SWM Lnotes II-061

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
M. Sc. Environmental Engineering
LECTURE SLIDES
CHAPTER II
SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
Padma Sunder Joshi
Chapter II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
Waste Generation:
Generation of waste depends on: Economy Culture Urbanity Generation of waste is influenced by: Legislation Source reduction Climatic condition Units of waste generation: Residential kg/c/d Industrial kg/unit production Agriculture kg/ha or kg/animal/d
P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus 2
P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus
Patterns of Municipal Refuse Quantities and Characteristics

for lower, middle, and higher income countries (Source: Cointreau 1982)
Low income countries per capita<360 Waste generation (kg/c/d) Waste densities (wet weight basis- kg/m3) Moisture content (% by wet weight) 0.4 - 0.6 250 - 500 40 - 80 Middle income countries per capita $360><$3500 0.5 - 0.9 170 - 330 40 - 60 High income countries >$3500 0.7 - 1.8 100 - 170 20 - 30
Ranges of compositions
Paper Glass, ceramics Metals Plastics Leather, rubber Wood, bones, straw Textiles Vegetable/putrescible Miscellaneous inerts Particle size = 10 mm 1 10 1 10 1- 5 1- 5 1- 5 1- 5 1- 5 40 - 85 1 - 40 5 - 35 15 - 40 1 -10 1-5 2-6 ~ ~ 2 10 20 65 1 - 30 ~ 15 - 40 4 - 10 3 - 13 2 - 10 ~ ~ 2 - 10 20 - 50 1 -20
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10 - 85
Urban Refuse Composition Data

(in percentage by weight) Source: Cointreau, 1982
High Income
Broo klyn USA Lon don UK Rom e Italy Sing apor e
Middle Income
Hon gkon g Med elin Colo mbia Lag os Nige ria Mani la Phili ppin es Jaka rta Indo nesi a
Low Income
Laho re Paki stan Kara chi Paki stan Luck now India Calc utta Indi a
Type of waste
Paper Glass, ceramics Metals Plastics Leather, rubber Textiles Wood, bones, straw Non-food total Food and putrescible Miscellaneous inerts Compostible total
35 9 13 10 4 4 74 22 4 26 100 -
37 8 8 2 2 -
18 4 3 4 -
43 1 3 6 9 63 5 32 37 100 -
32 10 2 6 10 -
22 2 1 5 4 -
14 3 4
17 2 5 4 7 35 43 22 65 100 15 -
2 1 4 3
4 3 4 2 7 -
1 1 1
2 6 3 4
3 8 1 1 -
1 1 1 4 56 40 96 100
3 1 18 80 2 82 100
1 4 27
5 2
4 5 22 36 42 78 100
5
57 58 15 38 100
29 50 21 70 100
60 9 31 40 100
34 56 10 66 100
21 60 19 79 100
82 3 85 100
49 24 73 100
TOTAL
Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste Composition in Kathmandu

Organic materials (69.84%) Plastics (9.17%) Paper (8.50%) Construction and other waste (4.79%) Textiles (3.02%) Glass (2.50%) Metals (0.92%) Rubber & leather (0.66%) Wood (0.60%)
Source: KVMP 2001
Types of Solid Waste
By source or generator By component composition Based on regulatory definition
By source or generator
Residential Commercial Institutional Construction and demolition Municipal services Industrial Agricultural
Municipal Waste
..Types of solid waste

Residential Waste: Various types of wastes generated in residential areas like kitchen waste, waste materials like used newspapers, gift wrappers, broken utensils and equipments, etc. Residential buildings include houses, flat, apartment blocks Commercial Waste: Wastes from office buildings, market places, shops, restaurants, hotels, etc. Predominantly paper, plastics, textiles, food wastes Institutional: Wastes generated from institutions like offices, schools and colleges, etc. These are basically inorganic wastes predominantly 10 P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus papers

Construction and demolition waste: Waste generated from new construction Demolition of old structures Sand, dirt, brick bats, aggregates, cement bags, metal scraps, wood and timber, glasses, etc. Dominantly inert, recyclable and can be used for reclaiming land or as a cover to the landfill Components of construction like paints, treated woods, etc. may demand attention as these contain hazardous materials Municipal service waste: Street sweeping, Wastes from municipal facilities like sludge from waste water treatment facility, incinerators, etc.

Industrial Waste: Non hazardous waste produced during fabrication, refinery and transformation into consumables Hazardous waste Agricultural Waste: Wastes generated from harvesting, processing and storing of agricultural products Most of the wastes are organic and recyclable wastes
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By component composition
Food wastes Paper Cardboards Plastics Textiles, leather, rubber Glasses Tins/cans, ferrous and non ferrous materials Special wastes
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Plastics
Polyethelene terephthalate (PETE/1)
Soft drink bottles, salad dressing and vegetable oil bottles, photographic film
High density polyethelene (HDPE/2)

Milk jugs, water containers, detergent and cooking oil bottles
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC/3)

Home landscaping irrigation piping, some food packaging, and bottles
Low density polyethlene (LDPE/4)

Thin-film packaging and wraps, dry cleaning film bags, other film materials

Polypropylene (PP/5)
Closures and labels for bottles and containers, battery casings, bread and cheese wraps, cereal box liners
Polystyrene (PS/6)
Packaging for electronic and electrical components, foam cups, fast food containers, tableware and microwave plates
Other multilayered plastic materials

Multilayered packaging, ketchup and mustard bottles, various combinations of above products
Special wastes:
Bulky items: furniture large items Consumer electronics: radio, television, stereo, camera, computer etc. White goods: cooking stove, washing machine, refrigerators, etc.
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..Types of solid waste By component composition

Solid waste as defined by the regulation Hazardous waste defined Medical waste defined Hazardous waste
Any waste or combination of wastes which pose a substantial presence or potential hazard to human health or living organism because they are lethal, non-degradable, can be biologically magnified or otherwise cause or tend to cause detrimental cumulative effects.
Sources of hazardous waste:

Explosivity: mining, oil refinery, etc. Corrosivity: acids from tanning industries, heavy metal industries Inflammability: oil sludge, solvents, etc. Toxicity: chemical industries, pesticides, plastic, fertilizers, etc. Carcinogenicity: waste which can cause cancer with elongated exposure
Infectious: hospital waste, especially clinical waste


HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE
Household waste because of its point of generation would be a hazardous waste. It includes used oil, paints, solvents, drain cleaners, pesticides and herbicides.
Medical Waste:
Clinical and non-clinical wastes Clinical waste: Pathological waste: limbs, organs, blood, tissues Infectious waste: solid surgical dressing (all materials in contact with infectious diseases) Sharps: needles, syringes, nails, blades, glasses Pharmaceutical wastes: all pharmaceutical products, drugs, chemicals etc. Chemical waste: discarded solid and liquid chemicals from laboratories Hazardous waste: corrosive (alkaline, acidic) radioactive waste (X rays) Non-clinical waste: kitchen waste, packaging, etc.
Properties of Municipal Solid Waste: Physical properties Chemical properties Biological properties
Physical properties:
Individual components in solid waste Particle size Density Moisture content Field capacity Permeability
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Properties of MSW Individual components

Paper Cardboard Plastics Glass Rubber Leather Wood Tins/cans Garden trimming/yard waste Non ferrous metals Ferrous metals Dirt, ash, bricks
Particle Size
Important for material recovery process For the design of shredder, screens, etc. Largest dimension and ability to pass the sieve Size of the component (mm) Sc = (l+w)/2 or or or = (l*w)1/2 = (l+w+h)/3 = (l*w*h)1/3
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Properties of MSW Density

It is used to determine compacted volume Determine volume and weight to be transported Determine landfill size Every time waste is handled its density changes It is location specific: loose, as found in container, compacted, etc. Density also varies with the length of time it is stored, therefore, collection frequency also effects Density depends on Compaction of waste, Season of the year: humidity, rainfall, wind, etc.
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Properties of MSW
Compaction ratio r = (compacted density c/ discarded density d) Density of waste (as discarded basis) Kathmandu:
600 kg/m3 (Lohani, 1978) 630 ~ 430 kg/m3 (SWMRMC) 250 kg/m3 (KVMP 2001)
India (Poone) USA
300 kg/m3 128 kg/m3
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Properties of MSW Moisture Content

Important for
leachate calculation Feasibility of incineration composting
MC may be expressed in
Wet weight basis Dry weight basis
MC in wet weight basis

MC% = [(w-d)/w] * 100 Where w = initial weight of the sample as delivered, kg d = weight of the sample after drying at standard temperature (1050c) MC in MSW of Kathmandu: 39~58% (SWMRMC) 52% (KVMP, 2001)
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Mass, kg Density, kg/m3 Range 120-480 30-130 30-130 30-100 90-200 90-260 60-225 120-320 160-480 45-160 320-960 Typical 290 85 65 65 130 160 105 240 195 90 480 Moisture, % Range 50-80 4-10 1-4 6-15 1-4 8-12 30-80 15-40 1-4 2-4 6-12 Typical 70 6 2 10 2 10 60 20 2 3 8 DM Dry mass, kg
Components* Food wastes Paper Plastics Textiles Rubber Leather Garden trimmings Wood Glass Tins/cans Dirt, ashes, brickbats etc. Municipal solid waste
The moisture content of the total mix is MC = {(M DM) / M}* 100
Properties of MSW Field capacity

This is the capacity of solid waste retaining moisture content against gravity Important to determine leachate production in landfill FC varies with the degree of applied pressure and state of decomposition of the waste FC of commingled MSW is found to be 50~60% FC in a landfill may be determined by following empirical formula FC = 0.6 0.55 [W/(10000+W)]
Here FC = field capacity W = overburden weight calculated at the mid height of the waste in the lift in question. Unit of W is in lb.
Properties of MSW Permeability

Hydraulic conductivity governs the movement of liquid and gases in landfills Permeability depends on pore size distribution Surface area Porosity Properties of the waste materials K = C d2 (/) =
k (/)
C = dimensionless constant or shape factor = specific weight of water
K = Coefficient of permeability d = average size of pores = dynamic viscosity of water
k = intrinsic permeability
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Properties of MSW Chemical properties:

This is useful to determine waste processing techniques like waste incineration, composting and heat recovery, etc.
1. Proximate analysis 2. Fusing point of ash 3. Energy content 4. Ultimate analysis Typical data of proximate analysis Proximate analysis Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Non combustibles Value % Range 15-40 40-60 5-12 15-30 Typical 20 53 7 20
1. Proximate analysis
To determine surrogate parameters, especially after/during incineration The parameters considered are: Moisture: loss of moisture when heated to 1050C for 1 hour Volatile combustible matter: additional loss of weight on ignition at 9500C in covered crucible Fixed carbon: the carbon not burnt after volatile matter is removed Ash: weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible
Properties of MSW
2. Fusing point of ash
When MSW is heated at very high temperature the ash formed will convert into solid form as clinker by fusion and agglomeration. This characteristic is important while designing incinerator and its byproducts. Normally, ash has fusing point at 1100~12000C
3. Energy content
Determination of heat of combustion when SW is burnt There are three methods of determining energy content: Full scale boiler as calorimeter Bomb calorimeter Calculations using standard table. Normally energy content is determined in dry mass basis.
Value Heating value kJ/kg Organic fraction kJ/kg Total in MSW kJ/kg Range 12000-16000 8000-12000 Typical 14000 10500
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Properties of MSW
Typical energy contents of various components of MSW
Energy kJ/kg Components Food wastes Paper Plastics Textiles Rubber Leather Garden trimmings Wood Glass Tins/cans Dirt, ashes, brickbats etc. Municipal solid waste
Range 3500-7000 11600-18600 27900-37200 15100-18600 20900-27900 15100-19800 2300-18600 17450-19800 100-250 250-1200 2300-11650
Typical 4650 16750 32600 17450 23250 17450 6500 18600 150 700 7000
EC
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Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Properties of MSW
i) Unit energy content (as discarded) = EC / M ii) Determining energy content at dry basis Moisture content of the MSW = MC Energy content (as dry basis) EC * 100 / (100 MC) kJ/kg iv) Determining the energy content on an ash-free dry basis = EC * 100 / (100 MC - % ash) kJ/kg
Modified Dulongs Formula kJ/kg = 337 C + 1428 (H O/8) + 95S

Where C = carbon % H = Hydrogen % O = Oxygen % S = Sulphur %
Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Properties of MSW What is the heat value of PVC?
PVC = C2 H Cl
%C = %H =
(2*12) {(2*12)+(1*1)+(1*35.45)}
= 39.70% = 1.65%
(1*1) {(2*12)+(1*1)+(1*35.45)}
Applying Modified Dulongs Equation kJ/kg = 337 * 39.7 + 1428 * 1.65 = 15735.1 kJ/kg
What is the heat value of Ethanol ?
Ethanol = CH3 CH2 OH

4. Ultimate analysis (elemental analysis)

To determine basic elements that compose the solid waste Helps to determine harmful affects to atmosphere when released as fumes chlorinated and sulphur compounds, etc. Determines C, H, O, N, S and ash Helps to characterize the chemical composition of the organic matter in MSW Helps to determine C/N ratio for biological activities
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Biological properties:
Properties of MSW
1. Most of the organic fraction of MSW lies within following seven groups (excluding plastics, rubber and leather) Water soluble constituents- sugar, starch, amino acids, and various organic acids Hemi-cellulose a condensation product of 5-carbon sugar and 6- carbon sugars Cellulose - a condensation product of the 6-carbon sugar glucose, Fats, oils, and waxes- are esters of alcohols and long-chain fatty acids. Protein- chain of amino acids Lignin- a complex polymer occurring in certain plant cell walls making it rigid, wood Ligno-cellulose- combination of lignin and cellulose
2. Biodegradability of organic waste components

Food waste Paper Cardboard Yard waste Wood, leather, rubber (?)

Conceptual Waste Composition for Biodegradability Characterization
Water
Biological Volatile Solids (BVS)
Inorganics
Biological Volatile Solids (BVS) is the fraction of degradable components Residual Volatile Solids destroyed during (RVS) treatment Residual Volatile Solids (RVS) is the organic fraction of Biodegradable components that remains after treatment + plastic Inorganic: glass, metal, dirt + inorganic part of biodegradable materials
How to determine BVS?

Properties of MSW Run a test in the lab and measure: normally ignition at 5500C is often used. This is misleading as some organic constituents (like news paper and some plant cells) are highly volatile but low in biodegradability. . Analyze surrogate parameters and estimate: Lignin content of the waste can be used to estimate biodegradable fraction
Biodegradable Fraction BF = (BVS/VS) = 0.83 0.028 (LC) Where BVS = Biological Volatile Solids; VS = Volatile Solids 0.83 and 0.028 are empirical constants LC = Lignin content of the VS in % of dry weight Biodegradabili ty varies with the components, for simplicity MSW are classified as rapidly decomposable and slowly decomposable
BF of selected organic waste components based on lignin content LC
Component Food wastes Paper Newspaper Office paper Cardboard 94 96.4 94 21.9 0.4 12.9 4.1 0.22 0.82 0.47 0.72 35 Volatile solids (VS) % of total solids (TS) 7~15 Lignin Content (LC) % of VS 0.4 Biodegradable Fraction BF 0.82
Yard P wastes 50~90 S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus
3. Production of odour
Odour is developed in solid waste due to anaerobic decomposition of readily decomposable organic compounds In the process of reducing the putrescible waste in anaerobic condition Sulphate is reduced to sulphide (S2-) which subsequently combining with hydrogen forms H2S giving rise to bad odor Food
waste
2CH3CHOHCOOH + SO42- 2CH3COOH + S2- + H2O + CO2 Lactate Sulphate Acetate Sulphide ion 4H2 + SO42- S2- + 4H2O S2- + 2H+ H2S (hydrogen sulphide)
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The sulphide ion can also combine with metal salts to form metal sulphides
S2- + Fe2+ Fe S (Iron sulphide)

The black color of leachate in the solid wastes is due to these metal sulphides. The positive side of formation of metal sulphides in the landfills is otherwise formation of H2S giving odor problem. Biochemical reduction of methionine to methyl mercaptane and aminobutyric acid and subsequent hydrolysis to methyle alcohol and hydrogen sulphide
+2H
CH3 SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH CH3SH

Methionine
Methyl mercaptane
CH3CH2CH2(NH2) COOH
Amino-butyric acid
CH3 SH + H2O
Methyle alcohol
CH4OH
H2S
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Waste Generation Study

Estimation of waste generation:
Planning waste generation study: Few considerations need to be borne in mind while planning the study What is the use of the study information? Is that the right season, month, day for the survey? What are the components of the waste we need to consider, density, volume, etc. ? How extensive are we making the study? Area coverage, sectoral coverage, representative data?
Comprehensiveness in the sources of waste

Total waste generated includes: At household level: Waste collected from HH/source (Wh) + salvage by house owner/servant + salvage by scavengers from house + waste disposed on unauthorized places At transfer station (Wt): Wh - salvage by collector (door to door collection) - salvage at transfer station At disposal site (Wd): Wt salvage by scavengers at disposal site - salvage by disposal staff
Methods of estimation of waste quantities: Load count analysis Weight volume analysis Mass balance analysis
Load count analysis

Normally 8-day continuous survey needed Out of the eight days, first day collection is discarded At least 100~200 kg samples are analyzed. For seasonal variations several studies are needed in different seasons
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Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Steps: No. of individual loads and the type of waste noted over a specified period of time Quarter the waste select the quarter of quarter until sample size is reduced to 100~200 kgs.

Separate all individual components of the waste according to their types Place the separated components in containers of known volume and tare mass. Try to compact the waste as found in the collection container. Determine mass of each type of waste by weighing Determine % distribution of each component by mass as discarded density
Weight - Volume Analysis:

This is easier method where weighing bridge is available in the transfer station/disposal site. The volume and density of each truck load is noted to collect data on waste generation each day. The limitation may be of composition of the waste.
Therefore, this can be conducted along with Load Count Analysis.
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Mass balance method:

Suitable for determining industrial waste generation. Accumulation = inflow outflow + generation dM / dt = Min + Mout + rw Where dM / dt = rate of change of the material in the system, kg/d Min = sum of all materials flowing into the system, kg/d Mout = sum of all materials flowing out of the system, kg/d Outflow System rw = rate of waste generation, kg/d (combustion boundary t = time, d gases) and
ashes Outflow (materials) Outflow (products) Inflow materials
Stored materials (raw materials, products, solid wastes)
Outflow (solid waste, solids in waste water) P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus
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Working with concentrations

1. Conversion from chemical concentration based on dry weight and wet (or total) weight. Example: Sludge from a waste water treatment plant has arsenic concentration of 0.6 mg/kg based on total weight. What is the dry weight concentration of As if moisture content of the sludge is 80%?
0.6 mg As 1 kg wet sludge
1 kg wet sludge = 3.0 0.2 kg dry sludge
mg As kg dry sludge
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2. Finding average concentration of mixed waste. Example: Considering two waste components: Sludge has 100 mg/kg (wet) Pb; solid content = 10% Wood chips has 300 mg/kg (wet) Pb; moisture content = 20% What is the Pb concentration in the dry sludge if you cix the components in 50/50 mix by total weight?
0.6 mg As 1 kg wet sludge
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

M. Sc. Environmental Engineering

SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Padma Sunder Joshi

Chapter II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Chapter II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Chapter II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Patterns of Municipal Refuse Quantities and Characteristics

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Chapter II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Urban Refuse Composition Data

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Chapter II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Solid Waste Composition in Kathmandu

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Types of Solid Waste

By source or generator By component composition Based on regulatory definition

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

..Types of solid waste

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

..Types of solid waste

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

..Types of solid waste

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

..Types of solid waste

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

..Types of solid waste

High density polyethelene (HDPE/2)

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC/3)

Low density polyethlene (LDPE/4)

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

..Types of solid waste

Other multilayered plastic materials

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

..Types of solid waste

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

..Types of solid waste By component composition

Sources of hazardous waste:

Infectious: hospital waste, especially clinical waste

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

..Types of solid waste

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Properties of MSW Individual components

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Properties of MSW Density

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

India (Poone) USA

300 kg/m3 128 kg/m3

P S JOSHI, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture II SOURCES & TYPES OF SOLID WASTE