Bio 41 Lecture 2-12-2013

Bacteria, Viruses
Bacteria and viruses have been critical tools for studying gene structure and function.

Prokaryotic cells such as bacteria lack a nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles.

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html

See supplement p 3
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Eukaryotic nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles

Bacterial cells

http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/eukaryot.html

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Nucleus+%28cell%29

Escherichia coli, used in classical studies of gene regulation and modern genetic engineering, uses flagella to move and pili to attach to surfaces.

Credit: M. Nishiyama

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080428082653.htm

http://www.icmm.csic.es/spmage/spmageview.php?id=50

Bacteria contain a single circular chromosome and are thus haploid for most genes.

Why most?

Bacterial cell division occurs mainly through binary fission.

This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel at www.DennisKunkel.com

http://www.micro.cornell.edu/cals/micro/research/labs/angert-lab/binary.cfm

Bacteria can divide ~every 20 minutes in liquid culture.

Bacteria can also grow as single colonies on agar plates.

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Microbiology/single_colony_isolation/1 6_another_finished_plateP8135126.JPG http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/07twilightzone/logs/may25/ media/marine_microbes.html

Plating serial dilutions can be used to estimate cell density in high-density liquid cultures.
0.1 ml 0.1 ml 0.1 ml 0.1 ml 0.1 ml

220
~109 cells/ml

180

9.9 ml

9.9 ml

9.9 ml

Dilution:

102

104

106
http://www.colorbond.com/home/commercialand-industrial/insulated-panels/coolroompanels/antibacterial-testing

See supplement p 22

Bacteriophages have been another critical tool in the history of genetics.

This is phage T4.

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http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/images/eiserling_t4_2003_large.gif

T4 and T2 phages are dsDNA viruses that infect E. coli.

Host
Plant TMV

Virus
Herpes Parvovirus (dog)

Genome
ssRNA dsDNA ssDNA ssRNA dsRNA dsDNA ssDNA ssRNA

Animal

Influenza Rotavirus (stomach flu) T2, T4 fx174 R17

Phage of E. coli

dsDNA
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T4 phage ~90x200 nm

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Phages can lyse their host cells forming plaques on a lawn.

Figure 9.13 PJ Russell iGenetics, A Mendelian Approach

Plaque assays quantify virus particles.

http://www.virology.ws/2009/07/06/detec ting-viruses-the-plaque-assay/

Phage dilution

See supplement p 22 middle

http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes /bioc471/pages/Lecture5/Lecture5.html

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Virulent or lytic phage life cycle

(Bacteriophage T2 or T4)

Lytic cycle usually takes 15-60 min at 37C

Figure 6-16 Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition New York: W. H. Freeman, 2000.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mcb&part=A1408#A1409

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Life cycle of a temperate or lysogenic phage

Lambda (l) phage
(Once in 10,000 cell divisions)

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http://classes.midlandstech.com/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap13/lecture3.htm