WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

1. INTRODUTION
With mobile phones becomin ! b!sic p!"t o# li#e$ the "ech!" in o# mobile phone b!tte"ies h!s !l%!&s been ! p"oblem' (he mobile phones )!"& in thei" t!l* time !n+ b!tte"& st!n+b& !cco"+in to thei" m!n,#!ct,"e" !n+ b!tte"ies' All these phones i""especti)e o# thei" m!n,#!ct,"e" !n+ b!tte"ies h!)e to be p,t to "ech!" e !#te" the b!tte"& h!s +"!ine+ o,t' (he m!in ob-ecti)e o# this c,""ent p"opos!l is to m!*e the "ech!" in o# the mobile phones in+epen+ent o# thei" m!n,#!ct,"e" !n+ b!tte"& m!*e' A ne% p"opos!l h!s been m!+e so !s to m!*e the "ech!" in o# the mobile phones is +one !,tom!tic!ll& !s &o, t!l* in &o," mobile phone' (his is +one b& ,se o# mic"o%!)es' (he mic"o%!)e si n!l is t"!nsmitte+ #"om the t"!nsmitte" !lon %ith the mess! e si n!l ,sin speci!l *in+ o# !ntenn!s c!lle+ slotte+ %!)e ,i+e !ntenn! !t ! #"e.,enc& /'01 GH2' (he"e !"e minim!l !++itions$ %hich h!)e to be m!+e in the mobile h!n+sets$ %hich !"e the !++ition o# ! senso"$ ! 3"ectenn!4$ !n+ ! 3#ilte"4' With the !bo)e set,p$ the nee+ #o" sep!"!te ch!" e"s #o" mobile phones is elimin!te+ !n+ m!*es ch!" in ,ni)e"s!l' (h,s the mo"e &o, t!l*$ the mo"e &o," mobile phone %ill be ch!" e+' With this p"opos!l the m!n,#!ct,"e"s %o,l+ be !ble to "emo)e the t!l* time !n+ b!tte"& st!n+b& #"om thei" phone speci#ic!tions' (h,s this semin!" s,ccess#,ll& +emonst"!tes ! no)el metho+ o# ,sin the po%e" o# the mic"o%!)e to ch!" e the mobile phones %itho,t the ,se o# %i"e+ ch!" e"s' (h,s this metho+ p"o)i+es "e!t !+)!nt! e to the mobile phone ,se"s to c!""& thei" phones !n&%he"e e)en i# the pl!ce is +e)oi+ o# #!cilities #o" ch!" in ' A no)el ,se o# the "ectenn! !n+ ! senso" in ! mobile phone co,l+ p"o)i+e ! ne% +imension in the "e)el!tion o# mobile phone'

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1.1 The Electromagnetic spectrum

Spect",m "es,lts$ %hen ! %hite li ht is p!ss th"o, h ! p"ism it is sep!"!te+ o,t into !ll the colo,"s o# the "!inbo%' (his is the )isible spect",m' So %hite li ht is ! mi8t,"e o# !ll colo,"s ' Some ph&sicists p"eten+ th!t li ht consists o# tin& p!"ticles %hich the& c!ll photons' (he& t"!)el !t the spee+ o# li ht' (he spee+ o# li ht is !bo,t 9::$:::$::: mete"s pe" secon+' When the& hit somethin the& mi ht bo,nce o##$ o "i ht th"o, h o" et !bso"be+' Wh!t h!ppens is +epen+s on ! bit !n+ ho% m,ch ene" & the& h!)e' I# the& bo,nce o## somethin !n+ then o into e&e %ill c!,se to see the thin s the& h!)e bo,nce+ o##' Some thin s li*e l!ss !n+ Pe"spe8 %ill let them o th"o, h' (hese m!te"i!ls !"e t"!nsp!"ent' Bl!c* ob-ects !bso"b the photons so it "es,lts not be !ble to see bl!c* thin s' (his is the p"oblem h!s to be so"te+ o,t' (hese poo" ol+ ph&sicists et ! little bit con#,se+ %hen the& t"& to e8pl!in %h& some photons o th"o, h ! le!#$ some !"e "e#lecte+$ !n+ some !"e !bso"be+' (he& s!& th!t it is bec!,se the& h!)e +i##e"ent !mo,nts o# ene" &' Othe" ph&sicists p"eten+ th!t li ht is m!+e o# %!)es' (hese ph&sicists me!s,"e the len th o# the %!)es !n+ this helps them to e8pl!in %h!t h!ppens %hen li ht hits !n+ le!)es' (he li ht %ith the lon est %!)elen th ;"e+< is !bso"be+ b& the "een st,## ;chlo"oph&ll< in the le!)es' (he"e is "een li ht$ this is !llo%e+ to p!ss "i ht th"o, h o" is "e#lecte+' ;In+i o !n+ )iolet h!)e sho"te" %!)elen ths th!n bl,e li ht'< It is e!s& to e8pl!in some o# the p"ope"ties o# li ht b& p"eten+in th!t it is m!+e o# tin& p!"ticles c!lle+ photons !n+ it is e!s& to e8pl!in othe" p"ope"ties o# li ht b& p"eten+in th!t it is some *in+ o# %!)e' (he )isible spect",m is -,st one sm!ll p!"t o# the elect"om! netic spect",m' (hese elect"om! netic %!)es !"e m!+e ,p o# t%o p!"ts' (he #i"st p!"t is !n elect"ic #iel+' (he secon+ p!"t is ! m! netic #iel+' So the& !"e c!lle+ !s elect"om! netic

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

%!)es' (he t%o #iel+s !"e !t "i ht !n les to e!ch othe"' (he V!"io,s othe" p!"ts o# the em# spect",m !n+ thei" loc!tion c!n be seen +i! "!mm!tic!ll& !s sho%n belo%'

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

1.2 Electromagnetic waves

Elect"om! netic %!)es c!n be im! ine+ !s ! sel#=p"op! !tin t"!ns)e"se

oscill!tin %!)e o# elect"ic !n+ m! netic #iel+s' (his +i! "!m sho%s ! pl!ne line!"l& pol!"ise+ %!)e p"op! !tin #"om le#t to "i ht' An elect"om! netic %!)e is ! %!)e in sp!ce %ith elect"ic !n+ m! netic p!"ts' Elect"om! netic "!+i!tion is cl!ssi#ie+ into t&pes !cco"+in to the #"e.,enc& o# the %!)e' (hese t&pes incl,+e$ in o"+e" o# inc"e!sin #"e.,enc&$ "!+io %!)es$ mic"o%!)es$ te"!he"t2 "!+i!tion$ in#"!"e+ "!+i!tion$ )isible li ht$ ,lt"!)iolet "!+i!tion$ >="!&s !n+ !mm! "!&s' In some technic!l conte8ts the enti"e "!n e is "e#e""e+ to !s -,st li ht'

Fig 1? An EM %!)e

Mic"o%!)es !"e elect"om! netic %!)es %ith %!)elen ths "!n in #"om !s lon !s one mete" to !s sho"t !s one millimete"$ o" e.,i)!lentl&$ %ith #"e.,encies bet%een 9:: MH2 ;:'9 GH2< !n+ 9:: GH2 !s sho%n in the Fi 7' (his b"o!+ +e#inition incl,+es both UHF !n+ EHF ;millimete" %!)es<$ !n+ )!"io,s so,"ces ,se +i##e"ent bo,n+!"ies' In !ll c!ses$ mic"o%!)e incl,+es the enti"e SHF b!n+ ;9 to 9: GH2$ o" 7: to 7 cm< !t minim,m$ %ith RF' En inee"in o#ten p,ttin the lo%e" bo,n+!"& !t 7 GH2 ;9: cm<$ !n+ the ,ppe" !"o,n+ 7:: GH2 ;9mm<'

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

App!"!t,s !n+ techni.,es m!& be +esc"ibe+ .,!lit!ti)el& !s @mic"o%!)e@ %hen the %!)elen ths o# si n!ls !"e "o, hl& the s!me !s the +imensions o# the e.,ipment$ so th!t l,mpe+ element ci"c,it theo"& is in!cc,"!te' As ! conse.,ence$ p"!ctic!l mic"o%!)e techni.,e ten+s to mo)e !%!& #"om the +isc"ete "esisto"s$ c!p!cito"s$ !n+ in+,cto"s ,se+ %ith lo%e" #"e.,enc& "!+io %!)es' Inste!+$ +ist"ib,te+ ci"c,it elements !n+ t"!nsmission=line theo"& !"e mo"e ,se#,l metho+s #o" +esi n !n+ !n!l&sis'

Fi /? L,mpe+ element ci"c,it

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

Open=%i"e !n+ co!8i!l t"!nsmission lines i)e %!& to %!)e ,i+es !n+ st"ipline$ !n+ l,mpe+=element t,ne+ ci"c,its !s sho%n in the Fi / !"e "epl!ce+ b& c!)it& "eson!to"s o" "eson!nt lines' E##ects o# "e#lection$ pol!"i2!tion$ sc!tte"in $ +i##"!ction !n+ !tmosphe"ic !bso"ption ,s,!ll& !ssoci!te+ %ith )isible li ht !"e o# p"!ctic!l si ni#ic!nce in the st,+& o# mic"o%!)e p"op! !tion' (he s!me e.,!tions o# elect"om! netic theo"& !ppl& !t !ll #"e.,encies' While the n!me m!& s, est ! mic"omete" %!)elen th$ it is bette" ,n+e"stoo+ !s

in+ic!tin %!)elen ths )e"& m,ch sm!lle" th!n those ,se+ in "!+io b"o!+c!stin ' (he bo,n+!"ies bet%een #!" in#"!"e+ li ht$ te"!he"t2 "!+i!tion$ mic"o%!)es$ !n+ ,lt"!=hi h #"e.,enc& "!+io %!)es !"e #!i"l& !"bit"!"& !n+ !"e ,se+ )!"io,sl& bet%een +i##e"ent #iel+s o# st,+&'

1.3 Nee an processing o! micro waves

EM %!)e posses some *in+ o# ene" & %ith it' (his "epots e8pl!ins !bo,t the ,s! e o# this )!l,!ble ene" & #o" "ech!" in o# mobile phones$ becomin ! b!sic p!"t o# li#e$ to !)oi+ the p"oblem o# elect"icit&' (he mobile phones )!"& in thei" t!l* time !n+ b!tte"& st!n+b& !cco"+in to thei" m!n,#!ct,"e" !n+ b!tte"ies' All these phones i""especti)e o# thei" m!n,#!ct,"e" !n+ b!tte"ies h!)e to be p,t to "ech!" e !#te" the b!tte"& h!s +"!ine+ o,t' In this !spect ! ne% p"opos!l h!s been m!+e so !s to m!*e the "ech!" in o# the mobile phones is +one !,tom!tic!ll& %hile ,sin the mobile phone' (his is +one b& ,se o# mic"o%!)es' (he mic"o%!)e si n!l is t"!nsmitte+ #"om the t"!nsmitte" !lon %ith the mess! e si n!l ,sin speci!l *in+ o# !ntenn!s c!lle+ slotte+ %!)e ,i+e !ntenn! !t ! #"e.,enc& is /'01GH2' With minim!l !++itions$ %hich h!)e to be m!+e in the mobile h!n+sets$ %hich !"e the !++ition o# ! senso"$ ! "ectenn! !n+ ! #ilte"' With the !bo)e set,p$ the nee+ #o" sep!"!te ch!" e"s #o" mobile phones is elimin!te+ !n+ m!*es ch!" in ,ni)e"s!l' (h,s ch!" in the mobile phone b!tte"ies %itho,t

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

the more "ou tal#$ the more is "our mo%ile phone charge . With this p"opos!l the m!n,#!ct,"e"s %o,l+ be !ble to "emo)e the t!l* time !n+ b!tte"& st!n+b& #"om thei" phone speci#ic!tions' EM %!)e posses some *in+ o# ene" & %ith it' (his "epots e8pl!ins !bo,t the ,s! e o# this )!l,!ble ene" & #o" "ech!" in o# mobile phones$ becomin ! b!sic p!"t o# li#e$ to !)oi+ the p"oblem o# elect"icit&' ch!" in the mobile phone b!tte"ies %itho,t

2. &ireless charging
Wi"eless ch!" in is !n& o# se)e"!l metho+s o# ch!" in b!tte"ies %itho,t the ,se o# c!bles o" +e)ice=speci#ic AC !+!pto"s' Wi"eless ch!" in c!n be ,se+ #o" ! %i+e )!"iet& o# +e)ices incl,+in cell phones$ l!ptop comp,te"s !n+ MP9 pl!&e"s !s %ell !s l!" e" ob-ects$ s,ch !s "obots !n+ elect"ic c!"s'

2.1 Di!!erent t"pes o! wireless charging

(he"e !"e th"ee metho+s o# %i"eless ch!" in ?

In+,cti)e ch!" in $ "!+io ch!" in Reson!nce ch!" in '

2.2 In uctive charging It is ,se+ #o" ch!" in mi+=si2e+ items s,ch !s cell phones$ MP9 pl!&e"s !n+ P6As' In in+,cti)e ch!" in $ !n !+!pte" e.,ippe+ %ith cont!ct points is !tt!che+ to the +e)iceBs b!c* pl!te' When the +e)ice "e.,i"es ! ch!" e$ it is pl!ce+ on ! con+,cti)e ch!" in p!+$ %hich is pl, e+ into ! soc*et'

2.2.1 ' vantages

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

In+,cti)e ch!" in c!""ies ! #!" lo%e" "is* o# elect"ic!l shoc*$ %hen comp!"e+ %ith con+,cti)e ch!" in $ bec!,se the"e !"e no e8pose+ con+,cto"s' (he !bilit& to #,ll& enclose the ch!" in connection !lso m!*es the !pp"o!ch !tt"!cti)e %he"e %!te" impe"me!bilit& is "e.,i"e+D #o" inst!nce$ in+,cti)e ch!" in is ,se+ #o" impl!nte+ me+ic!l +e)ices th!t "e.,i"e pe"io+ic o" e)en const!nt e8te"n!l po%e"$ !n+ #o" elect"ic h& iene +e)ices$ s,ch !s toothb",shes !n+ sh!)e"s$ th!t !"e #"e.,entl& ,se+ ne!" o" e)en in %!te"' In+,cti)e ch!" in m!*es ch!" in mobile +e)ices mo"e con)enientD "!the" th!n h!)in to connect ! po%e" c!ble$ the +e)ice c!n be pl!ce+ on ! ch!" e pl!te'

2.2.2 Disa vantages

One +is!+)!nt! e o# in+,cti)e ch!" in is its lo%e" e##icienc& !n+ inc"e!se+ ohmic ;"esisti)e< he!tin in comp!"ison to +i"ect cont!ct' Implement!tions ,sin the technolo &=is nonetheless lo%e" #"e.,encies o" ol+e" +"i)e technolo ies ch!" e mo"e slo%l& !n+ ene"!te he!t #o" most po"t!ble elect"onics$ Ee8cit!tion nee+e+F commonl& ,se+ in some elect"ic toothb",shes !n+ %etG+"& elect"ic sh!)e"s$ p!"tl& #o" the !+)!nt! e th!t the b!tte"& cont!cts c!n be completel& se!le+ to p"e)ent e8pos,"e to %!te"' In+,cti)e ch!" in !lso "e.,i"es +"i)e elect"onics !n+ coils th!t inc"e!se m!n,#!ct,"in comple8it& !n+ cost'

2.3 Ra io charging
It is ,se+ #o" ch!" in items %ith sm!ll b!tte"ies !n+ lo% po%e" "e.,i"ements$ s,ch !s %!tches$ he!"in !i+s$ me+ic!l impl!nts$ cell phones$ MP9 pl!&e"s !n+ %i"eless *e&bo!"+ !n+ mice' R!+io %!)es !"e !l"e!+& in ,se to t"!nsmit !n+ "ecei)e cell,l!" telephone$ tele)ision$ "!+io !n+ Wi=Fi si n!ls' Wi"eless "!+io ch!" in %o"*s simil!"l&' A t"!nsmitte"$ pl, ch!" e the +e)iceBs b!tte"&' e+ into ! soc*et$ ene"!tes "!+io %!)es' When the "ecei)e" !tt!che+ to the +e)ice is set to the s!me #"e.,enc& !s the t"!nsmitte"$ it %ill

2.( Resonance charging

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

It is ,se+ #o" items th!t "e.,i"e l!" e !mo,nts o# po%e"$ s,ch !s !n elect"ic c!"$ "obot$ )!c,,m cle!ne" o" l!ptop comp,te"' In "eson!nce ch!" in $ ! coppe" coil !tt!che+ to ! po%e" so,"ce is the sen+in ,nit' Anothe" coil$ !tt!che+ to the +e)ice to be ch!" e+$ is the "ecei)e"' Both coils !"e t,ne+ to the s!me elect"om! netic #"e.,enc&$ %hich m!*es it possible #o" ene" & to be t"!ns#e""e+ #"om one to the othe"' (he metho+ %o"*s o)e" sho"t +ist!nces ;9=1 mete"s<' (he i+e! o# %i"eless po%e" t"!nsmission is not ne%' In 7HII$ Ni*ol! (esl! %i"elessl& t"!nsmitte+ 7:: million )olts o# elect"icit& /A miles to li ht /:: b,lbs !n+ ",n !n elect"ic moto"'

3. )icrowave Region
3.1 )icrowave !re*uenc" %an s
6esi n!tion F"e.,enc& "!n e

L B!n+ l to / GH2 S B!n+ / to 0 GH2 C B!n+ 0 to H GH2 > B!n+ H to 7/ GH2 J77 B!n+ 7/ to 7H GH2 J B!n+ 7H to /A GH2 J! B!n+ /A to 0: GH2' K B!n+ 9: to 1: GH2 U B!n+ 0: to A: GH2 V B!n+ 0A to 1A GH2 W B!n+ 1A to 7:: GH2

(he S b!n+ o# the Mic"o%!)e Spect",m is ,se#,l #o" %i"eless ch!" in '
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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

3.2 +roperties o! microwave lin#s

In)ol)e line o# si ht ;LOS< comm,nic!tion technolo &' A##ecte+ "e!tl& b& en)i"onment!l const"!ints$ incl,+in "!in #!+e' H!)e limite+ penet"!tion c!p!bilities' Sensiti)e to hi h pollen co,nt' Si n!ls c!n be +e "!+e+ +,"in Sol!" p"oton e)ent'

3.3 Electro )agnetic ,pectrum

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

Fi 9? Elect"om! netic spect",m

(he electromagnetic spectrum !s sho%n in the Fi 9 is the "!n e o# !ll possible #"e.,encies o# elect"om! netic "!+i!tion' (he @elect"om! netic spect",m@ o# !n ob-ect is the ch!"!cte"istic +ist"ib,tion o# elect"om! netic "!+i!tion emitte+ o" !bso"be+ b& th!t p!"tic,l!" ob-ect' (he elect"om! netic spect",m e8ten+s #"om lo% #"e.,encies ,se+ #o" mo+e"n "!+io to !mm! "!+i!tion !t the sho"t=%!)elen th en+$ co)e"in %!)elen ths #"om tho,s!n+s o# *ilomete"s +o%n to ! #"!ction o# the si2e o# !n !tom' (he lon %!)elen th limit is the si2e o# the ,ni)e"se itsel#$ %hile it is tho, ht th!t the

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

sho"t %!)elen th limit is in the )icinit& o# the Pl!nc* len th$ !ltho, h in p"inciple the spect",m is in#inite !n+ contin,o,s'

Some ph&sicists p"eten+ th!t li ht consists o# tin& p!"ticles %hich the& c!ll photons' (he& t"!)el !t the spee+ o# li ht' (he spee+ o# li ht is !bo,t 9::$:::$::: mete"s pe" secon+' When the& hit somethin the& mi ht bo,nce o##$ o "i ht th"o, h o" et !bso"be+' Wh!t h!ppens is +epen+s on ! bit !n+ ho% m,ch ene" & the& h!)e' I# the& bo,nce o## somethin !n+ then o into e&e %ill c!,se to see the thin s the& h!)e bo,nce+ o##' Some thin s li*e l!ss !n+ Pe"spe8 %ill let them o th"o, h' (hese m!te"i!ls !"e t"!nsp!"ent' Bl!c* ob-ects !bso"b the photons so it "es,lts not be !ble to see bl!c* thin s' (his is the p"oblem h!s to be so"te+ o,t' (hese poo" ol+ ph&sicists et ! little bit con#,se+ %hen the& t"& to e8pl!in %h& some photons o th"o, h ! le!#$ some !"e "e#lecte+$ !n+ some !"e !bso"be+' (he& s!& th!t it is bec!,se the& h!)e +i##e"ent !mo,nts o# ene" &' Othe" ph&sicists p"eten+ th!t li ht is m!+e o# %!)es' (hese ph&sicists me!s,"e the len th o# the %!)es !n+ this helps them to e8pl!in %h!t h!ppens %hen li ht hits !n+ le!)es' (he li ht %ith the lon est %!)elen th ;"e+< is !bso"be+ b& the "een st,## ;chlo"oph&ll< in the le!)es' (he"e is "een li ht$ this is !llo%e+ to p!ss "i ht th"o, h o" is "e#lecte+' ;In+i o !n+ )iolet h!)e sho"te" %!)elen ths th!n bl,e li ht'< It is e!s& to e8pl!in some o# the p"ope"ties o# li ht b& p"eten+in th!t it is m!+e o# tin& p!"ticles c!lle+ photons !n+ it is e!s& to e8pl!in othe" p"ope"ties o# li ht b& p"eten+in th!t it is some *in+ o# %!)e' (he )isible spect",m is -,st one sm!ll p!"t o# the elect"om! netic spect",m' (hese elect"om! netic %!)es !"e m!+e ,p o# t%o p!"ts' (he #i"st p!"t is !n elect"ic #iel+' (he secon+ p!"t is ! m! netic #iel+' So the& !"e c!lle+ !s elect"om! netic %!)es' (he t%o #iel+s !"e !t "i ht !n les to e!ch othe"'

(. Transmitter Design

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

(he M! net"on is ! sel#=cont!ine+ mic"o%!)e oscill!to" th!t ope"!tes +i##e"entl& #"om the line!"=be!m t,bes$ s,ch !s the (W( !n+ the *l&st"on CROSSE6= ELEC(RON !n+ MAGNE(IC #iel+s !"e ,se+ in the m! net"on to p"o+,ce the hi h= po%e" o,tp,t "e.,i"e+ in "!+!" !n+ comm,nic!tions e.,ipment' (he m! net"on is cl!sse+ !s ! +io+e bec!,se it h!s no "i+' A m! netic #iel+ loc!te+ in the sp!ce bet%een the pl!te ;!no+e< !n+ the c!tho+e se")es !s ! "i+' (he pl!te o# ! m! net"on +oes not h!)e the s!me ph&sic!l !ppe!"!nce !s the pl!te o# !n o"+in!"& elect"on t,be' Since con)ention!l in+,cti)e=c!p!citi)e ;LC< net%o"*s become imp"!ctic!l !t mic"o%!)e #"e.,encies$ the pl!te is #!b"ic!te+ into ! c&lin+"ic!l coppe" bloc* cont!inin "eson!nt c!)ities th!t se")e !s t,ne+ ci"c,its' (he m! net"on b!se +i##e"s consi+e"!bl& #"om the con)ention!l t,be b!se' (he sho"t in len th !n+ h!s l!" e +i!mete" le!+s th!t !"e c!"e#,ll&' (he c!tho+e !n+ #il!ment !"e !t the cente" o# the t,be !n+ !"e s,ppo"te+ b& the #il!ment le!+s' (he #il!ment le!+s !"e l!" e !n+ "i i+ eno, h to *eep the c!tho+e !n+ #il!ment st",ct,"e #i8e+ in position' (he o,tp,t le!+ is ,s,!ll& ! p"obe o" loop e8ten+in into one o# the t,ne+ c!)ities !n+ co,ple+ into ! %!)e ,i+e o" co!8i!l line' (he pl!te st",ct,"e$ sho%n in Fi 0 is ! soli+ bloc* o# coppe"' (he c&lin+"ic!l holes !"o,n+ its ci"c,m#e"ence !"e "eson!nt c!)ities' A n!""o% slot ",ns #"om e!ch c!)it& into the cent"!l po"tion o# the t,be +i)i+in the inne" st",ct,"e into !s m!n& se ments !s the"e !"e c!)ities' Alte"n!te se ments !"e st"!ppe+ to ethe" to p,t the c!)ities in p!"!llel %ith "e !"+ to the o,tp,t' (he c!)ities cont"ol the o,tp,t #"e.,enc&' (he st"!ps !"e ci"c,l!"$ met!l b!n+s th!t !"e pl!ce+ !c"oss the top o# the bloc* !t the ent"!nce slots to the c!)ities' Since the c!tho+e m,st ope"!te !t hi h po%e"$ it m,st be #!i"l& l!" e !n+ m,st !lso be !ble to %ithst!n+ hi h ope"!tin tempe"!t,"es' It m,st !lso h!)e oo+ emission ch!"!cte"istics$ p!"tic,l!"l& ,n+e" "et,"n bomb!"+ment b& the elect"ons' (his is bec!,se most o# the o,tp,t po%e" is p"o)i+e+ b& the l!" e n,mbe" o# elect"ons th!t !"e emitte+ %hen hi h=)elocit& elect"ons "et,"n to st"i*e the c!tho+e' (he c!tho+e is in+i"ectl& he!te+ !n+ is const",cte+ o# ! hi h=emission
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m! net"on b!se is

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

m!te"i!l' (he open sp!ce bet%een the pl!te !n+ the c!tho+e is c!lle+ the IN(ERAC(ION SPACE' In this sp!ce the elect"ic !n+ m! netic #iel+s inte"!ct to e8e"t #o"ce ,pon the elect"ons'

Fi 0? ("!nsmitte" 6esi n

(he pl!te st",ct,"e$ sho%n in Fi 0 is ! soli+ bloc* o# coppe"' (he c&lin+"ic!l holes !"o,n+ its ci"c,m#e"ence !"e "eson!nt c!)ities' A n!""o% slot ",ns #"om e!ch c!)it& into the cent"!l po"tion o# the t,be +i)i+in the inne" st",ct,"e into !s m!n& se ments !s the"e !"e c!)ities' Alte"n!te se ments !"e st"!ppe+ to ethe" to p,t the c!)ities in p!"!llel %ith "e !"+ to the o,tp,t' (he c!)ities cont"ol the o,tp,t #"e.,enc&' (he c!tho+e !n+ #il!ment !"e !t the cente" o# the t,be !n+ !"e s,ppo"te+ b& the #il!ment le!+s' (he #il!ment le!+s !"e l!" e !n+ "i i+ eno, h to *eep the c!tho+e !n+ #il!ment st",ct,"e #i8e+ in position' (he o,tp,t le!+ is ,s,!ll& ! p"obe o" loop e8ten+in into one o# the t,ne+ c!)ities !n+ co,ple+ into ! %!)e ,i+e o" co!8i!l line'

-. Receiver Design
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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

(he b!sic !++ition to the mobile phone is oin to be the "ectenn!' A "ectenn! is ! "ecti#&in !ntenn!$ ! speci!l t&pe o# !ntenn! th!t is ,se+ to +i"ectl& con)e"t mic"o%!)e ene" & into 6C elect"icit&' Its elements !"e ,s,!ll& !""!n e+ in ! mesh p!tte"n$ i)in it ! +istinct !ppe!"!nce #"om most !ntenn!e' A simple "ectenn! c!n be const",cte+ #"om ! schott*& +io+e pl!ce+ bet%een !ntenn! +ipoles' (he +io+e "ecti#ies the c,""ent in+,ce+ in the !ntenn! b& the mic"o%!)es' Rectenn! !"e hi hl& e##icient !t con)e"tin %ith "e ,l!"it&' Some e8pe"iment!tion h!s been +one %ith in)e"se "ectenn!$ con)e"tin elect"icit& into mic"o%!)e ene" &$ b,t e##iciencies !"e m,ch lo%e"=onl& in the !"e! o# 7L' With the !+)ent o# n!notechnolo & !n+ MEMS the si2e o# these +e)ices c!n be b"o, ht +o%n to molec,l!" le)el' It h!s been theo"i2e+ th!t simil!" +e)ices$ sc!le+ +o%n to the p"opo"tions ,se+ in n!notechnolo &$ co,l+ be ,se+ to con)e"t li ht into elect"icit& !t m,ch "e!te" e##iciencies th!n %h!t is c,""entl& possible %ith sol!" cells' (his t&pe o# +e)ice is c!lle+ !n optic!l "ectenn!' (heo"etic!ll&$ hi h e##iciencies c!n be m!int!ine+ !s the +e)ice sh"in*s$ b,t e8pe"iments #,n+e+ b& the Unite+ St!tes N!tion!l Rene%!ble Ene" & L!bo"!to"& h!)e so #!" onl& obt!ine+ "o, hl& 7L e##icienc& %hile ,sin in#"!"e+ li ht' Anothe" impo"t!nt p!"t o# o," "ecei)e" ci"c,it"& is ! simple senso"' (his is simpl& ,se+ to i+enti#& %hen the mobile phone ,se" is t!l*in ' As o," m!in ob-ecti)e is to ch!" e the mobile phone %ith the t"!nsmitte+ mic"o%!)e !#te" "ecti#&in it b& the "ectenn!$ the senso" pl!&s !n impo"t!nt "ole' (he %hole set,p loo*s somethin li*e this' As o," m!in ob-ecti)e is to ch!" e the mobile phone %ith the t"!nsmitte+ mic"o%!)e !#te" "ecti#&in it b& the "ectenn!$ the senso" pl!&s !n impo"t!nt "ole' (he %hole set,p loo*s somethin li*e this' mic"o%!)e ene" & to elect"icit&' InB l!bo"!to"& en)i"onments$ e##iciencies !bo)e I:L h!)e been obse")e+

-.1 +rocess o! Recti!ication

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

St,+ies on )!"io,s mic"o%!)e po%e" "ecti#ie" con#i ,"!tions sho% th!t ! b"i+ e con#i ,"!tion is bette" th!n ! sin le +io+e one' B,t the +imensions !n+ the cost o# th!t *in+ o# sol,tion +o not meet o," ob-ecti)e' (his st,+& consists in +esi nin !n+ sim,l!tin ! sin le +io+e po%e" "ecti#ie" in h&b"i+ technolo & %ith imp"o)e+ oo+ m!tchin bet%een sim,l!tion sensiti)it& !t lo% po%e" le)els' We !chie)e+ +io+e' Mic"o%!)e ene" & t"!nsmitte+ #"om sp!ce to e!"th !pp!"entl& h!s the potenti!l to p"o)i+e en)i"onment!ll& cle!n elect"ic po%e" on ! )e"& l!" e sc!le' (he *e& to imp"o)e t"!nsmission e##icienc& is the "ecti#&in ci"c,it' (he !im o# this st,+& is to m!*e ! lo% cost po%e" "ecti#ie" #o" lo% !n+ hi h po%e" le)els !t !' (he c!tho+e !n+ #il!ment !"e !t the cente" o# the t,be= !n+ !"e s,ppo"te+ b& the #il!ment le!+s' (he #il!ment le!+s !"e l!" e !n+ "i i+ eno, h to *eep the c!tho+e !n+ #il!ment st",ct,"e #i8e+ in position' (he o,tp,t le!+ is ,s,!ll& ! p"obe o" loops e8ten+in into one o# the t,ne+ c!)ities !n+ co,ple+ into ! %!)e ,i+e o" co!8i!l line' (he pl!te st",ct,"e$ is ! soli+ bloc* o# coppe"' (he c&lin+"ic!l holes !"o,n+ its ci"c,m#e"ence !"e "eson!nt c!)ities' A n!""o% slot ",ns #"om e!ch c!)it& into the cent"!l po"tion o# the t,be +i)i+in the inne" st",ct,"e into !s m!n& se ments !s the"e !"e c!)ities' Alte"n!te se ments !"e st"!ppe+ to ethe" to p,t the c!)ities in p!"!llel %ith "e !"+ to the o,tp,t' (he c!)ities cont"ol the o,tp,t #"e.,enc&' (he st"!ps !"e ci"c,l!"$ met!l b!n+s th!t !"e pl!ce+ !c"oss the top o# the bloc* !t the ent"!nce slots to the c!)ities' Since the c!tho+e m,st ope"!te !t hi h po%e"$ it m,st be #!i"l& l!" e !n+ m,st !lso be !ble to %ithst!n+ hi h ope"!tin tempe"!t,"es' It m,st !lso h!)e oo+ emission ch!"!cte"istics$ p!"tic,l!"l& ,n+e" "et,"n

"es,lts !n+ me!s,"ements th!n*s to the optimi2!tion o# the p!c*! in o# the Schott*&

bomb!"+ment b& the elect"ons' (his is bec!,se most o# the o,tp,t po%e" is p"o)i+e+ b& the l!" e n,mbe" o# elect"ons th!t !"e emitte+ %hen hi h=)elocit& elect"ons "et,"n to st"i*e the c!tho+e' (he c!tho+e is in+i"ectl& he!te+ !n+ is const",cte+ o# ! hi h=emission m!te"i!l' (he open sp!ce bet%een the pl!te !n+ the c!tho+e is c!lle+ the IN(ERAC
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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

(ION SPACE' In this sp!ce the elect"ic !n+ m! netic #iel+s inte"!ct to e8e"t #o"ce ,pon the elect"ons' A""!n e+ in ! mesh p!tte"n$ i)in it ! +istinct !ppe!"!nce #"om most !ntenn!' A simple "ectenn! c!n be const",cte+ #"om ! schott*& +io+e pl!ce+ bet%een !ntenn! +ipoles' (he +io+e "ecti#ies the c,""ent in+,ce+ in the !ntenn! b& the mic"o%!)es' Rectenn! !"e hi hl& e##icient !t con)e"tin mic"o%!)e ene" & to elect"icit&' In l!bo"!to"& en)i"onments$ e##iciencies !bo)e I:L h!)e been obse")e+ %ith "e ,l!"it&' Some e8pe"iment!tion h!s been +one %ith in)e"se "ectenn!$ con)e"tin elect"icit& into mic"o%!)e ene" &$ b,t e##iciencies !"e m,ch lo%e"=onl& in the !"e! o# 7L' With the !+)ent o# n!notechnolo & !n+ MEMS the si2e o# these +e)ices c!n be b"o, ht +o%n to molec,l!" le)el' It h!s been theo"i2e+ th!t simil!" +e)ices$ sc!le+ +o%n to the p"opo"tions ,se+ in n!notechnolo &$ co,l+ be ,se+ to con)e"t li ht into elect"icit& !t m,ch "e!te" e##iciencies th!n %h!t is c,""entl& possible %ith sol!" cells' (his t&pe o# +e)ice is c!lle+ !n optic!l "ectenn!' (heo"etic!ll&$ hi h e##iciencies c!n be m!int!ine+ !s the +e)ice sh"in*s$ b,t e8pe"iments #,n+e+ b& the Unite+ St!tes N!tion!l Rene%!ble Ene" & L!bo"!to"& h!)e so #!" onl& obt!ine+ "o, hl& 7L e##icienc& %hile ,sin in#"!"e+ li ht' Anothe" impo"t!nt p!"t o# o," "ecei)e" ci"c,it"& is ! simple senso"' (his is simpl& ,se+ to i+enti#& %hen the mobile phone ,se" is t!l*in ' As o," m!in ob-ecti)e is to ch!" e the mobile phone %ith the t"!nsmitte+ mic"o%!)e !#te" "ecti#&in it b& the "ectenn!$ the senso" pl!&s !n impo"t!nt "ole' A Schott*& b!""ie" +io+e is +i##e"ent #"om ! common PGN silicon +io+e' (he common +io+e is #o"me+ b& connectin ! P t&pe semicon+,cto" %ith !n N t&pe semicon+,cto"$ this is connectin bet%een ! semicon+,cto" !n+ !nothe" semicon+,cto"D ho%e)e"$ ! Schott*& b!""ie" +io+e is #o"me+ b& connectin ! met!l %ith ! semicon+,cto"' When the met!l cont!cts the semicon+,cto"$ the"e %ill be ! l!&e" o# potenti!l b!""ie" ;Schott*& b!""ie"< #o"me+ on the cont!ct s,"#!ce o# them$ %hich sho%s ! ch!"!cte"istic o# "ecti#ic!tion' (he m!te"i!l o# the semicon+,cto" ,s,!ll& is ! semicon+,cto" o# n=t&pe ;occ!sion!ll& p=t&pe<$ !n+ the m!te"i!l o# met!l ene"!ll& is chosen #"om +i##e"ent met!ls s,ch !s mol&b+en,m$ ch"omi,m$ pl!tin,m !n+ t,n sten' Sp,tte"in techni.,e connects the met!l !n+ the semicon+,cto"'
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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

A Schott*& b!""ie" +io+e is ! m!-o"it& c!""ie" +e)ice$ %hile ! common +io+e is ! mino"it& c!""ie" +e)ice' When ! common PN +io+e is t,"ne+ #"om elect"ic connectin to ci"c,it b"e!*! e$ the "e+,n+!nt mino"it& c!""ie" on the cont!ct s,"#!ce sho,l+ be "emo)e+ to "es,lt in time +el!&' (he Schott*& b!""ie" +io+e itsel# h!s no mino"it& c!""ie"$ it c!n .,ic*l& t,"n #"om elect"ic connectin to ci"c,it b"e!*! e$ its spee+ is m,ch #!ste" th!n ! common PGN +io+e$ so its "e)e"se "eco)e"& time ("" is )e"& sho"t !n+ sho"te" th!n 7: nS' An+ the #o"%!"+ )olt! e bi!s o# the Schott*& b!""ie" +io+e is ,n+e" :'AV o" so$ lo%e" th!n th!t o# the common PN +io+e' So$ (he Schott*& b!""ie" +io+e is ! comp!"!ti)el& i+e!l +io+e$ s,ch !s #o" ! 7 !mpe"e limite+ c,""ent PN inte"#!ce' F"e.,enc& o# /'01GH2 %ith oo+ e##icienc& o# "ecti#&in ope"!tion' (he

ob-ecti)e !lso is to inc"e!se the +etection sensiti)it& !t lo% le)els o# po%e"' 6i##e"ent con#i ,"!tions c!n be ,se+ to con)e"t the elect"om! netic %!)e into 6C si n!l$ the st,+& +one in sho%e+ th!t the ,se o# ! b"i+ e is bette" th!n ! sin le +io+e$ b,t the p,"pose o# this st,+& is to !chie)e ! lo% cost mic"o%!)e "ecti#ie" %ith sin le Schott*& +io+e #o" lo% !n+ hi h po%e" le)els th!t h!s ! oo+ pe"#o"m!nces' (his st,+& is +i)i+e+ on t%o *in+s o# technolo ies the #i"st is the h&b"i+ technolo & !n+ the secon+ is the monolithic one' (he o!l o# this in)esti !tion is the +e)elopment o# ! h&b"i+ mic"o%!)e "ecti#ie" %ith sin le Schott*& +io+e' (he #i"st st,+& o# this ci"c,it is b!se+ on the optimi2!tion o# the "ecti#ie" in o"+e" to h!)e ! oo+ m!tchin o# the Inp,t impe+!nce !t the +esi"e+ #"e.,enc& /'01GH2' Besi+es$ the !im o# the secon+ st,+& is the inc"e!sin o# the +etection sensiti)it& !t lo% le)els o# po%e"' (his st,+& is +i)i+e+ on t%o *in+s o# technolo ies the #i"st is the h&b"i+ technolo & !n+ the secon+ is the monolithic one' (he o!l o# this in)esti !tion is the +e)elopment o# ! h&b"i+ mic"o%!)e "ecti#ie" %ith sin le Schott*& +io+e' (he #i"st st,+& o# this ci"c,it is b!se+ on the optimi2!tion o# the "ecti#ie" in o"+e" to h!)e ! oo+ m!tchin o# the inp,t impe+!nce the +esi"e+ #"e.,enc& /'01GH2'

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

-.2 'ntenna Design

(he ch!"!cte"istics o# !n !ntenn!$ i'e' Impe+!nce$ !in !n+ pol!"i2!tion +epen+ on the sh!pe o# !ntenn!$ %ith the +imensions no"m!li2e+ to the #"ee=sp!ce %!)elen th' Spi"!ls !"e s,ppo"te+ to h!)e ! ne!"l& #"e.,enc& in+epen+ent beh!)io" bet%een ! ce"t!in lo%e" !n+ ,ppe" #"e.,enc&$ i)en b& the #inite si2e !n+ #ee+ si2e "especti)el&' An i+e!l sel#=complement!"& !ntenn! o# in#inite +imensions h!s ! theo"etic!l impe+!nce o# Mspi"!l !t the #ee+ point !n+ the l!" e b!n+%i+th$ no m!tchin section is ,se+'

Fi 1? Antenn! 6esi n 6esi n o# sin le spi"!l !ntenn!' L!&o,t o# the H8H !""!& %ith A0 +io+es ;bl!c* +e)ices<' In the Fi 1 o# sin le spi"!l !ntenn! the"e is +io+e !t cent"e o# !ntenn! %hich con)e"ts mic"o%!)e ene" & to 6c po%e"' F"om %hich it c!n be ,se+ to ch!" e cell phone'

-.3 ,ensor circuitr"

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

(he senso" ci"c,it"& is ! simple ci"c,it !s sho%n in the Fi A$ %hich +etects i# the mobile phone "ecei)es !n& mess! e si n!l' (his is "e.,i"e+$ !s the phone h!s to be ch!" e+ !s lon !s the ,se" is t!l*in (h,s ! simple F to V con)e"te" %o,l+ se")e o," p,"pose' In In+i! the ope"!tin #"e.,enc& o# the mobile phone ope"!to"s is ene"!ll& I::MH2 o" 7H::MH2 #o" the GSM s&stem #o" mobile comm,nic!tion '(h,s the ,s! e o# simple F to N con)e"te" %o,l+ !ct !s s%itches to t"i e" the "ectenn! ci"c,it to on'

Fi A? Senso" ci"c,it"& A simple &et po%e"#,l F to V con)e"te" is LM/I:C',sin LM/I:C %o,l+ "e!tl& se")e o," p,"pose' It !cts !s ! s%itch #o" t"i e"in the "ectenn! ci"c,it"& '(he ene"!l bloc* +i! "!m #o" the LM/:IC is i)en belo% (h,s on the "eception o# the si n!l the senso" ci"c,it"& +i"ects the "ectenn! ci"c,it to ON !n+ the mobile phone be ins to ch!n e ,sin the mic"o%!)e po%e"'

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

-.( ' vantages (he m!in !+)!nt! e o# Senso" ci"c,it"& is Re+,ce the ,s! e o# hi h elect"icit&. M!*e the "ech!" in o# the mobile phones in+epen+ent o# thei" m!n,#!ct,"e"' M!*e ,se o# )!l,!ble EM ene" &' I# Senso" ci"c,it"& is Ve"& sm!ll ci"c,it"& in si2e' Mo"e economic!l th!n %i"e+ ch!" in '

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

.. /onclusion
With mobile phones becomin ! b!sic p!"t o# li#e$ the "ech!" in o# mobile phone b!tte"ies h!s !l%!&s been ! p"oblem' (he mobile phones )!"& in thei" t!l* time !n+ b!tte"& st!n+b& !cco"+in to thei" m!n,#!ct,"e" !n+ b!tte"ies' All these phones i""especti)e o# thei" m!n,#!ct,"e" !n+ b!tte"ies h!)e to be p,t to "ech!" e !#te" the b!tte"& h!s +"!ine+ o,t' (he m!in ob-ecti)e o# this c,""ent p"opos!l is to m!*e the "ech!" in o# the mobile phones in+epen+ent o# thei" m!n,#!ct,"e" !n+ b!tte"& m!*e' A ne% p"opos!l h!s been m!+e so !s to m!*e the "ech!" in o# the mobile phones is +one !,tom!tic!ll& !s &o, t!l* in &o," mobile phone' (his is +one b& ,se o# mic"o%!)es' (he mic"o%!)e si n!l is t"!nsmitte+ #"om the t"!nsmitte" !lon %ith the mess! e si n!l ,sin speci!l *in+ o# !ntenn!s c!lle+ slotte+ %!)e ,i+e !ntenn! !t ! #"e.,enc& /'01 GH2'

(h,s this semin!" s,ccess#,ll& +emonst"!tes ! no)el metho+ o# ,sin the po%e" o# the mic"o%!)e to ch!" e the mobile phones %itho,t the ,se o# %i"e+ ch!" e"s' (h,s this metho+ p"o)i+es "e!t !+)!nt! e to the mobile phone ,se"s to c!""& thei" phones !n&%he"e e)en i# the pl!ce is +e)oi+ o# #!cilities #o" ch!" in ' A no)el ,se o# the "ectenn! !n+ ! senso" in ! mobile phone co,l+ p"o)i+e ! ne% +imension in the "e)el!tion o# mobile phone' Wi"eless ch!" in o# mobile phones ,sin Elect"om! netic %!)es c!n "e+,ce the p"oblem o# elect"icit& !n+ %ill be help#,l #o" !,tom!tic "ech!" in phones$ %hich is )e"& m,ch ,se#,l in the #,t,"e o# mobile

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WIRELESS CHARGING OF MOBILE PHONES USING MICROWAVES

Re!erences
E7F (!e=Wh!n&oo !n+ J!i Ch!n $ (heo"etic!l !n+ E8pe"iment!l 6e)elopment o# 7: !n+ 91 GH2 "ectenn!s IEEE ("!ns!ction on mic"o%!)e (heo"& !n+ (echni.,es' E/F Ith Con#e"ence o# NASAGUSRA A+)!nce+ 6esi n P"o "!m !n+ A+)!nce+ H!%*ins$ Ooe$ Et!l$ @Wi"eless Sp!ce Po%e" E8pe"iment$@ in P"ocee+in s o# the Sp!ce 6esi n P"o "!m' E9F MW Me+le&$ BMic"o%!)e !n+ RF ci"c,it !n!l&sis$ s&nthesis$ !n+ +esi n' E0F F!lcone$ Vincent O'$ @Atmosphe"ic Atten,!tion o# Mic"o%!)e Po%e"@$ Oo,"n!l o# mic"o%!)e Po%e"' E1F C!li#o"ni! EMF P"o "!m /::7 = An E)!l,!tion o# the possible "is*s #"om elect"ic !n+ m! netic #iel+s EAF Glenn Ele"t' @(he Elect"om! netic Spect",m$ (he Ph&sics H&pe"te8tboo*@' H&pe"te8tboo*'com' Ret"ie)e+ /:7:=7:=7A' ECF @6e#inition o# #"e.,enc& b!n+s on@' Vl#'it' Ret"ie)e+ /:7:=7:=7A' EHF Moh"$ Pete" O'D (!&lo"$ B!""& N'D Ne%ell$ 6!)i+ B' ;/::H<' @CO6A(A Recommen+e+ V!l,es o# the F,n+!ment!l Ph&sic!l Const!nts? /::A@' Rev. Mod. Phys. 01? A99PC9:'+oi?7:'77:9GRe)Mo+Ph&s'H:'A99' 6i"ect lin* to )!l,e' EIF O' O' Con+on !n+ S' M' R!nsom' @Essenti!l R!+io Ast"onom&? P,ls!" P"ope"ties@' N!tion!l R!+io Ast"onom& Obse")!to"&' Ret"ie)e+ /::H=:7=:1' E7:F A' A' Ab+o et al. ;/::C=:9=/:<' @6isco)e"& o# (eV G!mm!R!& Emission #"om the C& n,s Re ion o# the G!l!8&@' The Astrophysical Journal Letters .-0? L99' +oi?7:'7:HAG179AIA'

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