Documenti di Didattica
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Sept 2010
Why Thermography?
Infrared Thermography technology allows the observer to visualize air leakage.
Infrared Thermography
Outline
What is Infrared - Electromagnetic Spectrum Infrared Cameras - Minimum Specifications Infrared Certifications/Training - Building Science Thermography What the cameras sees - Emission, Reflection, Transmission Building Science and Thermography - Heat, Air, Moisture
Outline
The building barriers - HAMM Heat: How is heat transfer - Radiation, Conduction, Convection Air: Air infiltration observation - Infrared thermography Why use of Infrared thermography - Infrared Thermography Testing Moisture: How to detect moisture - Infrared thermography and moisture meters Discussion
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible light
Gamma 0.1 1 X-ray UV IR-Infrared
Microwaves
Radiowaves
100mm 1m
10 m 100 m 1 km
Infrared Radiation
0.4
SW
MW
Thermal Infrared
LW
0.7 1 m
2 m
5 m
10 m
13 m
Visible Spectrum
Infrared Spectrum
Infrared Cameras
380x240
640x480
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Multiple Images
790x240
1040x240
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Camera Considerations
Small, Light weight, Rugged Easy to operate Flexible Image Storage
many images JPEG verse Proprietary that requires special software
A Level I or II certification and knowledge and training in building science, building materials and testing procedures is a requirement to properly interpret building thermograms
Good discussion: IEA Energy Process Assessment Protocol Appendix G, Use of Thermography in Building Energy Assessment
The Infrared Camera converts Invisible Infrared radiation into Visible radiation
Transmitted: radiation
passing through a non-opaque object
The Camera sees all the infrared radiation from the material. Sometimes creating an image that is difficult to interpret
Emitted radiation
Reflection
Transmittance
The IR camera can see through some materials.
Emitted Energy
Emitted: The IR camera must see the radiation from the surface of the material to calculate a temperature. A higher temperature due to Remove Reflection
Heat
Air
Building Science
Heat, Air & Moisture Flow Through the Building
Moisture
Gig Harbor, Washington
Building Science
Is the study of:
heat flow air flow moisture flow
Building Enclosures
The building enclosure has four functions. In order of importance, they are: 1. Rain control 2. Air control 3. Vapor control 4. Thermal control
Comfort Zone
68-76F and 30-60%RH
Energy Consumption
Buildings use 71% of the US electricity and consume 40% of the total energy consumed annually in the US. Our nations 81 million buildings consume more energy than any other sector of the U.S. economy, including transportation (29%) and industry Buildings produce nearly half of all greenhouse gas emissions.
To have comfort and energy reduction, Protect the Building from Environmental Interactions
By blocking
Heat flow Air flow Moisture flow
HAMM
HAMM is the acronym used for the barriers or retarders needed to protect a building against the environment and energy loss.
H Heat or Thermal Barrier A Air Barrier ML Water Barrier (Liquid Moisture) MV Vapor Retarder (Gaseous Moisture)
Heat Heat
or Thermal Barrier
blocks heat transfer, keeping the heat in during cold days and out during hot days.
Air
Water
A Heat Retarder or
Thermal Barrier
Minimizes buildings exposure to degrading heat Provides for better comfort Reduces heat loss or gain, reducing energy consumption
A Heat Retarder or
Thermal Barrier
Must block three modes of heat transfer: Radiation Conduction Convection
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Radiation
The sun feels hot!
Conduction
The sand feels hot when touched!
Convection
The wind feels hot!
Radiation
To block Radiation we shade the building surfaces or apply radiant barriers
Shading
Radiation
Radiant Barriers
Radiation
Conduction
To block Conduction we use low conducting materials.
Missing Insulation
Conduction
Conduction
Conduction
Conduction
Windows
Convection
Convection
An air barrier system on a building blocks convective heat transfer by blocking air (fluid) movement through the building.
Convection: heat
Heat
Heat
Air Air
Barrier
stops air flow through the building enclosure
Water
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS AIR LEAKAGE TEST PROTOCOL FOR MEASURING AIR LEAKAGE IN BUILDINGS
Test the completed building using Infrared Thermography testing. in accordance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6781:1983 and ASTM C106090(1997).
ASTM C1060
Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings Written in 1990 with reapproved in 2003
ASTM C1060
Describes proper qualitative thermal inspections of building walls
Minimum T-Minimum temperature difference (T) of 10C between interior and exterior surface 4 hours prior to survey No direct solar radiation Avoid wind for exterior surveys Mottled looking (not uniform) or variation in the temperature of the thermal patterns Framing should be visible
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
30
28
26
24
22
20 19.1
Air Infiltration?
Air
75%
Heat Patterns
Thermal bridging (Conduction) Air Infiltration (Convection)
(Radiation)
Lost Energy/Comfort
Lost Energy/Comfort
Windows
Exterior Cladding
Windows
Joints
Heat
Air
Moisture
Moisture
Gig Harbor, Washington
Barrier bulk
Locating Moisture
Infrared thermography
Moisture Meter
Locating Moisture
Locating Moisture
Locating Moisture
Roof Moisture
Day 11:22am
Night 8:54pm
Performance Testing
Failed Test
Water testing
Water testing
Water testing
Water testing
Sept 2010