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INTRODUCTION Two peg test need to carry out before we start the levelling job to ensure the instrument

in good condition. A two peg test is a test for error within a surveying level. This test gives a fairly accurate check for the amount of collimation error. Collimation error is the difference between what the level hairs in the scope say is level, and what is actually level. To run the test, put two pegs (PK nails, Levelling turtles, etc) 100 apart from each other. Place the level halfway between the two pegs. Take readings on both pegs and find the difference in elevation. Move the level 20 past either peg and take readings from both pegs. Find the difference in elevation again. If the elevation is different from the first reading, there is a collimation error. OBJECTIVE Peg test is a surveying operation carried out to determine if the levelling bubble (bubble axis) and telescope line-of-sight (line of collimation) are parallel. THEORY By using the levelling method, work for establishing Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) was done. Bench Mark (BM) must be known first. BM point determined by Land Surveyor is final. Distances between back sight and foresight must be more or less equivalent to avoid collimation errors. The survey work is to ensure so that the true error is smaller than the permissible error. Bench Mark (BM) is a fixed point on the Earth surface which its level is known height of collimation is line of collimation level from datum. Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) is a nearest points as reference if the Bench Mark is far from surveying area. Back sight is the first sight taken after temporary levelling of the instrument has been carried out. Foresight is last sight taken before the instrument is transferred to another point. EQUIPMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. Level and Tripod (1 set) Staff (2 sets) Staff bubble (2 sets) Tape (1 set)

PROCEDURES 1. A peg test were performed by each group to check whether the instrument function or not. 2. Each person in the group had recorded the results of the peg test in the field book. 3. Set out and mark on the ground (with wooden pegs driven into the earth, or roofing nails in tar) two point some 30m apart. 4. The instrument was set up midway between two pegs. 5. The staff was read on each peg (back sight and foresight), and the height difference were calculated. 6. Next, the instrument was moved about L/10 = 3m beyond one of the pegs (normally fore staff position) 7. Staff was read on each peg again, and the height difference was calculated.

OBSERVATIONS DATA AND ANALYSIS First set up Reading Staff B ( ) 12.450 Reading Staff B ( ) 14.500 30m 1.370 Reading Staff A ( ) 13.820 Reading Staff A ( 12.880 ) Height difference = m 1.370 Height difference = m 1.620 60m 1.620

Second set up Difference (m m) 0.25

If m=m then the instrument is OK ! ( ) If not then the error is : The error is called collimation error.

) / L mm/m

Acceptable error : 1mm per 20m

INTRODUCTION

Engineering surveying involves the measurement of three quantities; heights, angles and distances. Levelling is the process of measuring heights. It is possible when levelling to measure heights with an accuracy of millimeters. Heights can also be measured using total stations, handheld lasers and GPS devices. However, levelling offers an inexpensive, simple and accurate method for measuring heights, and it is widely used in construction sites. Any methods of measuring the heights of points above or below the ground are using an agreed datum. These datum or reference points are present in all construction sites and has an arbitrary height assigned to the point. Most construction sites will have several of these benchmarks, and if they have heights based on an arbitrary datum, they are known as Temporary Bench Marks.

Heights Heights are defined using horizontal and vertical lines. The figure below shows a plumb bob suspended at point P, the direction of gravity along the plumb-line defines the vertical at point P. A horizontal or level line is any line at right angles to this

For site work, any horizontal line can be chosen as a datum for heights and for levelling. The height of a point is measured along the vertical above or below the chosen datum. The height of a point relative to a datum is known as its reduced level (RL). On most construction sites there is a permanent datum. The horizontal line or surface passing through this, with its height, becomes the levelling datum. The height of the datum can be arbitrary, a value often used for this is 100.000m. This is chosen to avoid any negative heights occurring. Any reference point on site which has had a height assigned to it is known as a bench mark. For most surveys and construction work, several bench marks would normally be established by levelling from the datum. If heights are based on an arbitrary datum these are known as Temporary Bench Marks or TBMs.

Curved Surfaces Level (or horizontal) lines are always at right angles to the direction of gravity. The direction of gravity is generally towards the centre of the earth. Over large areas, as the Earth is curved, level surfaces will also be curved. For these, a height difference is measured along a vertical between two curved level surfaces.

The levelling staff Levelling involves measuring vertical distances with reference to a horizontal plane or surface. To do this, a levelling staff is needed to measure vertical distances and an instrument known as a level is required to define the horizontal plane. Many types of staff are used with varying lengths and different markings. The E-type face is commonly used in the UK and Ireland. This can be read directly to 0.01m and by estimation to the nearest mm. The staff must be held vertically a circular bubble is sometimes fitted to help this.

OBJECTIVE The aim is to fly reduced level from a known point (Benchmark or Temporary Benchmark) to an unknown point.

EQUIPMENTS 1. Level and Tripod (1 set) Automatic level is used to compare points on the surface of the earth and series of heights observed must be relative to a plane called datum. Automatic level is a device that gives a truly horizontal line. The telescope of this instrument need only be approximately level and the compensanting device, usually a pendulum system inside the telescope corrects for the residual mislevelment. This instrument has no bubble tube, therefore preliminary levelling is carried out using the conventional three-screw levelling head and a small target bubble mounted on the tribach which brings the collimation to within 10 of the horizontal. A prismatic compensator fitted between the eyepiece and the objective lens make correction of slight tilt automatically. 2. Staff (2 sets) The staff used for ordinary levelling work is sectional and assemble either telescopically or by slotting one another vertically. Most modern designs are manufactured in an aluminium alloy BS4484:Part1:1969 requires length of 3m, 4m or 5m extension. The graduations are in the form of an E or F shape and the graduations in the 100mm interval. 3. Staff bubble (2 sets) An instrument to ensure the staff is erected vertically. It is place at the side of the staff. 4. Tapes (1 set) Tape is made of synthetic material, glass fiber or linen. The length of the tape is 10m, 20m, 30m and 50m are generally available. The tape is graduated at every 5mm and figures every 100mm. the first

and the last meter lengths are graduated millimeters. Whole meter figures are shown in red at every meter.

FIELD PROCEDURES Observation Procedures 1. A series of measurements of level loop is considered. 2. It is started at BM A, so the first reading measurement from Setup 1 is a back sight to BM A and the second reading is a foresight to CP1 known as Change Point. 3. The levelling staff is remained at CP1, while the instrument is moved to Setup 2. Back sight reading is taken to CP1 and foresight reading to CP2 and so on. 4. A Setup 4, a back sight reading is made to CP3 and foresight reading to BM A. 5. Then, the traverse is closed. This allows a check on the levels, since the sum of all the changes in level should be zero. Booking Procedures The Rise and Fall Method The terms that are commonly used in the Rise and Fall Method are: BS = Backsight FS = Foresight IS = Intermediate Sight RL = Reduced Level

Reduction (Calculation) Procedures 1. Checks the survey accuracy and it should be within tolerances given below. 2. The following check the arithmetic of the level reductions and it must be exact: BS FS = Rise fall (BS) (FS) = RL (last BM) RL (start BM) 3. Misclosure should be: (20K) mm, where K is the length of traverse in km.

4. For example, misclosure is +30 mm and the length of the length of the loop is 0.7km. Hence the misclosure limit is 200.7 = 17 mm. Therefore, the misclosure of +30 mm is too big (means that the levelling work is not accepted).

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION 1. Avoid taking measurements near magnetic source such as hand phone, watch, electric cable and etc. 2. Make sure the bubbles are properly level 3. Triple check with the work and reading 4. Make sure the plum bob properly centered over the peg CONCLUSION From this practical, we were able to set up the level equipment correctly also we were able to learn about the Temporary Bench Mark (TBM). We have observe the reading from the staff and record it. From the data we had collected, we were able to determine the reduced level, the rise and fall also the adjusted reduce level. We have calculated the misclosure as mentioned in the local attraction method table. The corrected reduced level and the final reduced level is determined by following the correct steps.

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