Chapter 28

Objective Questions
1. Several resistors are connected in parallel. Which of the following statements are correct? Choose all that are correct. (a) The equivalent resistance is greater than an of the resistances in the group. (!) The equivalent resistance is less than an of the resistances in the group. (c) The equivalent resistance depends on the voltage applied across the group. (d) The equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the resistances in the group. (e) "one of those statements is correct. 2. Several resistors are connected in series. Which of the following statements is correct? Choose all that are correct. (a) The equivalent resistance is greater than an of the resistances in the group. (!) The equivalent resistance is less than an of the resistances in the group. (c) The equivalent resistance depends on the voltage applied across the group. (d) The equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the resistances in the group. (e) "one of those statements is correct. 3. The terminals of a !atter are connected across two resistors in series. The resistances of the resistors are not the same. Which of the following statements are correct? Choose all that are correct. (a) The resistor with the smaller resistance carries more current than the other resistor. (!) The resistor with the larger resistance carries less current than the other resistor. (c) The current in each resistor is the same. (d) The potential difference across each resistor is the same. (e) The potential difference is greatest across the resistor closest to the positive terminal. 4. The terminals of a !atter are connected across two resistors in parallel. The resistances of the resistors are not the same. Which of the following statements is correct? Choose all that are correct. (a) The resistor with the larger resistance carries more current than the other resistor. (!) The resistor with the larger resistance carries less current than the other resistor. (c) The potential difference across each resistor is the same. (d) The potential difference across the larger resistor is greater than the potential difference across the smaller resistor. (e) The potential difference is greater across the resistor closer to the !atter . 5. #f the terminals of a !atter with $ero internal resistance are connected across two identical resistors in series% the total power delivered ! the !atter is 8.&& W. #f the same !atter is connected across the same resistors in parallel% what is the total power delivered ! the !atter ? (a) '(.& W (!) )2.& W (c) 2.&& W (d) *.&& W (e) none of those answers 6. + !atter has some internal resistance. (i) Can the potential difference across the terminals of the !atter !e equal to its emf? (a) no (!) es% if the !atter is a!sor!ing energ ! electrical transmission (c) es% if more than one wire is connected to each terminal (d) es% if the current in the !atter is $ero (e) es% with no special condition required. (ii) Can the terminal voltage e,ceed the emf? Choose our answer from the same possi!ilities as in part (i).

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Chapter 28

7. What is the time constant of the circuit shown in 1igure 2328..? 4ach of the five resistors has resistance R, and each of the five capacitors has capacitance C. The internal resistance of the !atter is negligi!le. (a) RC (!) 5RC (c) '&RC (d) 25RC (e) none of those answers

8. When resistors with different resistances are connected in series% which of the following must !e the same for each resistor? Choose all correct answers. (a) potential difference (!) current (c) power delivered (d) charge entering each resistor in a given time interval (e) none of those answers 9. When resistors with different resistances are connected in parallel% which of the following must !e the same for each resistor? Choose all correct answers. (a) potential difference (!) current (c) power delivered (d) charge entering each resistor in a given time interval (e) none of those answers 10. When operating on a '2&06 circuit% an electric heater receives '.)& 7 '&) W of power% a toaster receives '.&& 7 '&) W% and an electric oven receives '.5* 7 '&) W. #f all three appliances are connected in parallel on a '2&06 circuit and turned on% what is the total current drawn from an e,ternal source? (a) 2*.& + (!) )2.& + (c) *&.& + (d) *8.& + (e) none of those answers 11. +re the two headlights of a car wired (a) in series with each other% (!) in parallel% or (c) neither in series nor in parallel% or (d) is it impossi!le to tell? 12. #n the circuit shown in 1igure 2328.'2% each !atter is delivering energ to the circuit ! electrical transmission. +ll the resistors have equal resistance. (i) 8an9 the electric potentials at points a, b, c, d, and e from highest to lowest% noting an cases of equalit in the ran9ing. (ii) 8an9 the magnitudes of the currents at the same points from greatest to least% noting an cases of equalit .

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Chapter 28 13. #s a circuit !rea9er wired (a) in series with the device it is protecting% (!) in parallel% or (c) neither in series or in parallel% or (d) is it impossi!le to tell? 14. + circuit consists of three identical lamps connected to a !atter as in 1igure 2328.'*. The !atter has some internal resistance. The switch S% originall open% is closed. (i) What then happens to the !rightness of lamp :? (a) #t increases. (!) #t decreases somewhat. (c) #t does not change. (d) #t drops to $ero. 1or parts (ii) to (vi)% choose from the same possi!ilities (a) through (d). (ii) What happens to the !rightness of lamp C? (iii) What happens to the current in the !atter ? (iv) What happens to the potential difference across lamp +? (v) What happens to the potential difference across lamp C? (vi) What happens to the total power delivered to the lamps ! the !atter ? 15. + series circuit consists of three identical lamps connected to a !atter as shown in 1igure 2328.'5 (page 8'8). The switch S% originall open% is closed. (i) What then happens to the !rightness of lamp :? (a) #t increases. (!) #t decreases somewhat. (c) #t does not change. (d) #t drops to $ero. 1or parts (ii) to (vi)% choose from the same possi!ilities (a) through (d). (ii) What happens to the !rightness of lamp C? (iii) What happens to the current in the !atter ? (iv) What happens to the potential difference across lamp +? (v) What happens to the potential difference across lamp C? (vi) What happens to the total power delivered to the lamps ! the !atter ?

Conceptual Questions
1. #s the direction of current in a !atter alwa s from the negative terminal to the positive terminal? 4,plain. 2. ;iven three light!ul!s and a !atter % s9etch as man different electric circuits as ou can. 3. Wh is it possi!le for a !ird to sit on a high0voltage wire without !eing electrocuted?

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Chapter 28 4. + student claims that the second of two light!ul!s in series is less !right than the first !ecause the first light!ul! uses up some of the current. <ow would ou respond to this statement? 5. + s9i resort consists of a few chairlifts and several interconnected downhill runs on the side of a mountain% with a lodge at the !ottom. The chairlifts are analogous to !atteries% and the runs are analogous to resistors. =escri!e how two runs can !e in series. =escri!e how three runs can !e in parallel. S9etch a >unction !etween one chairlift and two runs. State ?irchhoff@s >unction rule for s9i resorts. 2ne of the s9iers happens to !e carr ing a s9 diver@s altimeter. She never ta9es the same set of chairlifts and runs twice% !ut 9eeps passing ou at the fi,ed location where ou are wor9ing. State ?irchhoff@s loop rule for s9i resorts. 6. 8eferring to 1igure C328.(% descri!e what happens to the light!ul! after the switch is closed. +ssume the capacitor has a large capacitance and is initiall uncharged. +lso assume the light illuminates when connected directl across the !atter terminals.

7. So that our grandmother can listen to A Prairie Home Companion, ou ta9e her !edside radio to the hospital where she is sta ing. Aou are required to have a maintenance wor9er test the radio for electrical safet . 1inding that it develops '2& 6 on one of its 9no!s% he does not let ou ta9e it to our grandmother@s room. Aour grandmother complains that she has had the radio for man ears and no!od has ever gotten a shoc9 from it. Aou end up having to !u a new plastic radio. (a) Wh is our grandmother@s old radio dangerous in a hospital room? (!) Will the old radio !e safe !ac9 in her !edroom? 8. (a) What advantage does '2&06 operation offer over 2*& 6? (!) What disadvantages does it have? 9. Suppose a parachutist lands on a high0voltage wire and gra!s the wire as she prepares to !e rescued. (a) Will she !e electrocuted? (!) #f the wire then !rea9s% should she continue to hold onto the wire as she falls to the ground? 4,plain. 10. Compare series and parallel resistors to the series and parallel rods in 1igure 2&.') on page 585. <ow are the situations similar?

!oble"s
1. + !atter has an emf of '5.& 6. The terminal voltage of the !atter is ''.( 6 when it is delivering 2&.& W of power to an e,ternal load resistor R. (a) What is the value of R? (!) What is the internal resistance of the !atter ?

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Chapter 28 2. Two '.5&06 !atteriesBwith their positive terminals in the same directionBare inserted in series into a flashlight. 2ne !atter has an internal resistance of &.255 C% and the other has an internal resistance of &.'5) C. When the switch is closed% the !ul! carries a current of (&& m+. (a) What is the !ul!@s resistance? (!) What fraction of the chemical energ transformed appears as internal energ in the !atteries? 3. +n automo!ile !atter has an emf of '2.( 6 and an internal resistance of &.&8& & C. The headlights together have an equivalent resistance of 5.&& C (assumed constant). What is the potential difference across the headlight !ul!s (a) when the are the onl load on the !atter and (!) when the starter motor is operated% requiring an additional )5.& + from the !atter ? 4. +s in 4,ample 28.2% consider a power suppl with fi,ed emf and internal resistance r causing current in a load resistance R. #n this pro!lem% R is fi,ed and r is a varia!le. The efficienc is defined as the energ delivered to the load divided ! the energ delivered ! the emf. (a) When the internal resistance is ad>usted for ma,imum power transfer% what is the efficienc ? (!) What should !e the internal resistance for ma,imum possi!le efficienc ? (c) When the electric compan sells energ to a customer% does it have a goal of high efficienc or of ma,imum power transfer? 4,plain. (d) When a student connects a loudspea9er to an amplifier% does she most want high efficienc or high power transfer? 4,plain. 5. What is the equivalent resistance of the com!ination of identical resistors !etween points a and b in 1igure D28.5?

6. + light!ul! mar9ed E.5 W FatG '2& 6H is screwed into a soc9et at one end of a long e,tension cord% in which each of the two conductors has resistance &.8&& C. The other end of the e,tension cord is plugged into a '2&06 outlet. (a) 4,plain wh the actual power delivered to the light!ul! cannot !e .5 W in this situation. (!) =raw a circuit diagram. (c) 1ind the actual power delivered to the light!ul! in this circuit.

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Chapter 28

7. Three '&&0 C resistors are connected as shown in 1igure D28... The ma,imum power that can safel !e delivered to an one resistor is 25.& W. (a) What is the ma,imum potential difference that can !e applied to the terminals a and b? (!) 1or the voltage determined in part (a)% what is the power delivered to each resistor? (c) What is the total power delivered to the com!ination of resistors?

8. Consider the two circuits shown in 1igure D28.8 in which the !atteries are identical. The resistance of each light!ul! is R. "eglect the internal resistances of the !atteries. (a) 1ind e,pressions for the currents in each light!ul!. (!) <ow does the !rightness of : compare with that of C? 4,plain. (c) <ow does the !rightness of + compare with that of : and of C? 4,plain.

9. Consider the circuit shown in 1igure D28./. 1ind (a) the current in the 2&.&0C resistor and (!) the potential difference !etween points a and b.

10. (a) Aou need a *50C resistor% !ut the stoc9room has onl 2&0C and 5&0C resistors. <ow can the desired resistance !e achieved under these circumstances? (!) What can ou do if ou need a )50C resistor?

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Chapter 28 11. + !atter with I (.&& 6 and no internal resistance supplies current to the circuit shown in 1igure D28.''. When the dou!le0throw switch S is open as shown in the figure% the current in the !atter is '.&& m+. When the switch is closed in position a, the current in the !atter is '.2& m+. When the switch is closed in position b, the current in the !atter is 2.&& m+. 1ind the resistances (a) R'% (!) R2% and (c) R).

12. + !atter with emf and no internal resistance supplies current to the circuit shown in 1igure D28.''. When the dou!le0throw switch S is open as shown in the figure% position a, the current in the !atter is Ia. When the switch is closed in position b% the current in the !atter is Ib. 1ind the resistances (a) R'% (!) R2% and (c) R). 13. Consider the com!ination of resistors shown in 1igure D28.'). (a) 1ind the equivalent resistance !etween points a and b. (!) #f a voltage of )5.& 6 is applied !etween points a and b, find the current in each resistor.

14. (a) When the switch S in the circuit of 1igure D28.'* is closed% will the equivalent resistance !etween points a and b increase or decrease? State our reasoning. (!) +ssume the equivalent resistance drops ! 5&.&J when the switch is closed. =etermine the value of R.

15. Two resistors connected in series have an equivalent resistance of (/& C. When the are connected in parallel% their equivalent resistance is '5& C. 1ind the resistance of each resistor.

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Chapter 28 16. 1our resistors are connected to a !atter as shown in 1igure D28.'(. (a) =etermine the potential difference across each resistor in terms of . (!) =etermine the current in each resistor in terms of I. (c) #$at %&' #f R) is increased% e,plain what happens to the current in each of the resistors. (d) #n the limit that R)KL% what are the new values of the current in each resistor in terms of I, the original current in the !atter ?

17. Calculate the power delivered to each resistor in the circuit shown in 1igure D28.'..

18. 1or the purpose of measuring the electric resistance of shoes through the !od of the wearer standing on a metal ground plate% the +merican "ational Standards #nstitute (+"S#) specifies the circuit shown in 1igure D28.'8. The potential difference MV across the '.&&0NC resistor is measured with an ideal voltmeter. (a) Show that the resistance of the footwear is

Rshoes =

5&.&6 V V

(!) #n a medical test% a current through the human !od should not e,ceed '5& +. Can the current delivered ! the +"S#0 specified circuit e,ceed '5& +? To decide% consider a person standing !arefoot on the ground plate.

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Chapter 28 19. Consider the circuit shown in 1igure D28.'/. (a) 1ind the voltage across the ).&&0C resistor. (!) 1ind the current in the ).&&0C resistor.

20. Why is the followin sit!ation impossible" + technician is testing a circuit that contains a resistance R. <e reali$es that a !etter design for the circuit would include a resistance ) R rather than R. <e has three additional resistors% each with resistance R. : com!ining these additional resistors in a certain com!ination that is then placed in series with the original resistor% he achieves the desired resistance. 21. The circuit shown in 1igure D28.2' is connected for 2.&& min. (a) =etermine the current in each !ranch of the circuit. (!) 1ind the energ delivered ! each !atter . (c) 1ind the energ delivered to each resistor. (d) #dentif the t pe of energ storage transformation that occurs in the operation of the circuit. (e) 1ind the total amount of energ transformed into internal energ in the resistors.
.

22. 1or the circuit shown in 1igure D28.22% calculate (a) the current in the 2.&&0C resistor and (!) the potential difference !etween points a and b.

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Chapter 28 23. The ammeter shown in 1igure D28.2) reads 2.&& +. 1ind (a) I'% (!) I2% and (c) .

24. Oumper ca!les are connected from a fresh !atter in one car to charge a dead !atter in another car. 1igure D28.2* shows the circuit diagram for this situation. While the ca!les are connected% the ignition switch of the car with the dead !atter is closed and the starter is activated to start the engine. =etermine the current in (a) the starter and (!) the dead !atter . (c) #s the dead !atter !eing charged while the starter is operating?

25. What are the e,pected readings of (a) the ideal ammeter and (!) the ideal voltmeter in 1igure D28.25?

26. The following equations descri!e an electric circuitP QI' (22& C) R 5.8& 6 Q I2 ().& C) I & RI2 ().& C) R I) ('5& C) Q ).'& 6 I & I' R I) Q I2 I & (a) =raw a diagram of the circuit. (!) Calculate the un9nowns and identif the ph sical meaning of each un9nown.

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Chapter 28 27. Ta9ing R I '.&& 9C and I 25& 6 in 1igure D28.2.% determine the direction and magnitude of the current in the hori$ontal wire !etween a and e.

28. #n the circuit of 1igure D28.28% determine (a) the current in each resistor and (!) the potential difference across the 2&&0C resistor.

29. #n 1igure D28.2/% find (a) the current in each resistor and (!) the power delivered to each resistor.

30. #n the circuit of 1igure D28.)&% the current I' I ).&& + and the values of for the ideal !atter and R are un9nown. What are the currents (a) I2 and (!) I)? (c) Can ou find the values of and R? #f so% find their values. #f not% e,plain.

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Chapter 28

31. (a) Can the circuit shown in 1igure D28.)' !e reduced to a single resistor connected to the !atter ? 4,plain. Calculate the currents (!) I'% (c) I2% and (d) I).

32. 1or the circuit shown in 1igure D28.)2% we wish to find the currents I'% I2% and I). Sse ?irchhoff@s rules to o!tain equations for (a) the upper loop% (!) the lower loop% and (c) the >unction on the left side. #n each case% suppress units for clarit and simplif % com!ining the terms. (d) Solve the >unction equation for I). (e) Ssing the equation found in part (d)% eliminate I) from the equation found in part (!). (f) Solve the equations found in parts (a) and (e) simultaneousl for the two un9nowns I' and I2. (g) Su!stitute the answers found in part (f) into the >unction equation found in part (d)% solving for I). (h) What is the significance of the negative answer for I2?

33. +n uncharged capacitor and a resistor are connected in series to a source of emf. #f I /.&& 6% C I 2&.& 1% and R I '&& C% find (a) the time constant of the circuit% (!) the ma,imum charge on the capacitor% and (c) the charge on the capacitor at a time equal to one time constant after the !atter is connected. 34. Consider a series RC circuit as in 1igure D28.)* for which R I '.&& NC% C I 5.&& 1% and I )&.& 6. 1ind (a) the time constant of the circuit and (!) the ma,imum charge on the capacitor after the switch is thrown closed. (c) 1ind the current in the resistor '&.& s after the switch is closed.

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Chapter 28

35. + 2.&&0n1 capacitor with an initial charge of 5.'& C is discharged through a '.)&09C resistor. (a) Calculate the current in the resistor /.&& s after the resistor is connected across the terminals of the capacitor. (!) What charge remains on the capacitor after 8.&& s? (c) What is the ma,imum current in the resistor? 36. + '&.&01 capacitor is charged ! a '&.&06 !atter through a resistance R. The capacitor reaches a potential difference of *.&& 6 in a time interval of ).&& s after charging !egins. 1ind R. 37. The circuit in 1igure D28.). has !een connected for a long time. (a) What is the potential difference across the capacitor? (!) #f the !atter is disconnected from the circuit% over what time interval does the capacitor discharge to one0tenth its initial voltage?

38. Show that the integral

&

e 2t T RC dt in 4,ample 28.'' has the value

' 2

RC.

39. #n the circuit of 1igure D28.)/% the switch S has !een open for a long time. #t is then suddenl closed. Ta9e I '&.& 6% R' I 5&.& 9C% R2 I '&& 9C% and C I '&.& 1. =etermine the time constant (a) !efore the switch is closed and (!) after the switch is closed. (c) Uet the switch !e closed at t I &. =etermine the current in the switch as a function of time.

40. #n the circuit of 1igure D28.)/% the switch S has !een open for a long time. #t is then suddenl closed. =etermine the time constant (a) !efore the switch is closed and (!) after the switch is closed. (c) Uet the switch !e closed at t I &. =etermine the current in the switch as a function of time.

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Chapter 28 41. + charged capacitor is connected to a resistor and switch as in 1igure D28.*'. The circuit has a time constant of '.5& s.

Soon after the switch is closed% the charge on the capacitor is .5.&J of its initial charge. (a) 1ind the time interval required for the capacitor to reach this charge. (!) #f R I 25& 9C% what is the value of C? 42. +n electric heater is rated at '.5& 7 '&) W% a toaster at .5& W% and an electric grill at '.&& 7 '&) W. The three appliances are connected to a common '2&06 household circuit. (a) <ow much current does each draw? (!) #f the circuit is protected with a 25.&0+ circuit !rea9er% will the circuit !rea9er !e tripped in this situation? 4,plain our answer. 43. Turn on our des9 lamp. Dic9 up the cord% with our thum! and inde, finger spanning the width of the cord. (a) Compute an order0of0magnitude estimate for the current in our hand. +ssume the conductor inside the lamp cord ne,t to our thum! is at potential V '&2 6 at a t pical instant and the conductor ne,t to our inde, finger is at ground potential (& 6). The resistance of our hand depends strongl on the thic9ness and the moisture content of the outer la ers of our s9in. +ssume the resistance of our hand !etween fingertip and thum! tip is V '&* C. Aou ma model the cord as having ru!!er insulation. State the other quantities ou measure or estimate and their values. 4,plain our reasoning. (!) Suppose our !od is isolated from an other charges or currents. #n order0of0magnitude terms% estimate the potential difference !etween our thum! where it contacts the cord and our finger where it touches the cord.

())itional !oble"s
44. 1ind the equivalent resistance !etween points a and b in 1igure D28.**.

45. +ssume ou have a !atter of emf and three identical light!ul!s% each having constant resistance R. What is the total power delivered ! the !atter if the light!ul!s are connected (a) in series and (!) in parallel? (c) 1or which connection will the light!ul!s shine the !rightest?

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Chapter 28 46. 1our resistors are connected in parallel across a /.2&06 !atter . The carr currents of '5& m+% *5.& m+% '*.& m+% and *.&& m+. #f the resistor with the largest resistance is replaced with one having twice the resistance% (a) what is the ratio of the new current in the !atter to the original current? (!) #$at %&' #f instead the resistor with the smallest resistance is replaced with one having twice the resistance% what is the ratio of the new total current to the original current? (c) 2n a 1e!ruar night% energ leaves a house ! several energ lea9s% including '.5& 7 '&) W ! conduction through the ceiling% *5& W ! infiltration (air0flow) around the windows% '*& W ! conduction through the !asement wall a!ove the foundation sill% and *&.& W ! conduction through the pl wood door to the attic. To produce the !iggest saving in heating !ills% which one of these energ transfers should !e reduced first? 4,plain how ou decide. Clifford Swart$ suggested the idea for this pro!lem. 47. 1our '.5&06 ++ !atteries in series are used to power a small radio. #f the !atteries can move a charge of 2*& C% how long will the last if the radio has a resistance of 2&& C? 48. The resistance !etween terminals a and b in 1igure D28.*8 is .5.& C. #f the resistors la!eled R have the same value% determine R.

49. The circuit in 1igure D28.*/ has !een connected for several seconds. 1ind the current (a) in the *.&&06 !atter % (!) in the ).&&0C resistor% (c) in the 8.&&06 !atter % and (d) in the ).&&06 !atter . (e) 1ind the charge on the capacitor.

50. The circuit in 1igure D28.5&a consists of three resistors and one !atter with no internal resistance. (a) 1ind the current in the 5.&&0C resistor. (!) 1ind the power delivered to the 5.&&0C resistor. (c) #n each of the circuits in 1igures D28.5&!% D28.5&c% and D28.5&d% an additional

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Chapter 28 '5.&06 !atter has !een inserted into the circuit. Which diagram or diagrams represent a circuit that requires the use of ?irchhoff@s rules to find the currents? 4,plain wh . (d) #n which of these three new circuits is the smallest amount of power delivered to the '&.&0C resistor? (Aou need not calculate the power in each circuit if ou e,plain our answer.)

51. 1or the circuit shown in 1igure D28.5'% the ideal volt meter reads (.&& 6 and the ideal ammeter reads ).&& m+. 1ind (a) the value of R, (!) the emf of the !atter % and (c) the voltage across the ).&&09C resistor.

52. Why is the followin sit!ation impossible" + !atter has an emf of I /.2& 6 and an internal resistance of r I '.2& C. + resistance R is connected across the !atter and e,tracts from it a power of P I 2'.2 W. 53. (a) Calculate the potential difference !etween points a and b in 1igure D28.5) and (!) identif which point is at the higher potential.

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Chapter 28

54. 1ind (a) the equivalent resistance of the circuit in 1igure D28.5*% (!) the potential difference across each resistor% (c) each current indicated in 1igure D28.5*% and (d) the power delivered to each resistor.

55. + rechargea!le !atter has an emf of ').2 6 and an internal resistance of &.85& C. #t is charged ! a '*..06 power suppl for a time interval of '.8& h. +fter charging% the !atter returns to its original state as it delivers a constant current to a load resistor over ..)& h. 1ind the efficienc of the !atter as an energ storage device. (The efficienc here is defined as the energ delivered to the load during discharge divided ! the energ delivered ! the '*..06 power suppl during the charging process.) 56. + power suppl has an open0circuit voltage of *&.& 6 and an internal resistance of 2.&& C. #t is used to charge two storage !atteries connected in series% each having an emf of (.&& 6 and internal resistance of &.)&& C. #f the charging current is to !e *.&& +% (a) what additional resistance should !e added in series? +t what rate does the internal energ increase in (!) the suppl % (c) in the !atteries% and (d) in the added series resistance? (e) +t what rate does the chemical energ increase in the !atteries? 57. When two un9nown resistors are connected in series with a !atter % the !atter delivers 225 W and carries a total current of 5.&& +. 1or the same total current% 5&.& W is delivered when the resistors are connected in parallel. =etermine the value of each resistor. 58. When two un9nown resistors are connected in series with a !atter % the !atter delivers total power Ps and carries a total current of I. 1or the same total current% a total power Pp is delivered when the resistors are connected in parallel. =etermine the value of each resistor. 59. The pair of capacitors in 1igure D28.5/ are full charged ! a '2.&06 !atter . The !atter is disconnected% and the switch is then closed. +fter '.&& ms has elapsed% (a) how much charge remains on the ).&&01 capacitor? (!) <ow much charge remains on the 2.&&01 capacitor? (c) What is the current in the resistor at this time?

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Chapter 28 60. Two resistors R' and R2 are in parallel with each other. Together the carr total current I. (a) =etermine the current in each resistor. (!) Drove that this division of the total current I !etween the two resistors results in less power delivered to the com!ination than an other division. #t is a general principle that c!rrent in a direct c!rrent circ!it distrib!tes itself so that the total power deli#ered to the circ!it is a minim!m. 61. The circuit in 1igure D28.(' contains two resistors% R' I 2.&& 9C and R2 I ).&& 9C% and two capacitors% C' I 2.&& 1 and C2 I ).&& 1% connected to a !atter with emf I '2& 6. #f there are no charges on the capacitors !efore switch S is closed% determine the charges on capacitors (a) C' and (!) C2 as functions of time% after the switch is closed.

62. (a) =etermine the equili!rium charge on the capacitor in the circuit of 1igure D28.(2 as a function of R. (!) 4valuate the charge when R I '&.& C. (c) Can the charge on the capacitor !e $ero? #f so% for what value of R? (d) What is the ma,imum possi!le magnitude of the charge on the capacitor? 1or what value of R is it achieved? (e) #s it e,perimentall meaningful to ta9e R I L? 4,plain our answer. #f so% what charge magnitude does it impl ?

63. The values of the components in a simple series RC circuit containing a switch (1ig. D28.)*) are C I '.&& 1% R I 2.&& 7 '&( C% and I '&.& 6. +t the instant '&.& s after the switch is closed% calculate (a) the charge on the capacitor% (!) the current in the resistor% (c) the rate at which energ is !eing stored in the capacitor% and (d) the rate at which energ is !eing delivered ! the !atter . 64. + !atter is used to charge a capacitor through a resistor as shown in 1igure D28.)*. Show that half the energ supplied ! the !atter appears as internal energ in the resistor and half is stored in the capacitor. 65. + oung man owns a canister vacuum cleaner mar9ed E5)5 W FatG '2& 6H and a 6ol9swagen :eetle% which he wishes to clean. <e par9s the car in his apartment par9ing lot and uses an

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Chapter 28 ine,pensive e,tension cord '5.& m long to plug in the vacuum cleaner. Aou ma assume the cleaner has constant resistance. (a) #f the resistance of each of the two conductors in the e,tension cord is &./&& C% what is the actual power delivered to the cleaner? (!) #f instead the power is to !e at least 525 W% what must !e the diameter of each of two identical copper conductors in the cord he !u s? (c) 8epeat part (!) assuming the power is to !e at least 5)2 W. 66. Three identical (&.&0W% '2&06 light!ul!s are connected across a '2&06 power source as shown in 1igure D28.((. +ssuming the resistance of each light!ul! is constant (even though in realit the resistance might increase mar9edl with current)% find (a) the total power supplied ! the power source and (!) the potential difference across each light!ul!.

67. Switch S shown in 1igure D28.(. has !een closed for a long time% and the electric circuit carries a constant current. Ta9e C' I ).&& 1% C2 I (.&& 1% R' I *.&& 9C% and R2 I ..&& 9C. The power delivered to R2 is 2.*& W. (a) 1ind the charge on C'. (!) "ow the switch is opened. +fter man milliseconds% ! how much has the charge on C2 changed?

68. +n ideal voltmeter connected across a certain fresh /06 !atter reads /.)& 6% and an ideal ammeter !riefl connected across the same !atter reads )..& +. We sa the !atter has an open0 circuit voltage of /.)& 6 and a short0circuit current of )..& +. Nodel the !atter as a source of emf in series with an internal resistance r as in +ctive 1igure 28.'a. =etermine !oth (a) and (!) r. +n e,perimenter connects two of these identical !atteries together as shown in 1igure D28.(8. 1ind (c) the open0circuit voltage and (d) the short0circuit current of the pair of connected !atteries. (e) The e,perimenter connects a '2.&0C resistor !etween the e,posed terminals of the connected !atteries. 1ind the current in the resistor. (f) 1ind the power delivered to the resistor. (g) The e,perimenter connects a second identical resistor in parallel with the first. 1ind the power delivered to each resistor. (h) :ecause the same pair of !atteries is connected across !oth

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Chapter 28 resistors as was connected across the single resistor% wh is the power in part (g) not the same as that in part (f)?

69. + regular tetrahedron is a p ramid with a triangular !ase and triangular sides as shown in 1igure D28.(/. #magine the si, straight lines in 1igure D28.(/ are each '&.&0C resistors% with >unctions at the four vertices. + '2.&06 !atter is connected to an two of the vertices. 1ind (a) the equivalent resistance of the tetrahedron !etween these vertices and (!) the current in the !atter .

70. 1igure D28..& shows a circuit model for the transmission of an electrical signal such as ca!le T6 to a large num!er of su!scri!ers. 4ach su!scri!er connects a load resistance R$ !etween the transmission line and the ground. The ground is assumed to !e at $ero potential and a!le to carr an current !etween an ground connections with negligi!le resistance. The resistance of the transmission line !etween the connection points of different su!scri!ers is modeled as the constant resistance R%. Show that the equivalent resistance across the signal source is
2 'T2 Re( = ' + R% 2 ( * R% R$ + R% )

&! estion' :ecause the num!er of su!scri!ers is large% the equivalent resistance would not change noticea!l if the first su!scri!er canceled the service. Consequentl % the equivalent resistance of the section of the circuit to the right of the first load resistor is nearl equal to Req.

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Chapter 28 71. #n 1igure D28..'% suppose the switch has !een closed for a time interval sufficientl long for the capacitor to !ecome full charged. 1ind (a) the stead 0state current in each resistor and (!) the charge ) on the capacitor. (c) The switch is now opened at t I &. Write an equation for the current in R2 as a function of time and (d) find the time interval required for the charge on the capacitor to fall to one0fifth its initial value.

72. The circuit shown in 1igure D28..2 is set up in the la!orator to measure an un9nown capacitance C in series with a resistance R I '&.& NC powered ! a !atter whose emf is (.'/ 6. The data given in the ta!le are the measured voltages across the capacitor as a function of time% where t I & represents the instant at which the switch is thrown to position b. (a) Construct a graph of ln (TMV) versus t and perform a linear least0squares fit to the data. (!) 1rom the slope of our graph% o!tain a value for the time constant of the circuit and a value for the capacitance.

73. The student engineer of a campus radio station wishes to verif the effectiveness of the lightning rod on the antenna mast (1ig. D28..)). The un9nown resistance R* is !etween points C and +. Doint + is a true ground% !ut it is inaccessi!le for direct measurement !ecause this stratum is several meters !elow the 4arth@s surface. Two identical rods are driven into the ground at A and ,, introducing an un9nown resistance Ry. The procedure is as follows. Neasure resistance R'

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Chapter 28 !etween points A and ,, then connect A and , with a heav conducting wire and measure resistance R2 !etween points A and C. (a) =erive an equation for R* in terms of the o!serva!le resistances% R' and R2. (!) + satisfactor ground resistance would !e R* W 2.&& C. #s the grounding of the station adequate if measurements give R' I ').& C and R2 I (.&& C? 4,plain.

74. #n places such as hospital operating rooms or factories for electronic circuit !oards% electric spar9s must !e avoided. + person standing on a grounded floor and touching nothing else can t picall have a !od capacitance of '5& p1% in parallel with a foot capacitance of 8&.& p1 produced ! the dielectric soles of his or her shoes. The person acquires static electric charge from interactions with his or her surroundings. The static charge flows to ground through the equivalent resistance of the two shoe soles in parallel with each other. + pair of ru!!er0soled street shoes can present an equivalent resistance of 5.&& 7 '&) NC. + pair of shoes with special static0dissipative soles can have an equivalent resistance of '.&& NC. Consider the person@s !od and shoes as forming an RC circuit with the ground. (a) <ow long does it ta9e the ru!!er0 soled shoes to reduce a person@s potential from ).&& 7 '&) 6 to '&& 6? (!) <ow long does it ta9e the static0dissipative shoes to do the same thing? 75. +n electric tea9ettle has a multiposition switch and two heating coils. When onl one coil is switched on% the well0insulated 9ettle !rings a full pot of water to a !oil over the time interval t. When onl the other coil is switched on% it ta9es a time interval of 2 t to !oil the same amount of water. 1ind the time interval required to !oil the same amount of water if !oth coils are switched on (a) in a parallel connection and (!) in a series connection. 76. + voltage V is applied to a series configuration of n resistors% each of resistance R. The circuit components are reconnected in a parallel configuration% and voltage V is again applied. Show that the power delivered to the series configuration is 'Tn2 times the power delivered to the parallel configuration. 77. The resistor R in 1igure D28... receives 2&.& W of power. =etermine the value of R.

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Chapter 28
' 78. The switch in 1igure D28..8a closes when Vc > 2 ) V and opens when Vc < ) V . The ideal voltmeter reads a potential difference as plotted in 1igure D28..8!. What is the period % of the waveform in terms of R'% R2% and C ?

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