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Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 17 (2009) 955966

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Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/simpat

An adaptive harmonic detection and a novel current control strategy for unied power quality conditioner q
Yuanjie Rong a,*, Chunwen Li a, Qingqing Ding b
a b

Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
This paper proposes an adaptive harmonic detection to precisely detect the voltage with multiple zero crossings and adaptively obtain the reference signals, which makes use of linear neurons to approximate the fundamental component in each phase followed by a symmetric decomposition that calculates the fundamental positive components. According to the compensating requirements, we obtain four different forms of the reference signals. The detected reference signals are then fed into a triangular wave comparison control together with a PI controller and a one cycle current control to force the compensating voltage and current to track the reference signals. The one cycle current control (OCCC) is a combination of the one cycle control and the hysteresis control, which guarantees both tracking performances and constant frequency. The integration of the adaptive detection method and the one cycle current control in a three-phase unied power quality conditioner (UPQC) are simulated, where the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed strategies are demonstrated. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 24 September 2008 Received in revised form 5 December 2008 Accepted 17 February 2009 Available online 13 March 2009

Keywords: Adaptive harmonic detection Linear neuron Unied power quality conditioner One cycle current control

1. Introduction The electric power network is extremely complex and mutually inuent [1]. To attenuate the mutual inuence, unied power quality conditioner (UPQC) was presented to synchronously deal with the current and voltage distortion and isolate the loads from the supply system [2]. The current and voltage detection are critical to the implementation of the UPQC and there are various algorithms including instantaneous reactive power theory, Fourier transformation, adaptive algorithms, etc. [316]. Among those algorithms, instantaneous reactive power theory based detection algorithms, the high pass lter (HPF) and the low pass lter (LPF) are the most widely used [38,11,12]. Usually, the phase of the system voltage is detected by the zero crossing detection [5] and the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) [6]. However these two approaches have their shortcomings in that the zero crossing detection suffers from the non-stiff voltage and the latter is affected by the inherent delay of the PLL. In this regard, a method using a LPF with a phase corrector is presented to obtain the precise phase of a single-phase system voltage that is non-stiff and has multiple zero crossings via manual regulation of the phase corrector parameters [7]. Gu et al. [8] extends this method to a three-phase system which utilizes the LPF to get the fundamental voltage of each phase and the symmetric decomposition to calculate the phase unit reference. However additional phase-shift generated by LPF downgrades the detecting precision. There are other schemes such as neural-based voltage harmonic detection [9] and wavelet transform-based detection [10], but their practicability is to be further investigated.
q

This work was supported part by the NNSF of China under Grants: 60674039. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62799024; mobile: +86 13811560784; fax: +86 10 62795356. E-mail address: rongyj04@mails.thu.edu.cn (Y. Rong).

1569-190X/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2009.02.011

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Nomenclature _s V _L V L1 R1 C1 C dc + _c V _c I _s I _L I L2 R2 C2 j; l _ V c _ I
c

the system voltage vector the load voltage vector the series side smoothing inductance the series side smoothing resistance the series side smoothing capacitor the DC-link capacitor positive sequence the compensating voltage vector the compensating current vector the system current vector the load current vector the shunt side smoothing inductance the shunt side smoothing resistance the shunt side smoothing capacitor j a; b; c; l 1; 2 negative sequence the voltage reference vector the current reference vector

As to the determination of the current reference, the instantaneous reactive power theory based methods (e.g. the pq algorithm, the ip iq algorithm and the dq algorithm) are often used [11], whose application in the shunt APF has shown the good effectiveness. However, due to the conceptual limitation of instantaneous reactive power theory, these algorithms can only be applied in a three-phase system without zero-sequence currents or voltages [12]. There is a great tendency to focus on neural network because of its simplicity, learning and generalization ability. Moreover, articial neural networks are reliable in handling high nonlinearities and uncertainties [13]. For examples, a feed forward and Elmans recurrent neural network for harmonic detection process in active power lter is shown to be capable of improving the processing speed and simplify harmonic detection process [14]; harmonics of the power line distorted waveforms are detected using a three-layer neural network which is trained by several hundred distorted current waveforms including noise cases [15]. As well as in [9,10], the proposed neural networks based current detection methods are complicated and hard for hardware implementation. Although, an adaptive noise canceling technology based current detection is realizable by an analog circuit [16], the selection of learning rate is difcult and this is a greater impact on the performance. In this paper, a novel adaptive detection method using linear neurons is presented which can be utilized in both current and voltage detection. Each phase current or voltage is approximated by a neuron, whose ltered parameters are synchronously transformed to the unied structure neuron to acquire the fundamental component of each phase current or voltage. This method can precisely obtain the fundamental current and voltage of each phase and is not inuenced by multiple zero crossings and the phase-shift generated by the LPF. The learning rate can be regulated in a wide range with little affection on the performance. Owing to its simple structure and theory, the detection method can be realized by digital chips such as DSP or FPGA. Moreover, the detection is done independent for each phase, which can be easily extended to three-phase systems, even three-phase four-wire systems. In this paper, this method is applied in a three-phase three-wire system with non-stiff voltage and non-balance loads. Based on the detected reference signals, control strategies are designed to guide the outputs of the inverters to follow the references. Among existing control strategies such as triangular wave comparison, hysteresis control and one cycle control, the rst two can be applied in both current and voltage control, while the third one is applied in voltage tracking [8,17,18]. The hysteresis control is a closed loop control strategy, but the frequency of the PWM signals generated by the hysteresis control is not constant which is difcult for the passive lter design. The triangular wave comparison strategy can deal with PWM signals with variant frequency, however it is an open-loop controller. The one cycle control provides a good solution to both problems, but it is presently only applied in voltage tracking. Combining the advantages of the hysteresis control and the one cycle control, we propose a novel close-loop control strategy with constant frequency in current tracking called one cycle current control (OCCC), which can self-adjust when lter parameters are within a certain range. To demonstrate the overall effectiveness, the adaptive harmonic detection and the one cycle current control are applied in a three-phase three-wire system. We choose one of the four forms of compensating references in order to maintain the compensated load voltage at the nominal value and keep the compensated system current sinusoidal and in the phase with the load voltage. The simulation results show the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed strategies. 2. Mitigation of harmonics by UPQC As shown in Fig. 1, the UPQC isolates the source from the load by a series inverter, a shunt inverter and a DC-link capacitor. The series inverter is connected to the source through the transformer and the shunt inverter links the system by induc-

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isa vca vsc N vsa Ls Rs vsb isb isc vcb vcc C2 R2 vLc vLb

vLa iLa iLb iLc Ld1 Rd1


Nonlinear Load

SOURCE
C1 R1 L 1
C B A

UPQC
K1 K3 K5 S5
+

S3
B A

S1
C

icc icb ica L2

Ld2 Rd2

Linear Load

LOADS

Cdc K6 S6

K2

K4

S4

S2

Fig. 1. The topology of a three-phase UPQC with different loads.

tances. Due to the presence of Rs and Ls , the system voltage becomes non-stiff and hence the distorted system current that in turn affects the voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) which can be also distorted by any occurrence of lighting stroke, system faults, starting of large asynchronous motors, allopatry harmonics, etc. The series inverter is utilized to generate the corresponding compensating voltage to maintain the PCC voltage at the nominal value and free of distortion. The shunt inverter has the same function as the series inverter which generates compensating current to keep the system current sinusoidal and in the phase with the load voltage. The loads include linear loads and nonlinear loads. Therefore, the system is unbalanced and the voltage and current are interacting. The distorted system voltage can be expanded using Fourier transformation

3 V sinixt bai V ai sinixt bai 7 6 i1 ai 7 6 vsa 7 6P 1 7 6 7 6 4 vsb 5 6 V bi sinixt bbi V bi sinixt bbi 7; 7 6 i 1 7 6 1 vsc 5 4P V ci sinixt bci V ci sinixt bci 2 3 2P 1
i 1

where V ji and V ji are the amplitudes of the harmonic positive and negative sequence, respectively (the fundamental components correspond to i 1; bji and bji are the initial phases. Let

7 6 i 2 7 6 7 6 1 P 7 6 7 6V 4 vcb 5 6 b1 sinxt bb1 V bi sinixt bbi V bi sinixt bbi 7; 7 6 i 2 7 6 vcc 1 5 4 P V c1 sinxt bc1 V ci sinixt bci V ci sinixt bci 2 v ca 3
i 2

V a1 sinxt ba1

1 P

V ai sinixt bai V ai sinixt bai

where is the reference of the compensating voltage. The objective of the voltage detection is to get the compensating voltage v cj j a; b; c of each phase, by which, the load voltage vLj ; j a; b; c , are free of distortion

v cj

7 6 7 6 7 6 4 vLb 5 4 vsb v cb 5 4 V b1 sinxt bb1 5: vsc vcc V c1 sinxt bc1 vLc

vLa

vsa v ca

V a1 sinxt ba1

Similarly, the distorted load current iLj can also be decomposed as the sum of the fundamental active positive sequence iLjp , the fundamental reactive positive sequence iLjq , the fundamental negative sequence iLj and the harmonic components iLjh as below (see Appendix A for more details)

6 7 6 7 4 iLb 5 4 iLbp iLbq iLb iLbh 5: iLcp iLcq iLc iLch iLc
_ i Let I c ca

iLa

iLap iLaq iLa iLah

3 4

2 3 3 iLaq iLa iLah ica 6 7 6 7 4 icb 5 4 iLbq iLb iLbh 5; iLcq iLc iLch icc

icb

T _ as follows: icc , where icj is the reference of the compensating current. If one can generate I c

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then the resulting system current is to be compensated sinusoidal and in phase with the load voltage

3 2 3 2 3 2 3 iLap iLa isa ica 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 4 isb 5 4 iLb 5 4 icb 5 4 iLbp 5: iLcp isc iLc icc

From the above derivations (3) and (6), the reference voltage and current signals can be obtained by subtracting the fundamental positive voltage and the fundamental positive active current from the system voltage and the load current. Usually, to reduce the size of the compensating device, the fundamental reactive positive sequence may not need compensation. Therefore, there are two schemes in current compensation depending on whether or not compensating the reactive power. For the same reason, in voltage compensation, there are two compensating schemes depending on whether or not compensating the fundamental positive voltage. Therefore, there are four schemes in obtaining the reference signals of the UPQC. 3. Harmonic detection using linear neurons Harmonic detection is the critical part of the UPQC control. Fig. 2 displays a harmonic detection algorithm using linear neurons, which provides the reference values for the shunt and series inverters, respectively. The neurons are used to identify the fundamental voltage and current of each phase followed by the symmetric decomposition to calculate the fundamental positive sequence components. These components are then subtracted from the system voltage and the load current to give the reference voltage of PCC and the fundamental active current. _ s as _ s and Y Firstly, we describe how the voltage is detected in Fig. 2. Denote the error between V

_s Y _ v; _v V e
_ s is the system voltage vector and Y _v y where V va yvb _ v can be calculated as yvc . The outputs of neurons Y
T

_ v F WX ; Y
2 3

  wa1 wa2 x where the elements of W 4 wb1 wb2 5 are the weights, X 1 are the inputs and F is an activation function selected as x2 wc 1 wc 2 F x x, i.e. the neurons are linear. Since, the neurons are used to obtain the fundamental component of each phase, the objective function is chosen as

Ej

1 2 e ; 2 vj

j a; b; c:

To minimize the objective function, a back-propagation algorithm is applied to tune the weights

W k 1 2 W k DW k; 3 Dwa1 k Dwa2 k where DW k 4 Dwb1 k Dwb2 k 5, whose matrix elements are calculated as Dwc1 k Dwc2 k

10

Function generator

sin cos Neurons1

sin cos Neurons3

MAF

MAF

Neurons2

Neurons4

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the adaptive harmonic detection using linear neurons.

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Dwjl g

@ Ej @ Ej @ yvj k g gvsj yvj xl ; @ wjl k @ yvj k @ wjl k

11

where j a; b; c; l 1; 2 and 0 < g < 1. Therefore, the outputs of neurons1 track the system voltage after k steps. To calculate the fundamental components, the weights matrix is transformed to neurons 2, whose structure are similar to that of the neurons 1, through a Moving Average Filter (MAF) to get the constant part of the weights matrix. The outputs of neurons 2 turn out to be

_ 1 WX ; V _ 0 WX 0 ; V 1

12

where W is the constant part of the weights matrix W and X 0 x2 x1 T . Furthermore, the outputs of neurons 2 are symmetrically decomposed to calculate the fundamental positive sequence

v 1a v01a

1 _ V 3 1

2 3 1 T 6 7 _ 0 4 a 5; V 1

13

a2

where a ej3p ; v1a is the A-phase voltage of the fundamental positive sequence and v01a leads 90 of v1a . Therefore, the fun_ 1 is damental positive sequence voltage V

7 _ 1 6 V 4 a 5v1a : 2 a
The phases of v1a and v01a can be calculated as

14

u a u0 a

  v1a 1 q 0 : v1a 02 v2 1a v1a

15

_ pcc , the reference value can be calculated by multiplying If the system voltage needs to be maintained at the nominal value V the phase of the fundamental positive sequence voltages with the nominal amplitude. Finally, depending on what to be com_ pcc is subtracted from the system voltage to calculate the reference values for the series in_ 1 or V pensated, the value of V verter (see Fig. 2). 0 Taking phase signals u a and ua as the inputs of the neurons 3 and 4, one can obtain the fundamental positive sequence components and the fundamental active components of the load current. The regulation of the weights of neurons 3 is sim_ 1 , ilar with that of neurons 1 and the structure of neurons 4 is the same with that of neurons 2. Similar to the calculation of V _1 can be calculated (see Appendix B for details). In cases that the reactive curthe fundamental positive sequence current I rent also needs to be compensated, the fundamental active current has to be calculated

_1p I

3 6 7 0 0 4 a 5 u a i1a ua i1a ua ; a2 1
0

16

where i1a and i1a can be identied as v1a and v01a . According to the objective of the system current compensation, the reference _1 or the fundamental values for the shunt inverter are calculated by subtracting the fundamental positive sequence current I _1p from the load current. In summary, there are four cases for determining the reference signals as listed in active current I Table 1. 4. Control strategies for UPQC Based on the detected reference signals, the controllers are designed to force the inverters to track the corresponding references. Combining the hysteresis control and the one cycle control, we propose a novel current tracking control strategy called one cycle current control (see Fig. 3). The principle of the one cycle current control is that the compensating current

Table 1 Four different forms of reference signals for UPQC. Case 1 2 3 4 Voltage reference signal _ V c _ V c _ V c _ V
c

Current reference signal _ I c _ I c _ I c _ I


c

_s V _s V _s V _s V

_ 1 V _ pcc V _ 1 V _ pcc V

_s I _s I _s I _s I

_1 I _1p I _1p I _1 I

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tracks the reference current in each cycle whose period is decided by the clock signal added to the set input of the RS ipop. As shown in Fig. 3, the controller includes a comparator, a NOT gate, a RS ip-op and two switches. To reduce the harmonic distortion of the compensated system current, we adopt different signals generating methods based on u a which is the A-phase unit reference phase (As shown in Fig. 3, u a is the control signal of the switches and the port 1 (port 2) is selected when u a < 0 ua P 0). As shown in Fig. 1, the A-phase compensating current is generated as

dica V A vLa ; dt L

17

where V A is the output voltage of the shunt inverter. Suppose that V A vdc vdc (where vdc is the DC-link voltage) if the driving signal equals to 1(0). As shown in Figs. 3 and 4a, when the u a P 0 and ica > ica ; R 1. Therefore the output of the RS ip-op Q is based on the signal S. After the falling edge of the clock signal, Q equals to 0 and then the compensating current ica is

dica vdc vLaz ; dt L

18

where vLaz presents that vLa is in a nonnegative half cycle. Therefore the compensating current ica is steepest descent until ica ica , and then R 0. Thereby the driving signal equals to 1, V A changes to vdc . The A-phase compensating current ascends and satises that

dica vdc vLaz : dt L

19

Comparing Eqs. (18) and (19), the ascending rate is obviously lower than the decent rate (see Fig. 4a), and thereby, the deviation of the compensating current can be controlled to be small, which lowers the harmonic distortion of the compensated system current. Similar is the case when u a is negative. Therefore, the one cycle current control can be used phase by phase to track the detected reference currents. As shown in Eqs. (17)(19), the increase of the inductance can decrease the slope of the current change and hence the harmonic distortion of the compensated system current. However a larger inductance may downgrade the dynamic tracking performance. Another function of the shunt inverter is to maintain the DC-link voltage, for which a PI controller is introduced to derive the amplitude of the active current needed to keep the capacitor voltage constant

* ua * ica ica

1 1 2 cl k 2

Driving signal

Fig. 3. The schematic diagram of the one cycle current control.

Fig. 4. The execution process of the one cycle current control: (a) u a is nonnegative, (b) ua is negative.

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Idc kp V dc vdc ki

V dc vdc dt:

20

The output Idc of the PI controller is added to the amplitude of the fundamental active current as shown in Fig. 2.

Vc*

Vc
Vc*
Fig. 5. The controller for the voltage compensation.

500

a b
400 300

The system voltage (V)

200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

time(s)
_ S. Fig. 6. The system voltage V

250 200 150

a b

The load current (A)

100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

time(s)
_L . Fig. 7. The load current I

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The function of the series inverter is used to compensate the load voltage distortion. Based on the known amplitude of the PCC voltage and the detected phase of the system voltage, the reference value V c can be calculated (see Table 1 case 2) and then be compared with a triangular wave to produce open-loop control signals for the series inverter. To further enhance its robustness, a PI controller is applied as shown in Fig. 5, but more voltage sensors will be needed (to detect the compensating voltage of the series inverter) and the parameters of the PI controller have to be manually regulated.

400 a b c 300

400

300

a b c

200

The detected fundamental active current


0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

200

The detected PCC voltage

100

100

-100

-100

-200

-200

-300

-300

-400

-400 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

time(s)

time(s)

_ pcc , (b) the fundamental active current I _ 1p . Fig. 8. The detected signals: (a) the reference voltage of the PCC V

500 a b c 400 300

400 a b 300 c

200 200

The system current


0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

The load voltage

100

100

0 -100 -200

-100

-200 -300 -400 -300

-500

-400 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

time(s)

time(s)

_ L , (b) the compensated system current I _s . Fig. 9. The compensated results: (a) the compensated load voltage V

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5. Simulation results To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed detection method and control strategy, we simulate the system described in Fig. 1 using MATLAB 7.1. The nominal value of the PCC is 380 V/50 Hz and the system impedance Rs 0:02 X and Ls 10 lH. The RLC lters are used to mitigate the switching frequency harmonics generated by inverters. The parameters of RLC lters at the series inverter side are R1 0:1 X; L1 0:3 mH and C 1 20 lF, while those at the shunt inverter

a
vsa (V)

500 0 -500 0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

time(s)

b
vsa (V)

200 0 -200 0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

time(s)

c
vsa (V)

500 0 -500 0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

time(s)
Fig. 10. The compensating process: (a) the A-phase system voltage vsa , (b) the A-phase compensating voltage generated by the series inverter vca , (c) the A-phase load voltage with compensation vLa .

a
i La(A)

500 0 -500 0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

time(s)

b
i ca (A)

200 0 -200 0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

time(s)

c
i sa (A)

500 0 -500 0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

time(s)

d
vdc (V)

1100 1000 900 0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

time(s)
Fig. 11. The compensating process of the shunt inverter: (a) the A-phase load current iLa , (b) the A-phase compensating current generated by the shunt inverter ica , (c) the system current after compensation isa , (d) the DC-side voltage vdc .

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a
* (V) vca and v ca

200

v* ca vca

100

-100

-200 0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

time(s)

b
i ca and i ca(A)

200 i* ca 100 ica

-100

-200 0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

time(s)
Fig. 12. The tracking characteristic of the UPQC: (a) the A-phase voltage reference value v ca and the A-phase compensating voltage vca , (b) the A-phase current reference value ica and the A-phase compensating current ica .

side are R2 1:4 X; L2 1 mH;C 2 100 lF. The DC-link capacitor C dc is 10; 000 lF and the DC-link reference voltage is 1000 V. As shown in Fig. 6, the system voltage with multiple zero crossings is distorted and unsymmetrical which is caused by the allopatry harmonics and local nonlinear loads. Fig. 7 displays the load current generated by local non-balance loads consisting of a three-phase diode rectier Rd1 5 X; Ld1 5 mH and a RL linear load bridged between the A and B phases (Rd2 5 X and Ld2 50 lH). The DC side of the rectier changes to Rd1 10 X and Ld1 1 mH at 0.14 s and the THD (total harmonic distortion) of the load current are larger than 20% both before and after load change. We choose case 2 in Table 1 for the reference signals calculation. As described in Fig. 8, with the detected phase of the system voltage and the known nominal amplitude of the PCC, we are able to obtain the detected PCC voltage (see Fig. 8a). Due to the sag of the DC-link voltage (see Fig. 11d), the amplitude of the detected fundamental active current uctuates as shown in Fig. 8b which is compensated by the PI controller (see Eq. (20), where kp 2:36 A=V s;ki 3:57 A=V s that absorbs active power to maintain the DC-link voltage constant. When the load changes at 0.14 s, the adaptive harmonic detection responds fast (see Fig. 8b). In addition, the learning rate g is chosen in a wide range as 0.010.5 and the detection results are almost unchanged as shown in Fig. 8. The detected references are fed into the one cycle current controller and the triangular wave comparison controller which force the inverters to track the references. The parameters of the PI controller for enhancing the robustness of the series inverter are kp 2:16; ki 1:32. The compensated results are given in Fig. 9, which show that the compensated three-phase load voltages are sinusoidal and at the nominal value, and the compensated threephase system currents are free of distortion. Comparing Fig. 9 with Fig. 8, we can see that the compensated load voltage and system current can fast and precisely track the detected PCC voltage and the fundamental active current which proves that the controllers for the shunt and series inverters are effective. The details of the compensation process are shown in Fig. 10 (Fig. 11) where it is seen that, after compensation, the Aphase load voltage (current) is sinusoidal and nominal. In Fig. 11b, the compensating current is larger in the rst 2 cycle due to the sag of the DC-side voltage (see Fig. 11d), including that the shunt inverter has to draw more active power at the beginning to maintain the DC-link voltage around the reference value. The swell of the DC-link voltage is due to the load change at 0.14 s and by the PI controller, the DC-link voltage is pulled back to the reference value in 23 cycles (see Fig. 11d), Fig. 12 shows the tracking characteristics of the two controllers for the series inverter and the shunt inverter, the both control strategies can track the reference values fast and precisely. 6. Conclusion We propose an adaptive harmonic detection method and a one cycle current control strategy. The adaptive harmonic detection method can deal with multiple zero crossings in the voltage. By an adaptively regulated neuron networks, this

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detection method is able to quickly identify precise values of the voltage or current reference signals under various circumstance which can be extended to single-phase or three-phase four-wire system because it works independently in each phase. The one cycle current control strategy is also shown to have precise and rapid tracking performance. It is more advantageous than the direct triangular wave comparison controller by its close-loop control strategy which is robust by nature. The strategy is also better than the hysteresis control because the frequency of the control signal by the OCCC is constant. The effectiveness of the detection method and control strategies is exhibited by simulation in a three-phase UPQC. Appendix A The load current can be expanded using Fourier transformation
3 I sinixt hai Iai sinixt hai 7 6 i1 ai 7 6 iLa 7 61 6 7 6 P I sinixt h I sinixt h 7 4 iLb 5 6 bi bi bi bi 7 7 6 i1 7 6 1 iLc 5 4P Ici sinixt hci Ici sinixt hci 2 3 2P 1 3 1 P Iai sinixt hai Iai sinixt hai 7 6 i2 7 6 7 6 1 6 I sinxt b cosh b I cosxt b sinh b I sinxt h P I sinixt h I sinixt h 7 6 b1 7 b 1 b 1 b 1 b 1 b 1 bi bi bi bi b1 b1 b1 b1 7 6 i2 7 6 1 5 4 P Ic1 sinxt bc1 coshc1 bc1 Ic1 cosxt bc1 sinhc1 bc1 Ic1 sinxt hc1 Ici sinixt hci Ici sinixt hci i2 2 3 iLap iLaq iLa iLah 6 7 4 iLbp iLbq iLb iLbh 5; A:1 iLcp iLcq iLc iLch 2 Ia1 sinxt ba1 cosha1 ba1 Ia1 cosxt ba1 sinha1 ba1 Ia1 sinxt ha1
i1

where iLj is the load current, iLjp Ij1 sinxt bj1 coshj1 bj1 is the fundamental active current, iLjq Ij1 cosxt bj1 sinhj1 bj1 is the fundamental reactive current, iLa Ia1 sinxt ha1 is the negative sequence P components and iLjh 1 i2 Iji sinixt hji Iji sinixt hji is the harmonic current j a; b; c. Appendix B Denote that

_s Y _ i; _i I e _ Y i F MX ;
_s is where I 2 m a1 M 4 mb1 mc 1 

B:1 B:2


u a _i y and the system current, Y yib yic T is the outputs of neurons 3, the inputs of neurons X ia u0 a 3 m a2 mb2 5. The neurons are set to be linear so that the activation function F x x. Dene the objective function as mc 2

Eij

1 2 e : 2 ij

B:3

To minimize the objective function, the back-propagation algorithm is utilized to regulate the weights

Mk 1 Mk DMk;
Dma1 k where DMk 4 Dmb1 k Dmc1 k
2

B:4
3

Dma2 k Dmb2 k 5, whose matrix elements can be regulated as Dmc2 k

Dmjl k g

@ Eij @ Eij @ yij k g gisj yij xl ; @ mjl k @ yij k @ mjl k

B:5

where 0 < g < 1; j a; b; c and l 1; 2. References


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