FACTS & Power Quality Issues

MANJULA NAIR & SINDHU.M.R DEPT OF EEE AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, COIMBATORE

OUTLINE

PART I FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS [FACTS] PART II POWER QUALITY ISSUES AND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES

Introduction Energy Scenario

Electrical Energy is one of the major building blocks of modern society Continued depletion of fossil fuels turned attention to renewable energy resources Energy, like money, is never sufficient Worlds energy consumption as on 1998 [1]

80% fossil, oil, natural gas, coal 14% renewable energy 6% nuclear

Introduction Energy Scenario

Global renewable energy resources [1]

Solar Wind Wave, Tidal Geothermal Biomass

= 12,000 40,000 TW h / year = 20,000 40,000 TW h / year = 2000 4000 TW h / year = 4,000 40,000 TW h / year = 8000 25,000 TW h / year

Energy scenario in India as in 2005 [1]

Worlds 6th largest energy consumer Major source of electrical energy is coal and petroleum products Next comes hydroelectric and nuclear 4% renewable energy of total grid capacity

OUTLINE PART I - FACTS

Why FACTS ? What is FACTS ? FACTS Devices

TSC & TSR TCSC & TCR TCPAR & TCBR STATCOM & DVR UPFC

OUTLINE PART I - FACTS

Digital Controllers for fast operation of FACTS

DSP Controller
Fuzzy Controller Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Controller

Lab Models of FACTS Devices (TSC & TCR) CONCLUSIONS Part I

Why FACTS ?
Why we need transmission interconnections? Within Utility, inter-utility, inter-regional, international interconnections? To pool power plants and load centers so as to minimize total power generation capacity and fuel cost Cost and difficulties in building new transmission lines, difficulty to get right-of-way Existing transmission grid capacity to be tapped to the brim! Most appropriate solution is FACTS technology

What is FACTS ?
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) makes transmission lines Flexible - N.G. Hingorani Insertion of controllable L and C elements make the net impedance of transmission line controllable to suit any operating condition With fast switching series, shunt, series-shunt compensators

Real/reactive power control with energy backup Voltage regulation, PF correction Phase angle regulation Maintain power system stability

FACTS DEVICES [2,3]

Shunt compensator, Series voltage regulator, switched capacitor banks, phase shifter, controlled capacitor / reactor Realized using fast acting power semiconductor switches of suitable power rating thyristors, IGBTs, GTOs TSC, TSR, TCSC, TCR TCPAR, TCBR STATCOM, DVR, UPFC

Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) & Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR)

Fixed value of C switched in/out of system using thyristor switches Fast &reliable switching PF correction capacitors and C banks for reactive power compensation Thyristor switching selects appropriate Inductor tappings in TSR

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

Fixed value of C made controllable by varying inductive reactance through firing angle control Rapid impedance control Enhancement of transmission line capability

Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)

Variable inductive reactance through firing angle control Variable shunt compensator

Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR)

Voltage or Phase angle control using tap changing transformers Delay angle controlled thyristor tap changers used Fast and smooth control of phase angle achieved for power flow control

Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR) / Dynamic Brake

Thyristor controlled resistor connected in shunt with line Prevents transient instability by taking away power which otherwise accelerates generator Prevents dynamic instability involving low frequency oscillations

STATCOM
PWM Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) using GTOs / IGBTs Shunt compensator in shunt with line Reactive power exchange Power Factor improvement Voltage regulation Real power exchange with battery support

DVR
PWM Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) using GTOs / IGBTs Series compensator in series with line Reduction of voltage sags, swells, transients Fault current limitation Voltage regulation Real power exchange with battery support

UPFC
STATCOM and DVR connected back-toback through common DC link capacitor Series compensation as well as shunt compensation achieved Enhances power transmission capability Higher cost

Digital Controllers for fast control of FACTS DEVICES

Application specific control schemes can be developed and implemented using digital controllers Fuzzy controller is an ideal choice due to its adaptive nature Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) based controllers also very effective, adaptive DSP controllers or Micro-controllers can implement scheme of control for fast and precise operation of the FACTS devices

Laboratory Models of FACTS Devices developed at AMRITA

Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC) Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) Reactive power Compensation Voltage Regulation TSC-TCR combination for smooth control of net reactance of transmission line Transmission line model with TSC-TCR

Conclusions Part I
How effective are FACTS devices in wind power- grid interconnected systems

in maintaining power system stability for voltage regulation PF correction reactive power compensation Phase angle regulation Fast operating Shunt / Series/ combined Compensators

OUTLINE PART II- POWERQUALITY

What is Power Quality? Power Quality issues in power systems Power Quality issues specific to Wind farms coupled to Grid Power Effects of poor Power Quality Sources of Power Quality problems Power Quality Standards IEEE STD 519 1992, 1995 and IEC Standards

OUTLINE PART II - POWERQUALITY

Power Quality Improvement Techniques

Retrofit systems New installations

Conventional Passive Filtering merits & demerits Active Filtering Shunt & Series Active Filters Digital/ Analog Controllers

IRPT, SD, DC Bus, I.Cos

OUTLINE PART II - POWERQUALITY

Hybrid Filtering Shunt, Series, UPFC Improved Power Quality Converters [IPQCs] Custom Power Parks Custom Power Devices [CPDs] CONCLUSIONS Part II

What is Power Quality?

Delivery of High grade Electrical service to Customers Sinusoidal load bus voltage and current at stipulated magnitude and frequency Voltage Quality Current Quality Involvement Utility, Equipment Manufacturer and Customer of Electrical Power

Power Quality Issues

Voltage Sags and Swells Voltage Transients Harmonic Distortion Poor Power Factor Voltage Spikes, Flicker Brownouts, Blackouts EMI, RFI

Power Quality Issues Specific to

Wind Farms coupled to Grid Power [4,5]
Poor Voltage Regulation Voltage Spikes Harmonic Distortion in Line Currents Harmonic Distortion in Bus Voltages Poor Power Factor

Effects of poor Power Quality

Effects of poor Power Quality

Effects of poor Power Quality

Customer Side

Sensitive Loads become susceptible to harmonics Computers, Communication devices malfunctioning, loss of critical data Increased losses de-rating of motors, transformers Automated processes adversely affected paper making, chip making Malfunction of relays, circuit-breakers Home electrical and electronics affected TV, Telephones, VCRs

Effects of poor Power Quality

Utility Side

Failure of Power Factor correction capacitors due to resonance Increased Losses in cables, transformers Erroneous operation of Energy Meters calibrated to 50 Hz Malfunction of Protection Systems relays, circuit breakers Malfunction of Remote switching and load control systems

Sources of Power Quality Problems

Major sources

Static Power Converters AC/DC, DC/DC, DC/AC Uncontrolled Rectifiers, Phase-angle controlled Rectifiers/ Inverters Large power converters (metal reduction industry, HVDC) Medium power converters (DC/AC drives in railways, manufacturing industry) Low power converters (single-phase supply in television sets, battery chargers) AC Voltage Regulators, Cyclo-converters Imperfect system conditions (imperfect AC source, firing asymmetry, control system imperfections)

Sources of Power Quality Problems

Minor sources

Transformer Magnetization non-linearities Rotating Machines Fluorescent Lighting Arc-furnace

Power Quality Standards IEEE & IEC Standards

IEEE Standards for Power Quality Limits

IEEE STD 519 - 1992 IEEE STD 519 1995 Recommended practices for Utility and Customers IEC 61000 EN 50160

IEC and other standards

Power Quality Improvement Techniques

Retrofit Systems (Existing installations)

Conventional passive Filters Active Filters Hybrid Filters Improved Power Quality converters (IPQCs) Single-phase and Three-phase IPQCs

New Installations

Conventional Passive Filtering

Tuned LC filters

Single-tuned filters Double-tuned filters Auto-tuned filters Damped filters Reactive power compensation Elimination of low-order harmonic frequency currents (to which each filter is tuned) Power factor correction

Functions

Conventional Passive Filtering

Merits and Demerits

Comparatively low cost simple design Resonance with system impedance, de-tuning Fixed compensation Large size High no-load losses

Active Filtering
Active Filters

PWM based VSI / CSI Shunt Active Filters Series Active Filters

Shunt Active Filter

Functions

Reactive power compensation Current harmonic compensation Power factor correction Unbalanced current compensation Voltage regulation

Series Active Filter

Functions

Reactive power compensation Voltage harmonic compensation Power factor correction Voltage regulation High Impedance path to harmonic currents

Digital / Analog Controllers

Control Algorithms Time domain

Instantaneous PQ Theory (IRPT) by Dr. Akagi Synchronous Detection (SD) algorithm by C.L.Chen et.al Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Theory by Divan et.al DC Bus Voltage algorithm by H.L.Jou I.Cosalgorithm by the author& Dr. G. Bhuvaneswari IITD Using Fourier transformation to realize the control scheme

Control Algorithms Frequency domain

DSP, micro-controller, simple analog circuits

Hybrid Filtering
Hybrid Filters

Combination of Passive tuned Filters & Active Filters Shunt Hybrid Filters Series Hybrid Filters Other configurations

Low-order voltage / current harmonics eliminated by passive elements Rating, Size and Cost of Active filter element thereby reduced

Shunt Hybrid Filter

Shunt passive + Shunt active

Shunt passive filter eliminates low order current harmonics Shunt active filter does rest of compensation Rating, Size & Cost of Active filter reduced

Series Hybrid Filter

Shunt passive + Series active

Shunt passive filter eliminates low order current harmonics Series active filter does voltage harmonic compensation Combined voltage and current harmonic compensation

Other Hybrid Filter Configurations

Active filter in series with shunt passive filter

Shunt passive filter reduces voltage stress on active filter switches Higher voltage applications

Unified Power Flow Conditioner (UPFC)/ Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
Series Active + Shunt Active

Shunt active filter for current harmonic compensation and reactive power compensation Series active filter for voltage harmonic compensation and voltage regulation

Unified Power Flow Conditioner (UPFC)/ Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)

Improved Power Quality Converters (IPQCs)

Rating of active filters close to rating of load Active filtering made inherent part of improved AC-DC converters Improved converters (IPQC) used in new installations Single-phase IPQCs Three-phase IPQCs

Single-phase IPQCs
Unidirectional converters Bi-directional converters Buck converters Boost converters Buck-Boost converters Multi-level converters Matrix converters Fly-back, Forward, Push-pull, Half-bridge, Bridge, SEPIC, CUK, Zeta

Three-phase IPQCs
Unidirectional & Bi-directional converters Buck & Boost converters Buck-Boost converters Multi-level converters Multi-pulse converters Matrix converters Fly-back, Forward, Push-pull, Half-bridge, Bridge, SEPIC, CUK, Zeta

Custom Power Parks

Commercial power companies/ power industrial parks Buy Grid quality power, install various FACTS devices such as STATCOM, DVR, UPQC, SSTS, SSB, SSCL Provide high quality, regulated, uninterrupted, steady and clean electrical power to customers at higher costs Customers of Custom Power Parks

High precision process industry DVR with energy backup to overcome voltage sags/swells/transients Large industrial installations/ computer firms need uninterrupted, regulated, PF compensated power STATCOM with energy storage, SSB to isolate loads from network faults

Custom Power Devices- CPDs

Static Compensator (STATCOM)

Voltage regulation through reactive power compensation Current harmonic compensation Uninterrupted power supply with energy storage Reactive power control Voltage regulation through reactive power compensation Voltage harmonic compensation Fault current limiting Overcome voltage sags/swells/transients with energy storage Combines functions of STATCOM and DVR

Dynamic Voltage regulator (DVR)

Unified Power Quality conditioner (UPQC)

Custom Power Devices- CPDs

Solid State Breaker (SSB)

Instantaneous current limiting Fault current limiting Protects loads of the park from dynamic over-voltages and voltage dips Rapid load transfer Limits fault current by injecting high impedance to flow of current

Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS)

Solid State Current Limiter (SSCL)

Conclusions Part II
Power Quality limits / standards to be strictly followed in wind power- grid interconnected systems

Voltage harmonic limits, Current harmonic limits, %THD limits within IEEE/IEC standards Strict Voltage regulation and control over voltage transients Active Filters and Hybrid Filters with fast digital control is an appropriate solution to existing installations IPQC AC-DC converters are a better choice for new installations Research going on in the area of power quality improvement in wind power-grid interconnected systems

Reference
[1] G.N. Tiwari & M.K. Ghosal, Renewable Energy Resources, Narosa Publishing house, New delhi, India,2005.(Book) [2] N.G. Hingorani & L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, IEEE Press, 2000.(Book) [3] C.M. Bhatia, Power Quality, Study material from site- www.eshikshalaya.com. [4] L.H. Hansen et.al, Conceptual survey of generators and power electronics for wind turbines, Riso National laboratory, Denmark, Dec.2001. [5] Papathanassiou S.A.,& Papadopoulos M.P, Harmonic analysis in a power system with wind generation, IEEE Tran. on Power Delivery, vol.21(4), Oct.2006, pp.2006-2016.

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