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Handout No. 5
The maximum stresses are mid-span where as approaching the ends it goes to zero Some bars are cut-off within the span (more reinforcement is required at mid-span than at the ends)
The maximum stresses are at the fixed support where as approaching the other end it goes to zero Some bars are cut-off within the span (more reinforcement is required at the fixed end than at the other end)
In one-way slab, the forms consist of plywood (for flat surface) supported on wooden joist (usually they are used for several floors). These form should be strong enough to carry the weight of the wet concrete in addition to the construction load i.e. workers concrete buggies etc.
Also, the forms must be aligned correctly and cambered so that the finished floor is flat after the removal of the forms.
We need concrete cover for: To bond the reinforcement to the concrete (so they can act together) (increasing the concrete cover leads to an increase in the efficiency of bond) For beams and columns, at least one bar diameter of concrete cover is required)
To Protect the reinforcement against corrosion. The concrete cover depends on the environment. In highly corrosive environment (exposure of deicing salts and ocean spray, the concrete cover should be increased . (ACI R7.7) allows alternative methods of satisfying the increased concrete cover requirements (for example waterproof membrane)
To Protect the reinforcement against fire (overheating) the cover protection is specified in the building code. In general, in. concrete cover to the reinforcement in a structural slab will provide 1-hour fire rating while a 1 in. cover to stirrups or ties will provide 2 hour-fire rating.
sometimes, additional concrete cover is provided on the top of slabs (garages and factories). This is based on the effect of abrasion and wear due to traffic which causes a reduction in the concrete cover below that required for structural and other purposes
Arrangement of Reinforcement
Arrangement of Reinforcement
Stirrup
Larger of : bar dia. (db) 1 in. 1.33 dia. Of coarse Agg. dia. Of vibrator (2 in.)
Arrangement of Reinforcement
No more than the smaller of: 18 in. three times the slab thickness See 10.6.3.
Calculation of Effective Depth and Minimum Web Width for a Given Bar Arrangement
Example: Compute d (effective depth) and the minimum value of b for a beam having bars arranged as shown below. The maximum size of coarse aggregate is specified as in. The overall depth of the beam is 24 in. the beam has two different bar sizes and the larger bars are in the bottom.
2 No. 8
3 No. 9
Calculation of Effective Depth and Minimum Web Width for a Given Bar Arrangement
Compute clear cover From ACI Sec. 7.7.1, the clear cover to stirrups is 1 in. From ACI Sec. 7.6.2 and 3.3.2, the minimum distance between layers is the larger of 1 in. or 1 1/3 times the aggregate size (1 1/3 in. = 1 in.)
Total
4.58
14.42
Calculation of Effective Depth and Minimum Web Width for a Given Bar Arrangement
Calculation of Effective Depth and Minimum Web Width for a Given Bar Arrangement
Compute the minimum web depth The minimum inside radius of a stirrup bend is two times the stirrup diameter (ds)
Calculation of Effective Depth and Minimum Web Width for a Given Bar Arrangement
The minimum horizontal distance between bars is the largest of 1 in. or 1 1/3 the aggregate size or the bar diameter (in the current case the bar diameter controls giving 9/8 in. The minimum web width:
The minimum web width (b) is 10 in. and the effective depth (d) is 20.8 in.
Minimum Reinforcement
When the tensile stress in a plain concrete beam exceeds the tensile strength, the beam will fail in a sudden manner with no warning, thus ACI 318 requires a minimum amount of flexural reinforcement equal to
Minimum Reinforcement
For statically determinate T beams with the flange in tension, the minimum reinforcement is equal to the smaller of
or
or
Example: For architectural reasons, it is necessary that the beam is shown to have a width of 24 in. and a depth of 24 in. the strength of concrete and steel are 3000 psi and 60,000 psi, respectively. In addition to its own dead load, this beam carries a superimposed service (unfactored) dead load of 1.0 kip/ft and service live load of 2.45 kip/ft. Compute the area of reinforcement required at mid-span and select One layer of the reinforcement. reinforcement
Dead load = 1.0 kip/ft Live load = 2.45 kip/ft 21.5 in. 24 in. 24 in. 26 ft
Therefore, it is necessary to provide Mn Mu or Mn 493 ft-kip Compute the effective depth (d) since the beam is wide , it can be assumed that all the bars will be in one layer ( d = h 2.5 = 24 2.5 = 21.5 in.)
Possible choices 10 No. 7 bars (As : 6.00 in.2) , required web width (one layer) bw = 21.5 in. 6 No. 9 bars (As : 6.00 in.2) , required web width (one layer) bw = 16.5 in.
The minimum area of steel is the larger of 1.41in.2 and 1.72in.2 Since 6.00 in2 exceeds the minimum steel reinforcement , it is OK If it is not OK, the increase As to As,min)
Compute (a) for As = 6.00 in.2 and check if the steel has yielded or not
Since Mn exceeds Mu , this should be OK As was computed using an estimated of (jd), it must be checked using the computed value of (a) , re-compute the area of the steel using the lever (da/2) based on the value of a computed