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Eccentricity formula E non degenerate plane conic u2 + Cv 2 + Gv + H = 0. E focus on v -axis, then ecc(E ) = e is e2 = C 1

We saw that for any 2 given plane conics there is a perspective between them.

0.2

Projective Conics

Theorem: Every non degenerate plane conic can be found as the curve of intersection of a suitable right circular cone with a suitable plane.

All non degenerate projective conics are projective congruent.

3 Tangents Theorem: Let a non degenerate plane conic touch the sides BC, CA, and AB of a triangle ABC in R2 at the points P, Q, R respectively. Then AP, BQ, CR are concurrent.

Proof.

Theorem crucerns non degernerate conics, tangents, and concurrents of lines. All these are projective properties enough to prove it for any non degenerate plane conic.

Take circle. By symmetry, the two tangents from a point to circle of equal length.

AQ = AR AR BP CQ P C QA = 1 BP = BR RB CP = CQ By the converse to Cevas Theorem AP, BQ, CR concurrent.

4.3

Tangents

P pint E nondegenerate conic. l tangent to P to E

P point closest to P on E, e line through P and P.

as P P , direction of e approaches direction of e.

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + F x + Gy + H = 0. S=0 Joachimstal: equation of tangent and polars to cone by attaching subscripts to the symbols.

e.g. to check whether P1 = (x1 , y1 ) lies on a conic it is necessary to replace the variables x and y is S by x1 and y1 resp. This yields a number:
2 S11 = Ax2 1 + Bx1 y2 + Cy1 + F x1 + Gy1 + H

If S11 = 0, then P1 lies on a conic; if S11 = 0, then P1 does not lie on a conic. 2

Same for P2 = (x2 , y2 )

2 S22 = Ax2 2 + Bx2 y2 + Cy2 + F x2 + Gy2 + H

Joachimstal notation to obtain an average S12 = Ax1 x2 + B x1 y2 + x2 y1 2 + Cy1 y2 + F x2 + x1 2 +G y1 + y2 2 +H

why? later.

S12 = S21 S11 , S22 , S12 all #S Drop second subindex: S1 = Ax1 x + B x1 y + xy1 2 + Gy1 y + F x + x1 2 +G y1 + y 2 +H

linear expansion in x and y

Joachmistal notation in P1 , P2 , P3 Si

Sii S ij ex. S11 , S12 , S1 ? 3x2 2xy y 2 + 5x y 4 = 0 hyperbola. P1 = (3, 2) P2 = (5, 2) Do P1 or P2 lie on hyperbola?

(1)

S = 3x2 2xy y 2 + 5x y 4. x1 = 3, y1 = 2, x2 = 5, y2 = 2.

P1 doesnt because S11 is not zero.

S11 = 3 32 2 3 2 22 + 5 3 2 4 = 20
5)2 5 2 (2) + 5 3 S12 = 3 3 (5) 2 3(2)+( 2 2 22 2

4 = 34

x x 2 y + 5 3+ S1 = 3 3 x 2 3y+2 2 2

2+y 2

4=

19 2 x

11 2 y

5 +2 .

With Joachimstals notation, eqs of tangent to conic S = 0?

Tangent is line which intersects conic at 2 coincident points. First describe how to determine the points where given line l meets S = 0.

Every point P is on Any line l through two points P1 = (x1 , y1 ), P2 = (x2 , y2 ) divides segment P1 P2 in ratio k : 1 for k R

kx2 +x1 ky2 +y1 k +1 , k +1

(2)
line through points P1 , P2 meets the conic with equation. (S =)Ax2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + F x + Gy + H = 0. at points which divide the segment P1 P2 in ratio k : 1, where A kx2 + x1 k+1
2

+ = S = 0

Multiply by (k + 1)2 and collect coecients. S22 k 2 + 2S12 k + S11 = 0

Quadratic in k line through P1 and P2 meets the conic at 2 points, 1 point, or none.

ex. determine ratios in which hyperbola.

3x2 2xy y 2 + 5x y 4 = 0

divides line segment from P1 = (3, 2) to P2 (5, 2). S11 = 20 S22 = 24 S12 k=
1 3

24k 2 68k + 20 = 0 6k 2 17k + 5 = 0 (3k 1)(2k 5) = 0 (3)

= 34

or k = 5 2.
1 3

Hyperbola divides line segment at P1 P2 at two distinct points in ratios

: 1 and

5 2

:1

Equation of tangent? S = 0, P1 = (x1 , y1 ) on conic. l chord of conic through P1 and P2 (x2 , y2 ) be point on l outside conic.

SS2 k 2 + 2S12 k + S11 = 0 (2S12 )2 = 4S11 S22 (S12 )2 = S11 S22 . Repeated Root. P1 lies on conic S11 = 0 S12 = 0

The point P2 = (x2 , y2 ) must satisfy S1 = 0. P2 is arbitrary point on tangent to conic at P , and so the tangent at P1 must have equation S1 = 0

Tangent Pair from point to a conic.

 (S12 )2 = S22 S11 but P2 is arbitrary Point on tangent. (S1 )2 = S S11 second degree equation in x and y that factores into 2 linear equation which represent pair of tangents for P1 to E .

ex. P (1, 1) x2 + 2 y 2 = 1 S = x2 + 2y 2 1 x1 = 1, y1 = 1 S11 = 12 + 2 12 1 = 2 S1 = 1 x + 2 1 1 = x + 2y 1 equation tangent pair is (x + 2y 1)2 = (x2 + 2y 2 1) 2 x2 4x + 2x + 4y 3 = 0 (x 1)(x 4y + 3) = 0 two tangents from (1, 1) are x 1 = 0 and x 4y + 3 = 0