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BME 2006
Outline of presentation
The concept of Ergonomics A brief historical overview ManMan-Machine Systems (MMS) Usability Main areas of Ergonomics
The concept of Ergonomics The three main optimizational goals of ergonomics: Safety Comfort Efficiency
Man-Machine Systems
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Man-Machine Systems
Ergomomics deals with the optimization of different Man-Machine Systems (MMS). Examples: worker working tool" socio-technical system (factory, ship, aircraft etc.) sportsman sport device" driver vehicle" "operator controlled system" user product soldier weapon housewife household appliances human computer system etc.
Man-Machine Systems
Man - Machine System
Human subsystem
Motivational and emotional characteristics Cognitive characteristics Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual characteristics Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological characteristics Body dimensions
Muscle power (arm, leg, etc.),
Technical subsystem
Motivational and emotional requirements Cognitive requirements Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual requirements Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological requirements Power/force needs (arm, leg, etc.), Control sizes, distances
Handle, pedal, pushbutton, etc.
Man-Machine Systems
A MMS always has a human subsystem, a technical subsystem, and a user interface (UI).
These subsystems can further be devided into smallar and even smaller elements as necessary depending on the particular aim of the analysis. If the human subsystem and the technical subsystem are not compatible, the particular activity may not be safe, comfortable and efficient and therefore the user may experience increased stress. The stress will be the topic of a whole lecture later on.
Man-Machine Systems
Thus the human subsystem, for example, can be broken down into antropometric, physiological, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, etc. sub-subsystems, that can further be devided into even smaller elements if necessary .
Man-Machine Systems
The technical subsystems, on the other side, can have a very big variety and therefore we cannot give here even a general level description. The technical subsystems of the following MMSs, e.g. have very different main characteristics and working behavior a pilot and the aircraft, a control operator and the NPP, a designer and the CAD system, a bank official and his information system, a bank system administrator and the system itself, client and the ATM, a tennis player and his racket, etc.
Man-Machine Systems
The user interface (UI) is the machine as the human perceives it - GARDINER s CHRISTIE
(1987)
The user gets into touch with the perceptible surface of the machine and creates a general judgement about the whole system based only on this perceptible surface. Therefore the same technical equipment/device/tool etc. may appear differently for different users. As a consequence of learning during usage the perceived quality of the same UI may change even within the same person.
Usability It is not enough, if a product is aesthetic, original, or novel in its appearance. it has also to be usable!
Usability
Usability
General frame: frame: efficiency of working activity
Usability
Efficiency =
Benefits Costs
Human performance
If efficiency is considered in the context of using a certain tool, the key term becomes usability
Benefits Efficiency =
(Usability)
Costs
That the use of the tool requires
Human expenditures
Usability
Usability is the central concept of ergonomics. Usability is umbrella term for all those factors, which influence the efficiency of any human activity done by technical tools, by shaping that very tools. For the usability of software products see: ISO/IEC 9126 international standard. The usability factors are measurable characteristics of usability.
Usability
The most important usability factors : Speed of activity, Number of error committed during the activity, The users possibility to correct these errors by the help of this tool, The users expenditures during learning the system, The endurance of the skills built during learning , The users possibility to costumize this tool to the circumstances, The users possibility to rearrange the activity by the help of this tool, The users general satisfaction with this tool.
Usability
The designers primary task is to find the best compromise between usability, functionality and financial costs.
A summary of Usability techniques will be the topic of a whole lecture later on.
Technical subsystem
Motivational and emotional requirements Cognitive requirements Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual requirements Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological requirements Power/force needs (arm, leg, etc.), Control sizes, distances
Handle, pedal, pushbutton, etc.
Main areas of ergonomics Depending on the actual task, any level of compatibility could become important or even critical!
Man - Machine System
Human subsystem
Motivational and emotional characteristics Cognitive characteristics Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual characteristics Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological characteristics Body dimensions
Muscle power (arm, leg, etc.),
For example physical working place design mainly Main areas of ergonomics relates to
Man - Machine System
Human subsystem Technical subsystem
Motivational and emotional requirements Cognitive requirements Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual requirements Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological requirements Power/force needs (arm, leg, etc.), Control sizes, distances
Handle, pedal, pushbutton, etc.
Technical subsystem
Motivational and emotional requirements Cognitive requirements Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual requirements Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological requirements Power/force needs (arm, leg, etc.), Control sizes, distances
Handle, pedal, pushbutton, etc.
Motivational and emotional characteristics Cognitive characteristics Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual characteristics Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological characteristics Body dimensions
Muscle power (arm, leg, etc.),
Main areas of ergonomics The design of the physical environment mainly relates to
Man - Machine System
Human subsystem
Motivational and emotional characteristics Cognitive characteristics Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual characteristics Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological characteristics Body dimensions
Reaction to high/low temperature, luminance, noise, etc.
Main areas of design ergonomics The ergonomic product may relate to any level
Man - Machine System
Human subsystem Technical subsystem
Motivational and emotional requirements Cognitive requirements Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual requirements Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological requirements Power/force needs (arm, leg, etc.), Control sizes, distances
Handle, pedal, pushbutton, etc.
Technical subsystem
Motivational and emotional requirements Cognitive requirements Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual requirements Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological requirements
Climate, luminance, noise, etc.
Motivational and emotional characteristics Cognitive characteristics Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual characteristics Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological characteristics Body dimensions
Muscle power (arm, leg, etc.),
Main areas of ergonomics Similarly human factors of safety may also relate to any level and even beyond (to organizational issues)
Man - Machine System
Human subsystem
Motivational and emotional characteristics Cognitive characteristics Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual characteristics Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological characteristics Body dimensions
Muscle power (arm, leg, etc.),
Technical subsystem
Motivational and emotional requirements Cognitive requirements Memory, thinking, etc. Perceptual requirements Vision, hearing, touch, etc. Physiological requirements Power/force needs (arm, leg, etc.), Control sizes, distances
Handle, pedal, pushbutton, etc.
Contrast sensivity
structured field
Lob
Lob = luminance
C=
Lbg
Lob Lbg
Lob Lbg
VDT
A monitor ltal biztostott s a szem ltal rzkelt kontraszt a tri frekvencia fggvnyben spatial frequency, cpd
High contrast
Low contrast
BLUE + YELLOW GREEN RED
phospour layer
hole mask
triplett electron beam
1 12 2 3
11 10 9
4 5 6 7
( XXIV + IL + IV ) / XI
11 12 10 9 8 7 6
1 2 3 5 4Result: 10:12
in both cases
Result: VII
Now do this
calculation also by heart:
Result: 7
24 + 49 + 4 11
10