Grammar Doubling consonants English vowels can be pronounced differently, having both short and long sounds: Fat

(short) Fate (long) Equate (short) Equal (long) Dinner (short) Diner (long) Hop (short) Hope (long) But (short) Butane (long) We double the final consonant before we add -ed, -er, -est, -ing, -able and -y to show that the vowel has a short sound. How do you know when to double the consonant and when not to? Here are some basic rules for spelling.

1st - we only double a consonant if it comes at the end of at word.

Slop - slopped - slopping BUT slope - sloped - sloping

2nd - we only double a consonant if a word ends in one vowel followed by

one consonant. Dig - digging Shut - shutting !" Fool - fooled - fooling Bend - bending

3rd - we need to consider words that end in one vowel followed by one
consonant, but contain two syllables. We only double the consonant in these words if the last syllable is stressed: Last syllable stressed Deter - deterred - deterring Unplug - unplugged - unplugging Last syllable unstressed Happen - happened - happening Gather - gathered - gathering #ote: in two syllable words ending in one vowel followed by one $l$, the $l$ is doubled even if the last syllable is unstressed: Travel - travelled - travelling And finally........

4th - only some letters are doubled.

B - rob - robbed - robbing D - bid - bidded - bidding G - dig - digging - travel - travelled - travelling ! - s"i# - s"i##ing $ - plan - planned - planning % - shop - shopped - shopping & - deter - deterred - deterring T - bet - betted - betting

Rule 1: Words ending with a Consonant-Vowel-Consonant Pattern One-syllable words: ED '(f the "ord ends in a )*) pattern+ it gets a double ,onsonant - ED. / note ($G '(f the "ord ends in a )*) pattern+ it gets a double ,onsonant - ($G. / note Exam les! ED % &! ' rubbed, (")* ' stopped ($G % H)* ' hopping, (+" ' sitting

"note! Words ending in w,,,y,- do not follow this rule, simply add ED+ or ($G E0a#ples1 sno" 2 sno"ed+ bo0 2 bo0ing+ pla3 2 pla3ing #$o-syllable $ords! ED % +f the stress is on the first syllable, the word only gets one consonant . ED. ($G % +f the stress is on the first syllable, the word only gets one consonant . ($G. Exam les! %isit ' visited, open ' opened ha pen ' happening, enter ' entering ED % +f the stress is on the second syllable, the word gets a double consonant . ED. ($G % +f the stress is on the second syllable, the word gets a double consonant . ($G. Exam les! refer ' referred, admit ' admitted begin ' beginning, permit ' permitting

&onsonants ' b( c( d( f( g( h( )( *( l( m( n( ( +( r( s( t( %( $( x( y( , -o$els ' a( e( i( o( u

Rule 2: Words ending in E ED ' (f the "ord ends in E+ si#pl3 add D ($G ' (f the "ord ends in E+ drop the E+ add ($G Exam les! ED % smile ' smiled, fine ' fined ($G % dance ' dancing, skate ' skating 3

.ule 3! /ords ending in Y )onsonant - 4 ED % +f the word ends in /, and has a consonant before it, change the 4 to ( and add ED. ($G % +f the word ends in /, and has a consonant before it, simply add ($G. Exam les! ED % study ' studied, marry ' married ($G % carry ' carrying, reply ' replying *o"el - 4 ED % +f the word ends in /, and has a vowel before it, simply add ED. ($G % +f the word ends in /, and has a vowel before it, simply add ($G. Exam les! ED % play ' played, stay ' stayed ($G % en0oy ' en0oying, stray ' straying .ule 4! 0ther $ords... "ords ending in t"o vo"els - a ,onsonant ED % +f the word ends in two vowels . a consonant, simply add ED. ($G % +f the word ends in two vowels . a consonant, simply add ($G. Exam les! ED % dream ' dreamed, rain ' rained ($G % need ' needing, beep ' beeping "ords ending in a double ,onsonant1 ED % +f the word ends in a double consonant, simply add ED. ($G % +f the word ends in a double consonant, simply add ($G. Exam les! ED % park ' parked, earn ' earned ($G % need ' needing, laugh ' laughing

&onsonants - to double or not to double1 We learned about the helpful patterns, let1s remind ourselves of it: +f the base word has: one syllable one short vowel 2the short vowels are ham, bed, lip, rot, gun3 one consonant at the end you double the final consonant when you add a vowel suffi, #ow make new words by adding suffi,es to the following base words. "he first one has been done for you. hot . est grin . ed pot . er sun . y spot . y run . ing can . ed fit . ing hottest fat . ish stop . ing gun .ed wrap . ing step . ed spot . ed bat . ing net . ing

Here are some sentences. 4ross out the incorrect word. 5. $What are you grining6grinning at?$ said #igel. 7. (ue took up 0oging60ogging to improve her fitness. 8. 9li took a 0ugful60uggful of orange 0uice into the garden. :. We wraped6wrapped the gift in silver paper. ;. <uly was the hotest6hottest month of the year.

Answers to Su i! hot . est grin . ed pot . er sun . y spot . y run . ing can . ed fit . ing hottest grinned potter sunny spotty running canned =itting fat . ish stop . ing gun .ed wrap . ing step . ed spot . ed bat . ing net . ing fattish stopping gunned wrapping stepped spotted batting netting

Here are the sentences. "he incorrect words have been removed. 5. $What are you grinning at?$ said #igel. 7. (ue took up 0ogging to improve her fitness. 8. 9li took a 0ugful of orange 0uice into the garden. :. We wrapped the gift in silver paper. ;. <uly was the hottest month of the year.