Appendix A

Effective width of Equivalent Diagonal Strut: Masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames constitute a structural system often used in many countries with relatively high seismic intensity. The seismic vulnerability of these structures has been demonstrated by the unexpected damages caused by earthquakes. Therefore, neglecting masonry infills in the design procedure is not a realistic approach.

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Where Em and Ef = Elastic modulus of the masonry wall and frame material, respectively t,h,L = Thickness, height and length of the infill wall, respectively Ic, Ib = Moment of inertia of the column and the beam f the frame, respectively = tan-1(h/L)

Appendix B

Linear Static Analysis In this method, mass of the structure multiplied by design seismic coefficient, acts statically in a horizontal direction. It is also assumed here that the magnitude of the coefficient is uniform for the entire members of the structure. Design shears at different levels in a building shall be computed from the assumption of linear distribution of horizontal acceleration, varying from zero at the base of the structure to a maximum at the top. For important and complicated structures this method is not adequate. Step-1: Seismic Weight: To calculate the seismic weight of the building ie., the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. W=dead load + amount of imposed load. Step-2: Fundamental time period:vi. The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration(Ta) in seconds of a momentresisting frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by the expression:

vii.

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta) in seconds, of all other buildings may be estimated by the expression:

where h=total height of the building in meters. d=maximum base dimension of building in meters in a direction parallel to the applied seismic force.

Step-3: Design spectrum:The design horizontal seismic coefficient is determined by following expression: (4.3) Provided that for any structure with T<=0.1s, the value of Ah will not be taken less than Z/2 whatever be the value of I/R where Z = zone factor given in Table 4.1 I = importance factor given in Table 4.2 R = response reduction factor given in Table 4.3 Sa/g= average response acceleration coefficient for rock or soil sites Fig.4.1.shows the proposed 5% spectra for rocky and soil sites For rocky, or hard soil sites. Sa/g= {1+15*T 2.50 1.00/T For medium soil sites. Sa/g= {1+15*T 2.50 1.36/T For soft soil sites. Sa/g= {1+15*T 2.50 0.00<=T<=0.10 0.10<=T<=0.6 0.00<=T<=0.10 0.10<=T<=0.55 0.55<=T<=4.00 0.00<=T<=0.10 0.10<=T<=0.40 0.40<=T<=4.00

1.67/T

0.67<=T<=4.00

Response Spectra for Rock and Soil sites for 5% Damping

Table-4.1 Zone factor, Z: Seismic zone Seismic intensity II Low III Moderate IV Severe V Very severe

0.10

0.16

0.24

0.36

Table-4.2 Importance factor, I: Structure Important community structure Others Value of I 1.5 1.0

Table-4.3 Response reduction factor for building systems: Lateral load resisting system Building frame system. 1. Ordinary R.C. moment resisting frame (OMRF). 2. Special R.C. moment resisting frame (SMRF). 3. Steel frame with i. ii. Concentric braces Eccentric braces. 5.0 3.0 Value of R

Table-4.4 Multiplying factors for obtaining values for other damping: Damping percent Factors 3.20 1.40 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.55 0.50 0 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30

Step-4: Design seismic base shear:The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (VB) along any principal direction shall be determined by the following expression:

where Ah=design horizontal acceleration spectrum (step-3). W=seismic weight of the building (step-1).

Step-5: Distribution of design force:The design base shear (VB) calculated in step-4, shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the following expression:

where Qi=lateral force at the floor i. VB=Base shear. Wi=seismic weight of floor i. hi =height measured from the base of the building to the roof or any floor i. n =number of storeys in the building.

Step-6: Distribution of shear:-

where Vj=shear in jth storey

Appendix C
Response Spectrum Method by using Staad Pro This is accurate method of analysis. The design lateral force at each floor in each mode is computed by STAAD Pro in accordance with IS: 1893 (Part 1)-2002. The software provides result for design values, modal masses and storey wise base shear. Methodology: The design lateral shear force at each floor in each mode is computed by STAAD in accordance with the IS: 1893 (Part 1) -2002 following equation. Qik = Ak*fik*Pk*Wk and Vik = Qik STAAD utilizes the following procedure to generate the lateral seismic loads. [1] User provides the value for (Z/2)x(I/R) as factors for input spectrum. [2] Program calculates time periods for first six modes or as specified by the user. [3] Program calculates Sa/g for each mode utilizing time period and damping for each mode. [4] The program calculates design horizontal acceleration spectrum Ak for different modes. [5] The program then calculates mode participation factor for different modes. [6] The peak lateral seismic force at each floor in each mode is calculated. [7] All response quantities for each mode are calculated. [8] The peak response quantities are then combined as per method (CQC or SRSS or ABS or TEN or CSM) as defined by the user to get the final results.