Benchmarking of Rural Water Supply Schemes

9/11/2013
Draft Report Presentation on BENCHMARKING OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES IN RAJASTHAN
Sept 11, 2013
Presented by John Thomas General Manager (Consultancy) Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited Benchmarking of Rural Water Supply Schemes in Rajasthan
PROJECT GENESIS
Background, Scope & Objectives Approach & Methodology

RESULTS / FINDINGS
Performance & Status of RWS Conjunctive Use of Water Problem Analysis & Remedial Measures
Presentation flow
ACTION POINTS
Benchmarking of Rural WS Schemes Conclusions & Recommendations
Sept 11, 2013
Benchmarking of Rural Water Supply Schemes in Rajasthan
9/11/2013
Rajasthan: Some basic facts
Largest state in the country Geographical Area: 3,42,239 sq.km (10% of the total country) Supports
> 5.5% of Indias human population 18.70% of Indias livestock 2/3rd of States population sustain on agriculture Ranked 7th in India in terms of food grains production Agriculture & allied activities contribute 26% of GSDP Has 1.16% of the total surface water available in the country. The status of water in the state is very critical. 2/3rd part of the state is part of the Great Thar desert.
Sept 11, 2013
9/11/2013
Background:
Water Resources of Rajasthan
25 20 15
11.36 21.71 17.88 16.05 11.29 11.77 7.413 12.66 17.88
Water Use pattern

Agriculture 83% Drinking Water 11%
10 5 0
Available (BCM)
Surface Water
Utilizable (BCM)
Usage (BCM)
Ground Water
Inter State/ External Water
Industry/ Other Uses 6%
Ref: Sweta Mirdha Hooda, Rajasthan Water Assessment and Potential for Private Sector Interventions, 2013, IFC, World Bank Group
Sept 11, 2013
Village Electrification & Pump Energization Status in Rajasthan

Village electrification Status
40000 39800 39600 97.56 39400 39200 39000 38800 38600 38400 38200 97.52 97.51 38771 38786 97.53 200000 0 97.55 97.54 nos % 600000 400000 170.00 168.00 166.00 174.00 800000 176.00 39753 97.57 1000000 97.58 1400000 184.00
Pump Energization Status in Rajasthan

1200000
182.00
1128673
1154679
180.00 178.00
630600
172.00
Inhabitated Villages Villages electrified (as villages electrified (as (as per 2001 Census) on March 31, 2013) on June 30, 2013)
Estimated Ultimate Pump sets energized (as Ground Water Potential* on March 31, 2013)
Nos %
Pump sets energized (as on June 30, 2013)

Log. (%)
* In terms of electrical pumpsets Ref: Central Electricity Authority Reports http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/dpd_div_rep/pumpset_energisation.pdf http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/dpd_div_rep/village_electrification.pdf
Sept 11, 2013
9/11/2013
Ground Water trends

Ground Water Blocks - Abstraction Status
100.0% 90.0% 86.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0%
13.4% 69.5%
1984
1990
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2009
White (Safe) Over exploited
Grey (Semi-Critical) Expon. (Over exploited)
Dark (Critical)
Ref: NASA Satellites Track Vanishing Groundwater - Image courtesy Trent Schindler and Matt Rodell, NASA http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/india_water.html
Water Availability trends (1951 2041)
9/11/2013
Paradigm Shift in Govt policies & Planning: XII Plan envisages

a move away approach from Engineering construction centric approach to multidisciplinary participatory approach to bridge the gap between potential creation and utilization with prioritize investment in command area development and management programme. proposes to improve the water use efficiency by 20% in the irrigation sector.
Sept 11, 2013
European Commission & SPP:
The EU has signed State Partnership Programmes (SPP) for two states in India: Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan. Over of a period of six years (2006-2012), the EU to contribute up to 160 million for both states. The target SPP states have determined their own priorities for intervention and EC partnership support. The Rajasthan State partnership programme aims at achieving the following two main results: State wide water sector reform and improvement Enhanced water supply and groundwater recharge in selected areas of Rajasthan
Sept 11, 2013
10
9/11/2013
About Benchmarking:
Benchmarking is a relentless strategic discovery process.
It is a search for identification, understanding, adaptation and implementation of solutions leading an enterprise to far superior performance, which is based on best practices. The main value added from benchmarking compared to other improvement tools is to learn HOW to improve from others. Ideally benchmarking should be a continuous process from the point of constantly learning and sharing with other client organizations new and improved ways of doing things.
Sept 11, 2013
11
Role of Benchmarking in bringing about Water Reforms:

The new regulatory paradigm for the public utilities, called Yardstick Competition, has been emerging. Yardstick competition is mainly directed to the public utilities, where
competition is not possible to occur or where, at least, its existence is not reasonable, ii. the main actors have little incentive to reduce the costs and iii. asymmetric information exists. i.
This is particularly important in the water and sewerage services owing to the monopolistic environment that characterizes them and to the amount of asymmetric information
Sept 11, 2013
12
9/11/2013
Study Objective
The overall objective of the project is:

to understand the household level water security scenario in the state benchmark various ongoing rural water supply schemes, and develop appropriate Service Level Benchmarks for Rural Drinking Water Supply in order to position the department and the state to meet future challenges and drinking water woes of the State of Rajasthan.
Sept 11, 2013
13
Scope of Work:
The broad scope of work is divided into the following activities: Performance and Status of Rural Water Supply Schemes
Investigate status of demand and supply and carryout gap analysis Inventorize and map all sources of drinking of water supply schemes. Carryout UFW analysis of all Regional Water supply schemes and suggest remedial measures for improving performance. Assess the sustainability of sources and water supply systems and suggest measures for improvement.
Conjunctive Use of Water

Carry out water quality test and prepare block wise potable and non-potable sources maps. Map all types of water bodies and mark on the map in use or out-of-use. Prepare GIS map with habitation boundary, load all data related to RWSS and use GIS platform along with developed MIS for decision making.
Problem Analysis and Remedial Measures

Carry out problem analysis of the villages and suggest alternatives for sustainable drinking water supplies.
Road map and Action Plan

Sept 11, 2013
Develop a Road map and Action plan to solve problem of access, equity, quantity, quality and sustainability.
14
9/11/2013
Approach & Methodology Planning

Collection & review of available literature Macro planning for schedules, targets and timelines Micro planning for engagement of experts, teams and resources Training & Allocation of roles and responsibilities to team members
Phase I
Preparation of Data collection formats, and Approval from PHED. Establishment of Field Network with requisite resources Collection of data from concerned Departments & Authorities: Hydrological, Hydrogeological, Census, Meteorological, Scheme details, .Field surveys,.UfW studies, . etc. Preparation of GIS base maps , layers, digitization of hab boundaries, with SoI village boundary maps as base Develop SSLB for RWS and Approval from PHED for the Indicators & Weightage Development of MIS formats, templates, logic for data entry and analysis
Phase II
Data Analysis & Interpretation Development of MIS based District level Reports on Performance Analysis & Status of RWS Development of Habitation wise Water Source Directory for Drinking Water Supply in the State. Development of GIS based Water Quality Maps Training on MIS & GIS to PHED officers Development of State level reports on Conjunctive Use, Problem Analysis & Remedial Measures, Draft Report preparation & presentation Final State level Report Integration of MIS & GIS database and hosting on DoIT server
15
Sept 11, 2013
9/11/2013
Inventory of Rural Water Supply Schemes:

Scheme Inventory (nos. & % distribution)
HP, 19252, 62.99% HP, 19252, 49% P&T, 6071, 15%
Villages covered by RWS schemes (nos. & % distribution)
Sanitary Diggi., 359, 1.17% P&T, 6071, 19.86% Regional WSS, 2204, 7.21% Piped, 2680, 8.77%
Sanitary Diggis., 359, 1% Regional WSS, 11179, 28%
Piped, 2680, 7%
Sept 11, 2013
17
Coverage Status vis--vis PHED norms:

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 15.1% 11.6% 11.2% 10.2% 9.8% 9.7% 9.5% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 10.2%
As per PHED norms
Short of PHED norms
In EXCESS of PHED norms
Findings
18
Sept 11, 2013
9/11/2013
Benchmarking of Regional Rural Water Supply Schemes:
Sept 11, 2013
19
Benchmarking of Piped Rural Water Supply Schemes:
Sept 11, 2013
20
10
9/11/2013
Benchmarking of P&T Rural Water Supply Schemes:
Sept 11, 2013
21
Scheme wise Benchmark across 33 districts of Rajasthan

State average
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7.1 8.2 8.55
P&T score
Piped Score
Regional WSS Score
Sept 11, 2013
22
11
9/11/2013
Problem Analysis & Remedial Measures
If we are moving at block and village level, then number of drought free years may reach to zero. It is concluded that every year some or other part of Rajasthan is affected by drought. At the village level, the number of drought-free years will be even less. Therefore, every year some parts of Rajasthan are affected by drought.
Sept 11, 2013
23
Problem Habitations
(as listed by PHED in Summer 2010)
Tanker Fed Habitations (Scheme wise distribution across districts)
300
250
3355 habs
200
150
100
50
HP Sept 11, 2013
P&T
Piped
RWSS
SD 24
12
9/11/2013
Problem Habitations - Classifications

Tanker fed Villages Tanker fed Habitations Category wise classification
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%
Sl. #
CATEGORY
CLASSIFICATION
Habitations having present water service level more than 10 lpcd but less than 70/40 lpcd, and water quality problem do not fall under problematic habitations Habitations which are having present water service level less than 10 lpcd and no water quality problem Habitations which are having present water service level more than 10 lpcd but water quality problem exists in some sources. Habitations which are having present water service level less than 10 lpcd and also water quality problem.
76%
Community wise distribution 5% 77%

68%
Category I
7% 71%
75%
20%
2 3
Category II Category III
68%
15% 9% 9% 17% 10%
20% 10% 0%
Cat I
Cat II
Cat III
Cat IV
Overall
Category IV
Cat I
Cat II GEN
CatST III SC
Cat IV
Sept 11, 2013
25
Problem Habitations Scheme wise & Zone wise Classifications TANKER fed Habitations
Scheme wise - category wise classification
90% 80% 70% 60% 50%
39% 70% 82% 86% 800 700 68% 600 500 400 300 27% 200 100 5% 3% 4% 5% 8% 5% 0 Ajmer Bharatpur Bikaner Jaipur Jodhpur Kota Udaipur
Tanker fed Habitations

Category wise distribution across zones
40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
HP
P&T
Piped
RWSS
SD
Overall
Cat I
Cat II
Cat III
Cat IV
Cat I
Cat II
Cat III
Cat IV
Sept 11, 2013
26
13
9/11/2013
Problem Habitations
with defunct / Non functional schemes Problem Habitations with defunct schemes (Zone wise distribution) Problem Habitations with defunct schemes (Scheme wise classification)
P&T, 23, 10% HP, 149, 62% Piped, 8, 3%
Bikaner, 39, 16%
Bharatpur, 172, 72%
Jaipur, 13, 6% Kota, 9, 4%

RWSS, 56, 24%
Udaipur, 3, 1% Ajmer, 3, 1%
SD, 3, 1%
Sept 11, 2013
27
Problem Habitations & Remedial Measures

CATEG ORY I
CLASSIFICATION
Habitations having present water service level more than 10 lpcd but less than 70 / 40 lpcd, and water quality problem do not fall under problematic habitations Habitations which are having present water service level less than 10 lpcd and no water quality problem
REMEDIAL MEASURES
Habitations falling under this category do not need attention to be paid for consideration as Problematic habitations
For habitations falling under Category II, three major strategies are recommended to be deployed for increasing borehole water supply during drought, viz.
(i)
II
(ii)
Repairing damaged water supply assets Augmenting existing sources with new boreholes and/or deepening existing boreholes Development of Relief boreholes with use restricted to drought periods
(iii)
III
Habitations which are having present water service level more than 10 lpcd but water quality problem exists in some sources.
The quantity of water that can be pumped from potable sources need to be augmented with appropriate treatment of non-potable sources within the habitation.
Sept 11, 2013
28
14
9/11/2013
Problem Habitations & Remedial Measures

CATEG ORY
CLASSIFICATION
Habitations which are having present water service level less than 10 lpcd and also water quality problem.
REMEDIAL MEASURES
These habitations require more attention and the water requirement can be met through conjunctive use of water management For habitations falling under this Category are the worst affected habitations and require more attention to meet drinking water demands. The remedial solutions for these problematic habitations are as follows:
IV
i) Construction of Rain water harvesting structure at households level ii) Installation & Operationalization of existing sources (TW/HP/SP). iii) Water supply scheme designed on Cluster Storage basis and
the area divided into many Clusters. Standardized distribution and storage system for each cluster. Villagers formed Pani Samiti (equivalent to Village Water & Sanitation Committee) to manage the water supply scheme.
Sept 11, 2013
29
Problem Habitations & Remedial Measures COST ESTIMATES

DISTRICT AJMER ALWAR BANSWARA BARAN BHARATPUR BHILWARA BIKANER BUNDI CHITTOURGARH CHURU DHAULPUR DAUSA JAIPUR JHALAWAR JHUNJHUNU JODHPUR KARAULI KOTA NAGAUR RAJSAMAND Hab. Category RWH CAT II CAT III CAT IV Total costs Amount (in Rs. Lakhs) 82 26 15 5 152 15 45 34 5 35 6 36 22 6 18 5 405 12 11 339 112 92 37 GRAND TOTAL
61.5 296 5 87 5 21 65
30 40 5 5 5 15 35 5 5 45
35.5 550 5 30 5 35 164
5 10 15 25 25
Sept 11, 2013
S.MADHOPUR 133 SIKAR 62 SIROHI 337 TONK 5 Benchmarking of Rural Water Supply RAJASTHAN Schemes in Rajasthan 1472
513 175 15 5 243.5 351 55 126 5 45 6 72 122 11 23 5 485.5 12 550 21 173 82 397 194
465 277
176 258 158 136 83 260 346 246 47 618
9 42 106 43 146
978 452 15 5 420 609 213 262 5 128 6 332 468 257 70 5 1104 12 550 30 215 188 440 340
1816
399
3687 3416
7103
30
15
9/11/2013

Partially covered Villages
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
8907 villages
Sept 11, 2013
31
Water Quality Status in Rajasthan:

District % Fluoride affected AJMER 26% ALWAR 11% BANSWARA 28% BARAN 5% BARMER 0% BHARATPUR 3% BHILWARA 31% BIKANER 5% BUNDI 18% CHITTAURGARH 16% CHURU 5% DAUSA 13% DHAULPUR 21% DUNGARPUR 26% GANGANAGAR 2% HANUMANGARH 1% JAIPUR 31% JAISALMER 12% JALORE 37% JHALAWAR 2% JHUNJHUNU 0% JODHPUR 9% KARAULI 13% KOTA 16% NAGAUR 13% PALI 34% PRATAPGARH 12% RAJSAMAND 55% SAWAI MADHOPUR 17% SIKAR 40% SIROHI 33% TONK 28% UDAIPUR 0% Grand Total 19% % Nitrate affected % Salinity affected % Multiple issues % of Potable Sources 6% 5% 27% 37% 1% 16% 11% 62% 12% 1% 6% 53% 53% 4% 22% 16% 0% 0% 16% 84% 0% 55% 13% 29% 2% 1% 10% 56% 15% 13% 14% 53% 2% 25% 7% 48% 1% 4% 1% 78% 21% 3% 49% 21% 31% 0% 17% 39% 1% 18% 16% 45% 1% 5% 4% 64% 3% 0% 0% 95% 1% 0% 0% 97% 1% 13% 10% 45% 0% 4% 11% 73% 0% 6% 21% 36% 1% 0% 0% 97% 10% 0% 37% 52% 4% 7% 10% 70% 1% 25% 4% 58% 1% 0% 1% 81% 3% 0% 62% 21% 1% 7% 25% 32% 3% 0% 2% 82% 3% 0% 8% 33% 4% 15% 14% 49% 3% 12% 25% 20% 1% 9% 37% 20% 4% 10% 34% 24% 15% 0% 0% 85% 6% 8% 13% 54%
Sept 11, 2013
32
16
9/11/2013
Conjunctive Use of Water & RWH

% of House hold Water Security met Water available to meet HH security (10 lpcd) through Rain Water Harvesting through RWH (days equivalent)
24.71% 25.00% 100 90 80 20.00% 70 60 15.00% 50 40 30 10.00% 20 10 0 5.00% 2.43% 0.00% 45.9 12.57% 90.18
8.85
Sept 11, 2013
33
Conjunctive Use of Water to meet local demand

% Drinking Water Demand met through Conjunctive Use (local sources + RWH)
100% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2.52% 46.28%
% Demand met thro conjunctive use
% Demand met thro scheme
Sept 11, 2013
34
17
9/11/2013
Conjunctive Use of Water to meet Other Uses demand

Extent of Other Use Demand met thro Conjunctive Use (%)
120.00%
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
Sept 11, 2013
35

Cost Ratio
CUW : Transportation
2.7
2.62
2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1
Sept 11, 2013
36
18
9/11/2013
Decentralized Governance: Recommendations:

1. The transfer of 3 Fs from a centralized system to PRIs particularly Functions & Functionaries need to be very carefully planned and systematically implemented. 2. The transition phase (CHANGE Management) is CRITICAL and needs to be closely monitored. 3. PHED need to step into the role of mentor and handhold PRI to plan, build, operate and maintain water supply infrastructure and systems. 4. PHED through its associate organizations like CCDU, WSSO/ SWSM need to guide, educate, train and support capacity building within PRI as well as to create awareness among people on the Value of Water.
Sept 11, 2013
38
19
9/11/2013

5. The Asset transfers particularly defunct schemes, the schemes operating below design norms, SC/ST habitations without independent water sources and schemes close to decommissioning stage need to be rejuvenated/ repaired/ restored, prior to handing over to PRIs. 6. Each PRI need to set up an internal enforcement mechanisms and agency with sufficient powers to enforce rules and regulations including recovery of water charges. 7. Community must develop specific set of rules for managing its demand especially drought specific rules regarding Water pumpage. BETHMA practice of Srilanka and the Naigaon & Ponda models may be adapted to the local requirements.
Sept 11, 2013
39

8. PHED must focus on carefully planned and managed large, centralized infrastructure to complement PRIs atleast till PRIs mature enough to form co-operatives/ consortiums and manage large multi village water resources projects/ initiatives. 9. Considering the precarious water scenario in the arid zones of Rajasthan and vagaries of climate, it is recommended to have a combination of Regionalized Water supply system coexisting with the decentralized one.
Sept 11, 2013
40
20
9/11/2013
Need for Integrated Water Resource Management:
Conventional, compartmentalized approach to water management falls short, or is counter-productive to desired outcomes.
Water management planning needs a holistic approach that better integrates water into socioeconomic development planning in order to simultaneously achieve economic efficiency, social equity and environmental sustainability
The only long term option for reducing the national water scarcity and remaining food self-sufficient is to increase the water productivity in India.
Sept 11, 2013
41
Water Foot printing
The study on Water footprint of India has revealed that Rajasthan is among the three states with the highest water footprint per capita. This has been attributed to
low water productivity and low virtual water import, caused by inefficient agricultural practice.
The state of Rajasthan has an absolute disadvantage in the water productivity of most of its crops.
Sept 11, 2013
42
21
9/11/2013
IWRM Water Budgeting:

Water Budgeting - River Basin Approach:
The river basin approach considers all of the water falling into one river basin or watershed and manages the needs of all residents in the watershed. Requires
supra-municipal levels of coordination and government, will help manage
all water inputs, extraction, loss, and in-stream uses

in the entire river basin system.
Key to effective Demand Mgmt.

Sept 11, 2013
43
Demand Management - The Soft Path Demand Management

1. Emphasis on improving productivity of water rather than seeking new sources 2. Delivers Water services and qualities matched to users needs 3. Applies economic tools markets & pricing to encourage efficient use, equitable distribution and sustainable operation over time. 4. Includes local community in decisions on water management, allocation and use 5. Uses backcasting tool for long term perspective thinking
Sept 11, 2013
Demand management, reduces the amount of water and wastewater services that are needed - through efficiency, conservation, and structural changes and can substantially reduce the capital requirements of existing water systems
44
22
9/11/2013
Supply Management - The Hard Path
Asset Tracking & Performance Management Focus on O&M aspects Quantity & quality Improve UfW Source Strengthening Source Protection / Sustainability Structures Water Quality Monitoring & Management
Benchmarking Matrix
Sept 11, 2013
45
Status of UfW in Regional Rural Water Supply Schemes:
Sept 11, 2013
46
23
9/11/2013
SOURCE STRENGTHENING MEASURES

Conventional
WELL DEEPENING STORAGE TANKS IN THE ROCKS FOREST BUNDS CEMENT OR EARTH NALLA BUNDS ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING STORAGE PONDS
Non Conventional
FRACTURE SEAL CEMENTATION JACKET WELL BORE BLAST TECHNIQUE STREAM BLASTING HYDRO FRACTURING ARTIFICIAL RECHARGING OF OPEN WELLS & BORE WELLS
Sept 11, 2013
47
SUSTAINABILITY STRUCTURES
Identification of sites for Water

recharge structures
using
Water Prospects/ HGM maps
24
9/11/2013
Innovative Technological Interventions:

Innovative Options for Rural Water supply:
Solar energy based dual Pumps Water Pyramid Memstill Microbial Desalination Cell for Simultaneous Water Desalination and Energy Production
Sept 11, 2013
49
Private Sector Initiatives:

Water Health Centers by Water Health International (PPCP BOT model) Sarvajal Water ATM - Piramal Group Initiative ( Transitioned from CSR to Business model) Water Life - (PPP model 2000 plants operational in India) ESCO model for O&M of Drinking Water Production & Distribution EPC model for development of Water Supply Infrastructure
Sept 11, 2013
50
25
9/11/2013
Recommended Policy Interventions

1. Registration of Drillers and mandatory GPS based tracking of rig movement by State Ground Water Board. 2. Annual Survey and inventorization of all energized groundwater abstraction units. 3. Siting or deepening of boreholes/ wells to be approved by the designated State Groundwater Authority and to be implemented with the Panchayat enforcing body as the overseer. 4. Ground Water must be declared as Community Resource 5. Zoning of agricultural crops
Sept 11, 2013
51
Convergence of Departmental Programs
When the responsibility for drinking water rests with one agency; for irrigation water with another and for the environment with yet another, it results in lack of cross-sectoral linkages. This leads to uncoordinated water resource development and management, resulting in conflict, waste and unsustainable systems.
Sept 11, 2013
52
26
9/11/2013
Action Plan:
IMMEDIATE FOCUS Repairing/ Operationalizing the defunct sources and schemes Critical villages < 10 lpcd SC/ST habitations without independent schemes Villages below norms Remedial Measures in Problem Habitations Engaging the PRI in the management of RWS MEDIUM TERM Water Budgeting at river basin or appropriate watershed levels Establishing Scientifically planned Sustainability Structures Creating Awareness among people on Value for Water Relook into the Land Agriculture- Water policy considering its interlinkages Registering of all drillers and tracking of Rig movement of rigs Inventorization and annual survey of all energized water abstraction structures Appropriately valuing water and engaging mechanisms for right pricing and recovery for sustenance. Convergence of Inter departmental programs & plan fund utilization LONG TERM Demand Management Regionalized WSS Improving the Water productivity levels through technology and conscious managementBenchmarking interventions of Rural Water Supply Schemes in Rajasthan Water Zoning of the state for guiding the economic activities
Sept 11, 2013
53
Utilization of MIS & GIS Applications:
http://www.ramkydelhi.com/phed/index.php
Sept 11, 2013
54
27
9/11/2013
Sept 11, 2013
55
Contact Details
John Thomas email: johnthomas@ramky.com Mobile: +91-9958176767
Sept 11, 2013
56
28

Benchmarking of Rural Water Supply Schemes

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Benchmarking of Rural Water Supply Schemes

Caricato da

Copyright:

9/11/2013

Draft Report Presentation on BENCHMARKING OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES IN RAJASTHAN

Sept 11, 2013

Background, Scope & Objectives Approach & Methodology

Sept 11, 2013