EXPLAIN M04 - 1 Configuration Planning

Configuration Planning
NOKIA
6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0
Module objectives
At the end of this module you will be able to
LIST THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS USED IN THE GSM NETWORK CALCULATE THE POWER BUDGET DESCRIBE HOW TO BALANCE UPLINK AND DOWNLINK DIRECTIONS IN THE POWER BUDGET

NOKIA
Content of Configuration Planning

NETWORK ELEMENTS POWER BUDGET
NOKIA

NOKIA
GSM Architecture & Interfaces

Abis interface PROPRIETARY 13 kb/s traffic channels up to 96 traffic channels / 2M frame one TRXSIG signalling channel / TRX one BCFSIG signalling channel / BTS 16, 32 or 64 kb/s signalling rates
Air Interface BTS Abis Interface BSC
A interface OPEN 64 kb/s traffic channels 30 traffic channels / 2M frame 64 kb/s CCS#7 signalling 64 kb/s channels for X.25 NMS connection
Ater Interface TC MSC/VLR TCSM A Interface HLR/ AC/ EIR
Ater Interface
Air interface OPEN 13 kb/s traffic channels 8 channels / TRX some channels reserved for signalling blocking
5 NOKIA 6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0
Ater interface PROPRIETARY 16 kb/s traffic channels up to 120 traffic channels / 2M frame 64 kb/s CCS#7 signalling 64 kb/s channels for X.25 NMS connection blocking
Network Elements
Terminal
NOKIA
Network Elements
Mobile Phone
Terminal

Voice and data transmission Long battery life-time Low weight, easy handling
SIM card

Personal identity number Access permissions Phone number memory Security algorithms PIN-codes
NOKIA
Mobile Phone - Speech Processing Flow
Network Elements
Digitising and Source Coding
Speech
Channel Coding
RF
Base Band
Interleaving
Modulation
Ciphering
Burst Formatting
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Network Elements
BTS
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Network Elements
Tasks of BTS
Base Transceiver Station
Maintain synchronisation to MS RF signal processing (combining, filtering, coupling...) Diversity reception Radio interface timing Detect access attempts of mobiles De-/ encryption on radio path Channel de-/ coding & interleaving typically 1 - 4 TRX / sector Perform frequency hopping typically 1 - 3 sectors Forward measurement data to BSC avg. 7,5 traffic channels per TRX
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Network Elements
UltraSite WCDMA
Key Functionality
Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS is a part of UltraSite Solution. For the initial launch of the WCDMA, all Nokia WCDMA BTSs will be optimised for fast and easy rollout allowing the WCDMA to be deployed rapidly over the initial service area. Good uplink performance and high capacity are essential for WCDMA networks and Nokia's features support these functions. Nokia UltraSite Base Station family products are available in both indoor and outdoor versions.
Key Benefits
High capacity multistandard BTS family UltraSite cabinets can be installed side by side Utilisation of existing equipments and GSM/WCDMA co-siting are supported Mobile multimedia platform for high capacity voice and data services Evolution path to All-IP technologies is secured
Network Elements
UltraSite EDGE
Features and benefits

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS has many features and benefits, such as: Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS is light weight and compact and, with its fullfrontal accessibility, can be installed just about anywhere.
Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Outdoor, Indoor, and Midi Indoor Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS is available in different cabinets for outdoor and indoor applications: Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Outdoor Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Indoor Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS Midi Indoor (used when vertical space is limited)
The modular design of Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS guarantees smooth expansion and upgrades of base station equipment with minimal disturbance to network operation. In addition, the BTS supports hot insertion of plug-in units, which means that most units can be replaced during operation without disrupting the BTS functions. Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS cabinets can be installed side by side and in corners, which means less space is required. Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS fits into the corresponding Nokia Talkfamily BTS footprints. The operator does not need to alter any previous plans for expansion. In addition, the BTS can be co-sited with Nokia Talk-family as an upgrade cabinet.
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UltraSite EDGE RF Performance in GSM 900
Network Elements
BTS Output Power

Output power dBm W Combiner by-pass WBC 2:1 WBC 4:1 RTC 44.5 41.0 37.5 42.0 28.2 12.6 5.6 15.8 Max # of TRXs / antenna element 1 2 4 6 Frequency hopping RF & BB RF & BB RF & BB BB
BTS Receiver Sensitivity

w/o MHA Static, single branch Dynamic, single branch 2-way diversity (all profiles) 4-way diversity (all profiles) -110.5 dBm -108.5 dBm -113.5 dBm -116.5 dBm with MHA -111.0 dBm -109.0 dBm -114.0 dBm -117.0 dBm
MHA figure includes the cable losses
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Network Elements
Output power dBm W SB / FB
BTS Output Power

Max # of TRXs / antenna element 1 2 4 6 Frequency hopping RF & BB RF & BB RF & BB BB
Combiner by-pass WBC 2:1 WBC 4:1 RTC
44.5 / 44.0 41.0 / 40.3 37.5 / 36.6 42.0 / 41.3
28.2 / 25.1 12.6 / 10.7 5.6 / 4.6 15.8 / 13.5

w/o MHA SB / FB Static, single branch Dynamic, single branch 2-way diversity (all profiles) 4-way diversity (all profiles)
with MHA SB -112.5 dBm -110.5 dBm -115.5 dBm -118.5 dBm
-112.0 /-111.5 dBm -110.0 /-109.5 dBm -115.0 /-114.5 dBm -118.0 /-117.5 dBm
Network Elements
BTS Output Power

Output power dBm W Combiner by-pass WBC 2:1 WBC 4:1 RTC 44.5 41.0 37.5 42.0 28.2 12.6 5.6 15.8 Max # of TRXs / antenna element 1 2 4 6 Frequency hopping RF & BB RF & BB RF & BB BB

w/o MHA Static, single branch Dynamic, single branch 2-way diversity (all profiles) 4-way diversity (all profiles) -111.0 dBm -109.0 dBm -114.0 dBm -117.0 dBm with MHA -112.0 dBm -110.0 dBm -115.0 dBm -118.0 dBm
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Network Elements
Talk-family Base Station
Key Functionality
Nokia Intratalk (indoors) and Citytalk (outdoors) are base stations that can accommodate up to 12 TRX in omni or sectored configurations in two cabinets. Nokia Flexitalk Base Station is a compact Base Station with flexible configuration from 1 boosted TRX to 2 TRX omni configuration. The modular architecture and various antenna combinations help to achieve the best coverage and capacity solution. Nokia Talk-family base stations support GSM data evolution with the capabilty to support high speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) and GPRS.
Key Benefits
Flexible configurations and solutions from initial coverage building to large capacity sites Smooth evolution path to 3G services with co-siting solutions Protected investment through future-proofed expandability Field-proven technology with high reliability
Network Elements
MetroSite
The Nokia MetroSite GSM BTS is a complete, allclimate microcellular base transceiver station. It can be used in GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900 systems, or as a GSM 900/GSM 1800 dual band BTS. Both omni and sectored configurations are supported. The small-sized Nokia MetroSite GSM BTS cabinet accommodates up to four transceiver units (TRXs). In order to ensure high quality of calls, the Nokia MetroSite GSM BTS supports versatile features, such as frequency hopping.
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MetroSite Concept
Nokia MetroSite Base Station Nokia MetroHub Transmission Node Nokia MetroSite Battery Backup
Nokia MetroSite Antennas
Nokia MetroHopper Radio
Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio
Connected to FXC RRI or FC RRI indoor unit.

Connected to FXC RRI or FC RRI indoor unit.
New MetroSite Family Members

Nokia MetroSite WCDMA Base Station High-power Nokia MetroSite GSM Base Station
Nokia MetroSite GSM Base Station Nokia MetroHub Transmission Node Nokia MetroSite Battery Backup Unit
Nokia MetroHopper Radio Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio (PDH) Nokia UltraHopper Microwave Radio (SDH)
Nokia MetroSite Base Station Antennas

Dual band 2 port antennas GSM 900 / GSM 900 GSM 900 / GSM 1800 GSM 1800 / GSM 1800 1 feeder per TRX No internal combiners needed RX diversity External 2 to 1 combiner available for special cases
Directional 130 degrees: 6 dBi
Omnidirectional: 2 dBi
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Network Elements
PrimeSite
Nokia PrimeSite is a complete 1 TRX Base Transceiver Station for both indoor and outdoor use in 900 MHz (GSM 900), 1.8 GHz (GSM 1800), and 1.9 GHz(GSM 1900) systems. The product has been optimized for one carrier. The number of TRXs can be increased by chaining several Nokia PrimeSites with a single clock synchronization cable between each unit. Nokia PrimeSite conforms to both GSM Phase I and Phase II requirements. The product is in link balance with 2WMS for GSM 900, and 1WMS for GSM 1800 and GSM 1900.
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Network Elements
InSite
Key Functionality
Nokia InSite Base Station is a compact, one-transceiver picocellular base station (BTS) for a variety of indoor coverage and capacity solutions. This tiny GSM/GPRS BTS is available in 900 and 1800 and 1900 MHz. Weighing just 2.4 kg and no bigger in area than a sheet of A4 paper, it can be installed virtually anywhere. Compact and integrated system elements, highly automated configuration and flexible transmission, means this base station can be installed in about one-tenth the time of other base stations giving fast return on investment. Rollout can cost a fraction of that of conventional indoor networks.
Key Benefits
Dedicated indoor solution at a fraction of the conventional cost, means less capital expenditure Single TRX picocellular base station for smooth growth of your indoor network Highly automated and integrated system speeds up implementation and enables faster return on investment Compatibility with future technology developments helps ensure cost-effective network upgrades Network integration typically achieved during one site visit by one person
Network Elements
Nokia BTS's Coverage Nokia CityTalk Nokia IntraTalk 1 - 6 TRX Nokia FlexiTalk 1 - 2 TRX Nokia InSite 1 TRX Nokia MetroSite 1 - 4 TRX Nokia UltraSite 1 - 108 TRX
Capacity
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Network Elements
Nokia BTS's - Summary
RF Characteristics Max. TRXs Max. TRXs Special Cabinet Max. Sectors Max TX Power (dBm) Dynamic sensitivity (dBm) single branch, RBER2<2%
Metrosite 4
PrimeSite 1
InSite 1
Flexitalk 2
Intratalk 6 12
Citytalk 6 12 4+4+4 42 -102/ 108
Ultrasite EDGE 6 108 36+36+36 42 -108.5/ 109
4 30 -106.0
1 38 -106.0
1 22 -100
1 42 -102/-108
4+4+4 42 -102/108
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Network Elements
Antennas
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Antennas
Categories
Omnidirectional antennas

Radiation patterns is constant in the horizontal plain Useful in flat rural areas
Directional antennas

Concentrate main energy into certain direction Larger communication range Useful in cities, urban areas, sectorised sites
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Antennas
Antenna Gain
Measures the antennas capability to transmit/extract energy to/from the propagation medium (air)

dB over isotropic antenna (dBi) dB over Hertz dipole (dBd)
Antenna gain depends on

Mechanical size: A Effective antenna aperture area: w Frequency band
Antenna Gain:
G =
Aw
Equivalent isotropic radiated power: EIRP = Pt+Gain(Dbi)
Isotropic radiated Power
Gain (Dbi)
Pt
radiated power
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Antennas
Characteristics Lobes

Main lobes Side / back lobes Front-to-back ratio
Halfpower beam-width (3 dB- beam width) Antenna downtilting Polarisation Antenna bandwidth Antenna impedance Mechanical size
Input Connector position Frequency range VSWR Gain Impedance Polarisation Front-to-back-ratio Half-power beam width Max. power Weight Wind load Max. wind velocity Packing size Height / width / depth
7 /16 female bottom 870 - 960 MHz < 1,3 15,5 dBi 50 Ohm vertical > 25 dB H-plane: 65 / E-plane: 13 500 Watt (50 C ambient temp.) 6 kg frontal : 220 N (at 150 km/h) lateral: 140 N (at 150 km/h) rear : 490 N (at 150 km/h) 1410 x 270 x 140 mm 1290 / 255 / 105 mm
Windload
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Radiation Pattern
Horizontal beam Vertical Beam
Antennas
0 dB -3 dB
0 dB -3 dB
-10 dB
-10 dB
side lobe null direction
HPBW
main beam
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Antennas
Downtilt
Mechanical
Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible and fast Antenna diagram doesnt change Cost effective (single antenna type may be used)
Electrical
Same tilt for both main and side lobes better for interference Antenna mounting is more simple no adjustment errors Several types of antennas
=0 =t downtilt angle = delay time =2t =3t
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Antennas
Decoupling def = Attenuation between TX & RX antenna connectors Horizontal separation
needs approx. 5 distance for sufficient decoupling antenna patterns superimposed if distance too close
main lobe
Vertical separation
distance of 1 provides good decoupling values good for RX /TX decoupling
5 .. 10
Minimum coupling loss
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Antennas
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS Intermodulation IM3 (2 x 43 dBm carrier)< -150 dBc Frequency range1710 - 1880 MHzVSWR< 1.5 Gain2 x 18 dBi Impedance50 ohm Polarization+45, -45 Front-to-back-ratio, co-polar> 30 dB Half-power beam width+45 polarization: horizontal 65, vertical 6.5-45 polarization: horizontal 65, vertical 6.5 Maximum power per input200 Watt (at 50C ambient temperature) Grounding The metal parts of the antenna including the mounting kit and the inner conductors are DC grounded. Isolation, between ports> 30 dB ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS Ice protection Due to the very sturdy antenna construction and the protection of the radiating system by the radome, the antenna remains operational even under icy conditions. GENERAL Short sales item description X-pol panel 1800MHz 2*18dBi 65deg MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS RF connector type2 x 7-16 female RF connector position Bottom or topWeight6 kg Wind load Frontal: 310 N (at 150 km/h) Lateral: 110 N (at 150 km/h) Rearside: 250 N (at 150 km/h) Maximum wind velocity200;
> X-pol panel antenna 1800MHz 2x18dBi 65deg
Installation Examples
Recommended decoupling

TX - TX: ~20dB TX - RX: ~40dB
0,2m
Horizontal decoupling distance depends on

Antenna gain Horizontal rad. pattern
Omni directional antennas

RX + TX with vertical separation (Bajonett) RX, RX div. , TX with vertical separation (fork)
Vertical decoupling is much more effective
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Tower mounting for directional antennas

Pole mounting for roof-top mounting
Main Lobe Main Lobe Shadow of radio signal No shadow of radio signal
The strongest signal is far away from Base Station
Both the area near and far away from BTS receive a strong signal
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Nearby Obstacles Requirement

(1/3)
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(2/3)
Height Clearance vs Antenna Tilt h (m) 9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Roof Edge d (m)
h
From 0deg. up to 6deg. down tilt

(3/3)
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Diversity Technics
Diversity
t
Time diversity Frequency diversity Space diversity Polarisation diversity Multipath diversity
Interleaving f Frequency hopping Multiple antennas Crosspolar antennas Equaliser Rake receiver
Diversity Receptions
Diversity
Selection diversity Maximum ratio combining pre-detector combining: add signals in correct phasing C/I improvement
G1 C/N measuring
1
Phase measuring
G2
G3
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Coverage Improvement?
Diversity
Diversity gain depends on environment Is there coverage improvement by diversity ? Antenna diversity

equivalent to 5dB more signal strength more path loss acceptable in link budget higher coverage range
R(div) ~ 1,3 R
A 1,7 A ?? 70% more coverage per cell ?? needs less cells in total ??
True only (in theory) if the environment is infinitely large and flat
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Performance of Diversity Technologies

Space diversity
4-5 dB gain in different environments if antenna separation is sufficient! Signal levels at an equal level! Antenna separation 1-20 depending on the environment! 1-2 for microcellular 10-15 for urban/suburban 15-25 for rural
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Polarization diversity
Indoor 6 dB Urban 6 dB Semi-urban / microcellular 4-5 dB Light suburban 3 dB
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Example of recommendations
Urban/Suburban/Microcellular/Indoor environments Use polarization diversity reception Use 45 slanted polarizations Gain = 4-5 dB @ 900 MHz and 5-6 dB @ 1800 MHz Rural environments Use space diversity, implement in vertical direction close to each other Gain app. 3 dB (combining gain) Or use polarization diversity for special configurations Use LNAs for both diversity branches
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Antenna Configuration Conclusions

Space diversity

TX-TX isolation > 20 dB TX-RX isolation > 40 dB => separation of TX/RX and RXd antennas app. 0.5-2.0 m depending on element types! => vertical separation typically less than horizontal!
Polarization diversity

TX-TX isolation > 20 dB TX-RX isolation > 30 dB => separation of TX/RX and RXd branches not needed!
POLARIZATION DIVERSITYANTENNAS CAN BE USED IN DIFFERENT SPECIAL CONFIGURATIONS AS IN

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2 TRX rural base stations where coverage has to be maximised! In booster/PA configurations!
Network Elements
Cables
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Cables
Cable types
Coaxial cables: 1/2, 7/8, 1 5/8 Losses approx. 10 4 dB/100m power dissipation is exponential with cable length!
jumper (2 m)
Connector losses approx. 1 dB per connection (jumper cables, etc) Thick antenna cables
Lower losses per length Large bending radii Much more expensive
40 .. 70m jumper (2 m)
Keep antenna cables short

Network Elements
Cables
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Filters and Combiners
Network Elements
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Network Elements
Filters and Combiners, AFE
Antenna Filter Extension (AFE)

Wide band combiner/receiver unit Allows 2 TRXs to be attached to a single antenna TX combining is performed by a built-in 3 dB hybrid combiner 1 TRX/sector: combiner bypassed 4 TRX sectors can be built by cabling two AFEs and 4 TRXs together 4 RX outputs for the main branch Can be used with Intratalk and Citytalk BTSs
Dual Duplexed AFE

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AFE with X-pol div 2+2+2
Configurations
-3 dB loss
CABINET TRX1 TX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 RX2 RXdiv2 TX1 TX2 RX1 RX2 RXdiv1 RXdiv2
TRX2
A F E
TX1, TX2, RX1, RX2 RXdiv1, RXdiv2
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AFE with X-pol div 4+4+4

CABINET 1 TRX1 TX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 RX2 RXdiv2 TX1 TX2 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
Configurations
TRX2
A F E
-3 dB loss
TX1, TX2, RX1, RX2, RX3, RX4 CABINET 2 TRX3 TX3 RX3 RXdiv3 TX4 RX4 RXdiv4 TX3 TX4 RXdiv1 RXdiv2 RXdiv3 RXdiv4
TRX4
A F E
TX3, TX4, RXdiv1, RXdiv2, RXdiv3, RXdiv4
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Network Elements
Filters and Combiners, AFT
Antenna Filter Twin (AFT)

Supports dual duplex of RX and TX into common antennas It doesnt combine, just route the TX to its own antenna output No 3 dB hybrid coupler Should be used with masthead LNAs Up to 2+2+2 configuration
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AFT with Space div 2+2+2
Configurations
no loss
CABINET TRX1 TX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 RX2 RXdiv2 TX1 TX2 RX1 RX2 RXdiv1 RXdiv2
TRX2
A F T
TX1, RX1, RX2 TX2, RXdiv1, RXdiv2
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Configurations
AFT with X-pol div 4+4+4
CABINET 1 TRX1 TX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 RX2 RXdiv2 TX1 TX2 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4
TRX2
A F T
no loss
TX1, RX1, RX2, RX3, RX4 CABINET 2 TRX3 TX3 RX3 RXdiv3 TX4 RX4 RXdiv4 TX3 TX4 RXdiv1 RXdiv2 RXdiv3 RXdiv4 TX2 A F T TX3 TX4, RXdiv1, RXdiv2, RXdiv3, RXdiv4
TRX4
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Network Elements
Filters and Combiners, RTC
Remote Tuned Combiner (RTC)

Narrow-band cavity combiners tuned remotely to the TRX frequency Separate Receiver Multicoupler Unit (RMU) is always needed RTC/RMU combination supports up to 6 TRX/sector Combining loss with RTC is lower than with AFE Synthesized frequency hopping is not supported
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Configurations
RTC with X-pol div 6+6+6
CABINET 1 TX1 TRX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TRX2 TX2 RX2 RXdiv2 TX3 RX3 RXdiv3 TX4 RX4 RXdiv4 TX3 RX3 RXdiv3 TX4 RX4 RXdiv4 TX1 TX2 TX3 TX4 TX5 TX6
R T C
TRX3
TX1, ..., TX6, RX1, ..., RX6
TRX4
TRX3
TRX4
RX1 ... RX6 RXdiv1 ... RXdiv6
R T C
RXdiv1, ..., RXdiv6
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Network Elements
TRX
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Network Elements
TRX
Interface
The Interface converts the baseband (BB) data stream to GMSK modulation for the TX. It also converts the analogue RX frequency signal from the main and diversity branches to the data stream. The Interface controls all synthesisers and the TRX loop. It also handles clock distribution from the BB2x unit and alarm
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Network Elements
TRX
Transmitter (TX) The intermediate frequency (IF) sections in the TX raise the signal to the carrier frequency. Thereafter, the RF section amplifies the signal to the desired output signal amplitude. The RF section also handles the signal power control. The TSxx unit supports 16 power levels with 2 dB steps, with a maximum range of 30 dB. Power levels from 0 to 6 are static; power levels from 7 to 15 are dynamic. Receiver (RX) The RF section of the RX converts the carrier frequency signal to the IF frequency. The IF sections of the RX perform channel filtering and prevent interfering frequencies from distorting the signal. The IF sections also provide automatic gain control. TRX loop The TRX loop supports the self-testing of the TSxx unit. The tests are carried out by converting the frequency of the TX signal to the RX band. The signal is coupled from the TX output, and the resulting low-level signal is routed back through the RX path. The signal can be routed to the main branch or to the diversity branch.
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Network Elements
MHA & Booster
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Network Elements
MHA
Mast Head Amplifier (Low Noise Amplifier)

RX signal amplified near the antenna in the top of the mast Offers better coverage Eliminates the antenna cable loss Increased receiver sensitivity of the BTS and cell size Increased network quality
Noise Figure 2.0 dB (typical) RX Gain: Up to 12 dB Dimensions : 266 x 130 x 123 mm Weight : 5.6 kg (duplexed) Volume : 4.2 l IP 65 Enclosure Protection Power Feeding Through Antenna Coax Alarms handled in BTS
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Network Elements
Booster
Booster
TX signal amplified Nokia Booster Configuration Booster (PA) Unit (TBU) Booster Filtering Unit (AFH) Masthead Preamplifier equipment (MHA) Output power before combining can be up to 49 dBm
AFH
TBU
TRX
Isolator + combiner + filter (AFH) give roughly 2.5 dB losses Booster BTS is suitable for all the environments where enhanced coverage or high output power is needed Theoretically, cell radius is enhanced up to 60% and the coverage area is roughly the triple
Network Elements
Power Splitter
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Network Elements
Power Splitter
Key Functionality
Low-loss power splitters and tappers are used for combining antennas to obtain particular radiation patterns or to set up indoor distribution networks.
Key Benefits

Low-loss coaxial-line transformation. High power rating. Equal (splitters) or unequal (tappers) power rating. Suitability for indoor and outdoor use. Extremely small dimensions and multi-band versions for 800 - 2200 MHz.
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Network Elements
Coupler
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Network Elements
Coupler
Features
Wideband microstrip coupler with internal termination resistors for power division to Indoor antennas. Frequency range suitable for GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900 and 3G bands. Small size. Low insertion loss. N-female connectors used. No termination load needed. Fully sealed.
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Network Elements
Duplex Filter
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Network Elements
Duplex Filter The DVxx performs the following primary functions: Combines transmitted and received signals into one antenna Amplifies received signals with a variable-gain Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
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Network Elements
Diplex Filter
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Network Elements
Diplex Filter The DU2A unit is a passive unit that serves the following purposes: Combines GSM 850/900 and GSM 1800/1900 TX signals into one antenna Receives GSM 850/900 and GSM 1800/1900 RX signals through one antenna
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Network Elements
BSC
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Network Elements
BSC Functions
Base Station Controller

Measurement + observation handling
basic for most of the other functions
Handover control Power control Frequency hopping management Signalling management Radio resource management Maximum Capacity:
BSSS7 Software Release Basic + Extension Rack UP TO 256 TRXs, 128 cells BSSS8 Software Release Basic + Extension Rack UP TO 512 TRXs, 248 cells BSSS9 GPRS BSSS10.5 new features
typ. 80..512 TRX typ. 50..80 base stations typ. 3..5 PCM links to MSC supports typ. 10,000 users
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Network Elements
Transcoder
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Network Elements
TCSM
Transcoder Submultiplexer
Transcoding Performs speech coding Bit rate changes from 64 kbps to 16 kbps TRAU Frame formatting Speech bit rate after speech coding is 13 kbit/s, 3 kbit/s is used for inband signalling Submultiplexing Combines traffic and signalling from 3 PCMs into 1 PCM Discontinuous Transmission Voice Activity Detector & Comfort Noise Generator
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Network Elements
MSC
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Network Elements
MSC
Mobile Switching Center

Typically for 150,000 subs At least one gateway to other networks Performs all routing, call control functions ...
MSC
Network Elements
NMS
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Network Elements
OMC (NMS)
Operation and Maintenance Center (Network Management System)

Fault monitoring Alarm handling Performance measurements OMC is connected to GSM network e.g. via X.25 link Supervises all network elements Collects measurement data Remote handling of network elements
necessary tool for network optimisation
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Power Budget
Basics
Power budget is used to calculate the maximum allowed path loss Main factors depend on equipment characteristics

BTS & MS TX power BTS & MS RX sensitivity
Other factors can be classified into 3 categories and have to be estimated

Loss factors Gain factors Margins (chapter 5)
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Power Budget
Loss Factors
At BS side

At MS side
MS Antenna
Polarization (UL/DL)
External cable
Connection (UL/DL)
filter combiner BS output
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many meters
Connectors (UL/DL) Cables (UL/DL) Isolator (DL) Combiner (DL) Filter (UL/DL)
cables & connectors
~ 3 5 dB losses 50 70% of signal power is lost before even reaching the TX antenna
Power Budget
Gain Factors
At BS side Antenna gain (UL/DL) Diversity gain (UL)

Main antenna parameter Slight difference between DL and UL The antenna models in use should be defined at the very beginning of the project Diversity can be implemented in many ways, with different gains
LNA gain (UL) Booster or power amplifier gain (DL) Frequency hopping gain (UL/DL)
FH improves average link quality, but it isnt taken into account in power budget calculations
At MS side External antenna
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Power Budget
Downlink
Antenna Gain = 16dBi 36 dBm 52 dBm
path loss = 154 dB

Feeder Loss = 4 dB - 102 dBm 40 dBm Rx Sensitivity - 102 dBm
combiner loss = 5 dB Tx Power 45 dBm (30W)
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Power Budget
Antenna Gain = 16 dBi - 101 dBm
Uplink
Diversity Gain = 4 dB
- 121 dBm Feeder Loss = 4 dB
path loss = 154 dB
33 dBm - 105 dBm Tx Power 33 dBm (2W) Rx Sensitivity -105 dB
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Power Budget
Example
Power budget
GENERAL INFORMATION 1800 Frequency ( Case descrip BT99 - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to RECEIVING END: RX RF- Input Sensitivity Interference Degradation Margin Body Proximity Loss Cable Loss + Connectors Rx Antenna Gain Diversity Gain Isotropic Power Field Strength TRANSMITTING END: TX RF Output Peak Power (mean power over RF cycle) Body Proximity Loss Isolator + Combiner + Filter RF-Peak Power, Combiner Output Cable Loss + Connectors TX Antenna Gain Peak EIRP (EIRP = ERP + 2dB) LINK-BALANCE EVALUATION Theoretic Isotropic Path Loss Isotropic Path Loss to be considered Path Loss unbalancement TX RF Max Output Power to be used
System: MS Class:
DCS1800 1
dBm dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBV/m
W dBm dB dB dBm dB dBi W dBm
BS -108.00 3.00 0.00 3.00 18.00 4.00 -124.00 18.31 MS 1.00 30.00 2.00 0.00 28.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 28.00 UL 152.00 152.00 0.50 30.00
dB dB dB dBm
MS -100.00 A 3.00 B 2.00 C 0.00 D 0.00 E 0.00 F -95.00 G=A+B+C+D-E-F 47.31 H=G+Z* BS 29.50 44.70 K 0.00 L 2.20 M 42.50 N=K-L-M 3.00 O 18.00 P 562.11 57.50 Q=N-O+P * Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz]) DL 152.50 R=Q-G UL Limited Min (UL,DL) Abs (UL-DL) 44.20
Power Budget
Conclusions
Power budget has to be balanced, even if the BTS has higher TX power than the MS

Diversity gain is for UL only BTS RX sensitivity is better than for the MS
The maximum allowed path loss is usually UL limited There are as many power budgets as different site configurations are defined, even into the same project
The site configurations in use should be defined at the very beginning of the project
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NOKIA
Exercises / Questions
Calculate
the power difference of TXMS = 33 dBm and TXBTS = 8 W in dB units.
Calculate the power imbalance for the GSM1800 system when TXMS = 30 dBm, TXBTS = 43 dBm, SENSITIVITYMS = 100 dBm and SENSITIVITYBTS = -108 dBm. Combiner unit is not used. What is the maximum path loss for a good connection in the previous exercise? Calculate the required gain for the LNA to reduce the 4 dB cable loss when NFLNA = 2.0 dB and NFBTS = 4.0 dB
88
NOKIA
References
1. 2. 3. 4. ETSI, Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+), Radio transmission and reception, GSM 05.05. Warren L. Stutzman, Gary A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 1998. Kazimierz Siwiak, Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications, Artech House, 1998. J. Lempiinen, M. Manninen, Radio Interface System Planning for GSM/GPRS/UMTS, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001.
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NOKIA

EXPLAIN M04 - 1 Configuration Planning

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Configuration Planning

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

Content of Configuration Planning

NETWORK ELEMENTS POWER BUDGET

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

NETWORK ELEMENTS POWER BUDGET

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

GSM Architecture & Interfaces

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

Mobile Phone - Speech Processing Flow

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

Base Transceiver Station

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

Features and benefits

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

UltraSite EDGE RF Performance in GSM 900

BTS Output Power

BTS Receiver Sensitivity

MHA figure includes the cable losses

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

UltraSite EDGE RF Performance in GSM 1800

BTS Output Power

Combiner by-pass WBC 2:1 WBC 4:1 RTC

44.5 / 44.0 41.0 / 40.3 37.5 / 36.6 42.0 / 41.3

28.2 / 25.1 12.6 / 10.7 5.6 / 4.6 15.8 / 13.5

BTS Receiver Sensitivity

MHA figure includes the cable losses

UltraSite EDGE RF Performance in GSM 1900

BTS Output Power

BTS Receiver Sensitivity

MHA figure includes the cable losses

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

Nokia MetroSite Antennas

Nokia MetroHopper Radio

Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio

Connected to FXC RRI or FC RRI indoor unit.

Connected to FXC RRI or FC RRI indoor unit.

New MetroSite Family Members

Nokia MetroSite Base Station Antennas

Directional 130 degrees: 6 dBi

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

Citytalk 6 12 4+4+4 42 -102/ 108

Ultrasite EDGE 6 108 36+36+36 42 -108.5/ 109

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

dB over isotropic antenna (dBi) dB over Hertz dipole (dBd)

Antenna gain depends on

Mechanical size: A Effective antenna aperture area: w Frequency band

Isotropic radiated Power

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

Main lobes Side / back lobes Front-to-back ratio

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

side lobe null direction

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

=0 =t downtilt angle = delay time =2t =3t

6-90198/ CONFIGURATION PLANNING/ v 1.0

distance of 1 provides good decoupling values good for RX /TX decoupling