A SEMINAR REPORT ON

ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEM DIGITAL

B#$%ASHUTOSH MALA&AT
'(ina! #ear) E&C*

B.TECH

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering and Te hno!og"

2009-10

SUBMITTE+ TO$% Mr. R. ,atidar Se-inar Coordinator

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF B.TECH IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

EWSD - System Description

1.0 Introduction :
The +e.art-ent of Te!e o--uni ations had announ ed a-/itious .!ans for the addition of 0.1 -i!!ion !ines to the e2isting 1.3 -i!!ion /" the end of the 3th .!an '4556% 50* as o-.ared to on!" 7.6 -i!!ion in 4536%56. Conse8uent u.on de!i ensing of the Te!e o-. e8ui.-ent and thro9ing it o.en to foreign invest-ents) si2 ne9 te hno!ogies 9ere .!anned to /e va!idated. These foreign su..!iers set u. their va!idation e2 hanges) ea h of 4:)::: !ines a.a it" 'in !uding t9o RSUs of 6; ea h*) at different .!a es) e.g. E&S+ of Sie-ens '<er-an"* at Ca! utta) A=E%4: of Eri sson 'S9eden* at Madras) (ete2%41: of (u>itsu '?a.an* at Bo-/a") OCB%637 of A! ate! '(ran e* at +e!hi et . E&S+ is one of the te hno!ogies se!e ted for TA= and is a!so the te hno!og" for Inte!!igent Net9or@ and Mo/i!e Co--uni ation. This arti !e gives a genera! introdu tion to the E&S+ s"ste-) its features) ar hite ture and fa i!ities.

2.0

System Features :
E&S+ +igita! s9it hing s"ste- has /een designed and -anufa tured /" MAs Sie-ens) <er-an". The na-e is the a//reviated for- of <er-an e8uiva!ent of E!e troni S9it hing S"ste- +igita! 'E!e tronis he &he!er S"ste-e +igita!e*. E&S+ s9it h an su..ort -a2i-u- 6)1:)::: su/s ri/ers or B:)::: in o-ing) outgoing or /oth 9a" trun@s) 9hen 9or@ing as a .ure tande- e2 hange. It an arr" 61)6:: Er!ang traffi . It is !ai-ed that the s"ste- an 9ithstand a BHCA of four -i!!ion 9ith C,%447C in ase of E&S+ ,o9ernode 't9o -i!!ion in ase of E&S+ C!assi *. Ho9ever) the effe tive d"na-i a!! set u. .erfor-an e de.ends on the avai!a/!e features and the a tua! a!!% -i2. It an 9or@ as !o a! u- transit e2 hange and su..orts CCS No.0) IS+N and IN and C1.= features.

3.0

System Architecture :
The -ain hard9are units of an E&S+ s9it h are as under$% '4* '6* +igita! !ine unit '+LU* % fun tiona! unit on 9hi h su/s ri/er !ines are ter-inated. LineATrun@ <rou. 'LT<* % +igita! Trun@s and +LUs are onne ted to LT<s.

Access

DLU DLUC C

LTG GP

Switching Network

LTG GP

Common channel signaling/ Signaling System Network Control

CCNC/

SSNC

Coordination
SYPC

SYP M
CCG

!M "MT

CP
M C

SGC

Distri#$ted controls in !%SD

The access func !"n #e e$%!ne# &' he ne ("$) en*!$"n%en a$e han#+e# &' DLUs an# LTGs .

'7*

S9it hing Net9or@ 'SN* % A!! the LT<s are onne ted to the SN 9hi h inter onne ts the !ine and trun@s onne ted to the e2 hange in a ordan e 9ith the a!! re8uire-ent of the su/s ri/ers. CCNC and C, are a!so onne ted to SN.

'D* Coordination ,ro essor 'C,* % It is used for s"ste-%9ide oordination fun tions) su h as) routing) Eoning) et . Ho9ever ea h su/s"ste- in E&S+ arr"out .ra ti a!!" a!! the tas@s arising in their area inde.endent!". '1* Co--on Channe! Signa!ing Net9or@ Contro! 'CCNC* Unit or Signa!ing S"steNet9or@ Contro! 'SSNC*% This unit fun tions as the Message Transfer ,art 'MT,* of CCSF0. The User ,art 'U,* is in or.orated in the res.e tive LT<s.

B!o @ diagra- of E&S+ is given on .revious .age. It a!so sho9s that the -ost i-.ortant ontro!s are distri/uted throughout the s"ste-. This distri/uted ontro! redu es the oordination overheads and the ne essit" of o--uni ation /et9een the .ro essors. It resu!ts in high d"na-i .erfor-an e standard. (or inter%.ro essor o--uni ations ) BD @/.s se-i.er-anent onne tions are set through SN. This avoids the ne essit" for a se.arate inter.ro essor net9or@. ,.D!.! a+ L!ne Un! /DLU0 Ana!og or +igita! 'IS+N* su/s ri/ers) ,B= !ines or C1.4 interfa e are ter-inated on +LU . +LUs an /e used !o a!!" 9ithin the e2 hange or re-ote!" as re-ote s9it h unit ) in the vi init" of the grou.s of su/s ri/ers. +LUs are onne ted to E&S+ su/%s"ste-s via a unifor- interfa e standardiEed /" CCITT) i.e.) ,ri-ar" +igita! Carrier ',+C* to fa i!itate Lo a! or Re-ote insta!!ation. A su/set of CCSF 0 is used for CCS on the ,+Cs. One +LU is onne ted to t9o different LT<s for the reasons of se urit". A !o a! +LU is onne ted to t9o LT<s via t9o D M/.s 'BD TSs* !in@s) ea h to9ards a different LT<. In ase of re-ote +LUs) -a2i-u- D ,+Cs of 6 M/.s '76 TSs* are used .er +LU) t9o to9ards ea h LT<. Hen e tota! 46D hanne!s are avai!a/!e /et9een a +LU and the t9o LT<s) out of 9hi h 46: hanne!s are used for user infor-ation 's.ee h or data* and signa!ing infor-ation is arried in TS4B of ,+C: and ,+C6. In ase of a !o a! +LU interfa e) TS76 arries the signa!ing infor-ation. &ithin the +LU) the ana!og su/s ri/ers are ter-inated on SLMA 'Su/s ri/er Line Modu!e Ana!og* ards '-odu!e*. Si-i!ar!" +igita! 'IS+N* su/s ri/ers are ter-inated on the SLM+ -odu!es. Ea h -odu!e an su..ort 4B su/s ri/ers) hen e has 4B SLCAASLC+s 'Su/s ri/ers Line Cir uit Ana!ogA+igita!* and one .ro essor SLMC,.

Subscriber lines and PBX lines for small and medium-sized PBXs

!ocal a lication

D!' " #b s "#b s

!%&

S$

Subscriber lines and PBX lines for small and medium-sized PBXs

Remote a lication

D!'

PDC0 with ccs PDC1 without ccs PDC2 with ccs PDC3 without ccs

!%&

Remote a lication + in same director, number areain another director, number areaas e.tension to con/entional e.chan0e)

CC(%% standard interface &)*03

CP

A&&lications and connection o' Digital Line Unit

One +LU an arr" traffi of 4:: Er!angs. A standard ra @ of +LU '!o a! * an a o--odate t9o +LUs of 516 su/s ri/ers ea h. In ase the !in@ /et9een a re-ote +LU and the -ain e2 hange is /ro@en) the su/s ri/ers onne ted to the re-ote +LU an sti!! dia! ea h other /ut -etering 9i!! not /e .ossi/!e in this ase. (or e-ergen " servi e +LU% ontro!!er '+LUC* a!9a"s ontain u.%to%date su/s ri/ers data. Stand A!one Servi e Contro!!er ard 'SASCE* is .rovided in ea h R%+LU for s9it hing a!!s in su h ases ' a!! setu. and re!ease for ana!og and IS+N su/s ri/ers and ena/!es +TM( dia!!ing for .ush%/utton su/s ri/ers*. This ard is a!so used for inter onne ting a nu-/er of re-ote!" situated +LUs '-a2i-u- B*) in a !uster) a!!ed a Re-ote Contro! Unit 'RCU*) so that su/s ri/ers onne ted to these re-ote +LUs an a!so ta!@ to ea h other in ase the !in@ of -ore than one +LU to the -ain e2 hange is /ro@en. A!! +LUs are .rovided 9ith a Test Unit 'TU* for .erfor-ing tests and -easure-ents on SLCAs) su/s ri/ers !ines and te!e.hones. An ALE= 'ALarE=terna!s* -odu!e is used for for9arding e2terna! a!ar-s) i.e.) fire) te-.erature) et . to S"ste- Contro! ,ane! 'S#,*. Nu-/ers of SLMAs are a ording!" redu ed to a o--odate these -odu!es. The -ain o-.onents of a +LU are$ SLMAs and A or SLM+s T9o +igita! Interfa e Units for +LU '+IU+* for onne tions of the ,+Cs. T9o +LU Contro!s '+LUC* T9o D M/.s net9or@s for the trans-ission of user infor-ation /et9een SLMs and the +IU+s. T9o ontro! net9or@ for the trans-ission of ontro! infor-ation /et9een SLMs and +LUCs. Test Unit 'TU*) E2terna! A!ar- -odu!e 'ALE=* A!ar- -odu!es.

DLUG

The !atest t".e of +LU is +LU< 9hi h an a o--odates u.to 453D ana!ogue su/s ri/ers 9ith 76 .orts .er SLMA /ut the SLM+ sti!! a o--odates 4B su/s ri/ers. It an /e onne ted to four LT<s 9ith 4B ,+Cs 9ith a .rovision of one signa!!ing hanne! 'CCS* .er LT<. It an hand!e u. to 75: Er!angs of traffi .

,.2

L!ne3T$un) G$"u4s
The !ineAtrun@ grou.s 'LT<* for-s the interfa e /et9een the digita! environ-ent of an E&S+ e2 hange and the s9it hing net9or@ 'SN*. Ma2i-u- traffi hand!ing a.a it" .er LT< is 4:: Er!ang. The LT<s are onne ted in an" of the fo!!o9ing 9a"s $ Er! 'i* Cia 6AD M/As ,+Cs 9ith re-oteA!o a! +LUs to 9hi h su/s ri/ers are onne ted 'ii* Cia 6 M/.s digita! a ess !ines to other digita! e2 hanges in the net9or@ ' M( R6 Trun@s) CCSF0 Trun@s* 'iii* Cia ,ri-ar" rate A ess !ines to IS+N ,B=s 'IS+N su/s ri/ers 9ith ,A*

'iv* C1.6 Trun@s) Announ e-ents Trun@s) OCANEG) =.61 Lin@s for ,S,+N) I, 'SS,* Func !"ns The .ri-ar" fun tions of the LT< are as fo!!o9s$ 'i* Call processing functions) i.e.) re eiving and ana!"Eing !ine and register signa!s) in>e ting audi/!e tones) s9it hing user hanne!s fro- and to the s9it hing net9or@) et . 'ii* Safeguarding functions, i.e.) dete ting errors in the LT< and on trans-ission .aths 9ithin the LT<) ana!"Eing the e2tent of errors and initiating ounter%-easures su h as disa/!ing hanne!s or !ines) et . 'iii* Operation and maintenance functions) i.e.) a 8uiring traffi data) arr"ing out 8ua!it"%of%servi e -easure-ents) et . The LT<s an 9or@ 9ith a!! standard signa!ing s"ste-s 'e.g. CCITT No. 1) R6) No.0*. E ho su..ressers !i@e +EC46: an /e in or.orated in the LT<s for the onne tion of !ong%hau! ir uits 'e.g.) via sate!!ite*. A!though the su/s ri/er !ines and trun@s e-.!o" different signa!ing s"ste-s) the LT<s .resent signa!ing%inde.endent interfa e to the s9it hing net9or@. This fa i!itates the fo!!o9ing$ % f!e2i/!e introdu tion of additiona! or -odified signa!ing .ro edures)

% a signa!ing%inde.endent soft9are s"ste- in the C, for a!! a..!i ations.

DLU
DIUD5 SLMA Test !ine Ana+". an# ISDN Su&sc$!&e$ +!nes9 PB: +!nes DLUC5

PDC5 PDC-

" (" LTGs

PDC2

DIUDSLMD
PDC,

Test

DLUC6578 )&4s ne ("$) 5 6578 )&4s ne ("$) C"n $"+ ne ("$) 5 C"n $"+ ne ("$) -

TU

Ma!n C"%4"nen s "f a DLU

DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL T;PES IN LTG

Func !"na+ T;PE B Func !"n LTG

/F"$ DLUs<L&R=9 PRI9>?.29OCANEQ9C OU0

F$a%e T;PE
A T'4e /F"$ DLUs<L&R=9 PRI9 T$un)s0

C Func !"n
/F"$ T$un)s "n CAS & CCS an# CCS@A s!.na++!n. channe+s0

LTG N
B T'4e /f"$ s4ec!a+ func !"ns +!)e COUC9 PHMA / >?.209 ATE1N9 OCE1N0

In case "f LTGP9 A '4e f$a%e !s use# f"$ a++ '4e "f func !"ns eBce4 f"$ use$ !n e$ac !*e LTG (he$e B '4e f$a%e !s use#.

The /it rate on a!! high9a"s !in@ing the !ineAtrun@ grou.s and the s9it hing net9or@ is 3456 @/.s ' 3 M/.s *. Ea h 3 M/.s high9a" ontains 463 hanne!s at BD@/.s ea h. Ea h LT< is onne ted to /oth .!anes of the du.!i ated s9it hing net9or@. The fun tiona! units of the !ineAtrun@ grou. are$ Line A Trun@ Unit 'LTU* is a !ogi a! unit that o-.rises a nu-/er of different fun tiona! units) i.e. % % % % +igita! Interfa e unit ' +IU7: * for onne tion of 6 M/.s digita! trun@s and either +LU or ,A. One LT< an o-.rise four +IU7:. Code Re eivers 'CR* are Mu!ti%fre8uen " ode re eivers for trun@s or +TM( su/s ri/ers. Conferen e Unit) -odu!e B or -odu!e C 'COUB or COUC* for onferen e a!!s. This is insta!!ed in s.e ia! fun tion LT<Ms or LT<Ns. Auto-ati Test E8ui.-ent for Trun@s 'ATE$N* he @s trun@s and Tone <enerators 'TO<* during routine tests. This is insta!!ed in s.e ia! fun tion LT<Ms or LT<Ns.

Signa!ing Unit 'SU* o-.rises Tone <enerator 'TO<* for audi/!e tones) Code Re eivers 'CR* for M(C signa!ing and .ush%/utton dia!ing and Re eiver Modu!e for Continuit" Che @ 'RM$CTC*) et . <rou. S9it h '<S* 9hi h fun tions as non%/!o @ing ti-e stage s9it h ' 146 TS* ontro!!ed /" the <,. Lin@ Interfa e Unit 'LIU* onne ts LT< to SN via t9o .ara!!e! 3 M/.s S+Cs. <rou. ,ro essor '<,* ontro!s the fun tiona! units of the LT<. The re eived signa!s fro- LTU) SU) <S and LIU are .ro essed 9ith the he!. of <, soft9are. In LT<<) <S and LIU have /een o-/ined into <SL -odu!e. One LT< ra @ an a o--odate D: ,CMs in five LT<< fra-es) ea h ontaining t9o LT<<s. LT<M 9as the ne2t standard t".e of LT<. On!" three -odu!es are ne essar" for a o-.!ete LT<M na-e!" +IU46:A or +IU$L+IM) <,L and <SM. U.to 7: LT<M an /e insta!!ed in one ra @ 9ith ea h fra-e ontaining 1 LT<M.

LT<N 9as introdu ed ne2t to LT<M. On!" one -odu!e '<,N* -a@es u. a o-.!ete LT<N for the /asi tas@s. U.to 4B LT<N an /e insta!!ed in fra-e ($LT<N'A* and a ra @ an ontain BD LT<N. Ho9ever) if -odu!e !i@e COUC) ,HMA for C1.6) ATE$N) +EC46: or OCE$N is to /e a o--odated a!ong9ith <,N to i-.!e-ent a s.e ia! fun tion) on!" 3 LT<N an /e a o--odated in ($ LT<N'B*. LT<, is the !atest re!ease of LT<. One <,, -odu!e a o--odates four LT< 9ith a .rovision of one additiona! -odu!e !i@e ,HMA) +EC46: or OCE$N et for ea h <,, to i-.!e-ent a s.e ia! fun tion. U. to 76 LT< an /e insta!!ed in one fra-e ($LT<,'A* and a ra @ an a o--odate 456 LT< using si2 fra-es. Ho9ever) if one of the LT< is to 9or@ as a user Intera tive LT< re8uiring -odu!e OCE$N and one or t9o -odu!es C,U$N) the fra-e re8uired 9i!! /e ($LT<,'B* 9hi h an a o--odate 63 LT< in one fra-e.

LTU SU D('+!D(B D('30 or LTU C6'C C6'B or LTU

4ddress si0nals SP5( S$0
SP56
12#b s3

CR %6& C%C

GS

L(U

S(5( S(56

to8from S$ 12#b s 3 S$1

CR or LTU 6C4$79 P5#4 4%7+% GP 1P'- #'- S#X and &C&3

S(!C

(nternal Str$ct$re o' LTG

LTG )

SDC+!%&

T(M! STAG! G*"UP SDC+SS&

SN SPAC! STAG! G*"UP

LTG n

SDC+!%& SDC+SS&

CCNC

SDC+CC$C

CP

SDC+%S&

SDC+S&C S&C SDC+S&C S&C

Switching Network

,.,

S(! ch!n. Ne ("$)

+ifferent .eri.hera! units of E&S+) i.e.) LT<s) CCNC) MB are onne ted to the S9it hing Net9or@ 'SN* via 3456 @/.s high9a"s a!!ed S+Cs 'Se ondar" +igita! Carriers*) 9hi h have 463 hanne!s ea h. The SN onsists of severa! du.!i ated Ti-e Stage <rou.s 'TS<* and S.a e Stage <rou.s 'SS<* housed in se.arate ra @s. Conne tion .aths through the TS<s and SS<s are s9it hed /" the S9it h <rou. Contro!s 'S<C* .rovided in ea h TS< and SS<) in a ordan e 9ith the s9it hing infor-ation fro- the oordination .ro essor 'C,*. The S<Cs a!so inde.endent!" generate the setting data and set the -essage hanne!s for e2 hange of data /et9een the distri/uted ontro!s. The s9it hing net9or@ is a!9a"s du.!i ated '.!anes : and 4*. Ea h onne tion is s9it hed si-u!taneous!" through /oth .!anes) so that a stand/" onne tion is a!9a"s i--ediate!" avai!a/!e in the event of a fai!ure. Ea h TS< an a o--odate B7 S+Cs fro- LT<s and one S+C to MB. One S+C is e2tended fro- S<C of ea h TS< and SS< to9ards MB. Thus one TS< an hand!e u.to B7 LT<s. The s9it hing net9or@ an /e e2.anded in s-a!! stages /" adding .!ug%in -odu!es and a/!es and if ne essar" /" assigning e2tra ra @s. O.ti-iEed s9it hing net9or@ onfigurations are avai!a/!e in a range of siEes. The s-a!!est du.!i ated SN$B7 LT< onfiguration 9hi h an hand!e 7:)::: su/s ri/er !ines or 0)1:: trun@s 9hen fu!!" e8ui..ed is insta!!ed in a sing!e ra @ and an hand!e 741: er!angs traffi . In its -a2i-u- onfiguration) the E&S+ s9it hing net9or@ has 3 TS<s and D SS<s 'in 46 Ra @s* to onne t 1:D LT<s and has a traffi % hand!ing a.a it" of 61)6:: er!angs. SNs for 46B LT<s and 616 LT<s are a!so avai!a/!e 9hi h an hand!e B7:: and 46B:: er!angs traffi res.e tive!". SN'B* has on!" 1 t".es of -odu!es and ea h TS< and SS< is a o--odated in on!" t9o she!ves of the res.e tive ra @s. Re-aining four she!ves a o--odate LT<s.

Main (un tions$

HS.ee h ,ath S9it hing
HMessage ,ath S9it hing HCCSF0 signa!ing hanne!s onne tion 'NUC*

Switching
%he rimar, function of a switchin0 s,stem is to establish a connection between two oints) %he ma:or com onent of the switchin0 s,stem or e.chan0e is the switchin0 matri.) 4 art from the switchin0 matri.- the switchin0 s,stem consists of man, other functions to erform call rocessin0) Switching + #asic conce&ts Switchin0 matri. is the hardware that ro/ides the connecti/it, between an, in ut out ut line air) %here ma, be n inlets and m outlets and these inlets8outlets ma, be connected to subscriber lines or trun; lines 1see fi0ure 13)

<i0ure 1) Switchin0 matri.

=hen all the in ut lines and out ut lines are connected to subscribers then the switch ro/ides the connecti/it, amon0 the subscribers connected) (n this case- there can be n82 simultaneous con/ersations that can be connected b, the switchin0 matri.) %his t, e of a switch is said to be non,#locking- in other words- no subscriber is denied a connection for want of switchin0 resources) $ormall,- not all the subscribers con/erse simultaneousl,) 5ence- a switch is desi0ned to cater to the a/era0e number of simultaneous calls that is e. ected) %his desi0n ma,- occasionall,- brin0 u a situation when there is no free switchin0 ath a/ailable- when a subscriber re>uests a connection) %his is called a #locking switch in which the number of simultaneous connections ossible is less than the ma.imum number of simultaneous con/ersations ossible)

Switching techni-$es Different methods are em lo,ed to establish the re>uired connection in an e.chan0e) %he two most widel, used methods are time switchin0 and s ace switchin0) S ace switchin0 was e.clusi/el, used in electromechanical switchin0 s,stems and with the ad/ent of di0ital technolo0,- time switchin0 has become a also em lo,ed) %his is called combination switchin0) o ular o tion) 4lso- to increase the switchin0 ca acit, combination of time and s ace switchin0 methods are

S&ace switching + (n s ace switchin0- a dedicated ath is established between the two subscribers for the entire duration of the call) %his method is used in electromechanical and electronic e.chan0es- b, formin0 a matri. of incomin0 and out0oin0 lines) (n di0ital e.chan0es- s eech is coded on PC# and the information is transferred at the same instant of time from in ut to out ut) #an, PC# lin;s ma, be in uts and out uts to the s ace switchwhich transfers the information from one lin; to another at the same inter/al) %his switchin0 between lin;s is called s ace switchin0)

<i0ure 2) Princi le of s ace switch

Time switching + (n di0ital s,stems- s eech sam les are transferred at re0ular inter/als of time- in other words- e/er, subscriber is allocated a timeslot to send his s eech sam les on the PC# lin;) %hese s eech sam les are stored and transferred to the out ut durin0 a different timeslot) %his techni>ue of timeslot interchan0e of information is called time switchin0) 5ere the information is switched within the same lin;- but at different instants of time) (n the time switch- the incomin0 information is written se>uentiall, in a memor,) 4 control memor, contains the list- or the order in which the read o eration should ta;e lace) 4 counter s,nchronizes both the write and read o erations to0ether with the out0oin0 time slots)

Com#ination switching + %here are some limitations in both time and s ace switchin0 that can be o/ercome b, multista0e and combination switchin0) %hese structures also ermit to increase the switchin0 ca acit, for a 0i/en technolo0,) 4 combination switch can be built b, a number of sta0es of time 1%3 and s ace 1S3 switches) 4 three-sta0e combination switch in which time sta0es are laced on either side of a s ace sta0e is referred to as %S% switch) 6ther multista0e t, ical confi0urations include %SS%- %SSSS% and %S%S%S%S)

Switching systems 4 switchin0 s,stem is com osed of elements that erform switchin0- control and si0nallin0 functions) =hen the control subs,stem is an inte0ral art of the switchin0 networ;- then it is called direct control switchin0 s,stems) %hose s,stems in which the control subs,stem is outside the switchin0 networ; are called common control switchin0 s,stems) Strow0er e.chan0es are direct control s,stems- whereas- crossbar and electronic e.chan0es are common control s,stems) Man$al e.changes / %he earl, e.chan0es were manuall, o erated in which all the functions were erformed b, humans) 4ll the subscriber lines were terminated on a switchboard resent at the e.chan0e) 4 lam indicatin0 the status of the line was a/ailable for e/er, subscriber) %he o erator sends the rin0in0 current to the called subscriber usin0 a lu0 ended cord air) =hen the called subscriber 0oes offhoo;- connection was made b, the lu0 ended cord air in the corres ondin0 subscriber line :ac;) (n a manual switchin0 s,stem- the o erator controlled the entire call rocessin0 function)

A$tomatic e.changes / Strow0er switchin0 s,stem was the first automatic switchin0 s,stem de/elo ed in 122?) (t is an electromechanical e.chan0ethat erforms the switchin0 function in a ste&,#y,ste& fashion) (n the Strow0er s,stem- there are two t, es of selectors that form the buildin0 bloc;s for the switchin0 s,stem + 'niselector %wo-motion selector

4 uniselector has a sin0le rotar, switch with a ban; of contacts) 7ach ban; is associated with a wi er for ma;in0 the contact) %he first contact is called the homin0 contact and the remainin0 are switchin0 contacts) De endin0 u on the number of switchin0 contacts- uniselectors are identified as 10-outlet or 2"-outlet uniselectors) 4 two-motion selector is ca able of horizontal as well as /ertical ste in0 mo/ement) $ormall,- there are 11 /ertical ositions and 11 horizontal contacts in each /ertical osition) %he wi er in a two-motion selector has access to 100 switchin0 contacts- the remainin0 bein0 homin0 contacts)

%he Strow0er s,stem ma, be constructed usin0 these two t, es of selectors) %he wi er mo/ements of the selectors are controlled b, the dial ulses or other si0nals li;e offhoo; etc) from the subscriber line)

%he line finder ro/ides the subscriber access to the switchin0 resources) De endin0 u on the e.chan0e ca acit, the number of 0rou selectors ma, /ar,) %he final selector establishes the connection with the called subscriber) %he entire call set u is controlled b, the subscriber si0nals)

1) =hen 4 0oes offhoo;- a rela, acti/ates the call finder- which hunts for 4@s line) 2) Call finder o eration is sto ed and another rela, connects tone 0enerator to feed dial tone to 4) 3) 4 starts diallin0) %he first di0it acti/ates the 0rou selector- which ad/ances in time with the incomin0 ulses and is directed to the final selector that is connected to B) ") %he final selector ad/ances with the incomin0 ulses of the ne.t di0it and selects B@s line) A) Connection is established) Rin0 to B and RB% to 4)

Cross#ar switching / %he basic idea of crossbar switchin0 is to ro/ide a matri. of n . m sets of contacts and select one of the n . m set) %his is also called coordinate switchin0 as the contacts are arran0ed in .-, lane) %he subscriber lines are connected in an arra, of horizontal and /ertical wires- which ha/e a set of horizontal and /ertical contacts connected to them) 7ach contact oint air acts as a cross oint switch) %he se>uencin0 of ener0izin0 the horizontal inlets and /ertical outlets erforms the switchin0 function) Crossbar switches used electromechanical rela,s for establishin0 the connection and later switched o/er to electronic de/ices to erform the switchin0 function) %he crossbar s,stems are desi0ned usin0 s ace-switchin0 techni>ues) %here were man, limitations of the electromechanical switchin0 s,stems li;e dela,ed call setu - maintenance of mechanical arts- ca acit, e. ansion- feature addition etc) =ith the arri/al of di0ital electronics and com uters modern electronic e.chan0es started re lacin0 their electromechanical counter arts)

Stored Program Control 0 Digital Switching Systems (n modern di0ital s,stems- com uters are used for controllin0 the switchin0 and other subscriber ser/ices in the e.chan0e) %he rocessor e.ecutes a set of ro0rams stored in the memor, automaticall, one b, one) %his techni>ue of controllin0 the functions of an e.chan0e throu0h ro0rams stored in com uter memor, is called Stored Program Control 1SPC2) SPC has numerous ad/anta0es- some of which are listed below + Sim le mana0ement of e>ui ment Suitable for small and lar0e e.chan0es <le.ibilit, in desi0n and modularit, in e. ansion !ow total cost 7.tended functions and new ser/ices Reliabilit,

SPC can be used for both analo0 and di0ital switchin0 s,stems) %he functions are often realized as a combination of hardware and software) Some functions are solel, hardware or software) %he de/elo ment of SPC techni>ues resulted in modern di0ital switchin0 s,stems) (n di0ital switchin0 s,stems- the connection is established between the incomin0 and out0oin0 timeslots that carr, the s eech information in di0ital form) Di0ital Switchin0 S,stems 1DSS3 desi0ned usin0 SPC inherited all the ad/anta0es of SPC) DSS are modular in desi0n- which ma;es it eas, for e. ansion in ca acit,) Software modules can be added or modified for new ser/ices and functions without ma;in0 chan0es in the basic desi0n) 4lso- the o eration and maintenance of these s,stems are /er, sim le and eas,) DSS mostl, em lo, time switchin0 but combination switchin0 is also /er, much in use) %he different control functions are di/ided into subs,stems in the DSS) $ormall, the s,stem core of a DSS consists of the followin0 + Switchin0 matri. B erforms switchin0 function and ro/ides connecti/it,) %run; and Si0nallin0 e>ui ment B ta;es care of the intere.chan0e si0nallin0 and ro/ides the trun; interface) 6 eration C #aintenance B for #an #achine (nterface 1##(3)

Control B call rocessin0 functions)

Char0in0 B meterin0 of the calls for billin0)

Subscriber sta0e B line circuit for 4DC- connection of remote) subscribers from concentrators- si0nallin0 and ower su subscribers etc) l, to the

%he bloc; le/el dia0ram of a DSS is shown in fi0ure ?)

(n DSS- functions are almost entirel, erformed b, software that is chea to roduce) %he control function can be centralized or distributed between se/eral rocessors) %hus in distributed control- se/eral rocessors erform different arts of the control function) %his is also ;nown as multi rocessor confi0uration of control subs,stem) DSS wor; faster and are more reliable in ser/ice than analo0 e.chan0es with mo/in0 arts) #ore subscribers can be ser/iced b, the same e.chan0e) Di0ital transmission technolo0, has hi0her >ualit, and o erational reliabilit,) Di0italisation of the entire networ; has to be carried out in sta0es considerin0 the traffic and economic re>uirements)

MaB!%u% c"nf!.u$a !"n "f CP--,C

Bas!c c"nf!.u$a !"n "f CP --,C9 44 . . : IO, IO, 44 . . : IO, IO,

IO,

IO,

IO,

IO,

B$IOC

B$IOC

CA,:

CA,1

AM,:

AM,4 BA,M

BA,S

IOC: IOC4

IOC6

IOC7

CM#4

CM#:

Ha$#(a$e S $uc u$e "f CP --, C

BCM#4

BCM#:

,.6 ,.6.-

C""$#!na !"n A$ea C""$#!na !"n P$"cess"$

The oordination .ro essor 'C,* hand!es the data /ase as 9e!! as onfiguration and oordination fun tions) e.g.$

% Storage and ad-inistration of a!! .rogra-s) e2 hange and su/s ri/er data) % ,ro essing of re eived infor-ation for routing) .ath se!e tion) Eoning) harges) % Co--uni ation 9ith o.eration and -aintenan e entres) % Su.ervision of a!! su/s"ste-s) re ei.t of error -essages) ana!"sis of su.ervisor" resu!t -essages) a!artreat-ent) error -essages) a!artreat-ent) error dete tion) error !o ation and error neutra!iEation and onfiguration fun tions. % Hand!ing of the -an%-a hine interfa e. The C,447C is -u!ti.ro essor and an /e e2.anded in stages. In the C,447C) t9o or -ore identi a! .ro essors o.erate in .ara!!e! 9ith !oad sharing. The rated !oad of n .ro essors is distri/uted a-ong nI4 .ro essors. This -eans that if one .ro essor fai!s) o.eration an ontinue 9ithout restri tion 'redundan " -ode 9ith nI4 .ro essors*. The Basi fun tiona! units of C, 447C are as fo!!o9s$ % % % % Base ,ro essor 'BA,* for o.eration & -aintenan e and a!! .ro essing) Co--on Me-or" 'CM#*% BD to 4:6D MB in D -e-or" /an@s onsisting of D M/ +RAM hi.s. In.ut A Out.ut Contro!!er 'IOC* % 6 to D IOCs oordinate and su.ervise of CM# /" IO,s. a essing

ATM Bridge ,ro essor 'AM,* J If a SSNC 'E&S+ .o9ernode* is onne ted) the AM, is used 'usua!!" instead of the se ond IOC .air*. It re.resents the interfa e /et9een the ATM e8ui.-ent in the SSNC and the C,. Its tas@ is to onvert the ATM oriented data strea-s fro- SSNC to the interna! E&S+ for-at. In.utAout.ut .ro essors 'IO,* % Carious t".es of IO,s are used to onne t the C,447C to the other su/s"ste-s and fun tiona! units of the e2 hange as 9e!! as to the e2terna! -ass storage devi es 'EM i.e.) M++) MT+) MO+*) the t9o O&M ter-ina!s 'OMTA BCT*) to OMC via data !ines et . Ma2i-u- 46 IO,s an /e onne ted to one IOC. The figure is sho9n on ne2t .age. The other fun tiona! units of C, 447C are a!! .ro essors 'CA,s* 9hi h dea! on!" 9ith a!! .ro essing fun tions. Hard9are 9ise the" are si-i!ar to BA,s .

,.6.2

O he$ un! s ass!.ne# " CP a$e1

Messa.e Buffe$ /MB0 for oordinating interna! -essage traffi /et9een the C,) the SN) the LT<s and the CCNC in an e2 hange. Cen $a+ C+"c) Gene$a "$ /CCG) for the s"n hroniEation of the e2 hange and) 9here ne essar") the net9or@. The CC< is e2tre-e!" a urate '4: %5*. It an) %44 ho9ever) /e s"n hroniEed even -ore a urate!" /" an e2terna! -aster !o @ '4: *.

H: S's e% Pane+ D!s4+a' /S;PD0 to dis.!a" s"ste- interna! a!ar-s and the C, !oad. It thus .rovides a ontinuous overvie9 of the state of the s"ste-. The S#, a!so dis.!a"s e2terna! a!ar-s su h as fire and air% onditioning s"ste- fai!ure for e2a-.!e. It is insta!!ed in the E8ui.-ent Roo- or in the E2.!oitation Roo-. H4 O4e$a !"n an# Ma!n enance Te$%!na+s3 Bas!c C$af Te$%!na+ for In.utAout.ut. T9o OMTsA BCTs are .rovided for O&M fun tions. H6 EB e$na+ %e%"$' /EM09 for % % % ,rogra-s and data that do not a!9a"s have to /e resident in the C,) An i-age of a!! resident .rogra-s and data for auto-ati re over") Ca!! harge and traffi -easure-ent data.

To ensure that these .rogra-s and data are safeguarded under a!! ir u-stan es) the EM is du.!i ated. It onsists of t9o -agneti dis@ devi es 'M++*. The EM a!so has a -agneto o.ti a! dis@ ' MO+* andAor -agneti ta.e devi e 'MT+*) for in.ut and out.ut.

BIOC5
IO,$UN4
IO,$MB CCNP IO,$MB IO,$MB

M++
MO+ MT+

BIOCNu-/er de.ends on SN siEe.

OMTABCTA

MBG
IO,$MB

NetM /oot

+ata !ines CCG

IO,$MB IO,$MB

IO,$UN4

M++
MO+

A!arfun tion $ -onitors fans of C, ra @s

Nor-a!!" 9ith E&S+ C!assi

MT+
IO,$TA

OMTABCTA

IO,$TA

NetM /oot

+ata !ines

IO,$MB

S#,C
IO,$MB

IO,$ SC+, LCUB

'IO,$LAU*

LAUB ''LAU* LCUB

''LAU*

=.61 !in@s to e.g. OMC) CT or /i!!ing enter

LCUB
'IO,$LAU* IOC5 IOC-

nor-a!!" 9ith E&S+ C!assi

BCM;5 BCM;-

S $uc u$e "f he CP--,C !n4u 3"u 4u s's e% (! h 2 IOCs

,.?

Un! s f"$ Messa.e $ansfe$ 4a$ /MTP0 "f CCS@A The CCITT% standardiEed signa!ing s"ste- No.0 'CCSF0* is one of the s"ste-s that is used for intere2 hange signa!ing in E&S+. To .ro-ote f!e2i/i!it" in the use of this s"ste- a distin tion is -ade /et9een a -essage transfer .art 'MT,* and the user .arts 'U,*. The user .arts var" a ording to the s.e ifi a..!i ation 'e.g. TU,$ te!e.hone user .art) IS+N%U,$ IS+N user .art) MU,$ -o/i!e user .art*. The o--on MT, fun tions in an E&S+ e2 hange are hand!ed /" the o--on hanne! signa!ing net9or@ ontro! 'CCNC* or Signa!ing S"ste- Net9or@ Contro! 'SSNC*. The U, is in or.orated in the soft9are of the re!evant LT<. /a0 C"%%"n Channe+ S!.na+!n. Ne ("$) C"n $"+ /CCNC0 A -a2i-u- of 61D o--on signa!ing hanne!s an /e onne ted to the CCNC via either digita! or ana!og !in@s. The digita! !in@s are e2tended fro- the LT<s over /oth .!anes of the du.!i ated s9it hing net9or@ and -u!ti.!e2ers to the CCNC. The CCNC is onne ted to the s9it hing net9or@ via t9o 3 M/.s high9a"s 'S+C$ CCNC*. Bet9een the CCNC and ea h s9it hing net9or@ .!ane) 61D hanne!s for ea h dire tion of trans-ission are avai!a/!e '61D hanne! .airs*. The hanne!s arr" signa!ing data via /oth s9it hing net9or@ .!anes to and fro- the LT<s at a s.eed of BD @/.s. Ana!og signa!ing !in@s are !in@ed to the CCNC via -ode-s. (or reasons of re!ia/i!it") the CCNC has a du.!i ated .ro essor 'CCN,* 9hi h is onne ted to the C, /" -eans of si-i!ar!" du.!i ated /us s"ste-. The CCNC onsists of $ % % U.to 76 signa!ing !in@ ter-ina! 'SILT* grou.s) ea h 9ith 3 signa!ing !in@s and One du.!i ated o--on hanne! signa!ing net9or@ .ro essor 'CCN,*.

The fun tions of the CCNC de.end on its .osition in a signa!ing !in@. In the originating or destination e2 hange in asso iated signa!ing) it o.erates as signa!ing end .oint 'SE,* and in transit e2 hange in 8uasi%asso iated signa!ing) it o.erates as a signa!ing transfer .oint 'ST,*. The CCNC) e8ui..ed in one ra @ an hand!e u.to D3 signa!ing !in@s. E8ui.-ents hand!ing u.to 5B signa!ing !in@s an /e e8ui..ed in additiona! ra @s.

CCS /ia analo0 data lin;s

#odem

#ulti le.er

CCS /ia di0ital data lin;s

* 31

0 S(!% 0rou 0

0 S(!% 0rou

31

31

CC$P 0

CC$P 1

CP bus s,stem

Common Channel Signalling Network Control

/&0

S!.na+!n. S's e% Ne ("$) C"n $"+ /SSNC0

Gene$a+ Cha$ac e$!s !cs "f he SSNC1 In the E&S+ .o9ernode the SSNC ta@es over the ontro! of the SS0 net9or@ 'instead of CCNC as 9as used in E&S+ C!assi *. Here SSNC an /e used as signa!ing end .oint 'SE,* or signa!ing transfer .oint 'ST,* as 9as a!so done /" CCNC. Additiona!!" the SSNC an a!so ta@e over the tas@s of a SCC, Re!a" ,oint SR, '<!o/a! Tit!e Trans!ation <TT for MT, users at non%user hanne! re!ated SS0 signa!ing* and an fun tion as a Lo a! Nu-/er ,orta/i!it" +ata/ase Server. In Contrast to the CCNC) the SSNC is e8ui..ed 9ith its o9n O&M interfa e to the Net-anager NetM 'Ethernet I, interfa e 9ith G7 .roto o!* and 9ith /a @%u. -e-ories '-agneti dis@ A -agneto%o.ti dis@*. Therefore 9ith regard to the OAM) it is inde.endent of the C,. Thus it is .ossi/!e to a!so use the SSNC outside of E&S+ as a stand%a!one Signa!ing Transfer ,oint ST,. (igures on the ne2t .age sho9 ho9 the CCNC or SSNC are onne ted in E&S+ C!assi and ,o9ernode onfigurations res.e tive!".

omparison !a"#e $or %arious tra$$ic types "et&een

T$aff!c T'4e ST,' MSUAs* SE,' MSUAs* CCNC BD:: SSNC />e$. -80 1::::: 4::::: 17:: 4::::: 61D 460 76 D:5B 4:6D 46 ::: ::: BHCA

' and SS' :

SSNC S!n.+e She+f C"nf!.u$a !"n />e$.-80 47::: 13::

SR, '<TTAs* Signa!ing Lin@s

%%%%%%%

4::: 41::

Net9or@ E!e-ents Route Sets Lin@ Sets No. ,orta/i!it"

D 6::: 61B %%%%%%%%

76 D:5B 460 %%%%%%%

Trun@s and SS0 Lin@s

LT< ,CM7: LT< SNB 3 M/As CCNC

OMTACT OMTACT Trun@s and SS0 Lin@s

D M/As LT< IO,$MB ,CM7:A6D C, LT<

MB B IO,$MB SNB

High S.eed EWSD C+ass!c C"nf!.u$a !"n SS0 Lin@s SSNC NetM 6:0 M/As AM,C C, 60: M/As

MB +

IO,$MB

EWSD P"(e$n"#e C"nf!.u$a !"n

SSNC In e$faces / F!.u$e "n neB 4a.e01 a0 C"nnec !n. he SSA s!.na+!n. channe+s The SS0 Signa!ing hanne!s an /e onne ted to the SSNC in three 9a"s$ +ire t onne tion of 6 M/.s ,CM trans-ission routes 'E4* 9ith 76 2 BD;/.s s!ots 'S"n hronous Transfer Mode STM* 9here the ti-e s!ot 4%74 is used e2 !usive!" for BD;/.s SS0 Signa!ing hanne!s 'usua!!" used 9hen using the SSNC as stand%a!one signa!ing transfer .oint 'ST,* +ire t onne tion of 6M/.s ,CM trans-ission route 'E4* 9ith a 6 M/.s high s.eed SS0 signa!ing hanne! 'As"n hronous Transfer Mode ATM* 'usua!!" used 9hen using the SSNC as stand%a!one Signa!ing Transfer ,oint ST,* Indire t onne tion 'via E&S+* of BD ;/.s SS0 signa!ing hanne!s !o ated in 6M/.s ,CM trans-ission routes 9hi h si-u!taneous!" trans.ort user hanne!s. 'not 9ith stand%a!one ST,* The onne tion of su h an SS0 signa!ing hanne! o urs as a nai!ed%u. onne tion 'NUC* fro- the LT< to 9hi h the ,CM route trans.orting the hanne! is onne ted via the E&S+ s9it hing net9or@ to the SSNC. Be ause the SSNC) ho9ever) has no dire t interfa e to the SN) this NUC runs via the s9it hing net9or@ on!" to another LT< 'in9ard LT<*. This o!!e ts severa! SS0 NUCKs fro- different LT<Ks and the /und!ed routes in a 6 M/.s a/!e 9ith -a2i-u- 74 signa!ing hanne!s to the SSNC. In e$face " he CP 1 The onne tion to the C, is used to -onitor and o--uni ate 9ith the C, for SS0 -essages re!evant for the C, and for Interna! OAM% -essages as e.g. Load Contro!) he @ing of data onsisten ". It is onne ted using 6:0 M/.s o.ti a! fi/er a/!e to the AM, in the C,. In e$face " he MB D

&0

c0

The SSNC has u. to 4: ATM6:: interfa es to the MB+A in the MB +. The E&S+ interna! e2 hange of the SS0 ISU, -essages /et9een the user LT<s and the SS0 MT, fun tions in the SSNC runs via these interfa es.

SSNC Func !"na+ Un! s3 F$a%es$ Three t".es of -odu!e fra-es are used for the SSNC. The SSNC ra @s are -anufa tured in the ICN onstru tion) i.e. the" are so-e9hat dee.er and 9ider than E&S+ stru ture. a0 ATM S(! ch!n. Ne ("$) ASN /2 %"#u+e f$a%es f"$ ASN 5 an# -0 The ATM s9it hing net9or@ 'ASN* is a s9it h -atri2 9hi h S9it hes the o--uni ation% strea-s of the individua! SSNC fun tiona! units 9ith MB + and C, S9it hes the o--uni ation%strea-s /et9een the individua! SSNC fun tiona! units &0 SSNC &as!c f$a%es SCB On!" this fra-e is re8uired for sing!e she!f onfiguration of SSNC. The SCB ontains the fo!!o9ing 'interna!!" du.!i ated* fun tiona! units of the SSNC$ L!ne In e$face Ca$# /LIC01 The du.!i ated Line Interfa e Card LIC for-s the .h"si a! interfa e /et9een the SSNC units and the SS0 net9or@. U. to 3 ,CM 6M/.s !ines an /e onne ted to an LIC -odu!e. These ,CM routes an o-e either dire t!" fro- the trans-ission net9or@ or fro- different in9ard LT<Ks. Therefore an LIC an .rovide the interfa es for -a2i-u- 6D3 2 BD;/.s signa!ing hanne!s. Ma!n P$"cess"$ MP1 The Main ,ro essor 'M,* are the entra! o-.onents of the SSNC. Ea h M, is du.!i ated 'M,U: and M,U4*. The different M,Ks fu!fi! different tas@s$ MP1 OAM 'M, for O.eration ) Ad-inistration and Maintenan e*$ It ontains interfa es to onne t Net-anagers NetM 'Ethernet*) the hard dis@s 'SCSI /us for M++ and MO+* and the onne tion units for a!ar- !ines ALIB 'A!ar- Line Interfa e Base*. MP1SLT 'M, for Signa!ing Lin@ Ter-ination*$

Ea h M,$SLT arries out the MT, tas@s of an SS0 net9or@ ontro! for -a2i-u- 460 signa!ing hanne!s 'de.ending on signa!ing traffi * 9hen dea!ing 9ith SS0 -essages 'dis ri-ination) distri/ution) routing and /a @%u.*. The tota! nu-/er of the M,$SLT in the SSNC de.ends on the signa!ing re8uire-ents of the net9or@ node '-a2i-u- D0 M,$SLT an /e .rovided*. MP1SM 'M, for Signa!ing Manager*$ It serves to .er-anent!" u.date the SSNC data/ase. This a!so guarantees that ea h M,$SLT a!9a"s has an u.%to%date .i ture of the signa!ing data/ase. MP1STATS 'M, for statisti s* The M,$STAT is used to ad-inisters the different SS0 statisti s data 9hi h are o!!e ted in the individua! M,$SLT.

In ase of SSNC sing!e she!f onfiguration on!" t9o 'du.!i ated* M,s are used. One is su..!ied 9ith a -i2ed !oad t".e M,$OAMASMASTATS 9hi!e the other one .erfor-s the MT, tas@s 'M,$SLT* ATM Mu+ !4+eBe$ T'4eCE /AM:E01 The AM=E serves as a on entrator to9ards ASN and .rovides 76 2 6:0 M/.s ATM interfa es to onne t the interna! SSNC units LIC and M, and the o.ti a! a/!es to the AM, of the C, and MB+A of the MB c0 EB ens!"n f$a%e SCE /%aB!%u% A f"$ -?55 s!.na+!n. channe+s0 The SCE ontains a du.!i ated AM=E and serves to in !ude other M,s and LICs .

S's e% Da a
Ca!!%hand!ing a.a it" No. of Su/s ri/er !ines No. of Trun@s S9it ha/!e traffi %D3 C no-ina! dire t vo!tage Ma2i-u- re!ative fre8uen " deviation $ .!esio horonous 4:%5L s"n hronous 4:%44 A!! onventiona! signa!ing s"ste-s) e.g. CCITT R6) No.1) No.0 Carious !oo. and shunt resistan e .ossi/!e. ,ush%/utton dia!ing) Mu!ti%fre8. signa!ing to -a2. 61: ::: -a2. B: ::: -a2. 61 6:: E.

Su..!" vo!tage C!o @ a ura "

Signa!ing s"ste-s Ana!og su/s ri/er !ine and trun@ a esses

CCITT Re o--endation G.67 Rotar" dia!ing$ 1 to 66 .u!seAs IS+N a esses Basi a ess ,ri-ar" rate a ess +igita! trun@ a esses 4B: @/.s'6BI+Is"n .* BM BD @/.s) +M 4B @/.s 6:D3 @/.s'7:BI+Is"n .* 6:D3 @/.s

Traffi routing

Ca!! harge registration

,er destination one .ri-ar" route and -a2. 41 a!ternate routes. Se8uentia! or rando- se!e tion of id!e trun@ of a trun@ grou. Nu-/er of trun@ grou.s .er e2 hange$ Ma2. 4::: in o-ing and Ma2. 4::: outgoing and Ma2. 4::: /oth 9a" ,eriodi .u!se -etering) AMA Auto-ati Message A ounting or +etai!ed Bi!!ing 'CAMA) LAMA* IACHASTA Inter Ad-inistration Charging and Statisti s Ma2. 144 Eones Ma2. B tariffs .er Eone Tariff s9it hover .ossi/!e in 41%-inute ti-ing interva!s Trans-ission of o--uni ation data to

o-.uter enter 'out.ut on ta.e a!so .ossi/!e* Environ-enta! onditions A-/ient te-.erature Re!ative hu-idit" 1NC to D:NC 4:O to 3:O

Signa!ing !in@

Out.ut LT<

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Affe ting s.ee h hanne!

ISU, LT<

In9ard LT<

74 SS0% Lin@s 9ith BD ;/itAs or 4 HS% Lin@ 9ith 6 M/itAS

SSNC

Leve! 6 & 7
/MTP0

"AM
+ire t onne ted E4 e2 !usive!" used for SS0 !in@s

ATM% /ridges 'o.ti a!*

AM, C,
MB% + 'MB+A*

Ne M

SSNC In e$faces

Trun@s and SS0 Lin@s 'BD @/.s*

LT< LT<

SS0 Lin@s 'BD;/.s*

SSNC
LIC

LT< +LU LT< AM=E

High S.eed Lin@s '6 M/.s*

LIC M,$SLT M,$SLT

MB+A CP--,C

ASN

MB D

NetM

M,$STATS

M,$SM Ethernet M,$OAM

=. 61
MO+ M++

AM,C

IO,$MB