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Tech Seminar Topic

EFFECT OF EXHAUST TEMPERATURE ON INFRARED SIGNATURES OF A HELICOPTER A COMPONENT OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY


Submitted by: Kamal Raj Sharma Roll No. 12M336 Thermal Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department NIT, Hamirpur 177005 (H.P.)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HAMIRPUR, HAMIRPUR 177005 (HP)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------- 3 2. SOURCES OF IR SIGNATURES IN HELICOPTER-------- 4 3. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE IR SIGNATURES---------- 5 4. LITERATURE REVIEW------------------------------------------ 7 5. EFFECTS OF EXHAUST TEMPERATURES INSIDE TAILPIPE------------------------------------------------------------ 9 6. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON EXHAUST PLUME--- 10 7. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MIXING TAILPIPE WALL--------------------------------------------------------------- 11 8. REFERENCES---------------------------------------------------- 13

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1. INTRODUCTION
STEALTH TECHNOLOGY- INFRARED SIGNATURES OF HELICOPTER Helicopters are platforms of battlefield force transferring and anti-tank missions. They also play important roles in air to ground fire covering and short distance air to air fights. Due to their high manoeuvrability, helicopters are of increasing importance in local conflicts and counter terrorism military actions in recent decades. But it is also observed that MAN Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS) especially infrared (IR) guided missiles have caused severe casualties to helicopters in recent warfare such as Gulf war and Afghanistan war. Under the threat of MANPADS, to enhance helicopters survivability in battlefield, especially their infrared stealth capability has become a major factor in modern helicopter design and manufacturing. There have been a great amount of researches and investigations about aero vehicles including helicopters, focusing on their infrared signal characteristics and suppression. As for aero vehicles exhaust system and plume IR signal, Ponton et al. demonstrated a helicopter IR suppressor which balances engine exhaust signal and installation penalty. Rao et al. modelled spectral IR signal from an aircraft exhaust plume and evaluated the effect of engine bypass ratio on it; Bettini et al. presented a fluid dynamic analysis of an infrared suppressor system for a helicopter engine and compared the results to available experimental data; Wang and Li did computational research on an exhaust system with a heat shelter nozzle used on helicopters; Shan and Zhang used numerical calculation to investigate the IR radiation difference between three mixer configurations of a turbofan engine; Shan et al. presented IR signal of an IR suppressor used on helicopters with both numerical calculation and experimental data; Liu et al. reported the exhaust system and plume flow field and IR characteristics of an aircraft; Eriqitai et al. Researched the IR signal difference between two specific exhaust system for turbofan engine; Shan and Zhang presented the relationship of IR signals between IR suppressors with the same structure but different scale size; As for IR signal characteristics of aero vehicle fuselage skin, Mahulikar et al. investigated the impact of sun, sky and earth radiation on an aircraft IR signal; considering that fuselage skin temperature has a tremendous impact on aircraft IR radiation, Xia et al. analyzed the impact of transient temperature fields of fuselage skin on total IR signal of an aircraft; Luand Wang modelled and investigated the effects

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of temperature and emissivity of an aircraft fuselage skin on its IR radiation characteristics and pointed out the impact of different parts of the fuselage on the whole fuselage IR signal. Chen et al. investigated the impact of helicopter skin temperature on its IR characteristics; the temperature was simulated by virtual heat sources on the fuselage skin. Recently, as the ratio of turbo-shaft engine horse power to its weight increases tremendously, the total temperature at the exit of thermodynamic cycle for aero-engine boosts which makes the IR signal of helicopters augments intensively. In this article, the effect of exhaust temperature on infrared signature (in 35 micron band) for a fictitious helicopter equipped with an integrative infrared suppressor is studied as well as the mixing between exhaust gas and downwash, to determine the temperature distributions on the helicopter fuselage and in the exhaust plume. When the temperature distributions on the skin and plume are acquired, a forward backward ray-tracing method is used to calculate the infrared radiation intensity of the helicopter using a narrow-band model in which the absorption coefficients are determined according to the Handbook of Infrared radiation from combustion gases.

2. SOURCES OF IR SIGNATURES IN HELICOPTER


The main sources of IR signatures in the helicopter are: Engine Exhaust Duct (Tail pipe) & Hot Parts (e.g. Turbine blades). Tail-Boom Heated by Plume. Plumes.

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BREAKDOWN OF IR SIGNATURE LEVEL OF A UH-1H HELICOPTER FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN 3-5 M BAND

3. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE IR SIGNATURES


The IR signature level (IRSL) of helicopter is not visible from the front up to 90 degrees. The IRSL of helicopter is minimum at the axis because the exhaust from the helicopter is not on axis also the signatures are symmetric as there are two exhaust pipes out of the helicopter. The area of a particular IR signature shows its specific importance. Thus more the area

more is the need of suppression to avoid detection by IR detectors in 3-5 m band. The detection of helicopters is done more often in 3-5 m band as there is no aerodynamic heating of the airframe and structure since the speed of helicopters is not more.
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The IR signature level (IRSL) of plume heated tail boom is more than that of plumes itself because plumes do not emit radiations continuously in all bands where as plume heated tail boom emits radiations at almost all wavelengths.

SIDE VIEW OF INTERNAL FLOW INSIDE HELICOPTER EXHAUST SYSTEM

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HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS INSIDE HELICOPTER EXHAUST SYSTEM (B-B SECTIONAL VIEW)

4. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. S.P. Mahulikar, H.R. Sonawane, G.A. Rao, Progress in Aerospace Sciences 43 (2007) 218-245 The potent threat from passively guided infrared (IR) homing missiles is articulated, and the resulting concerns regarding operation in a hostile environment are elaborated. Though capabilities of IR technology were known prior to World War I, the initial success of RADAR slowed their development till 1960. Recent developments in IR sensing technology have made it virtually impossible to escape IR-detection. Modern IR imaging systems can differentiate small temperature differences, and are immune to conventional countermeasures
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that appear as point sources of IR-radiation. Antiaircraft missiles with imaging IR detectors are under development, and are soon likely to find a place in tactical warfare. Therefore, military forces are demanding more stringent IR counter-measures (IRCMs) from future aircraft/helicopters. Survivability against IR-guided threats has found a place in the design stage itself, leading to an upsurge of research on several aspects of IR signature prediction and management. This review summarizes the perspectives that led to various research, design, and developmental activities in this field. The most important points are: (i) Conventionally, fuselage IR signature was neglected; however, it is now realized that the rear fuselage is the main source of IR signature in 812 mm band. (ii) Earlier, the aircraft plume was generally considered as the major source of IR radiation, but research showed that its significance is restricted to the 4.154.20 mm band. In particular, the role of atmospheric transmittance of IR in determining this relatively low importance of plume IR radiation is now known. (iii) The background IR-radiance plays an important role in determining IR signature in the 8 12 mm band. The IR signature due to positive contrast decreases and due to negative contrast increases, with increasing background IR-radiance. The atmospheric attenuation reduces IR signature for both, positive and negative contrast. (iv). The effect of earthshine on rear fuselage IR emissions in the 812 mm band was identified, and it was shown that earthshine always makes IR-detection of the rear fuselage possible. 2. G.A. Rao, J.P. Buijtenen, S.P. Mahulikar, AIAA ISABE-2009-1194 Modeled spectral IR signal from an aircraft exhaust plume and evaluated the effect of engine bypass ratio on it. 3. Rao & Mahulikar, Aeronaut. J.(2002) The IR signature level in the 3-5 micron band is a stronger function of temperature than 8-12 micron band . Hence 8-12 micron band will be more popularly used in the future, as it can detect aircraft stealthy with respect to IR. 4. Pan Cheng-xiong, Zhang Jing-zhou, Shan Yong, Applied Thermal Engineering 51 (2013) 529-538 The effects of exhaust temperature on infrared signature of a helicopter equipped with integrative infrared suppressor are investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1) As the exhaust temperature is raised from 900 K to 1200 K, the maximum temperature on mixing tailpipe wall is increased by about 100 K. The helicopter skin temperature is slightly
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impacted by exhaust temperature owing to that the helicopter skin is sheltered by an inner layer. 2) The exhaust temperature has a very dominant influence on plume radiation characteristics. When the exhaust temperature is raised from 900 K to 1200 K, plume radiation intensity in 35 mm band is increased by about 100%. 3) The helicopter skin radiation intensity is slightly impacted by exhaust temperature. The key factor affecting the helicopter skin radiation intensity is skin emissivity. Lower skin emissivity is beneficial for suppressing radiative heat flux between the tailpipe and helicopter skin, and weakening the skin infrared radiation capacity at the same time. 4) The effects of exhaust temperature on helicopters total infrared radiation intensity are mainly concentrated to the plume. And this effect is more obvious for the lower skin emissivity case.

5. EFFECTS OF EXHAUST TEMPERATURES INSIDE TAILPIPE The flow fields inside mixing tailpipe under 900 K exhaust temperature are shown in figs below. Since the flow section of the mixing tailpipe is transited from round to slot with a 90 bend. The exhaust plume with high inlet momentum is difficult to deflect at the leading edge of the bend-corner, resulting in a higher exhaust velocity and temperature at the trailing edge than at the leading edge. As exhaust temperature rises, adverse pressure gradient from the trailing edge to the leading edge is more obvious, and the velocity and temperature inside the mixing tailpipe are increased. Temperature contour (K) of mixing tailpipe under the exhaust temperature of 900 K.

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Temperature contour (K) of mixing tailpipe under the exhaust temperature of 1000 K. 6. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON EXHAUST PLUME Temperature contours in the middle sectional plane on the rear airframe of helicopter with three different exhaust temperatures are shown in figs below. It can be seen that exhaust plume distributions for both sides are not symmetrical due to tangent component of downwash velocity. The effect becomes weaker for the higher exhaust temperature case. As the exhaust temperature rises, the exhaust velocity will be increased under the same exhaust mass flow rate, thus the impact of downwash on plume flow is weakened.

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With the mixing of rotor downwash, the exhaust plume is diluted soon after it flows out of the exhaust outlet. PLUME FLOW FIELD

7. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MIXING TAILPIPE WALL Temperature distribution on the mixing tailpipe wall under three different exhaust temperatures is shown in figs below. As exhaust temperature is raised from 900 K to 1200 K, the maximum temperature on mixing tailpipe wall is increased by about 100 K. Although the mixing tailpipe is not directly detectable by the infrared detector since it is embedded inside the rear airframe of helicopter. The radiation heat transfer between mixing tailpipe and helicopter skin will lead to temperature increase on the helicopter skin.

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TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ON MIXING TAILPIPE WALL

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REFERENCES
[1] Zhenbo Wu, Zhe Wu, Research on infrared stealth system for armed helicopter, Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 29 (7) (2003) 588-592 (in Chinese). [2] S.P. Mahulikar, H.R. Sonawane, G.A. Rao, Infrared signature studies of aerospace vehicles, Progress in Aerospace Sciences 43 (2007) 218-245. [3] T. Ponton, G. Warnes, Helicopter IRS engine integration for the first technology demonstrator programme, ASME GT2007-27408. [4] G.A. Rao, J.P. Buijtenen, S.P. Mahulikar, The effect bypass ratio on aircraft plume infrared signatures, AIAA ISABE-2009-1194. [5] C. Bettini, C. Cravero, S. Cogliandro, Multidisciplinary analysis of a complete infrared suppression system, ASME GT2007-27721. [6] S.F. Wang, L.G. Li, Investigations of flows in a new infrared suppressor, Applied Thermal Engineering 26 (2006) 36-45. [7] Y. Shan, J.Z. Zhang, Numerical investigation of flow mixture enhancement and infrared radiation shield by lobed forced mixer, Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 3687-3695. [8] Yong Shan, Jingzhou Zhang, Liguo Li, Numerical calculation and experimental verification for the infrared radiation characteristics of helicopter infrared radiation suppressor, Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 25 (2) (2006) 95-100 (in Chinese). [9] Youhong Liu, Wanren Shao, Jinxiu Zhang, Numerical simulation of flowfield and infrared characteristics of an aeroengine exhaust system and its plume, Journal of Aerospace Power 23 (4) (2008) 591-597 (in Chinese). [10] Eriqitai, Qiang Wang, Weipeng Chen, Comparative investigation of the infrared characteristics for two exhaust systems of a turbofan engine, Journal of Propulsion Technology 24 (4) (2003) 334-337 (in Chinese). [11] Yong Shan, Jingzhou Zhang, Effect of scale factor on infrared radiation characteristics of helicopter infrared radiation suppressor, Journal of Aerospace Power 23 (2) (2008) 221-226 (in Chinese). [12] S.P. Mahulikar, S.K. Potnuru, G.A. Rao, Study of sunshine, skyshine, and earthshine for aircraft infrared detection, Journal of Optics (2009) 045703.

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[13] Xinlin Xia, Qing Ai, Depeng Ren, Analysis on the transient temperature fields for infrared radiation of aircraft skin, Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 26 (3) (2007) 174-177 (in Chinese). [14] Jianwei Lu, Qiang Wang, Aircraft skin infrared radiation characteristics modeling and analysis, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 22 (2009) 493-497. [15] Jianwei Lu, Qiang Wang, Effect of temperature and emissivity of aircraft skin on infrared radiation characteristics, Opto-electronic Engineering 36 (2) (2009) 50-54 (in Chinese). [16] Haitao Chen, Enrong Bian, Wenhe Liao, Study on numerical simulation method of infrared radiation calculating form military helicopter body, Journal of Basic Science and Engineering 17 (4) (2009) 614-621 (in Chinese). [17] C.B. Ludwig, Handbook of Infrared Radiation from Combustion Gases, NASA SP 19733080. [18] Zi-li Tong, Mao Sun, NaviereStokes analysis of the aerodynamic properties of coaxial rotors, Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica 20 (4) (1999) 348-350 (in Chinese). [19] Chengxiong Pan, Jingzhou Zhang, Yong Shan, Modeling and analysis of helicopter skin temperature distribution, Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica 32 (2) (2011) 249-256 (in Chinese). [20] M. Johansson, M. Dalenbring, SIGGE, a prediction tool for aeronautical IR signatures, and its applications, AIAA Paper 2006-3276. [21] A.G. Voloboi, V.A. Galaktionov, K.A. Dmitriev, et al., Bidirectional ray tracing for the integration of illumination by the quasi-Monte Carlo method, Programming and Computer Software 30 (5) (2004) 258-265.

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