COMMUTATION CIRCUITS OF SCR

Table of contents

1. Introduction 2. Technical Specifications 3. Front Panel Controls 4. Patch Connection Details 5. Operating Instructions 6. Circuit Description

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INTRODUCTION
A Thyristor is turned on by applying a signal to its gate -cathode circuit. For the purpose of power control or power conditioning, a conducting thyristor must be turned off as desired. As stated before, the turn off of a thyristor means bringing the device from forward conduction state to forward blocking state. The thyristor turn off requires that its anode current falls bellow the holding current and a reverse voltage is applied to thyristor for a sufficient time to enable it to recover to blocking state. Commutation is defined as the process of turning off a thyristor. Once thyristor starts conducting, gate loses control over the device, therefore, external means may have to be adopted to commutate the thyristor. Several commutation techniques have been developed with the sole objective of their turn off time. Primarily, the classification of commutation techniques is based on the manner in which anode current is reduced to zero and on the configuration of the commutating circuits. Thyristor commutation techniques use resonant LC, or underdamped RLC circuits, to force the current and/ or voltage of a thyristor to zero to turn off the device.Several power electronic converters employ the circuit configurations used for describing the thyristor commutation techniques. Therefore a study of the various commutation techniques serves as an introduction and leads to a better understanding of the transient phenomena occuring in power electronic converters under switching conditions.

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
COMMUTATION CIRCUIT 1. CLASS A COMMUTATION: LOAD COMMUTATION Circuits (Commutation By Resonating The Load) INPUT LOAD RESISTANCE INDUCTANCE VALUE CAPACITANCE VALUE : 24V DC :470E, 5W. : 40mH : 10mfd/250v

2. CLASS B COMMUTATION: (Resonant-Pulse Commutation) INPUT LOAD RESISTANCE INDUCTANCE VALUE CAPACITANCE VALUE : 24V DC :470E, 5W. : 40mH : 3.3mfd/250v

3. CLASS C COMMUTATION: (Complementry Commutation) INPUT LOAD RESISTANCE CAPACITANCE VALUE : 24V DC :470E, 5W. : 3.3mfd/250v

4. CLASS D COMMUTATION: (Impulse Commutation) INPUT LOAD RESISTANCE INDUCTANCE VALUE CAPACITANCE VALUE : 24V DC :470E, 5W. : 40mH : 3.3mfd/250v

5. CLASS E COMMUTATION: (External Pulse Commutation) INPUT : 24V DC LOAD RESISTANCE :470E, 5W. External power supply for external pulse :26VDC External Transistor for pulse drive 6. CLASS F COMMUTATION: (Line or Natural Commutation) INPUT LOAD RESISTANCE : 24V AC :470E, 5W.

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Front panel controls

TRIGGER CONTROL PANELS 1. Two pair of isolated Trigger control signal to fire the SCRs in commutation Circuits Its frequency and duty cycle can be varriable. 2. A seperate Synchronized UJT Triggering circuit for Line Commutation circuit Its phase control firing angle varriable from 30 o to 150 o

Power supply
1. An unregulated DC Power supply of 24VDC for input to the commutation circuits. 2. An unregulated DC power supply of 26 VDC for external pulse commutation circuit. 3. An AC Power supply for line commutation circuit. 1. CLASS A COMMUTATION: LOAD COMMUTATION Circuits (Commutation By Resonating The Load)

CLASS A COMMUTATION
(Commutation By Resonating The Load) +Ve T1 C

+24VUNREG VIN

GND

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vvvv

RL

2. CLASS B COMMUTATION: (Resonant-Pulse Commutation)

CLASS B COMMUTATION
(Resonant-Pulse Commutation) +Ve TM CM GM

VIN

C CA

L RL

+24VUNREG

TA GA GND

3. CLASS C COMMUTATION: (Complementry Commutation)

CLASS C COMMUTATION
(Complementry Commutation) +Ve

vvvv

R1 C

+24VUNREG VIN

T1 G1 C1 GND G2

T2 C2

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vvvv

R2

4. CLASS D COMMUTATION: (Impulse Commutation)

CLASS D COMMUTATION
+Ve T1 C
VIN

C1 G1 C2 T2 G2 L RL

+24VUNREG

D GND

5. CLASS E COMMUTATION: (External Pulse Commutation)

CLASS E COMMUTATION
(External Pulse Commutation) +Ve T1
+24VUNREG VPULSE

-VPULSE

C1

RL GND

vv vv

VIN

G1 G2 C2

+VPULSE

6. CLASS F COMMUTATION: (Line or Natural Commutation) (Line or Natural Commutation) TRC T1

24 VAC

CLASS F COMMUTATION

TRG RL

U
VIN-AC

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vvvv

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1. CLASS A COMMUTATION: LOAD COMMUTATION Circuits (Commutation By Resonating The Load)

Operating instructions
1. CLASS A COMMUTATION: LOAD COMMUTATION Circuits (Commutation By Resonating The Load) 1. Connect the circuit as per patch connection. 2. Switch ON the trainer,Observe the output commutated waveform across the load. 3. Draw the waveform and note down the amplitude. 4. Observe the waveform across SCR and draw it. 5. Varry the frequency control of trigger circuit and observe the waveform. Here Duty cycle is no control over it.. 6. The once conducted SCR in dc circuit is turned off by resonating the load by L and C in path of the current flow. Circuit is under damped by including suitable values of L in series with load and C in parallel with the load. Oscillating current flows. SCR is turned off when current is zero

R Load

Vc(0) + C

Curren t i t

0 2V V

/2

Cap acitor v oltage

Gate pulse t t V V o lta ge a cross SCR

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Patch Connection Details

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2. CLASS B COMMUTATION: (Resonant-Pulse Commutation)

Operating instructions
2. CLASS B COMMUTATION: (Resonant-Pulse Commutation) 1. Connect the circuit as per patch connection. 2. Switch ON the trainer,Observe the output commutated waveform across the load.
T1 iC(t) T2 L O A D IL

3. Draw the waveform and note down the amplitude. 4. Observe the waveform across SCRs and capacitor and draw it.
V
ab

iC(t)

+ VC(0) T3 FWD

Series LC circuit connected across thyristor T. Initially C is charged to V volts with plate a as positive. Current in LC oscillates when SCR is ON. T turns off when capacitor discharges through thyristor in a direction opposite to IL Expression For tC , the Circuit Turn Off Time Initially C charged with polarity as shown in figure. T1 is conducting & IL is constant. To turn off T1, T2 is fired. iC(t) flows opposite to IL & T1 turns off at iC(t) = IL
Gate pulse of SCR t1 V Capacitor voltage vab t tC i t t t

I t 1 c V = I L dt = L c C0 C tc = VC seconds IL

Ip

For proper commutation tc should be greater than tq . Magnitude of I p the peak value of i should be greater than the load current I L . Expression for i is derived as follows

IL

ISCR

Thyristor Current

Voltage across SCR t

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Patch Connection Details

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3. CLASS C COMMUTATION: (Complementry Commutation)

Operating instructions
3. CLASS C COMMUTATION: (Complementry Commutation) 1. Connect the circuit as per patch connection. 2. Switch ON the trainer, Observe the output commutated waveform across the load R1 and R2. 3. Draw the waveform and note down the amplitude. 4. Observe the waveform across SCRs and Capacitance and draw it. V 5. Varry the frequency control of trigger circuit and observe the waveform. Here Duty cycle is no control over it

IL R1
ab

R2 iC

C T1 T2

Two SCRs are used, turning ON one SCR turns off the other. T 1 is fired, IL flows through R 1. At same time C charges towards V through R 2 with plate b positive. To turn off T1, T2 is fired resulting in capacitor voltage reverse biasing T1 and turning it off. When T2 is fired current through load shoots up as voltage across load is V+VC
Gate pulse of T1 V
V Current through R1 R 1

Gate pulse of T2
2V R1

IL

t
2V R2
V R1

Current through T1

t Current through T2

2V R1

V R2
Current through R2

V Voltage across capacitor vab

t

-V

tC

tC Voltage across T1 t

tC

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Patch Connection Details

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4. CLASS D COMMUTATION: (Impulse Commutation)

Operating instructions
4. CLASS D COMMUTATION: (Impulse Commutation) 1. Connect the circuit as per patch connection. 2. Switch ON the trainer,Observe the output commutated waveform across the load. 3. Draw the waveform and note down the amplitude. 4. Observe the waveform across SCRs and Capcitance and draw it. 5. Varry the frequency control and duty cycle of trigger circuit and observe the waveform. V
T1 IT1 T2 VC(O) i + _ C

D L

Initially C is charged to VC with top plate positive. T1 is fired, load current IL flows. C discharges at the same time & reverses its polarity. D ensures bottom plate remains positive. To turn off T1, T2 is fired
Gate pulse of T1 Gate pulse of T 2

IL RL

VC

Capacitor voltage t

-V tC This is due to i IT 1 IL Current through SCR

V RL t

2V RL

IL

Load current t

Voltage across T1 t tC

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Patch Connection Details

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5. CLASS E COMMUTATION: (External Pulse Commutation)

Operating instructions 5. CLASS E COMMUTATION: (External Pulse Commutation)

1. Connect the circuit as per patch connection. 2. Switch ON the trainer, Observe the output commutated waveform across the load. 3. Draw the waveform and note down the amplitude. 4. Observe the waveform across SCR and draw it 5. Varry the frequency control and duty cycle of trigger circuit and observe the waveforms. In a pulse commutating circuit the external pulse generator (generally in the form of a transistor) supplies the external commutation energy. When the thyristor T1 is carrying the load current, the auxiliary transistor Q is in the non conducting state. By giving a proper base current to the auxiliary transistor, the main thyristor T1 turns off. As soon as transistor Q receives its base current, it starts conducting, which in turn causes a negative voltage V across the thyristor T1 and thus, the thyristor turns off. Here transistor Q acts as a switching transistor and turns on only when the main thyristor T1 is required to turn off. The circuit gives an arrangement to commutate the SCR using a bipolar transistor. When a pulse is applied to the base of the transistor, it conducts heavily and short circuiting between the collector and the emitter takes place. This short circuiting diverts the anode current away from the SCR, and thus the holding current falls below its rated value and consequently the SCR turns off. Similarly the positive pulse at the anode terminal of the SCR.

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Patch Connection Details

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6. CLASS F COMMUTATION: (Line or Natural Commutation)

Operating instructions
6. CLASS F COMMUTATION: (Line or Natural Commutation) 1. Connect the circuit as per patch connection. 2. Switch ON the trainer, Observe the output commutated waveform across the load. 3. Draw the waveform and note down the amplitude. Natural Commutation of Thyristors takes place in AC voltage controllers. Phase controlled rectifiers

T +

vs

vo

Supply voltage vs

Sinusoidal 3 t

Gate Pulse Load voltage vo Turn off occurs here + t + t

2
Voltage across SCR tc

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ALPHA

Manual for

Commutation Circuit of SCR

( Sr. No:............................)

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