(Tuesday)
10th February 2009
(Tuesday)

17th February 2009

(Tuesday)

24th February 2009

(Tuesday)

3rd Mac 2009

(Tuesday)

17th Mac 2009

(Tuesday)

24th Mac 2009

(Tuesday)

31st Mac 2009

(Tuesday)

Events

Remarks
In front UPELS &

Briefing about Road Curves

Visit and planning on the site

Establish the 3 points at curves

Divide into 2 groups levelling & traversing group.

T-junction to the
Sports Complex.
T-junction to the
Sports Complex.
T-junction to the
Sports Complex.
Padang Rani

Divide into 2 groups levelling & traversing group.

T-junction to the
Sports Complex.
Padang Rani

Divide into 2 groups levelling & traversing group.

T-junction to the
Sports Complex.

T-junction to the
Sports Complex.

Traversing

T-junction to the
Sports Complex.

Solar Observation

T-junction to the
Sports Complex.

2nd Traversing

T-junction to the
Sports Complex.

Solar Observation

For detailing and Cross Section and Longitudinal Section we did in the weekend.
39

40

APPENDIX B
COMP. SHEET

41