INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING

SURVEYING:
The art, science, and technology of detecting the relative position of points at, above, or below the surface of the earth or establishing such points.

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT:
The art, science and technology of gathering and analyzing measurement data related to the land and other land related surfaces and spaces, to include designing and devising the measurement specification and standards to accomplish these measurements with the desired precision and accuracy and error control and adjustment, including the use of all instrumentation applicable to such measurements typically being, but not limited to distances, heights, angles, directions, positions, areas, volumes, and other measurements associated with these quantities.

PROFESSIONAL SURVEYING:
The application of knowledge of the science of surveying measurement, the legal principles of boundary location, the laws related to boundaries and land use the applicable mathematical and computational theories and principles the nature and other forces which affect positional accuracy, the land planning and development concepts pertinent to sub division of land and property surrey.

LOGICAL SCOPE OF PROFESSIONAL SURVEYING:

Original surveys for the establishing property boundaries Retracement of property boundaries ield survey for topographical and other maps

!hotogram metric surveys for Topographical and other maps "onstruction of maps and other graphics for design and planning #ayout and staking to guide construction. $easurement and plotting the position of constructed works %eodetic and other precise control surveys &urveys for mining and other subsurface operations 'ydrographic and underwater survey $aking survey and maps for land information systems (esign of measurement of specification for various surveys (evelopment of measurement standards for various survey )pplication, use and adjustment of measurement instrument. (evelopment of relative geometric positional and other accuracy needs for land information systems

TECHNIQUES:
The techniques used for surveying and land measurement are dependent upon the type of survey conducted. *n this section there are two choices. Types of survey Techniques

TYPES OF SURVEY:
) simple classification is+ Land Survey, which fi, property lines, calculate land areas and assist with the transfer of real property from one owner to other Eng neer ng Survey! which collect the data needed to plan and design engineering projects. The information ensures the necessary position and dimension control on the site so that the structure is built in the proper place and as designed In"#r$a% #na& 'urvey! obtain data concerning topography, drainage and manmade features of a large areas. This data is portrayed as maps and charts.

)nother way to make a simple classification Ge#de% ( Survey are precise and over large areas require the curvature of the earth to be considered. (istances and angle measurement must be very accurate. ) wide variety of techniques are used including triangulation, traversing, leveling and astronomical direction fi,ing. P&ane Survey' which is considered the surface of the earth to be plane. "urvature is ignored and calculations are performed using the formula of plane trigonometry and the properties of plane geometry. These may be considered accurate for limited areas.

TECHNIQUES:

 Triangulation Trilateration Traverse #evelling Radiation

TRIANGULATION:

Triangulation consists of a series of connected triangles which adjoin or overlap each other, angles being measured from determined fi,ed stations. Triangulation reduces the number of measures that need to be taped and for this reason is often a preferred method of survey. ) known base-line measurement is required. Three e,amples of triangulation systems are shown below.

) single chain of triangles is a rapid and economical system for covering a narrow strip of land. ) chain quadrilaterals is more accurate with checks being made by various combinations of angles and sides as the survey proceeds. #arger areas use a central point arrangement. ) point to note is that all angles should be more than ./ . )ngles less than ./ are not considered valid for fi,ing position. They introduce inaccuracies. This is much the same in navigation where a fi, by two bearings requires an angle of intersection os appro, 0/ , and for three bearings appro,imately 1/ . )ngles less than 2/ are not acceptable.

TRILATERATION:

*t uses electronic distance measuring equipment to directly measure the lengths of the sides of triangles from which the angles can be calculated. *t is a very useful method for rough terrain where positions can be accurately carried forward and is seen as an alternative method to triangulation.

TRAVERSE:
) traverse consists of a series of lines, whose lengths and direction are measured, connecting points whose positions are to be determined. The route of the traverse line can be adjusted for obstacles such as rough or timbered terrain. ) traverse may be either open or closed as shown.

)n open traverse begins at a point of known position and ends at a station whose relative position in unknown. This type of traverse is frequently used for preliminary survey for highways. ) closed traverse begins and ends at the same point whose position is known.

LEVELLING:

#eveling is the operation of determining the differences of elevation by measuring vertical distances directly on a graduated rod with the use of a leveling instrument such as a dumpy level, transit or theodolite. This method is called direct leveling or differential leveling. *ndirect leveling can be done using the principle that differences in elevation are proportional to the differences in atmospheric pressure. The difference in elevation between two points can also be determined trigonometrically using vertical and horizontal or inclined distances.

3enchmarks are very important in leveling. They are permanent objects of known elevation located where there is least likehood of disturbance. They may be a metal or concrete post set to the ground, a notch in a tree root or a peg or spike in a tree.

RADIATION:

Radiation is a surveying technique often used in conjunction with a plane table. rom a fi,ed position directly above the corresponding location on the ground bearings are taken to various points at the boundary of the survey area. The bearing lines are drawn on the paper on the table. (istance to the points are measured the converted to required scale on the sheet. Radiation surveying can be performed in a similar way directly on the ground taking bearings and distances from a fi,ed position and recording them for later work. &imilarly plane table surveying may be used with the other techniques such as a traverse or triangulation.

SURVEYING UNITS

STANDARD SURVEYING UNITS:

A(re ) T*e acre is a unit of area equal to 42,51/ sq ft, or 6/ square chains or 61/ square poles. *t derives from a plowing area that is 4 poles wide and a furlong 74/ poles8 long. ) square mile is 14/ acres. The &cottish acre is 6..9 :nglish acres. The *rish acre is 6.1 :nglish acres. Ar+en% ) ;nit of length and area used in rance and "anada. )s a unit of length appro,imately 606.< feet. The arpent is a unit of area appro,imately .<45 acres or 21,</. sq ft. C*a n) I$+er a& , *mperial = 4 poles = .. yards. )ttempt by :dmund %unter to make land measure, a decimal system. 'is 11 foot chain had 6// links, but possibly variant by locale.

C r(&e) One revolution = 21/

Degree) 1/ nautical miles F##%) *mperial = 6. inches. 3ased on the length of the human feet. Eng neer' C*a n) ) 6// foot chain containing 6// links of one foot apiece Fur&#ng) ;nit length equal to 4/ poles 7../8 yards. *ts name is derived from > furrow long > the length of a furrow that o,en can plow before they are rested and turned He(%are) $etric unit of area equal to 6//// sq m or ..496 acres or 6/9,120 sq ft. In(*) *mperial. rom old :nglish 7ynce8 meaning one twelfth. L n-) ;nit of length equal to 6?6// chain 79.0. inches8 M &e) *mperial = 691/ yards = < furlongs from mile passum a term used by the Roman armies of "aesar >mile@ and >pace@.

Nau% (a& M &e) ;sed in marine and aeronautical navigation as 6nm = 6 7latitude8

P#&e) ;nit of length and area. )lso known as a perch or rod. )s a unit of length, equal to 61.5 feet. ) mile is 2./ poles. )s a unit of area equal to square with sides one pole long. )n acre is 61/ square poles. Yard) *mperial = 2 feet. rom old :nglish gerd or gried.

SURVEYING TERMS

STANDARD SURVEYING TERMS:

 A& .u#% )The description of fractional section ownership used in the ;& public land states. ) parcel is generally identified by its section, township and range. A/ $u%* )The number of degrees from north that a line runs measured clockwise. 0en(*$ar- ) &urvey mark made on a monument having a known location and elevation serving as a reference point for surveying Ca&& 1 eature, land mark or measurement called out in a survey. C*a n (arr er) )n assistant to the surveyor, the chain carriers moved the surveying chain from one location to another under the direction of the surveyor. This was position of some responsibility and the chain carriers took an oath as >sworn chain carriers@ that they would do their job properly. C#nd % #na& L ne))n agreed line between neighbors that has not been surveyed but not granted. C#rner) The beginning or end point of any survey line. The term corner does not imply the property was in any way square. De(& na% #n)The difference between magnetic north and the geographic north. &urveyors used a compass to determine the direction of the survey lines. "ompasses point to magnetic north rather than the true north. Land$ar-) &urvey mark made on a permanent feature of the land such as a tree, pile of stones etc. L ne Tree) )ny tree that is on a property line, specifically one that is also a corner to another property. Me%e) ) limit point or mark. To butt up against.

 Me%e' and 0#und') )n ancient surveying system that describes a parcel of land in terms of its relationship to natural features and adjacent parcels. Mere'%#ne) ) stone that marks a boundary. M#nu$en%)) permanently placed survey marker such as a stone shaft sunk into the ground. P# n% #" 0eg nn ng)The starting point of the survey. P&a%)) drawing of a parcel of land. Range) *n the ;& public land surveying systems a north A south column of townships, identified as being east or west of a reference longitudinal meridian. Sear&e' S+ ra&) ) surveying technique used by rail road surveyors in the late 6<//s and early 60//s whereby they appro,imately a spiral by use of multiple curved segments. Se(% #n) )n area in a square mile. S%r +)) rectangular piece of land adjoining a parcel, created when a resurvey turns up a tiny bit larger than the original survey. The difference is accounted due to temperature or other effects on the measuring chain. T e & ne)) survey line that connects a point to other surveyed lines.