ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to express our sincere thank to our beloved principal, staff members and special thanks to our guide Mr.Gurjot Singh The materials available with the listed reference books have a significant impact on this paper. We gratefully thank to the authors and publications of these reference books. My special thanks and regards also goes to my supervisors and engineers in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out and motivated me with their abilities throughout. Lastly, we cannot forget the blessed showering of od upon us with which we are doing all the efforts and keeping us in a healthy state of mind. !inally, " am grateful to my parents, my elder siblings and the #ternal Lord for all that " have achieved in my life.

1.Introduction
The place where track and highway$road intersects each other at the same level is known as %level crossing&. There are mainly two types of level crossing they are manned level crossing and unmanned level crossing. Manned level crossing is classified into spl.'lass, ('lass, )'lass,*''lass. +nmanned level crossing is classified into *''lass, *,'lass. -ailways being the cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the other means .When we go through the daily newspapers we come across many railway accidents occurring at unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of workers. We, in this paper have come up with a solution for the same. +sing simple electronic components we have tried to automate the control of railway gates. (s a train approaches the railway crossing from either side, the sensors placed at a certain distance from the gate detects the approaching train and accordingly controls the operation of the gate. When the wheels of the train moves over, both tracks are shorted to ground and this acts as a signal to the microcontroller indicating train arrival. (lso an indicator light has been provided to alert the motorists about the approaching train.

2. ACCIDENT DETAILS AVOIDENCE

When the train arrives in a particular direction the transmitter "- senses and generates appropriate signal, then at the same time the receiver "- receives the signal and generates an interrupt. When the interrupt is generated the stepper motor rotates in clockwise direction. When the interrupt ends the stepper motor rotates in anti clock wise direction.

HA DWA E IM!LEMENTATION
Micro Contro""#r Totally ./0pin ,"1 package manufactured with 'M23 Technology. L2$%D &'otor dri(#r) -acially L456, 78,"1 $+L9 4//6 "' is used to drive the stepper motor.

STE!!E MOTO This is used to open and close the gates automatically when it is rotated clock wise or anticlockwise direction. 3tepper motor re:uires ;//m amps current, so use the uln4//6 or L456, drivers to drive the stepper motor.

SO*TWA E IM!LEMENTATION
<eil software %. +LOCK DIAG AM DESC I!TION The block diagram consists of six major blocks, they are "- sensors, Microcontroller, L456,, 3tepper motor, gate and power supply %.1 I SENSO S Two "- sensor pairs =667,666> are used for transmitting and receiving signals. %.1.1 I CI C,ITS This circuit has two stages? a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmitter unit consists of an infrared L#, and its associated circuitry. %.1.2 I T ANSMITTE The transmitter circuit consists of the following components? 1. #-i-tor2. I LED The "- L#, emitting infrared light is put on in the transmitting The main aim of this project is to operate and control the unmanned railway gate in the proper manner in order to avoid the accidents in the unmanned railway crossing. "n a country like ours where there are many unmanned railway crossings, accidents are increasing day by day. These train accidents are due to the absence of human power in the railway. "n order to overcome the accidents due to the above problem we have planned to design the project. (utomatic -ailway ate 'ontrol 3ystem with @igh 3peed (lerting 3ystem is an innovative circuit which automatically controls the operation of railway gates detecting the arrival and departure of trains at the gate. "t has detectors at the far away distance on the railway track which allows us to know the arrival and departure of the train. These detectors are given to microcontroller which activates the motors which open$close the railway gate correspondingly. (nother feature of this circuit is that it has an intelligent alerting system which detects the speed of the train that is arriving. "f the speed is found to be higher than the normal speed, then the microcontroller automatically activates the alarm present at the gate. This alerts the passengers at the railway crossing on the road about this. (lso this circuit has the feature for "dentification of train from other intruders i.e., animals etc .This can be implemented in manned level crossings also, as manual errors can be eliminated by automation.

Circuit O.#r/tion0

The operation of the circuit can be clearly explained as follows. )asically the circuit consists of four "- L#,01hotodiode pairs arranged on either side of the gate such that "- L#, and photodiodes are on either side of the track as shown in the figure below.

"nitially transmitter is continuously transmitting the "- light which is made to fall on the receiver. When the train arrives it cuts the light falling on receiver. Let us assume the train is arriving from left to right, now when the train cuts the 7st sensor pair a counter is activated and when it crosses 4nd sensor pair the counter is stopped. This counter value gives the time period which is used to calculate the velocity of the train. The sensor4 output is sent to microcontroller which makes the relay activate which causes the gate to be closed. 9ow when the last carriage of the train cuts the sensor. microcontroller de0activates the relay and gates are opened. Ho1 do#- th# -#n-or 2no1 th# "/-t c/rri/g#3 @ere as previously mentioned the counter value is used to calculate the velocity of the train, which means that every wheel of the carriage cuts the sensor pair within small fraction of time based on its velocity. (fter the last carriage is passed there is no obstacle to the sensor pair within that fraction of time hence it knows that the train has left. 2ne more feature of this circuit is detecting a train accurately i.e., there may be a chance that some obstacle =for e.g. some animal> may cut the sensor then in such a case the counter is made to run for certain period of time =this time period is set considering the possible lowest speed of train> if the

obstacle does not cut the 4nd sensor before this predefined time then this obstacle is not considered as train and gates remain opened. 2ne more advantage of calculating the velocity of train is, if the speed of the train crosses a limit i.e., if it is travelling at an over speed then the passengers are alerted using a by activating a buAAer. The system basically comprises two "- L#, B 1hotodiode pairs, which are installed on the railway track at about 7 meter apart, with the transmitter and the photodiode of each pair on the opposite sides of the track. The installation is as shown in the block diagram. The system displays the time taken by the train in crossing this distance from one pair to the other with a resolution of /./7 second from which the speed of the vehicle can be calculated as follows? S.##d &2'.h) 4 Di-t/nc#5Ti'# (s distance between the sensors is known and constant, the time is counted by the microcontroller and from this information, we can calculate the speed. This circuit has been designed considering the maximum permissible speed for trains as per the traffic rule. The microcontroller is used to process the inputs that are provided by the sensors and generate the desired outputs appropriately.

MIC OCONT OLLE

"t is designed using C/;7 microcontroller to avoid railway accidents happening at unattended railway gates. The Micro controller is a low powerD high performance 'M23 C0bit micro controller with .< bytes of !lash programmable and erasable read only memory =1#-2M>. The on0chip !lash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in0system or by a conventional non0volatile memory programmer. )y combining a versatile C0bit '1+ with !lash on a monolithic chip, the (tmel is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost0effective solution to many embedded control applications. )y using this controller the data inputs from the smart card is passed to the 1arallel 1ort of the pc and accordingly the software responds. The ",# for writing the embedded program used is <#" L software.

*EAT, ES O* MIC OCONT OLLE The (TC5';4 provides the following standard features? C< bytes of !lash, 4;8 bytes of -(M, 64 "$2 lines, three 780bit timer$counters, six0 vector two0level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on0chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. "n addition, the (TC5';4 is designed with static logic for operation down to Aero fre:uency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The "dle Mode stops the '1+ while allowing the -(M, timer$counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The 1ower down Mode saves the -(M contents but freeAes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. %.2.1 K#i" Micro (i-ion Int#gr/t#d D#(#"o.'#nt En(iron'#nt. <eil 3oftware development tools for the C/;7 micro controller family support every level of developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about embedded software development. The industry0standard <eil ' 'ompilers, Macro (ssemblers, ,ebuggers, -eal0 time <ernels, and 3ingle0board 'omputers support (LL C/;70 compatible derivatives and help you get your projects completed on schedule. The source code is written in assembly language ."t is saved as (3M file with an extension. (;7.the (3M file is converted into hex file using keil software. @ex file is dumped into micro controller using L()T22L software. (t once the file is dumped and the -2M is burnt then it becomes an embedded one. %.% L2$%D !,SH6!,LL *O, CHANNEL D IVE WITH DIODES 8//ma output current capability per channel 7.4a peak output current =non repetitive> per channel enable facility over temperature protection logical E/E input voltage up to 7.; v =high noise immunity> internal clamp diodes The ,evice is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to accept standard ,TL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads =such as relays solenoids, ,' and stepping motors> and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is e:uipped with an enable input. ( separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching applications at fre:uencies up to ; k@A. The L456, is assembled in a 78 lead plastic package which has . centre pins connected together and used for heat sinking. The L456,, is assembled in a 4/ lead surface mount which has C centre pins connected together and used for heat sinking.

%.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES O* L2$%D

ADVANTAGES #fficient way of speed control of ,' motor. 1roduces more tor:ue. 1roduces less noise.

DISADVANTAGES "t is not applicable for (' motor.

A!!LICATIONS "ndustries. Traction. @ome appliance. STE!!E MOTO %.7 STE!!E MOTO the stepper tutorial deals with the basic final stage drive circuitry for stepping motors. This circuitry is centered on a single issue, switching the current in each motor winding on and off, and controlling its direction. The circuitry discussed in this section is connected directly to the motor windings and the motor power supply, and this circuitry is controlled by a digital system that determines when the switches are turned on or off. This section covers all types of motors, from the elementary circuitry needed to control a variable

reluctance motor, to the @0bridge circuitry needed to control a bipolar permanent magnet motor. #ach class of drive circuit is illustrated with practical examples, but these examples are not intended as an exhaustive catalogue of the commercially available control circuits, nor is the information given here intended to substitute for the information found on the manufacturerFs component data sheets for the parts mentioned. This section only covers the most elementary control circuitry for each class of motor. (ll of these circuits assume that the motor power supply provides a drive voltage no greater than the motorFs rated voltage, and this significantly limits motor performance. The next section, on current limited drive circuitry, covers practical high0performance drive circuits %.7.1 St#..ing S#8u#nc#- 9or / *our01hase +nipolar 1ermanent Magnet 3tepper Motor This kind of motor has four coils which, when energiAed in the correct se:uence, cause the permanent magnet attached to the shaft to rotate. There are two basic step se:uences. (fter step ., the se:uence is repeated from step 7 again reversing the order of the steps in a se:uence will reverse the direction of rotation. @ere are some possible connection diagrams and some software %.7.2 Sing"#6Coi" E:cit/tion 0 #ach successive coil is energiAed in turn. This se:uence produces the smoothest movement and consumes least power. %.7.%T1o6Coi" E:cit/tion 6 E/ch -ucc#--i(# ./ir o9 /dj/c#nt coi"- i- #n#rgi;#d in turn. This is not as smooth and uses more power but produces greater tor:ue the excitation of 'oil 1. is always the inverse of the excitation of 'oil 6. 3o, with the right circuit the excitation of 'oil . is always the inverse of the excitation of 'oil 2. Gou can generate this se:uence with only two data lines. Int#r"#/(ing the two se:uences will cause the motor to h/"96-t#..

7. A!!LICATIONS
-eal time transport systems.

<. ADVANTAGES
(ccident avoidance. @uman -esource. 3afety and :uality of services

12W#- 3+11LG

COM!ONENTS06
Transformer 740/074=;//M(> ,iodes "9.//H =.> Ioltage regulator =HC74>, =HC/5>, =HC/;> 'apacitor .H/u! 'apacitor 7u! =4>

T ANS*O ME &126=612)06 "t is a step down transformer used to step down the main supply voltage from 46/ (' to lower value .this 46/ (' voltages cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down. The transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in it secondary core .the output from secondary core is also (' waveform. Thus the conversion from (' to ,' is essential. This conversion is achieved by using rectifier unit.

740/074 means that the voltage or the potential difference =p.d.> between each of the end terminals of the secondary winding and the mid0point of the secondary winding of the transformer is 74I. (nd, between the two ends of the secondary winding, you will get 74 J 74 K 4.I. ;//m( means the current delivery capability of the secondary winding of the transformer. 9ormally it is said in I(. "n your case it would be 4; x /.; K 74I(. The ratings are arrived at based on the re:uirements of the loads that are to be connected to the transformer. The limiting criteria are the winding wire thickness and the insulation of the winding. This means the output voltage available is 74 volts from center on both sides. #nd to end is 4. volts. The safe maximum current rating of this transformer is ;// ma. The ratings depend on the thickness and the number of secondary windings on the core. More the thickness of the copper wires more the current rating and larger the siAe of the transformer. enerally the transformer rating will be in I( =volt amperes>. The ones used for TIs will be in the range of 4;/ I( and for refrigerators will be H;/ to 740/074 means that the voltage or the potential difference =p.d.> between each of the end terminals of the secondary winding and the mid0point of the secondary winding of the transformer is 74I. (nd, between the two ends of the secondary winding, you will get 74 J 74 K 4.I. ;//m( means the current delivery capability of the secondary winding of the transformer. 9ormally it is said in I(. "n your case it would be 4; x /.; K 74I(. The ratings are arrived at based on the re:uirements of the loads that are to be connected to the transformer. The limiting criteria are the winding wire thickness and the insulation of the winding. 7/// I(.

DIODES&IN7==>)06

This is a simple, very common rectifier diode. 2ften used for reverse voltage protection, the 79.//H is a staple for many powers, ,' to ,' step up, and breadboard projects. 79.//H is rated for up to 7($7///I. *#/tur#L ,iffused Munction L @igh 'urrent 'apability and Low !orward Ioltage ,rop L 3urge 2verload -ating to 6/( 1eak L Low -everse Leakage 'urrent L Lead !ree !inish, -o@3 'ompliant =9ote 6> 2,#3 M#ch/nic/" D/t/ L 'ase? ,20.7 L 'ase Material? Moulded 1lastic. +L !lammability 'lassification -ating 5.I0/ L Moisture 3ensitivity? Level 7 per M03T,0/4/, L Terminals? !inish 0 )right Tin. 1lated Leads 3olderable per M"L03T,04/4, Method 4/C L 1olarity? 'athode )and L Mounting 1osition? (ny L 2rdering "nformation L Marking? Type 9umber L Weight? /.6/ grams =approximate>

VOLTAGE EG,LATO 06
The >?:: =sometimes L>?::, LM>?::, MC>?::...> is a family of self0contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The HCxx family is commonly used in electronic circuits

re:uiring a regulated power supply due to their ease0of0use and low cost. !or "'s within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage =for example, the HC/; has a ; volt output, while the HC74 produces 74 volts>. The HCxx lines are positive voltage regulators? they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of >$:: devices which are complementary negative voltage regulators. HCxx and H5xx "'s can be used in combination to provide positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit. HCxx "'s have three terminals and are commonly found in the T244/ form factor, although smaller surface0mount and larger T26packages are available. These devices support an input voltage anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to a maximum of 6; to ./ volts depending on the make, and typically provide 7 or 7.; amperes of current =though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating>

ADVANTAGES

HCxx series "'s do not re:uire additional components to provide a constant, regulated source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of space. 2ther voltage regulators may re:uire additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist in the regulation process. 3ome other designs =such as a switched> may need substantial engineering expertise to implement. HCxx series "'s have built0in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They have protection against overheating and short0circuits, making them :uite robust in most applications. "n some cases, the current0limiting features of the HCxx devices can provide protection not only for the HCxx itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.

DISADVANTAGES

The input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage by some minimum amount =typically 4 volts>. This can make these devices unsuitable for powering some devices from certain types of power sources =for example, powering a circuit that re:uires ; volts using 80volt batteries will not work using a HC/;>. (s they are based on a linear regulator design, the input current re:uired is always the same as the output current. (s the input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage, this means that the total power =voltage multiplied by current> going into the HCxx will be more than the output power provided. The extra input power is dissipated as heat. This means both that for some applications an ade:uate heat sink must be provided, and also that a =often substantial> portion of the input power is wasted during the process, rendering them less efficient than some other types of power supplies. When the input

voltage is significantly higher than the regulated output voltage =for example, powering a HC/; using a 4. volt power source>, this inefficiency can be a significant issue. There are common configurations for HCxx "'s, including HC/; =; volt>, HC/8 =8 volt>, HC/C =C volt>, HC/5 =5 volt>, HC7/ =7/ volt>, HC74 =74 volt>, HC7; =7; volt>, HC7C =7C volt>, and HC4. =4. volt> versions. The HC/; is common, as its regulated ; volt supply provides a convenient power source for most TTL components. #ach device in this series has minimum input voltage to be maintained to get regulated output 1ositive regulator 7. "nput pin 4. round pin 6. 2utput pin 9egative regulator 7. round pin 4. "nput pin 6. 2utput pin

CA!ACITO 06
*i"t#r c/./citor- are capacitor used for filtering of undesirable fre:uencies. They are common in electrical and electronic e:uipment, and cover a number of applications, such as?

litch removal of ,irect current =,'> power rails -adio fre:uency interference =-!"> removal for signal or power lines entering or leaving e:uipment 'apacitors used after a voltage regulator to further smooth ,' power supply 'apacitors used in audio, "ntermediate fre:uency ="!> or radio fre:uency =-!> fre:uency filters =e.g. low pass, high pass, notch, etc.> (rc suppression, such as across the contact breaker or FpointsF in a spark ignition engine

!ilter capacitors are not the same as reservoir capacitor, the tasks the two perform are different, albeit related. The c/./citor6in.ut 9i"t#r, also called pi filter due to its shape that looks like the reek letter N, is a type of electronic filter. !ilter circuits are used to remove unwanted or undesired fre:uencies from a signal.

( typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter or reservoir capacitor '7, connected across the rectifier output, an inductor L, in series and another filter or smoothing capacitor, '4, connected across the load, -L. ( filter of this sort is designed for use at a particular fre:uency, generally fixed by the (' line fre:uency and rectifier configuration. When used in this service, filter performance is often characteriAed by its regulation and ripple. 7. The capacitor '7 offers low reactance to the (' component of the rectifier output while it offers infinite resistance to the ,' component. (s a result the capacitor shunts an appreciable amount of the (' component while the ,' component continues its journey to the inductor L 4. The inductor L offers high reactance to the (' component but it offers almost Aero resistance to the ,' component. (s a result the ,' component flows through the inductor while the (' component is blocked. 6. The capacitor '4 bypasses the (' component which the inductor had failed to block. (s a result only the ,' component appears across the load -L. The component value for the inductor can be estimated as an inductance that resonates the smoothing capacitor=s> at or below one tenth of the minimum ac fre:uency in the power supplied to the filter =7// @A from a full0wave rectifier in a region where the power supply is ;/@A>. Thus if reservoir and smoothing capacitors of 44// microfarads are used, a suitable minimum value for the inductor would be that which resonates 44// microfarads =O!> to 7/ @A, i.e. 7 m@. ( larger value is preferable provided the inductor can carry the re:uired supply current. 92T#? (ssuming a resonance e:uation of 'apacitor input filters can provide extremely pure dc supplies, but have fallen out of favour because inductors tend to be unavoidably heavy, which has led to the often0preferred choice of voltage regulators instead. Ad(/nt/g#More output voltage P -ipple less output Di-/d(/nt/g#Large in siAe and weight P @igh cost

CONCL,SION
The accidents are avoided at places where there is no person managing the railway crossing gates. @ere we use the stepper motor to open and close the gates automatically when it is rotated clockwise or anticlockwise direction. When the train arrives in a particular direction the transmitter "- senses and generates appropriate signal, then at the same time the receiver "- receives the signal and generates an interrupt. When the interrupt is generated the stepper motor rotates in clockwise direction. When the interrupt ends the stepper motor rotates in anti clock wise direction

E*E ENCES
(dler, -. )., (. '. 3mith, and -. L. Longani? %"ntroduction to 3emiconductor 1hysics,& vol. 7, p. HC, 3emiconductor #lectronics #ducation 'ommittee, Mohn Wiley P 3ons, "nc., 9ew Gork, 758.. 3chade, 2. @.? %(nalysis of -ectifier 2peration&, proc. "-#, vol.67, pp. 6.70687, Muly, 75.6.

 3tout, M. ).? %(nalysis of -ectifier 'ircuits&, #lec. #ng., vol. ;., 3eptember, 756;. Macob Millman 'hristos '. @alkias.? %#lectronic ,evices (nd 'ircuits&, Tata Mc raw0@ill 1ublishing 'ompany Ltd. 3ep, 4//6. The C/;7 Microcontroller and #mbedded 3ystems using (ssembly and

' by Muhammad (li MaAidi, Manice illispie, -olin ,.Mckinlay.

1art of stepping motors by ,ouglas W.Mones, the university of "2W( ,epartment of

computer science.

WE+SITES
WWW.circuit diagram.com #lectonicshub.com