Last Rev.

: 19 JUN 08

Pelton Wheel: MIME 3470

Page 1

Grading Sheet
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Laboratory .

!ELT"# $%EEL !E&'"&M(#)E )%(&()TE&ISTI)S

St*dent+, #ame+ / Section

!"I#TS S)"&E T"T(L

!&ESE#T(TI"#(--licable to .oth MS $ord and Mathcad Section+ GE#E&(L (!!E(&(#)E/ "&G(#I0(TI"#/ E#GLIS%/ 1 G&(MM(& "&3E&E3 3(T(/ )(L)4L(TI"#S 1 &ES4LTSM(T%)(3 )(L)4L(TI"#S )"M.I#E3 !L"T 3IS)4SSI"# "' &ES4LTS $%(T (&E T$" 'E(T4&ES ".SE&6E3 '&"M )"M.I#E3 !L"T7 $%8 IS T%E .4)9ET E:IT (#GLE SM(LL (#3 #"#0E&"7 $%(T IS !4&!"SE "' )4T"4T (T .4)9ET !E&I!%E&87 $%(T IS T%E M(:IM4M 4TILI0(TI"# '()T"& $%E# 5 ; 07 $%8 M4ST ( T4&.I#E $< #"#0E&" %(6E ( &"T"& E#)L"SE37 $%8 3"ES T%E &EL(TI6E 6EL")IT8 &EM(I# 4#)%(#GE3 (S T%E 'L"$ !(SSES T%&"4G% ( !ELT"# .4)9ET7 )"#)L4SI"#S "&IGI#(L 3(T(S%EET T"T(L )"MME#TS

2 30 52 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 00

G&(3E&

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Pelton Wheel: MIME 3470

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Last Rev.: 19 JUN 08 MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Laboratory .

Pelton Wheel: MIME 3470

Page 3

!ELT"# $%EEL !E&'"&M(#)E )%(&()TE&ISTI)S

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

L(. !(&T#E&S= #(ME #(ME #(ME SE)TI"# E:!E&IME#T TIME<3(TE=

#(ME #(ME #(ME TIME/ 3(TE

$he chan e in ma nitude in axial and radial components causes forces must be carried by the bearin s. $hese forces' howe#er' do not affect the an ular rotation of the rotor except throu h bearin friction. 8owe#er' the chan e in ma nitude and of radius of the tangential #elocity components corresponds to a chan e in an ular momentum of the fluid and by ,ewton/s .aws of 0otion is e9ual to the summation of all the applied forces on the rotor: i.e.' the net tor9ue on the rotor' . )n eneral terms' this is as follows. )f a mass of fluid M1 enters the rotor at radius r1' with tangential component of absolute velocity Vu1 durin time t: and' if durin the same time t a mass M! lea#es the rotor at radius r! with tan ential component of absolute #elocity Vu ! : then

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

".>E)TI6Eof this experiment is to plot the Pelton wheel actual and theoretical horsepowers vs. U/V1 (explained below) and to demonstrate that maximum power occurs when U/V1 0.5. I#T&"34)TI"# A water turbine1 is a rotary en ine! that ta"es ener y from mo#in water. $he Pelton wheel is such a de#ice. $he earliest water turbines were water wheels which ha#e been used for thousands of years for industrial power. $heir main shortco% min is si&e' which limits the flow rate and head that can be used. $he mi ration from water wheels to modern' more efficient tur% bines too" durin the 1(th century durin the )ndustrial *e#olution. +fficiency impro#ements of water turbines allowed them to compete with steam en ines (where#er water was a#ailable). $hese turbines (usin scientific principles' new materials' and' new manufacturin methods) were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical rids. ,ow they are mostly used for electric power eneration. $he main difference between early water turbines and water wheels is a swirl component of the water which passes ener y to a spinnin rotor. -wirl is the tan ential #elocity component induced by a cur#ed impeller. $his additional component of motion allowed the turbine to be smaller than a water wheel of the same power. $hey could process more water by spinnin faster and could harness much reater heads. .ater' impulse turbines such as the Pelton wheel were de#eloped which did not use swirl. T%E"&8 Euler Turbine Equation A.. turbines ha#e a runner or rotor which holds the turbine vanes or blades. )n the case of a water wheel' the #anes are simple paddles. $his runner and attached #anes rotate as flowin water is directed onto the #anes. -ince the runner is spinnin ' the imparted water force actin throu h a distance enerates work. )n this way' ener y is transferred from the water flow to the turbine. $he basic desi n relationship for all turbomachines is #ery simple and is only a form of ,ewton/s .aws of 0otion applied to fluid tra#ersin a rotor. )ma ine water impin in on a turbine runner at Point 1 at some arbitrary an le and at rotor radius r1. 1urther' the fluid exits the runner at Point ! ha#in some other arbitrary an le and at rotor radius r!. Also' the flow is assumed to be an unchan in steady-state at e#ery point in the system. $he fluid #elocity #ector at any point can be resol#ed into three mutually perpendicular components2 Va 3 an axial component directed parallel to the axis of rotation' Vm 3 a radial component directed radially outward from the axis of rotation' and Vu 3 a tangential component directed parallel to the tan ential #elocity of the rotor' U.
1

M1 M r1Vu1 ! r!Vu ! gct g ct

g c r!Vu ! g c . 1or a steady rotor

1or a unit mass steady flow' M 1 t = M ! t = m =1 this becomes = r1Vu1 an ular #elocity of ' the rate of ener y transferred or utilized Eutil ; . 1urther' the linear #elocity of the rotor is U ; r. 4ombinin all this yields

Eutil =

1 U1Vu1 U !Vu ! gc

? @

$his is one form of the Euler turbine equation or simply the Euler equation.< Degree of Reaction $he relati#e proportions of ener y transfer obtained by chan e of both static and dynamic pressures are important factors with respect to classifyin turbomachines' as for a i#en class of machine this proportion ine#itably leads to a particular type of desi n with certain inherent characteristics. $he parameter used to describe this relation is the degree of reaction or more simply the reaction' ' which is defined as the ratio of the ener y transfer by means of or resultin in a chan e of static pressure in the rotor to the total ener y transfer to (utili&ed by) the rotor.

1 ! ! U1 U ! + Vr! Vr! ! 1 !gc = 1 U1Vu1 U !Vu ! gc

[(

) (

)]

?5@

E util

where' Eutil $otal ener y transferred to the rotor U linear #elocity of the rotor at radius r' ; r V absolute #elocity

Vu tan ential component of absolute #elocity

Vr #elocity relati#e to the mo#in rotor

' can be ne ati#e' &ero' and #alues reater than unity. Reaction Turbines =ater turbines are either reaction turbines or impulse turbines. All common water turbines until the late 1(th century were reaction turbines. *eaction turbines are acted on by water' which c!anges static pressure as it moves t!roug! t!e turbine and gives up its energy. $he flow between the rotatin #anes of a reaction turbine can
<

t*rbine= word coined by the 1rench en ineer 4laude 5ourdin in the early 1(th century and is deri#ed from the .atin word for 6whirlin 7 or a 6#ortex7. ! engine2 a mechanical de#ice producin some form of output from a i#en input.

$his should not be confused with the +uler flow e9uation which is simply the ,a#ier%-to"es e9uation without #iscosity effects.

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Pelton Wheel: MIME 3470

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be en#isioned as flow throu h rotatin no&&les. $he pressures within the mo#in no&&le produce wor". $he flow must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction)' in order that the fluid cannot expand freely in all directions. Alternately' the #anes must be fully submer ed in the water flow as with a ship/s propeller. 0ost water turbines in use are reaction turbinese#en a simple spinnin lawn sprin"ler. $hey are used in low and medium head applications. $wo popular types of reaction turbines are the 1rancis and the >aplan turbines. )n 1?!@' 5enoit 1ourneyron de#eloped a hi h efficiency (?0A) outward flow water turbine. =ater was directed tan entially throu h the turbine runner causin it to spin. Bean%Cictor Poncelet desi ned an inward%flow turbine in about 1?!0 that used the same principles. -. 5. 8owd obtained a D.-. patent in 1?<? for a similar desi n. )n 1?E?' Bames 5. 1rancis impro#ed on the inward%flow desi n to create a turbine with (0A efficiency. )t is also called a radial-flow turbine 8e applied scientific principles and testin methods to produce the most efficient turbine desi n e#er. 0ore importantly' his mathematical and raphical calculation methods impro#ed the state of the art of turbine desi n and en ineerin . 8is analytical methods allowed confident desi n of hi h efficiency turbines to exactly match a site/s flow conditions. 1rancis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. $hey operate in a head ran e of ten meters to se#eral hundred meters and are primarily used for electrical power production.

pressure Fet systems used in hydraulic minin in the old fields' >ni ht de#eloped a wheel where the #anes were bucket%li"e which captured the ener y of a free Fet' which had con#erted a hi h head (hundreds of #ertical feet in a pipe or penstock) of water to "inetic ener y. $his is called an impulse or tangential turbine. $he waterHs #elocity' roug!ly twice t!e velocity of t!e bucket perip!ery' does a U%turn in the buc"et and drops out of the runner at low #elocity. )n 1?I(' .ester PeltonE' experimentin with a >ni ht =heel' de#eloped a double% semicylindrical buc"et desi n' which exhausted the water to the side' eliminatin some ener y loss of the >ni ht wheel which exhausted some water bac" a ainst the center of the wheel. )n about 1?(5' =illiam Joble impro#ed on PeltonHs half%cylindrical buc"et form with an elliptical buc"et that included a Le+ter (llen !elton cutout in it to allow the Fet a cleaner buc"et exit by centrifu al force. $his is the modern form of the Pelton turbine which today achie#es up to (!A efficiency. Pelton had been 9uite an effecti#e promoter of his desi n and althou h Joble too" o#er the Pelton company he did not chan e the name because it had brand name reco nition. -o' if ; 0' there is no chan e of static pressure in the rotor and such a turbine is an impulse-type. )n these machines' prior to hittin the buc"ets' the water/s head pressure (potential ener y) is entirely con#erted to "inetic ener y by a no&&le and focused on the turbine (see 1i ure <). As the no&&le is stationary' it performs no wor" e#en thou h force is transferred to it as it accelerates the flow. As no pressure chan e occurs at the turbine blades the turbine doesnHt re9uire an enclosin housin . Utilization Factor
E

'ig*re 'ranci+ T*rbine= ?a@ )ro++ +ection/ ?b@ &*nner *+ed in Grand )o*lee 3am

LESTE& (LL(# !ELT"#2 '(T%E& "' %83&"ELE)T&I) !"$E& September 5, 1 !" # $arc% 1&, 1"'

$he >aplan turbine is an inward%flow' propeller%type water turbine that has adFustable blades de#eloped in 1(1< by the Austrian professor Ci"tor >aplan. )t was an e#olution of the 1rancis turbine.

'ig*re 59a-lan !ro-eller T*rbine

)ts in#ention allowed efficient power production in low head applications that was not possible with 1rancis turbines. >aplan turbines are now widely used throu hout the world in hi h%flow' low%head power production. $heir efficiencies are typically o#er (0A' but may be lower in #ery low head applications. A ain' most water turbines in use are reaction turbines. $hey are used in low and medium head applications. Impulse Turbines Gero reaction ( ; 0) is an important #alue and characteri&es a particular desi n of many types of turbomachine. $he >ni ht and Pelton buc"et wheels are examples of &ero reaction turbines. )n 1?@@' 4alifornia millwri ht -amuel >ni ht in#ented a machine that wor"ed from a different concept. )nspired by the hi h

.ester Pelton was born in Cermilion $ownship (+rie 4ounty)' Khio. )n the sprin of 1?50' .ester and some other youths headed for old country in 4alifornia. Arri#in there Pelton left his friends and went to -acramento where he peddled fish to miners. After hearin that di in old in the -ierra ,e#ada 0ountains was more profitable he mo#ed some ninety miles north to 4ampton#ille alon the Luba *i#er in 1?@0. All types of minin were oin on there: placer' hard roc"' and hydrolo ic. Althou h .ester was not terribly interested in minin he was an a#id reader and he enFoyed watchin the minin efforts. A #ery introspecti#e person' he was also a s"illed tinsmith' carpenter' and millwri ht. At the time steam en ines powered most of the minin wor"s. Accordin to a 1(<( article by =. 1. Jurand of -tanford Dni#ersity in Mec!anical Engineering2 6PeltonHs in#ention started from an accidental obser#ation' some time in the 1?I0s. Pelton was watchin a spinnin water turbine when the "ey holdin its wheel onto its shaft slipped' causin it to become misali ned. )nstead of the Fet hittin the cups in their middle' the slippa e made it hit near the ed e: rather than the water flow bein stopped' it was now deflected into a half%circle' comin out a ain with re#ersed direction. -urprisin ly' the turbine now mo#ed faster. $hat was PeltonHs reat disco#ery. )n other turbines the Fet hit the middle of the cup and the splash of the impactin water wasted ener y.7 Pelton/s wheel was first used at the 0ayflower 0ine in ,e#ada 4ity' 4alifornia in 1?I?. 5y 1?I( he had tested a prototype Pelton wheel at the Dni#ersity of 4alifornia. )n 1??I a miner attached PeltonHs wheel to a dynamo and produced the first hydroelectric power in the -ierra ,e#ada 0ountains. =ith Pelton/s wheel' low%cost hydroelectric power could replace expensi#e steam en ines in minin operations in the western states' where streams rarely flowed at hi h enou h #olumes to turn traditional water wheels. A patent was ranted in 1??( to Pelton. $o "eep up with tremendous demand' Pelton and a -an 1rancisco machine shop owner or ani&ed the Pelton =ater =heel 4ompany. $oday' Pelton/s wheel still enerates electricity in small hydroelectric power plants in the western Dnited -tates.

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$he 9uality of interest in a turbine is the adiabatic efficiency which is usually ta"en to be e9ual to the o#erall efficiency' since mechanical efficiency is nearly unity. 8owe#er' the adiabatic efficiency is also the product of two factors' the first factor bein referred to as the utilization factor or diagram efficiency is t!e ratio of t!e ideal work output to t!e energy available for conversion into work. $he #alue of the utili&ation factor may be found from the ideal #elocity dia rams and the ener y e9uations. Dnder ideal conditions' it should be possible to use all of the a#ailable "inetic ener y of the li9uid at the turbine inlet and also the ener y obtained in the rotor due to pressure drop (i.e.' reaction effort). -ince the former 9uantity is V1! < ! g c ' while the latter 9uantity is

Vu1 = V1 = U + Vr1 Vu ! = U Vr! co+ !

where ! is described in 1i ure <. $hus the utili&ation factor for a Pelton wheel turbine becomes

= =

!U U +Vr1 U Vr! co+ ! V1! !U (V1 U )(1 + co+ ! ) V1!

?4@

((

) (

)) = !UVr (1 + co+ ! )
1

V1!

(U

! 1

! U ! < ! g c Vr! Vr! < ! g c

! 1

the ideal ener y a#ailable for con#ersion into wor" in the turbine is2

! U U = !(1 + co+ ! ) V1 V1

E avail

1 ! ! = V1! + U1 U ! Vr! Vr! ! 1 !gc

) (

)]

$he theoretical maximum #alue of utili&ation factor should occur when

Kn the other hand' the wor" output (ener y utili&ed) from the system is i#en by the +uler turbine e9uation (see +9uation 1). $he ideal utili&ation factor' ' is the ratio of Eutil to Eavail' i.e.'

E = util = E avail =

1 ! ! V1! + U1 U ! Vr! Vr! ! 1 !gc ! U1Vu1 U !Vu !

! ! V1! + U1 U ! Vr! Vr!
! 1

1 U1Vu1 U !Vu ! gc

d U = 0 = !(1 + co+ ! ) 1! U 1 = V1 U or V1 ! d V 1 d U = 0 = !(1 + co+ ! ) 1! V1 U d V 1

U 1 = V1 !
or

) (
)

))

) (

?2@

?3@

i.e.' when the linear #elocity of the buc"et is half that of the absolute #elocity of the impin in Fet.
V1 U
! 1 ; 0 $(TE& >ET

(elton )%eel $he Pelton wheel is composed of a no&&le which con#erts the whole a#ailable head to "inetic ener y and a rotor made up of a series of double hemispherical buc"ets fastened on the periphery of the rotor. $he rotor is not enclosed' and the water lea#in the buc"ets oes immediately to the tailrace. $he Pelton wheel falls in a lar e class of these machines "nown as the axial%flow type5 where the no&&le an le relati#e to the runner is &ero. 8owe#er' the buc"et cannot ha#e a 1?0M camber an le' since the water must ha#e a finite radial #elocity component away from the wheel in order to a#oid interference. $he Pelton wheel shown in 1i ure < is a pure impulse ( ; 0) turbine. "t is used in very !ig! !ead installations and de#elops effi% ciencies #ery close to the 1rancis and >aplan reaction turbines. $he utili&ation factor described in +9uation < can be further simplified as follows2 1or these machines there is no chan e of rotor radius' so U1 ; U!. 1urther' since the ener y transfer is entirely at atmospheric pressure (see 1i ure <) the absolute flow #elocity remains unchan ed: i.e.' an impulse machine of the axial%flow type has Vr1 =Vr! . $hus the ener y transfer is wholly deri#ed from a chan e in the #elocity/s direction. $his resultin chan e in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine buc"ets. $he denominator of +9uation < representin ener y a#ailable then becomes simply V1!. $he Vu terms in the numerator of +9uation < can be simplified by referrin to the #ector dia ram of 1i ure <.

Vr1 V!
6(&I(.LE (&E(S #"00LE

U Vr!

)4T"4T SI3E "' .4)9ET T(IL &()E

S!E(&

'ig*re 3!elton $heel Im-*l+e T*rbine

!&")E34&E Ni#en the apparatus of 1i ure E' do the followin 2 1. )n 1i ure E' is a box labeled !*m- Motor )ontroller. =ith this' one dials in a nominal percent of maximum pump motor rpm. 1or @0A' 50A' and E0A settin s' perform the followin steps. !. 1or each of these settin s determine the followin 2 a. Jetermine the flow rate usin the 6ol*metric Mea+*ring TanA and a stopwatch. $he lab instructor will demonstrate how to fill the tan". b. 0easure the pump dischar e pressure and note the pump dischar e inner diameter. 1rom these' one can determine the absolute #elocity of the Fet from the Pelton no&&le' V1' from 5ernoulli/s e9uation. c. ,ote the diameters of the Pelton wheel (to the center of the cups) and of the Prony bra"e.

Also "nown as &ero%an le type.

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Pelton Wheel: MIME 3470

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d. $he Prony bra"e@' shown in 1i ure E and at the ri ht' is used to both apply a tor9ue to the Pelton wheel and to measure the tor9ue enerated. 1or a Prony bra"e radius of brake ' that tor9ue is
=
brake

P"#$ an% Moto& 'ha&a(te&)st)(s Impeller OD: 5 of Impeller Blades: 6 Type of Impeller: Open Type of Blades: Backward Curvin Tor!ue "rm #en $%: 5 &o$or 'peed (an e: )*+))) rpm

#1 =#!
-$&)ng7 Loa%e% Loa%e% -(ale P&on6 5&a,e Pelton Wheel 5"(,ets *ol"#et&)( Meas"&)ng +an, P"#$ P"#$ Moto& Moto& 'ont&olle& 'ont&olle&

$he forces #1 and #! are determined !rony .raAe from sprin %loaded scales (see 1i ure E). e. 1or a i#en flow rate' one wants to first determine the Pelton wheel rpm with no Prony bra"e load' rpmmaB' and that Prony bra"e load (#1 and #!) that Fust stops the Pelton wheel' rpm ; 0. pm is measured usin a laser tachometer. $he Pelton%wheel buc"et #elocity' U' with no Prony bra"e load can be considered a ood approximation to the actual Fet #elocity' V1. -ince the tor9ue' ' is &ero for this condition' horsepower is also &ero ($% ; ). =ith the wheel Fust stopped with the Prony bra"e' the horsepower should also be &ero. $here is space on the data sheet for 10 rpms for each flow condition. )n the procedure Fust abo#e' the first and last rpms are defined. ,ow' di#ide the maximum rpm by 10 to determine the rpm inter#al such that the remainin ? data points can be determined. 0easure the Prony bra"e loads for each rpm.

Moto&

P"#$ 1see 2elo34

+o&/"e 0&#

-"#$ +an,

We)ght .ange&

'ig*re 4!*m- !erDormance Te+t &ig and !elton $heel

-rony braAe= a simple de#ice in#ented by Naspard de Prony to measure the tor9ue produced by an en ine. $he term braAe hor+e-oCer is one measure% ment of tor9ue ob#iously deri#ed from this method of measurement.

)(L)4L(TI"#S A 0athcad is supplied below. Dse the #ariable names already supplied in the obFect. At the bottom of this obFect is in the re9uired format the student is to supply a summary of the @0A% rpm condition. $his alon with

'ig*re 2EBam-le "neE !age )alc*lation Sheet

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Pelton Wheel: MIME 3470

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the re9uired plot should be more than sufficient to e#aluate the student/s wor". Kne should be able to put all their 0athcad calculations on one sheet as shown in 1i ure 5. $he re9uired plot is as shown in 1i ure @. $he data used to enerate this plot is 9uestionable so the actual shape of the cur#es is subFect to chan e.

'ig*re F Sam-le !lot oD )alc*lation+ #ote= The data *+ed Dor thi+ -lot i+ G*e+tionable

Also answer the 9uestions found in the 3i+c*++ion oD &e+*lt+ and supply a )oncl*+ion?+@. &E'E&E#)ES 1. %rinciples of &urbomac!inery' J.N. -hepherd' 0ac0illian Publishin 4o.' )nc' ,ew Lor"' 1(5@. !. =i"ipedia' http2//en.wi"ipedia.or /wi"i/=aterOturbine http2//en.wi"ipedia.or /wi"i/PeltonOwheel http2//en.wi"ipedia.or /wi"i/1rancisOturbine http2//en.wi"ipedia.or /wi"i/>aplanOturbine <. +n ineerin 1luid 0echanics' B.A. *oberson and 4.$. 4rowe' Bohn =iley P -ons' )nc.' @th +dition' 1((I. E. &urbines' B.5. 4al#ert' Dni#ersity of Jen#er http2//mysite.du.edu/QFcal#ert/tech/fluids/turbine.htm 5. ,ational )n#entors 8all of 1ame http2//www.in#ent.or /hallOofOfame/!(<.html @. 'n "ntroduction to Energy (onversion) &urbo Mac!inery' Col. <' C.>adambi and 0anohar Prasad' =iley +astern' ,ew Jelhi' 1(II Google .ooA+ &e+*lt

"&3E&E3 3(T(/ )(L)4L(TI"#S/ and &ES4LTS (0athcad obFect is reduced to ?0A)

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D"T": T(I"# I/D;<: (U/ I/D;<:

Pelton Wheel: MIME 3470

0U&0 DI'C3"(=; ID:

Page 8

i := 1 .. +

. := 1 .. 1)

ID := 195 in +

0;#TO/ >3;;# ("DIU': ( := 59-5 in 0(O/4 B("?; ("DIU': (Brake := + in >"T ;( D;/'IT4: := 6-9-@ l: f$ T(I"# 1 5i A 17 T(I"# - 5iA -7 T(I"# + 5i A +7 B /O&I/"# 6)6 O, &"< 0U&0 (0& /O&I/"# 5)6 O, &"< 0U&0 (0& /O&I/"# @)6 O, &"< 0U&0 (0& B B B ,1 ,1 := ,:= /0 := := ,:= /0 := B ,1 + , . := ,- + , . := /0 + , . := 1,. 1,. 1,. -,. -,. -,. B B B 2ol := 2ol := B 1 + 2ol := B B B B $ := $ := $ := B 1 + B B B B 3 := 3 := 3 := B 1 + B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

'U&&"(4 O, T(I"# 1 56)67: m8do$"c $ = k 1 2 19"c $ = f$ 1 T "c$ = 1,. f$ l:f 2 19T% = f$ 1 30 "c$ = 1,. f$ %p U = 1,. f$

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Pelton Wheel: MIME 3470

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3IS)4SSI"# "' &ES4LTS =hat two features can be obser#ed from the plot of the resultsR 'nswer) =hy are the buc"ets desi ned so that ! (see 1i ure <) is a small' non&ero an leR 'nswer) =hat is the purpose of the cutout or notch at the periphery of the Pelton wheel buc"etsR 'nswer) =hat is the maximum ideal utili&ation factor for a Pelton wheel when ! ; 0R 'nswer) =hy must a turbine with non&ero de ree of reaction ha#e a rotor enclosedR 'nswer) =hy does the relati#e #elocity remain unchan ed as the flow passes throu h a Pelton buc"etR 'nswer)

)"#)L4SI"#S

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Pelton Wheel: MIME 3470

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(!!E#3I:3(T( S%EET Time<3ate= Lab !artner+= HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH )

(articulars of t%e *pparatus+ !elton $heel &adi*+/ R= OOOOOOOOO ( ) !rony .raAe &adi*+/ R,ra-e= OOOOOOOOO ( !*m- 3i+charge 3iam/ ID= HHHHH .2 inHHH

Trial ?i ; @ #ominal F0I oD MaB Motor &!M

!*m'loC &ate

6ol*me/ .ol Time/ t

? ?

@ @

(ump Disc%arge /age (ressure/ 0 !rony .raAe 'orce+

Trial 5 ?i; 5@ #ominal 20I oD MaB Motor &!M

!*m'loC &ate

6ol*me/ .ol Time/ t

? ?

@ @

(ump Disc%arge /age (ressure/ 0 !rony .raAe 'orce+

&*n/ 1 ?

F @ ?

F5 @

!elton $heel rpm

&*n/ 1 ?

F @ ?

F5 @

!elton $heel rpm

5 3 4 2 F 7 J K 0

5 3 4 2 F 7 J K 0

Trial 3 ?i; 3@ #ominal 40I oD MaB Motor &!M

!*m'loC &ate

6ol*me/ .ol Time/ t

? ? ?

@ @ @

(ump Disc%arge /age (ressure/ 0 !rony .raAe 'orce+

&*n/ 1 ?

F @ ?

F5 @

!elton $heel rpm

5 3 4 2 F 7 J K 0