ENG. 112 CH.

1 Introduction SVC S: 1)- 1first person singular: I 1first person plural: We 2nd person singular & plural: You -(2 3rd person singular : He, S e, It -(3 3rd person plural: ! e" V: present, past, future :present -(1 si#ple, $ontinuous, perfe$t :past -(2 si#ple, $ontinuous, perfe$t :future-(3 si#ple, $ontinuous, perfe$t :%er& (a)- %er& to &e ( is, a#, are, 'as, 'ere He is tired I a# late S e 'as late (&)- %er& to possess ( a%e, as, ad S e as a ni$e ouse I ad a $ar $)- %er& to do (nne drin)s $offee e%er"da" ! e plane too) off at 3:**p#

Present simple
s+%+$ S e spea)s -nglis

Present continuous
1) s+%+(au, + % ing) +$(1 S e is spea)ing -nglis

.ses
a&its , repeated a$tions I read s ort stories per#anent a$tion He tea$ es 1ren$ a state t at doesn0t $ ange S e as &lue e"es 1) t ings in progress, no' (1 /I0# reading a s ort stor" no' / 2) te#porar" (2 /He0s tea$ ing -nglis t is ter#/ 3) a $ anging situation (3 / ! e infant is getting &igger/ S e loo)s li)e er #ot er /

State Ver&s
We don0t use t e# in t e $ontinuous for# or t e #eaning 'ill &e $ anged, t ese are :%er&s t at s o'

($tion Ver&s
We $an use t e# 'it 2ing for#

344,() e#otions : li)e, 'ant, lo%e, ate, detest : 'e don0t sa" I0# lo%ing #" )ids I lo%e #" )ids (1 3Sal#a is 'anting so#e $offee5555Sal#a 'ants so#e $offee -(2 : 6)fi%e senses : ear, s#ell, see, taste, feel 'e don0t sa" I0# earing "ou 'e sa" I ear "ou -(1 7ote t at 'e don0t use (ing) if 'e #ean t e fi%e senses t e#sel%es, so 'e :don0t sa" 3! e rose is s#elling ni$e5555'e sa" 5555! e rose s#ells ni$e -(2 :We also sa" 8(: W at are "ou doing 3(6: I0# s#elling t e rose355555(in progress, appening no'

8(: W ere is "our #ot er (6: S e0s tasting t e food in t e )it$ en35555(tr"ing ((: 9a#ar is seeing a ne' &o"friend355555( #eeting ((: t e &a&" is seeing a #o%ie355555( 'at$ ing :7ote: 'e don0t sa" Sugar is tasting s'eet 555'e sa"55Sugar tastes s'eet -1 3I0# seeing an elep ant555'e sa"55 I see an elep ant -2 ,C)understanding : )no', prefer, understand, &elie%e 3: 'e don0t sa" 4 He0s )no'ing t e ans'er 'e sa" He )no's t e ans'er :) possession and un$ anging ;ualit": &elong, a%e, $ost, 'eig and :%er&s li)e sound, or %er& to &e : 'e don0t sa" ! is &ag is &elonging to #e 'e sa" ! is &ag &elongs to #e ! e )id is sounding 'ell 'e sa" ! e )id sounds 'ell ! e $o#puter is $osting <3** 'e sa" ! e $o#puter $osts <3**

BUT We #a" use t e (ing) for# 'it so#e state %er&s and
:t e #eaning 'ill &e $ anged Ha%e : He as a ni$e ouse444443possess -(1 He is a%ing $offee 44433ta)ing ! in): ' at do "ou t in) a&out t is arti$le8 =pinion -(2 He is t in)ing a&out ' at "ou said3 Considering (W at are "ou t in)ing a&out8 (' at is on "our #ind W at do "ou t in) of our &oss8 %er& to &e: S e is %er" ni$e4444 It0s er $ ara$ter -(3 S e is &eing %er" ni$e4433t is is not o' s e usuall" 3a$ts

=pinion

Past simple

S+V+C ( %er& to &e 'as (I, He, S e, It -1 3 (- He 'as a ni$e #an 3 6- S e 'as late ( 'ere (You, We, ! e" 3 C- ! e" 'ere ungr" 3 :- We 'ere %er" app" -------------------------------------------------------------Past Simple :.ses 3 :efine past si#ple :- a inis!ed ($o#pleted) a$tion in t e past 3 single a$tion :- appened on$e in t e past -1 3 Sara dran) er $offee -: repeated a$tion -2 3 Sara al'a"s 'ent to s$ ool &" &us repeated a$tion in t e past 3 Sara used to go to s$ ool &" &us , &ut s e doesn"t an# more / -: !i#e p rases 'it t e past (334 , "esterda", last ("ear,nig t 43) 'e don0t use (on , at , in -1 3Yesterda", s e 'ent to t e do$tor31 39ast nig t, I p oned #" sister 32 ago 3 da"s ago , t'o ours ago -2 3 1our "ears ago, I 'ent to Spain 3S e &oug t a ouse fi%e da"s ago N$TE : We don0t use (t e) 'it ago 3s e sa' er fa#il" in t e su##er

3%ron& s e sa' er fa#il" in t e su##er ago (1inis ed periods of ti#e :- in (2**> ,1??@ -' 3He too) -nglis $ourses in 2**> -: Prepositions-------------------------------------------------------------3344444, on da"son !uesda" -1 33334444, dateson (ugust 3rd in #ont , in Aanuar" -2 season in spring "ear ,de$ade ,$entur" in t e t'ent"-first 3$entur" Past Simple (S Past Continuous Past Simple : a completed (finis ed) a$tion in t e) in t e past 3 I sa' "our fat er 3 da"s ago (1 3 He 'as a ni$e #an (2 : Past Continuous : ($tions t at 'ere eit er) : in progress at a stated ti#e -1 3 e3g3 I 'as $leaning ' en t e $ar stopped not finis ed in$o#plete -2 e3g3 I 'as reading t e ne'spaper3 not finis ed *!ile Yesterda", I read t e ne'spaper finis ed -: past continuous ) S + V (au,3 + %3ing ) + C 3 I 'as 'al)ing a long t e road B I , He , S e , It 'as+ %3ing We, "ou , t e" 'ere + %3ing 37egati%e :- add not after au,3 He 'asn0t sleeping/ 34444 + Cuestion :- (u,3+ S3+%3ing/ Was e sleeping 8 "es, e 'as 7o, e 'asn0t

: .ses -: ! e &a$)ground of an e%ent des$ri&es t e situation -1 ! e $ ildren 'ere pla"ing ' en I /entered t e 3 ouse entered :t e e%ent/ : Interrupted a$tion -2 3I /'as reading t e stor" ' en Ai# entered t e roo# 3'as reading: not finis ed interrupted/ Drogressi%e a$tion :- eit er #ou state a time in t!e past -3 ! e" 'ere pla"ing ga#es at E:** at E:** t e" 'ere pla"ing not (1 finis ed $ontinued or +ou use a completed action past si#ple 3 ' ile e 'as fi,ing t e $ar, Sa#i sa' a strange #an (2 : .n$o#pleted a$tions -F (He 'as 'riting a &oo)3 (7ot finis ed (He 'rote a &oo) 3 (1inis ed : !e#porar" situation -@ I 'as li%ing at #" parents0 ouse3 !e#porar" I li%ed at #" parents0 ouse3 Der#anent -------------------------------------------------------------Simple (S Continuous %3ing repeated a$tion -1 He p oned is 'ife on$e $o#pared to He 'as p oning is 'ife #ore t an on$e : %3ing lasts for a period of ti#e -2 It as sno'ed s ort period $o#pared to 334 It as &een sno'ing lasts for a period !a)e $are G ! e roads are 'et &e$ause it as 3&een raining -: %3ing in progress at a parti$ular ti#e -' ! e $ ildren 'ere pla"ing ' en t e $ar -1

3stopped I 'ill &e a%ing #" dinner at eig t , so don0t -2 3$all at t at ti#e -:%3ing te#porar" %s per#anent -, I0# sta"ing in (##an for a ' ile -1 3I li%e in Ir&id -2 3I tea$ -nglis 3 ! is ter# I0# tea$ ing 1ren$ -3

Used to :- onl" in t e past

3344+ HS+used to + H% (1 3uses :- a&its in t e past stopped at present(2 I used to s#o)e I don0t s#o)e no' 31adi used to go to 'or) &" is $ar31adi al'a"s 'ent to 'or) &" is $ar, &ut e doesn0t an" #ore-3((We used to eat out &ut Sa ar didn0t)) 39il" used to $o#e to our #eetings, &ut s e doesn0t an" longer 3(He doesn0t li)e Iogging an" #ore (an" longer 3We don0t use (used to) in t e Dresent !ense (3 He uses to a%e long air 'rong/ an"#ore ( an" long) JJJJJJJJJJJJJnegati%e in t e present &ut refer to :t e past KAa$) doesn0t s#o)e an"#ore333333333333K e used to in t e past 3Lar" doesn0t pla" foot&all an" long

:7egati%e (F He used to drin) #il) &ut doesn0t an" #ore 3He didn0t use to drin) #il) &ut e does no' :Cuestion (@ 8:id e use to drin) #il) 3Yes, e did

37o, e didn0t :Past orm to e-press !#pot!etical meanin& (If +S+V(Si#ple past)MMMMS+Would+V(infiniti%e (lt oug it0s in t e past &ut it e,presses present (If e )ne' t e trut 3MMM(7o', e doesn0t )no' t e trut 3If s e found t e 'allet, s e 'ould gi%e it to "ou (at present, s e doesn0t) If onl" e studied3MMMMregret (If I 'ere "ou, I 'ould &u" t at $ar3MMM(I0# not "ou 3If I 'ere a ;ueen, I 'ould &u" a $astel present per ect simple-/1. 3 S+% N a%e or as +past parti$ipleO+$ 3I , "ou, 'e, t e", - a%e + p3p (1 3 I a%e finis ed t e report / 3'e a%e pla"ed in t e "ard / 3 e , s e, it - as + p3p (2 3He as finis ed t e report .Used:- to link present and past 3 -,3) e is ill in t e present 3 He 'as ill - in t e past 3 He as &een ill (for 'ee)s) -present perfe$t :uses -:/// t e result of an a$tion is i#portant /1//

-,1P s e as &ro)en er ar# still &ro)en not re$o%ered3 333333333W ile

3s e &ro)e er ar#3-in t e past finis ed

3-,2P I a%e Iust eaten #" lun$ , I0# not ungr"

t e ti#e referen$e is not finis ed (2) 3-,1P s e as &een ill all t is 'ee) not finis ed

3 I a%e %isited 1ran$e 3 ti#es t is "ear (1 (3t is "ear ) is not finis ed ' ile I %isited 1ran$e t ree ti#es last "ear (2

-:t e a$tion or state $ontinues to t e present (3)

3-,31P e as 'or)ed in t e !V for t ree "ears 3He still 'or)s in t e !V

3-,32P e 'or)ed in t e !V for t ree "ears 3not an" #ore, finis ed

' en 'e #ean Q in #" ' ole life Q-not a spe$ifi$ (F) 3ti#e 34-,P I a%e %isited 1ran$e 3 ti#e 3-i3e3 in #" life

If 'e tal) a&out a finis ed a$tion ,'e use si#ple past , &ut if t e a$tion is not finis ed and is still $onne$ted to t e -: present , 'e use perfe$t tense

I 'or)ed in t e $o#pan" 3-not an" #ore (1 //// W ile ////

3 I a%e 'or)ed in t e $o#pan" - I still 'or) t ere(2

3 I a# tiredR I a%e 'or)ed on #" proIe$t(1

3 e first pu&lis ed is &oo) in 1?E*(2

-:Present perfect continuous

3S+ %( as or a%e +&een +(%) ing )+$

I a%e &een stud"ing for @ ours 3- He as &een dri%ing for #ore t an 3 ours 3-

-: 7egati%e : add (not ) after t e au,iliar" 3 I a%e not &een stud"ing for @ ours

-: Uses

3for longer a$tion , repeated a$tion(1)

3 (-,) 'e a%e &een re%ising t e #aterial3 3(longer a$tion 3 (-,P 'e a%e re%ised t e #aterial 3 (s orter

3 not $o#pleted a$tion or in progress of anot er a$tion (2) -,P e as &een $leaning t e roo#3 7ot finis ed, $o#pared 33333333 to // 3He as $leaned t e roo#33333333 1inis ed

'it ( ing) t e a$tion is te#porar" (3) 3S e as &een 'riting s ort stories to earn e,tra #one" J(1

-:7ote: 'e don0t use (ing) 'it state %er&s 3(I a%e &een a%ing t is ouse for 1@ "ears4('rong 3 (I a%e ad t is ouse for 1@ "ears 433($orre$t

-: Time word used with perfect tense Iust ,alread"(1 3He as Iust finis ed is &rea)fast/ 3S e as alread" &roug t t e tea/

3 e%erin ;uestion(2 8 Ha%e "ou e%er &een to t e states

3 ne%er -negati%e #eaning (3 3I a%e ne%er &een to t e states

Yet (until no') - in negati%e & in ;uestions (He asn0t $o#e3 (and #a"&e e 'ill not -(1 3(He asn0t $o#e ,"et3(and e pro&a&l" 'ill $o#e later-(2

t is 'ee) ,t is "ear 433not finis ed periods (@ 3 It as sno'ed t is 'ee)

3ago -2 ours ago(> 3I a%e seen "our #ot er t'o #inutes ago3 Here s e is

3 sin$e :- sin$e 1??* , sin$e 2***- point in ti#e (S 3(He as li%ed in ir&id sin$e 2**2 3 (' en

3( for : for t ree da"s , duration ( o' long (E

3 ! e $at as &een sleeping for 3 ours

Cuestions . 3s e0s &een tea$ ing 1ren$ JJJJJsi, #ont s(1

a)for

&)sin$e

$) ago

3t e $it" JJJJJsin$e t e last ti#e I %isited it (2 .a)$ anged b)has changed

e JJJJJJ er lots of flo'ers sin$e t eir last (3 3fig t 3 a) as sent b) has been sending $)sent

(s a $ ild , (#" JJJJJJto se%eral pla$es (F a) as gone 3 &) as &een going3 C)went

I JJJJ#" finger ' en I 'as #a)ing t e salad(@ 3 3 a)cut 3 &) a%e $ut

3 He JJJJJJt is old $ar for 2* "ears(> 3 a) ad3 b)has had 3 $) as &een a%ing

t e $ ild is filt "R e JJJJin t e garden for 2(> 3 ours .a) as pla"ed 3 b )has been playing

3S e JJJJ er us&and t ree "ears ago (S

a) as #et

b)met

3Ai# JJJJJ is last spee$ at t e #eeting(E a)made 3 &) as #ade

L" grandfat er ,' o died in(? 32***,JJJJJlondon . a) as &een %isiting 3 b)visited

3In 1F?2, Colu#&us JJJJ(#eri$a (1*

3 a) as dis$o%ered 3

b)discovered

er progra# is %er" su$$essful , s e (11 3JJJJJon it %er" ard sin$e 2*** a) as 'or)ed &)'or)ed 3working c)has been

Past Perfect
FORM

[had + past participle] For actions that happened before a past event When we want to talk about an action that happened before a past event, we often use the past perfect. Notice that words like already, just, never etc. are used with the past perfect. Look at these examples: When I got home yesterday, my father had already cooked dinner. I didn t want to go to the movies with my friends because I had seen the film already. !y friend offered me an apple in class yesterday, but I wasn t hungry because I had "ust eaten lunch. I arrived very late at the party. #ll my friends had already gone home. I was very tired as I hadn't slept well for several days. Had you seen the film before$ You had studied English before you moved to New York. Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

he !ast !erfect e"presses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. #t can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. E"amples$

# had never seen such a beautiful beach before # went to %alay. # did not have any money because # had lost my wallet. ony knew #stanbul so well because he had isited the city several times. Had &usan ever studied hai before she moved to hailand? &he only understood the movie because she had read the book. 'ristine had never !een to an opera before last night. (e were not able to get a hotel room because we had not !oo"ed in advance.

)$ Had you ever isited the *.&. before your trip in +,,-? .$ Yes/ # had !een to the *.&. once before.

USE # $uration Before Something in the Past %&on'Continuous (er!s)

(ith Non01ontinuous 2erbs/ we use the !ast !erfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

E"amples$ (e had had that car for ten years before it broke down. .y the time )le" finished his studies/ he had !een in 3ondon for over eight years. hey felt bad about selling the house because they had o*ned it for more than forty years.

MOREO(ER #f the !ast !erfect action did occur at a specific time/ the &imple !ast can be used instead of the !ast !erfect when 4before4 or 4after4 is used in the sentence. he words 4before4 and 4after4 actually tell you what happens first/ so the !ast !erfect is optional. 5or this reason/ both sentences below are correct. E"amples$ &he had isited her 6apanese relatives once in 7889 before she moved in with them in 788-. &he isited her 6apanese relatives once in 7889 before she moved in with them in 788-.

Past Perfect Continuous

FORM
[had been + present participle] E"amples$

You had !een *aiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

Had you !een *aiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived? You had not !een *aiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

USE 1 $uration Before Something in the Past

(e use the !ast !erfect 1ontinuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. 45or five minutes4 and 4for two weeks4 are both durations which can be used with the !ast !erfect 1ontinuous. Notice that this is related to the !resent !erfect 1ontinuous: however/ the duration does not continue until now/ it stops before something else in the past. E"amples$

hey had !een tal"ing for over an hour before ony arrived. &he had !een *or"ing at that company for three years when it went out of business. ;ow long had you !een *aiting to get on the bus? %ike wanted to sit down because he had !een standing all day at work. 6ames had !een teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for )sia. )$ ;ow long had you !een stud+ing urkish before you moved to )nkara? .$ # had not !een stud+ing urkish very long.

USE # Cause of Something in the Past

*sing the !ast !erfect 1ontinuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. E"amples$ 6ason was tired because he had !een ,ogging. &am gained weight because he had !een o ereating . .etty failed the final test because she had not !een attending class.

REMEMBER &on'Continuous (er!s - Mi.ed (er!s

#t is important to remember that Non01ontinuous 2erbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. #nstead of using !ast !erfect 1ontinuous with these verbs/ you must use !ast !erfect. E"amples$

he motorcycle had !een !elonging to <eorge for years before ina bought it. Not Correct he motorcycle had !elonged to <eorge for years before ina bought it. Correct

E"amples$ You had onl+ been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived. ;ad you onl+ been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?

-------------------------------------------------------------USES $0 1U2I3I14IES :(J Cuestion !ag 8(: Ao n pla"s t e piano, doesn0t e -(1 3333333333333333333333:6 8(: (nne isn0t angr", is s e -(2 3333333333333333 :6 8(: ! e"0re pla"ing $ ess, aren0t t e" -(3 33333333333333333333333333333 :6 8(: S e0s a &ig fa#il", asn0t s e -(F 3333333333333333 :6 ,or 8(: S e0s a &ig fa#il", doesn0t s e -(@ 3333333333333333 :6 3

8(: Sara $ut t e grass, didn0t s e -(> 3333333333333333333333:6 8(: 7o&od" $a#e to t e part", did t e" -(S 33333333333333333333333333333:6 8(: S e0s ne%er &een to t e states, as s e -(E 33333333333333333333 :6 8(: ! is Ia$)et $ost #e <S*, didn0t it -(? 3333333333333333333:6 (-,$eptions ) 8(: I0# late, aren0t I 3333333333333333 :6 8(: 9et0s go, s all 'e 3333333333333333333 :6 8(: Close t e 'indo', 'ill "ou 33333333333333333 :6
8(: You pla" Tolf, don0t "ou -(1 44444444:6 83444 ,(: S e as a &ig fa#il" -(2 3 :6 8a3 as s e8 &3 does s e 8$3 a%en0t s e d3 doesn0t s e

:6) S ort (ns'er 8(: are "ou ungr" 36: "es, I a# :C) !o (%oid Uepetition 8(: Ha%e "ou got an" &rot ers or sisters -(1

36: Yes, I a%e 3We 'ent to t e Voo &ut Sara didn0t -(2 ::)- !o e#p asiVe on so#et ing He li)es sports 3He does li)e sports :-)- !o s o' interest (: I 'ent to t e #ar)et 86: :id "ou 3(: S e0s ne%er &een to t e states 86: asn0t s e - 3(: He didn0t go to t e #useu# -8 6: didn0t e -3(: (: 7o&od" $a#e to t e part" -86: :idn0t t e"