Political Islam 1970s National Salvation Party led by Erbakan 1980s Refah (welfare) Party led by Erbakan o Erbakan

akan is icon of political Islam in Turkey o Constitutional case would be closed down against political Islam o Parties shut down for being anti secular and a new party opens in its wake 1995 Refah (21% of vote), Erbakan PM o Anti-EU Rhetoric, new Mid Eastern orientation o He wanted Islamic banking wanted Islamic union o Turks did not consider themselves part of Middle East Turks and Arabs are separate and not positive about Arabs 1997 Erbakan forced to resign, Refah closed by military 1998/9 - Virtue (Fazilet), Erdogan in prison, Felicty (Saadet) o Erdogan in prison for reading a poem 2002 AKP, Erdogan PM 2007 AKP gets 47% of vote 2011- AKP gets 50% of vote Overview of Coups 1960: secular nationalism vs secular socialism o Socialist constitution; Second Republic 1971: secular socialism vs nationalism ( w/ Islamism) o movement to the Right 1980: Republican Turkish-Islamic synthesis vs socialism o Anti-left; depoliticization; Third Republic 1997: Postmodern coup; secular fear of political Islam o perception vs reality o Turkish dont know difference b/w political gesture and what is real tragic position o Particular distinction b/w fact and fiction Coup documentary o Links establishment of Republic to legacy of coups 1920s: Muslim tradition vs secular nationalism European Union/Turkey Overview 1959 Applies for associate membership of EEC 1963 Association agreement with EEC is signed 1987 - Application for full EEC membership 1995 Agreement on EU-Turkey customs union 1999 - Turkey officially becomes EU candidate 2005 Formal opening of accession talks 2006 - EU partially freezes talks over Cyprus 2010 13 of 33 chapters of compliance are open 2013 EU/Turkey attempt to restart process

Characters foregrounding discourse that character may espouse different discourses people will use to argue politics Secular nationalist (Kemalist) o Serdar Bey, Sunay Zaim Political Islamist o Muhtar Bey, Necip, Fazil, Kadife Secular socialist o Turgut Bey, Ka, Ipek Islamic fundamentalist o Blue Sufism o Saadettin Efendi (Kurdish Sheikh) Secular-national military (Kemalist): o Z Demirkol (iron arm) (deep state), Nuri Osma olak (military) Liberal post-Kemalist, post-secular o Author figure (Orhan) Racialization bourgeois not beaten class power used to avoid fate Political Islam work within the system to gain enfranchisement, whereas Islamic fundamentalism do not care about system, open to terroristic attacks want to change the system Deep state state within a state secret organization within a state that controls democracy always blamed for coup coup always happens against the state - always collaborate with assassins and mobsters to get things done paramilitaristic Blue is painted in a very humanistic terms people offended by that how can you humanize someone like that someone like Z Demirkol is scary secular equivalence Nomadology war machine and state evolves out of Turkish nomadic force appropriated by state a lot of mythology about militaristic nationalist side which can be problematic any Turkish leaning book, it will say militaristic force have been ruling for past 2000 years the idea that Pamuk is putting forward is that there is the potential to transcend conflicting ideology that is another way to think about it a way to allow for other subject positions moves to toward plurality taking Islam seriously How is the novel related to Turkish politics?