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tom.h.wilson tom.wilson@mail.wvu.edu Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown, WV
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
To begin with, please copy the folder Golden-3 from the class common drive to your G:\drive. Well all be doing the same exercise today.
Reflection seismology unveils the subsurface for our inspection and interpretation
Essential ingredients needed to form hydrocarbon rich zones - source, reservoir, trap and seal
Sediments shed from the uplifted Sierra Madre Mountains pile up in coastal areas of the Rio Grande Embayment. The pull of gravity on this large mass of sediments caused faults to develop that accommodated gradual sliding or creep of large sediment laden blocks out into the Gulf of Mexico.
Deltas load the shelf with sediments and gravity takes over
Sediments pile up in the embayment which slopes off into the Gulf of Mexico. Mass wasting of the shelf proceeded under the pull of gravity
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Faults rise to the surface in the landward direction as the sediments take a sled ride into the Gulf. These faults accommodate extension at a slow (creeping) but steady pace. Time is always available in excess for the geologist.
As extension faults develop, strata collapse back into the fault plane and additional sediments fill the resulting void
and additional faults dipping toward and away from the direction of movement the synthetic and antithetic faults, respectively.
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
http://www.gcmwenergy.com/seismic_line.htm
http://www.gcmwenergy.com/seismic_survey.htm
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Note the roll-over into the glide zone, synthetic and antithetic faults
Converting times to depth requires that you have velocity information. There are three different ways to come up with the velocities Depth = velocity * time In general you will have depths to formation tops derived from your log interpretations You will have travel time data from your seismic horizon interpretations & well surveys (checkshot and vertical seismic profile (VSP)). The checkshot and VSP data allow you to create a time-depth curve which can be used independently to convert any time to a depth or alternativel convert any depth to a time.
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
TD Curves
TD Curves Maersk Wells
1000
Depth (meters)
well 4
2000
well 1
3000
well 2
4000
well 3
The depth in this approach is taken from the log picks In a 3D interpretation, you are likely to have horizon time picks and well formation top picks. This is just one approach
The low in the southeast is anomalous. Bring up crossline 140 and have a look. The travel time to the interpreted C38 reflection is much higher than that to the well pick. The denominator is large and we have a small average velocity
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Well #13 is a deviated well. For this well, the total vertical depth (TVD) is erroneously high. The measured depth (MD) may have been used. Since velocity = depth/time, the resulting velocity is too high in this area.
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
This depth converted map was constructed from the using the apparent velocity approach
Isochron
We may not have time for this . Create time grid for each horizon & include your polygon set (i.e. GreenT or C38Time grids) Convert them to depth using your favorite velocity models Associate polygon sets with your grids Tools > Calculators > Math on two maps fine tune parameters and select one or the other polygon set
In the end you have to ask yourself if the maps make reasonable geological sense and whether you can present a convincing argument in support of your interpretation.
Petroleum geology of the north sea: basic concepts and recent advances by Glennie (1998)
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
Times from seismic interpretations The seismic pick on the event interpreted as the Rodby is 2.056 seconds.
Note that the autopicking on the Rodby shown here was performed with little guidence just to help show where interesting faults and structures might be located and to help uncover predominant structural trends.
We can obtain two-way travel time to that depth using the TD function.
TD Curves Maersk Wells 0
1000
Depth (meters)
well 4
2000
well 1
3000
well 2
4000
well 3
5000 0.0
Tom Wilson, Department of Geology and Geography
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Time (Seconds)
In the time-depth chart, there is a value for the time at a depth of 2312.83 feet of 2.0706 seconds. We interpolate to find the time corresponding to Rodby depth of 2311m
From the TD function we estimate the time of 2.0698 for the Rodby
From the TD function we can also estimate a depth of 2281.4 from the horizon pick time of 2.056
Three methods: Apparent > 2*formation top depth (2*2311.02)/time from seismic horizon pick (2.056) = 2248.1m/s Time surface> 2* depth (from TD table = 2281.4m)/time from seismic horizon pick (2.056) = 2219.2 m/s Formation top > 2*formation top depth (2*2311.02)/time from TD chart (2.0698) = 2233.1m/s
The three methods yield similar results in this case. Apparent > 2248.1 m/s Time surface> 2219.2 m/s Formation top > 2233.1 m/s
Autotracking fails at locations interrupted by local structure. These may be areas to explore further.