Biomolecules: A Complete Summaiy

!"#$%&'(#")*+ -./.(+ 01.2% 03.(+ 4#%)*.2+ 5637*.3 03.(+

8%#167"9
!%1/%+.).%2
Cn(B20)n
vaiies - Look
foi glyceiol anu
nonpolai
iegions -
alcohol 0B
common
Contains Amine
(NB2 NBS
+
)
anu Caiboxylic
Aciu
(C00BC00
-
)
anu siue chain
Polymei of
Peptiues
Pentose Sugai,
Phosphate
uioup, anu
Nitiogen
containing base
:)#63)6#*
Nono-, Bi-, oi
Poly-
sacchaiiues

B oi L anu u oi


Cyclic oi Acyclic

Satuiateu oi
0nsatuiateu


N-teiminus anu
C-teiminus of
amino aciu

S oi R

Byuiophilic,
Chaigeu;
Byuiophilic,
0nchaigeu;
Nonpolai,
0nchaigeu
Piimaiy,
Seconuaiy,
Teitiaiy, anu
Quateinaiy

u-helix oi -
pleateu sheet

Puiines
(2 iings) oi
Pyiimiuines
(1 iing)
-.2;"<*=+>
Linkage at
Anomeiic
Caibon
(glycosiuic
linkage)
vaiies -
ueneially
Byuiophobic
Inteiactions
Estei Linkage
Peptiue Bonu
Peptiue Bonu

Bisulfiue
Biiuges

Phosphouiestei
Linkages
?.%7%<.3"7
8623).%2
Eneigy Fuel
Netabolic,
Theimal, anu
Baiiiei
Functions
Builuing Blocks
of Peptiues anu
Pioteins

Foims piotein
piimaiy
stiuctuie
Functional 0nit
Naue fiom
uenes

Nost biological
functions aie
fiom pioteins
Caiiies uenetic
Infoimation
@A"1/7*+
Staich,
Cellulose,
Aluoses,
Amylose
0f 8 Categoiies;
phospholipiu
bilayei,
featheis,
testosteione
The 2u amino
acius - ulycine,
Pioline, etc.
Nyoglobin,
Enzymes,
Boimones
Auenosine,
Thymine,
Cytosine,
uuanine, 0iacil


Caibohyuiates:

Can exist in uiffeient foims (mouel kit will save youi butts foi this):

Nonosacchaiiues to Know








B-(+)-ulucose B-(-)-Ribose

Bisacchaiiues to Know







Naltose Lactose Suciose

Polysacchaiiues to Know
o Foims of Staich:








Amylose Amylopectin





Lipius:



B%C )% 8.2( D* 8623).%2 E'/*+9@A"1/7* F6.#;+
8"))' 03.(+
Caiboxylic Aciu
with Byuiocaibon
Chain
Builuing Blocks of
0thei Lipius
Satuiateu anu
0nsatuiateu
Even numbei of
Caibons
G"A*+
0sually Esteis
foimeu fiom Fatty
Aciu anu Long-
Chain Alcohol
Baiiieis Biiu Featheis
Insoluble in
Watei
E#."3'7<7'3*#%7+
ulyceiol + S Fatty
Acius
Eneigy Stoiage Fats anu 0ils
Byuiophobic
anu Lipophilic
4&%+/&%7./.(+
ulyceiol + 2 Fatty
Acius + Phosphate
uioup
Cell Nembiane
Bilayei
NA
Byuiophilic
Beaus anu
Byuiophobic
Tails
4#%+)"<7"2(.2+
Piostanoic Aciu
Skeleton
Biological Signals
anu Regulatois
vasoconstiictoi
Bialatoi
0ppei (7C) anu
Lowei
(8C)Chains
:)*#%.(+
2u Caibons in 4
Rings
Boimones
Testosteione,
Estiogen
vaiy by
Functional
uioup
-./%/&.7.3
H.)"1.2+
Rule out all othei
biomolecules anu
lipius
Nutiients,
Antioxiuants
vitamins A, E, C
Fun Fact - Theie
exist anti-
vitamins!


Amino Acius, Peptiues, anu Pioteins:

!"#$% !'#()
Builuing Blocks of Peptiues









Classifieu baseu on the chaiacteiistics of theii R (siue chain) gioups.
- 9 have hyuiophobic, nonaciuic siue chains
- 2 have hyuiophobic, aciuic siue chains
- 4 have hyuiophilic, nonaciuic siue chains
- 2 have hyuiophilic, aciuic siue chains
- S have hyuiophilic, basic siue chains
- Cysteine has a teiminal S-B gioup
- ulycine has an B atom as the R gioup anu is the only achiial amino aciu
Foim peptiues via peptiue bonus - aka piimaiy piotein stiuctuie
*+,-#(+)
Builuing Blocks of Pioteins
- N-teiminus (fiom NBS
+
NB2) anu C-teiminus (fiom C00BC00
-
)
- Can contiibute to peptiue conjugation - incieaseu baiiiei to iotation
*.%-+#$)
- Piimaiy stiuctuie - Skeleton of Amino Acius
- Seconuaiy Stiuctuie - Foluing: u-helix oi -pleateu sheet
- Teitiaiy Stiuctuie - Siue Chain 0iientation anu Position
- Quateinaiy Stiuctuie - Combination of Subunits





Nyoglobin Quateinaiy Stiuctuie
- notice the coloieu u helices














Nucleic Acius:
Beteiocyclic bases bonueu via hyuiogen bonuing
Piimaiy Stiuctuie of Nucleotiues - aiiangement of nucleotiues contains genetic
coue
Tianslates into piotein foim















































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