The Effect of the Code of Civil Procedure upon the periods of prescription laid down by the Civil Code

and the Code of Commerce

'fHE'HIH SrHMl'l'TED HY JOnOE Ii. VARGAS TO THE COLLEGE OF I,A \Y, CXIYEHSITY OF THE J>HILlPPI!\ES, FOR THE m:GHEE OF HA('IU;LOH OF LAWS, APRIL 1, 1914, GIVEN HONOIUHU: ~IEXTION FOH THE I.A WYER'S COOPERATIVE I'rm.IHHI:'\O ('mIPA~Y'S PRIZE }'OR THE .REST THESIS.

Tht' intrmhwtilln of AlIlt'ril'an Il'gislation witb its inddents of, eom. Ullin and j;tlltUtll~' IlIw has wrought mllr.y ('hangt'S both in the substantive and prol'l'dnrlll laws l'oDtinut>d in fOl"l'e in tht'S(> Islands by }>roelamation "t' tht' Commanding Gl'm'rnl of the United States Ann~' of Occupation on .\Ilgmst 14, lS.qS. (1 Off. Gaz, 3; Amer;l'atl 1,18. Co. t. Ca"ter, 1 Pet. lD. S,) 511; Roa I'. Collector ~f ('U810",~, 23' Phil. 315.) Some of these laws having sim'c ~n TI'p(,IlI('d b~'express provision (Code of tit'j1 Pr~ l't'dllre, or Act 1110, j;t'('. 795) and otht'rs bS ne<'essa~' imllJieation. (Code o{ (';1';1 1'rOl't'dllre, or Act 190.: a. O. !tio. ,:;8, re Criminal Procedure; G. o . .Yo, uS, re Jlarriage; The Corporal;'''' lAlli', or Act 14:;9 j The Ba"le. r"pll'!! Lall', or .4l't }!):;(j: Tile Se9t1tiaMe l'''QtrllDle"t3 Lmr, or .Act 2031.) Among thl' tW('Ilt.',-tllrl't' Imndrt>d and' tl'n A(ts (Janual')' l, 1914) )l1ISSt'dby tht' IIM':l1 h'gi~lnturt> und('r tht' nl'W ri''gime, not a single one bas "rl'ah'd mllTl' imJlllrtant nad far-rea(hin\t moditil'atiolls on the old Spanish .illri!lJlrndl'lll't' thlln' thl' JlTl'sl'nl Code of Civil Pl"lJCedure. Wbile it pur JM.rt!!tll ht' !limpl~' a "('ode of }lJ'O('t'dllre in, eh;l a"tions aDd spt>eial pro. ct't'(lin~'" it ('ontainK pro\'isiuns of !'UbKtllllth'e law inconsistl'nt with the )lr,'sl'rijltillllj; Ill" the Spanish ('00('1\ whilh it has thus largely modifil'd and ('\','lI TI'p"IIIt'd. This eirt>ulIl!'tan('e has pla('l'd certain bran'('hes of the law in 1\ highl." ulllwul"d (onditioD. Xot the least among those affeeted in this 11I1I1II)('r is thllt l"l'lati\"e to tht' Iwriods of IlJ'f'lwription laid down b)' the Ci\'il /Ind ('llllum'TI'ial l'od,'ll. It is the llUrlli,Sf' of this thesis to make fl'w Sultltl'Stions towllrdj; tl\l' 1,luI'idatioD of tJais knotty pha'; of tbt' Jaw at t ht' III'ps 1I tilDe.
\nUT IS l'HJo:SCHIPTION'

Ralwh('l'; Rllman II(tims prt'll<'ription as "a mode of a('cluiring or 10000ng flwlwrship IlUd otlll'r . /11rig-htll, or of ('xt'mptilln frolll tht' fulfllllDt'lIt of

obligations, by virtue of tIle lapl'e of time and other (oonditions iml)osed Roman, .Civil LaIC, vol. 3, p. 252.j Under the Civil Law the term preseription is invariably used to dt'signate both the birth of rights .and tbe extinguishment of ftt'tions bj' the running of a predeterminNl pt'riod of time. For this. ~S$n, the commentators dassif)' it into adguisiti,'a or IlOSitivt', and extifltira or liberatoria, negative. This idea is embodied in the Civil Codt', wherein the title devoted to prescription is di\;ded into (1) the pn-seription of ownership and other realrighis and (2) the Preseril)tion of actions. (Matlresa, ('o"",men'aries on the Spanish Citil ('ode, vol, 12, pp, 716, 717; Sanchez Roman, Civil Law, \'01. 3, ,pp. 215, 252; E8criche, lJiecionario RazQJla~lo de LegisUlciorl !I Jurisprudencia, pp, .1433-1436; Civil Code, Arts, 1930-1975; De Castro v. Ec1lUrri, 20 Phil. 23; rJ. S. v. Serapio, 23 Phil. 584.) ruder the common law, howe\'er, pn'SCril'tion is often distinguished from limitation, the former being generall)' limitt'd to the Spanish "dguisilha (acquisitive), the latter ha\'ing referenl'e to the time within whieb suit must be brought after the right of action ItC('rued . (U. S. v. Serupio, 23 Phil. 584; Alhambra Addition Trater Co.t', Richardson, 72 Cal. 598; Billings v. Hall, 7 Cal. 1.) But as applied to easements or to the title to propert)', espl.'t'iall)' real estate, prescription and limitation are convertible terms. (Murray 1.'. Scribner, 74 Wis, 602; Chure1/ill v. Louis, 135 Cal. 608; Muller 1.'. Fruen, 36 Minn. 273.) As such are the words prescription and limitation used in this thesis.
by law." . (Saftcllez
X AITRE OF .PRE.'t('RIPTIOX u

It would seem that positiw prescription, at lenst, works a cOlnplt'te extinclion of rights (Cil'il Code, Art, 1930), but the Suprl'lDe Court hIllS deelared, in United Stalest'. S-erapio (23 Phil. 584) that "By preSt'ription or limitation of actions, the right of action is not extinguished neither undl'r the {'(lmlDon nor under the chil law. Both the Ch;l and the Penal. Codl'Sl,rovided when the action is extinguished and when it -is preSt'ribed simply. These statutes (of prescription or limitation) did not destro)' the right, The)' simply pro. vided, in effeet, that aft.,r the lapse of the time !)reseribed by law, the defendant might object, if he d('Sired,to being sued. If the defendant failed, in some proper Wll)', to obj('l.'t, or, in other words, interpose the statutory defenlie, the adion Ilhould be maintained. The statute provided a special dl'fense simply. If the defense of presniption or limitation is not expressl)" raised, it is wah'ed and is Dot available. It cannot be raised b)" demulTt'r. It muatbe exp1'el81)'

pleaded. (Aldeguer v. I10Ilk",n .2 Pllil. 500; Domi"go fl. Osorio, 7 Phil 405; Maxilon v. Tabotabo, 9 Phil. 390; I1arty fl. Luna, 13 Phil.' 31; 811"ieo v; Ramirez, 14 PhiL 500.)" Sre also Jlarzoll v. Udtujatl, 20 P.hil. 232; Salullga v. Et'aflgelilt., 20 Phil. 273.
ORIGIN OF PRESCRIP'l'ION

The do<'trine of }ll'E'Sl'ription or the limitation of time within which an aetion may be brought is J'('('ogniz<>dby the l<>gislation and jurispradenee of all eh;lized nations (Bisllop of' Cebll '.. 1IIa"garo", 6 Phil. 286, 293; S{/'nehez Romatl, Ciril Lau:, \"01. 3, p. 202; ltlatlresa, Comm~tarin, vol. 12, p.' 719; Bush1l'el1, Limitatiotl, a"d A(lurse' Possessi6n, p. 6.), exc<>pt pl'r~aps among th<>Jl'ws. (Let". XXV, 20 (providing that all lands should be restored to the actual owner at the jubik>e) Wood, Ci"il LGtD, 125.) I~s eonl'eption is eYel)"\\"h<>le the s::me, h,Pving a eommon origin .both under the .Anglo-Saxon law and the modem eh;l law in ihe Roman institute of tlslleapio (USII rem eapere), T1/"elre Tables, 1"1, :l-ii,from \vlJieh tbe Spaniards have tak<>n and ineorporated it in all thl.'ir known colll.'Ctions of \\Titten law, bl.'ing admirably de\"l'loped in the Partidlls and rl'aching its flnal" form in the pl't'Sent Spanish eodes. (Siille1'fz Hor/llln, Ci"il Law, vol. 3, p. 253; 1Ilallresa, Commentaries, vol. 12, p. 719: Bus1111'1'11, Limitations and A.dl'erse Possession, p. 2.) It did not exist l'itber in the earl)' civil or commOD law, under whieh a riltht of aetion nen'r died by the ml.'re .lapse of time, but was of purely statutory origin. (1. S. v. Sl'l'apio, 23 Phil. 584; M. cheldre.y, Roman La II', sec. 213; -l Gaius, see. 128; 25 Cye. 985, II and eases eitl'd.) In the absen(~e of exprl'ss law, courts are without authority to fix a pl'riod of preSl'ription. Limitations are legislative and not judicial aets. (U. S. v. SeraJlio, 23 Phil. 584; J/issollri v. l11i'l{)is, 200 U. S. 496; Reist t. Ileilbrellllan, 11 Sergo tf R. (Pa.) 131; Bmtle v. Shivers, 39 Ga. 405; Bue1lmla" t'. ROldalld, 5. N.. J. I.a\\, 721; Gray v. lIartfor.d Ins. Co., 6 Fed. ('a~<>sNo. 33i5; l1'illiams t' Totles, 13 East (Eng.) ~39; Peopl#.". Gilbert, 18 Jolmson (N. Y.) 227; Bell 1:. JlorriJwn, 1 Pet. (U. S.) 351.)
IS THE DOCTRINE OF PRESCRIPTIOl'JUl'TIFIABLEf

Strictly "pl.'aking, the law of pJ'eSl'ription is not founded on natural justice. There are jurists who contl'nd that it is nothing ,less than aD unwarranted attack upon the right of ownl.'rsbip, a legalized. deprivatiOD of property without just compl'nsation. But as llanresa says (Comme . 'aries, vol. 12, p. 218), "it is a soeialnecessity, based on public polley; iD order to give firmness and stability to juridical relatioDs susceptible of doubts and contradiction, limiting the uncertainty of the same to deter-

miDlltt> pt"rKJd of tiDlt', 1111 tbat o.nenbip 01' 118triDXtDy and the .ts of intt'n'Stt'CI Jll'nlUD8 ma~' not nomain indefinitl'ly uDt't'rtain:' Indet-d "aU se cunt~ would C".8l', if a ril:ht of ownership E'Ould be aSSt'rtt>d without any limitation, for.1I time to l"OIIIe." ISol,m, /n"tih,te, of Ro_a La . , p. 318.) Tilt' objc of the la,,' is to sUI~Press doubts in the dominion of thinp alld to }lunish the nc-gligt'nt ,,itb. the natural eon_,Ut>nees of their lat'hes \ 1lt'J'SC'nwho has abandoned proJlt'rty for a long time must be wnsidered to ban' n-DOl1D("('CJ his rights tht'1t'in; thl' one 1l'ho oc"('upit>8 it is rightly Pl'KUmed tu Iw the uwner. The e _Ilt'rit'nc'e uf mankind in this nogard l'8rl)' lIIanifl'Stc'" itSl'Jf in tht' Ruman maxim .,elior est cau,a pol/ide",i "But the basit" princ'iplC" most gC"nC"rallynoliC"dupon by tlJl> authorities it! th.t statutt>8 of limitation 3n- statutes of n-JlOSl', the ubjC"Ct of whicob is to suppn-:ss fraudul nt and stale daims from springing up at great distanetS of time aud ~ulllrising thl' J,arties or tlll'ir n-pft'Sl'ntati\"C"S whC"n all thC" propl'r "ouehers and e,-idt'IICt>8 an! Jost or the facots Im,'C"beeooml' obSl.'un! frOID the laJ~se ,,0' timl' or the defl'{"ti\"C" mC'mury, or death, or noll!0"al of witnesses." (25 Cye. 983, !JSl and c.-aSt>8 c.-itt>d; StlNcllu Rom';", Ciril laIC, mi. 3, PI'. 248-257; Escrielle, /Jicl"lOllRrio, p. 1433; lJofllat, ('i"il La"., L. 8, T. 7, 1lt'C0. 4; BIIshu'ell, Limit"ti,,"s aJll/ ..41lrerlle POSllesl;liolf, Pl'. 7, 8; Go",,.;; .lIed,.1 ", .-ll,,.eilla . 15 Phil. 465: LiI"/lRffcO r. Limjuco, 19 Phil. 12.

l'pon MtDsidcrations of puhlil' polico)', gt'nt'raJ and 1I1)l'l'ial Ja,,"s of limitation aft' uni\"(,J'lIUII~"suslainc-d 8S ('lInstitutional, ex("('pt lI'hl're they <"ontain "OIDt'ft'atun> spc'tiall)' liahll' to IIh.i(tilln on otlll'r grounds. ('y",,11 1'. Fletcherf -U Miss. 609: (;ollpel 8m"i,.t!, I". Wheeler, 2 Oallis (C." C.) 105; Saloy ~. Wood",.40 La. AnD. 585; Perry r. Turller,55 lfo. 418; Smit" 1'. ('let'ela"d. ]7 Wis. 536; ])as1l r, raff Kluc1', 7 Jolms. (N. Y.) 477; Mallekn r. La,,("Wlter ((I(t"f/l. ti:i Fed. 252; ('altl,.rr. Ball, 3 Dall. (U. 8. 386.J Rut t Iw pt-ricm laid dll1l"Jl1II11l1t not he so unn>asonllblt- as to work injustiel' or tll lJ8r a right of actilln withoul an)' alloll"alWe of time sufficient for till' institution of Jl1'oc't'SI! in future. (Jose r. Cor,una.tIer of PhilipI)i"e .. l'iatlrofl, 16 Phil. 62; J"el.-_" I'. La"'lJhire, 3 Pet. (U. S.) 280; C"arlel' Hiur Brit/ge I', lJ'llrr"" Britlgef 11 Pl't. (U. 8.1 420; G".i" 1'. BrOfl:J1, 21 ApI" Cas. 2!t5; ('''tfm' Ba"k r. 20 Oa. 408 .Yorri, t'. TripP! 111 l11W8, 115; ..-tllid r. Brdeller,2 KaD. 1:15; J/IU'Xiclwl r. Spence,83 lie. H7; (WI,,.rt " ...telerman, 159 :So Y. 118,45 L. R. A. 118; ClIlbret" t'o Dow,,iMfJ, 121 X. C. 205; O"bt'nI r. Lir/(lstrom,.9 N. D. 1, 46 L. R. A. 715; l'eter"on r. /lel""."r,.. ,.tc. R. roo !} Kulp (Pa.) 552; SttJddard ft. OlCi_gll.

S%",,,,,,

42 S.

t",c''',

e. 88; Soh ". Waterson, 19 Ft'd. Cas. No. 10,980.

17 Wall. (l~. S.) 591: 1't'rt'It'1I8 r. lVaier.

As in the ('IISCof a few other SUl1j('(tsori~nany derived by the AngloSaxon f'rom tl\(' Ch;1 Law, the dcwtrine of prt'lll'ription sillit in two opposite direttions hundrt'ds of' ~'ears a~n! IInd ('in'U1Dwntinl!: the world, bas now met al':ain on ('ommon gTt)und in the Philippine Islandll. It is natural to e pe<>tthat in the eourse of its pro~ress through the agt.'ll and among sue": dift'erentl~ ('.onsitutM peopll'S liS the Teutons and the. Latins tbe law of pJ't'S(,riptions should suffer ehanl!:t'8 ot' a radical natun'. ThHe are .many notable diffl'reneC'S hetween the two s~'st('ms as tlle~' now exist in the Spanish Ch'il Code and the New C'ode of Civil ProeM Un'. The peninsular hogislator would ordinarily sanetion thl' despoliation of pri\"ate Inollert~ throul':h pl"t'lWriptive possession onl.,' on proof' of two primordial "conditions imp0Sl.>db~' law," nllmt-Iy, good !nit" and a just title (,ildl Code, Art .. 1904: .l1//llrt'8a, ('omfllel/taries, vol. 12, pp. 7M et !leq.; Sftllcl/ez Bo",aN, Ciril Latr, \"Ill. 3, pp, 255 et seq.; f:~rrirl/e, J)irr;ollllrioj p. 1434.) whe:n'8s, by the Code of ('h:i1 PrtK't'dure, title to land may be al'lJuired thrtlug}) In'l"l('~ption by "ten ~'('aJ'S.a('t\1al adw1'lle pClssessinn...... in wllllte\'t'r wa~' SU(}) ()('('upaney mll~' ha\'e ('ommNI('ed or ,c.;ontinut'd" (S('('. 41),' alld "as to IM'rsonal property nothinlZ' whatewr iff ,nid ('x('ept that an a('tion to I'l'C'Owr it must be broul':ht within four ~'ea~. If s\1l'h IIn al'tion is nut hrougllt 'within four ~'ears it seems that the owner has lost his title uo mllttc'r wbat the title of thc' dcfendant may be:' (, mard's !.otes, .95).

111 th~ ('"nstn\('ton of statutes of limitation tbl' !Illllle lrt'Dt'ral rule as to legislath'e intent is fonow~. (Peot)le r. Xtf/ralgo, {'ir. ('t. 27 Mieb. 138; Ogdm t'. Blackledf/e, 2 Cran('h 272: IJm';8 r. ,1Iillll, 121 Fed. 703.) Su(h intent is to 1M'dc.-duI'M from the langulllrt' usedh~' the It'gitdator. in drawing the statute (T!/"afl ". Walker, :~5 ('a1. 634; StONt ". Gra," rOte,,,!,, 107 Ind. 343: l,al/art r. Tl",mJl8otl, 140 Iowa, 298; Barro" r. Kate,,,,.rt . 131 K~" 642; Gooden I'. Pol;re Jury, 122 I..a. 755; G~(lr!Ql'1I t. S,ale, 42 l\ld. 403; Detroit '". IJetroit Vt/ited B. ('0., 156 Mi('b. 106; St.'e r. If'ood"cff,68 No J. L. s.(); ('or,,,,,, ". lJolatld, 2 Dal~' (N. Y.) 66; Stale r. Barco, 150 N, C. 792: Slingla!f 1'. Wea,t'r, fl6 Ohio St. 621; r,,;otl l.p, Co. r. ('am. 69 Pa. St. 140; Jo;x Parte Broll'l/, 21 S. D. 515;. Sta'e fl. Morttello Sal, ('0., 3t Utah 458;' U. S. r. Goldt'"berg, 168 U. S. 95, 42 L. Ed. 319. ]Iar;" r. X(J(';/H/C't'tlO, 19 Phil. 238.) and 1\'here the lll!l~ftgt' i. pneral

and no exeeptions are made, courts are not authorizc.>d to engraft thereon l'xeeptions Dot clcarly expressed in the statute itself, however equitable such exeeptions are alleged to be. (Howell t". llair, 15 Ala. 194; Pryor to. Ryburtf, 16 Ark. 6it; Dat"is t. Hart, 123 Cal. 38-1; SfCif!ku;ard Bailey, 3 Kan. 507; Toung t'. ('Qok, 30 lHss. 320; Coady I'. Reinl!, 1 llont. 424; Bwcklin v. Ford, 5 Barb. (N. V.) 393; State l"f1irersity 1.'. Campbe", 5 N. C. 185; Peak r. Buck, 3 Ba t. (Tenn.) it; lJ'oodbury v. Shackleford, 19 Wis. 55; Dulles v. Jones, 9How.(U. S.) 530; Alabama Bank v. Dalton, 9 How. (U. 8.) 522; Lelcis v. Lell:is, 7 Ro1\". (U. S.) 776.) The Code'of Civil Proeedure sets apart one chapter (III) exclusively devoted to the subject of "l'res('ription; time of commencing aetion," which contains a system complete b,Y itself and sufficient to cover ch'il aetions of aU kinds. Said Code provides:

v:

"Sec. 38. This ehapter shall' not apply to actions alread)' eommenced or to cases wherein the right of action has alread)' accrued; but the statutes in foree when the action or righ' of aetion accrued shall be applicable to such cases aceording to the subject of the action and without regard to the form...... Prorided, nevertheless, That aU rights of action which have already a('erued exeept those named in the last preceding para/,.'t"8ph must be ,-indicated b)' tbe' commencement of an aetion or proeecding to enforee the same within ten years after this Act comes into effect. (Qctober 1, 1901.) "Sec. 39. Ch-il aetions ean only be eommeneed within the periods prescri~ in this chapter after the eause of aetion a("('rues; but 1\"here a difft'rent limitation is prescribeil by this Act that shall govern. "Sec. 44. An a<,tion for rt'lief not herein provided for can only be brought within ten years after the e.ause of action accrues." The Philippine Commission .could havt' eX)lresst.>din no dearer terms an int~ntion to provide for the prescription of all civil art ions than in the language just quoted. It is submitted that the above pro,-isions embract' the entire field of statut.ory limitat.ions, as far, at least, as the periods of prescription are concerned. Indeed the Supreme Court has said, in the ease of Seoane t'. l'rallco, (24 Phil. 309, 314) that "this section (38) evidently cowrs all rights of whate"er kind and nature except those whieh have special limitations and are reft'rred to in subsequent sections." If the manifest intention of the legislator is to be followed as shown by the language he has emplo)'ed in enading the law of prescription in the new Code, it would seem that chapter 3 of Act 190 has introduced an e::baustive system of preseripth-e periods, superseding in all its parts

that found So. 413.)

in tlie 81lanish

('<ldt'S.

(J"f/,;!}all

r. 110"'''11_ 3~ .'Iu. 530, 16

Pro\;sions of law full:,' c'tlwn'd b)" sub_luent enactments are repealed liS the lattl'r whl'n it is l'\'ident that the Il'jtislature intended to pl'~)\ide DOt nly a substitute t'ur tll<' ('arlil'r statutts, hut to ('over the 1\'hole subjeet tbeD ('onsidl'n'd and to pl"l.'!lt'ribl' thl' onl:,' rull'S in rl'S1lt't't thereto, e\'eD if the !"ormt-r a('ts are not in all rl'Spt'('ls n'Jlullnant to the new. acl:. . (JlllrpJay ,', nler, 186 U. S. 95: 1'1Ie I'aql/"'e UnlJulln, 175 U. S. 67; Fi~k ~. HeNrie, 142 U, ~. 459: 1"rac'.11 I". TII//',,/ 13.J Ii. S. 206; Cook ('OtlRty !'t.",. 8".t ,', F. S" 107 U. S, .u5: r. 8. I'. 7"!IlIf''', 11 Wall. 88; Daries, 1'. FGirIHI.b, :-l How. 6:l6; (; t. 0/ Ille P. I. I'. 1l/('l/QIlsti ,f' ('0., 24 Phil. '316; P""io ,'. l)e la ROlla, 8 Phil. 70: .4/ml,~o 1' .1fllnil'iJlalit." of Placer, 5 Phil. n.) The Supreme Court, howl'wr, has applied the fundamental requisites t' go"d faith alld pl"l.'per title laid down by the Ci\;1 and Commercial Codes 1'(1 numerous ('aSt'S ot' pr('St'ription de<'ided sinee the Code of Chil Proeed~ \\'('nt int" (4'f('(t without adwrting to the fal't that the ('8Use of aetion aeerued Iwfure O('tober 1, 1901. (F. S. 1'. ('l'rlln, 23 Phil. 144; Fortll,", t7. 11 Phil. 370: ('(lillie ,'. ,.,tba!lfl, 13 Phil, 249; E'lIleisa 1'. Taleolf, 12 Phil. :l36: Jlaset.'n""JO 1'. Jln.~I'''nfRpo, 11 Phil. 1; l'all'ra t', f'inHic1c,9 PhiL 482. rnJI;,~/rl/l/ll I'. (fubilltl, 8 Phil. ~35: Bllsa C'. Arquiza, 5 Pbil, 187.) Its ,attitude on this lIul.'Stion is extremely c'onservatin (Garci" tt. l1ipo/ilo, 5 Phil. 503; ('njlliga" t'. Nnti1'idud, 14 Phil. 734) 80 much 80, that it has ~UDl' to 111('1(,lIgth (If llasing its dloeisioD l'lItirely on the Chi! Code liS to t!1I' Iwriud ot' JlJ"l.'S(riJltion that should govern a ease whose CIUIIe of lwtion l\("('rul'd more than tW(I :"I!ars .af"tl!r the J1aSll8ge of Act 190, merel~' h('('anse tllf' (1('1'('ndant rtli(d uJlon the Civil Coae instead of ul)OD tlMo c'lId( ut' ('h'il Pro(tdurt>. (Sillel'o I'. P"SfllD, 13 Pbil. 342.) Thl' J11"1.!Il'lIt IlIw uf J1n'St'riptiun is tbus made mono romillirated and IIl11n' tlirt'i('nlt ut' ddimitation than it should be. Till' Ilerl'll'itinlt inquiz,' )In'St'lIts itSllf: Undl'r the d~i8iQnll of the SUI'rl'me ('ourt,bo'" far haw tbe J11"1.1\isiuns of tl\(' SJlanisb Cudt'S hearing 1111 J1rt'Ht'ription lK't'n aft"t't'ted IIr 1"I.11e81(d h.\' l"I.!C't'nt legislation' }<'or the !iRk( of 1'Il'arDl'SS alld t'(lI1wlIi('III'(' the articles uf tlw Ch'il nnd Mel"l.antill' ('o(I('s in nlation tr. I'l'nodll lit' pl"l.'!Mription "'ilI no,,' bt (xamined in thl'ir nunu:ri('al ordl'r with a \;ew to Iletermininlt 1I:Ill'ther tbe~'

Co,,",,",

1Irt>fir are not in forre at the Jlrt!8ent time. At the thrl'S1Jold uf this in'wstigation it ma~' !K. "'.,11 to c'al1 atlA'ntiou tfl thl't'nct thot tl1l' Spanish ('001.'8 haw nunwrons l'1"willions C'()DUlinm,r Iwrioos of fine kind or allflth('r, allll it has lxoell.follnd DeI_,,' to ('1111lIid~r nil ot' them, in uI"I.ll'r to distinguillll tl108l' artw.ll'R 1\lli.b in a l{t'IJeral

way preeeribe limitations of time within whicb actions must be brought from those otben which are either simply conditions precedent to the accruing of the right of action, or special periods akin to preseription, or roles of substantive iaw made necessary elements of a given juridical act or transaction, i. e., not statutes of limitations at all; in all of which caaes, it is clear thai the chapter on prescription of the Code of Civil Proeedure has had no effect whatever. (BtletNI"entKra 11. Urbano, 5 Phil. 1; Garcia t1. Diam60n, 8 Phil. 414; Alano ". Babaa, 10 Phil. 511; y tulao iI. Yadtro. 20 Phil. 260; .Liffl Tico t1. CK Unjietlg, 21 Phil. 493; Go"t. of the P. I. ti. Incha",ti If Co., 24 Phil. 315.)
UNDER THE CML COOS

ARTs.1, 7, 15, 19, 3O.-Not statutes of limitations. (U. S. ". TigKi, 1 Pbil. 306 (Art. 7); RakeB 11. Atlantic Gulf If Pacific Co., 7 Phil. 362 (Art. 19); Roa 11. Collector of CtutOfftB, 23 Pbil. 315 (Art. 19).) ARTS.44, 47, 48, 77~78, 83 (1) 89, 91, 96, 102 (3).-Tbese articles establish periods within wbich certain things should be done, but only articlEll! 44 and 102 (3) are in, any sense prescriptive. They are all inoperative, however,not being in fONe at the time the change of sovereignty in these Islands W88 effected. (Benedieto 11. De la'Ilama, 3 Phil. 34; Ibanez 11.Ortiz, 5 Phil. 325; 11 Op. Atty. Gen. 85; Taylor 11. M. E. R. It ? Co., 16.PbiI. 8, 26 (Art. 83); Sy Joe Lieflg 11. Sy QtIia, 16 Phil. 137, 254 (Art.
102).}

With reference to preseription, the matter covered by these articles is now governed by section 11 of G. O. No. 68. ARTS. 108, 1l0.-Not prescriptive. (MijareB 11. Nery, 3 Phil. 195, 199 (Art. 106).} ART.113.-The determination of the present applicability of the periods prescribed by this article is the crucial point in the solut\on of the question under investigation. Powerful reasons prompted the Spanish legislator in withdrawingthe matter referredto in article 113from the effectsof ordinary prescription. It was rightfully conceived that the legitimacy of children should not be left uncertain for any considerablelength of time, being as it is; an essential element in' the penonal f>t&lus of the citizen. The State looks with disfavor upon the creation of bastard children; bence, the 0eeedingly short and special periOds of limitation in whicb to contest Jeritimaey allowed to parents by the Civil Code. (Sanchez ROffIda, Ci11illAw, vol. 5, pp. 975,978.) There is much plausibility in the argument that being founded on the best of public policy article 113, a plOVisioaof substantive law, .houId

not be held impliedly repealed by any of the provisions ot Aet 190, a law avowl.dly procedural, the more 80, because repeals by implication are DOt favored. (People v. San Francisco, etc. R. Co. 28 CaL 254; SMll fl. Bridgewater Cotton Mfg. Co. 24 Pick. (Mass.) 296; People tI. Metl, 189 N. Y. 550; McCool v. Smith, 1 Black (U. S.) 459, 17 L. Ed. 218; Alletl fl. U.S. 40 Ct. CI. 170 (affinned'in 204 U. S. 581); Bueftaventura tI.'rlrba_, 5 Phil. 1, arid other authorities too numerous to cite.) Indeed, 80 to bold would impute to tbe legislator an intention to -discriminate in favor of tbe parenti by lengthening the time in whicb tbey may contest legitimacy from two, tbrel'!and six m~)Dths to four or perhaps ten years (Civil Code, Article 113; ('ode of Ci1)ilProcedure, sections 43, 44), as against the children by shortening the limitation of their action to claim legitimacy or compel acknowledgment from a lifetime to a paltry number of years (Ci"il Code, Arts. 118, 137; Code of Ci'dl Procedure, sees. 43,44). wben by the most elementary principles' of the substantive law of tbe family the child has always beea considered a favorite .of tbe law' and should be entitled to preferential remedies in the protection of his rights. (Manresa, Commentariu,voL 2, pp. 168, 169; Sanchez Roman, Civil Law, vol. 5, pp. 1243-1244); Tiff".", Persons and Domestic Relations, p. 381; 22 Cye. 512-519.) Still, the language the legislator has used is clear, unequivoceJ, imperative-"Cnil actions can only be commenced within the periods prescribed by this chapter after the cause of action accrues"-and "there no rule better settled in the construction of statutes of limitation, tbaD that effect must be given to them according to their language. If tlie)' made no exceptions in favor of infants, femmes couverts, or non-resident. the courts can make none. And wben the exceptions of a statute of limitation are repealed, the act stands as though it had been originally paIIeC1 witbout them." (Leu-ojsv. Lewis, 7 How. (U. S.) 776, and cases cited in tbe statement of position.) It cannot be doubted that the action mentione8 in article 113 of the Civil Code is within the meaning of the term "civil action." (86'" Roman, Civil Law, vol. 5, pp. 975-978; Manresa, Commentaries, Art. 113). Sucb being the case the conclusion is unavoidable that' at the present time the action must be exercised within the period limited by Chapter , of the Code of Civil Procedure. If tbe action does not fall under ftbdivision 3, section 43 of the said Code, fixing a limit of four Jean for "an sction for an injury to the rights of the plaintiff not srisiDg on eoDtract and not hereinafter l'numerated," it is certainly included in the eMebaU clause, "an action for relief not herein provided for caQ only be brovIbt within ten )'ears after the cause of aetion aeerua" (See. 44).

ART. Jl8.~Tbi" artidl'iB t'OIlBtion ,,'itJl articolfl 137, i"frtl, pftleDts Ilw greatt'llt obst~le in tbt' way of thl' posilion lakl'n and already apJaiDe4, Ihat tlte C~ of Ch'il Prot't'dure ha,'ing prcwidt'd a l'Omplete 8)'" of statulol')' limitations,' ha. I't'plal'tod all lM'rioos of Preseril,tioD founc1 ia Ille Spanish Codt-s, in ,ie . of the important deeisiOll rendered by tllto ,",Ulll't'lue Court in tbe ease of ('Qtule r. ~41Ja,,,a (13 Phil. 249) in wbieh it is sail1 without cluaJifi('alion thai "Ihl' ~hl of aClion tbat dl'volves apon 1he (~hild to t'laim his It'Jtitima(~~'lasts c11lring his \\'holt' lif(', ,,'hil(' tbe right to ('laiJII the Rt'knowl(HII!IlIt'nlof II nalural ('hild lasls unb' during the liff' or hill I'n!SUDlt'd Ilal't'nt (II. 251). In III(' Spanish ,iurispnldt'n('(' anlt'rior 10 11K' (,i"il ('ctdt' Ihl' a('tion to ,Iaim Il'gilimaf';\' was NIDSidt'1't'dimpreserihahll'. (l,#'lfClf' Jlatrimflf/io Ci~il, IIrt. 6'l: Matlrf'lIa, ('o"/flwmtar;es, art. 118: .-:lill. HomaN, (';,'il Late, "01. 5, p. 983.) "J~linl8l';\'," SIt;\'SSanch('z Roman, slIpra, "whi(h lIffl't'IS 110 mucb tlK" Ilt'rsonalil~' of th(' c,bild, t'onslituting as il d,)('Il, thl' l'i\'il status of bi. filialion, and tilt' basis' of all his ('h'il righls, clInnot be ,"ubjt't't 10 limitatioD nor extilJ(tion b;\' Iht' lapSt' of timl', bc'C'au>lt', il is an essentiall;\' pl'J'lloDal right."

"#'.

Thl' Ci,il COOt' lll'ls a dt'finite limil to Ihe a(tion, l'rl'Sl'l'\ing 11OWl'\'er Iht' fundaDlt'ntal idl'a of iJIIJlI't'S('ribabilit), whill' th(' .t'hild is 'not in a position 10 e'l'TliSt' it h;\' gi,'ing him his whole lifl'time in whi"h to bring the a tiOiI. ({'il'if Code, art. 118). Thl' ft'gislatuJ'l' in f'na(ling (.)lIlphr 3 of tI Coclc' flf Ci\'il "roredu", must 1M'I'!'l'sum d In h8"l' had I h prc"inW\ la,.- an(I the n'asnnll on 'll,hit'h it is found d in mind (Jo:"sl!1 r. Stute, 88 N, Eo 62 (Ind).; ."ikell r. St, LOlli", etc. H. Co. 127 110, Apl'. 236: Lilllt' ", Bflwt!rfl, 48 N, .J. I.. 370: Stutt' ".Sfllftl't'r" R. ro;,. 145 N'. C. 495: 13 I., R. ,A. (N. 8.) 900; ,,, re JlcKe"z;tI, 142 Ft'd. :i83; ,Hzua ", Jol"/I1IIII. 21 Phil. 308.) and in puUi~ a maxilllum limitation 6f tt'ft ~'t'lIrs for "all ri~hts of whall','er kind and natnre" (f'odf' of ('it'i' Proudure. 8('('8, 38. 40, 41. -HI, dt'termint'd be;\'ond the (.ontnll of tl1l' rourts the la'" and "olic';\' that must rontrol.. It is II familiar rull' of stalutol')' ('onstruction that matters of polie)' are in th "xrlu!iin' domain of the ll'llislatiloe ckopartmt'Dt. The t'Ourts are bound, to allpl) the la\\" as tll(';\' find it and not as tl ;\ lIIa;\' think it ought to 1M., (]ferc"a'Il'1I BaNk t'. ('001 ., 4 Pi k, (Mass.) 405; Gorha", t' .'1t";wall, 10 Ohin S. If C. Pl. 1He. 131; Ros"",iller ". Sta.tt', 114 Wis, 169, 58, L. R. A. ";4:0"io Sat. Ba"I' ". Berl;", 26 App, CIllI. (D. C.l 218: EUiIl ~, Barr. 150 Mieb. 452; Stute r. Rat Porlilge L"",lHtr ro., 115 N. W. 162 (Minn.): '''tut,. ,', Pt'rmt'Rlt'r, 50 Wash, 164, 19 I. 'R. A. (X, S.) 707.1 Then! IIflPID\I

to bt> un t'lSf'8Itefmm tilt' I'Unlhllliun that if the llt'tion to daim Ipgitimaey ill a "i\'il 8tt ion, and t ht'~ ill no 'IUt'lltiun that it ill a thil. aetioo, ~it ean nl~" lK t,mulwn,,d within thl' Iwriudi4 "J'\'HCrib.'llb~ this ..J18))ter" (3 of .Act 19(/). TII SUJll't.'IlIl'Court in dt'('lllrinx iu ('0114/, r, A lm,I/a" sNpra, that ~ 8('tion to .Iaim ll'j.,';tilllal." Iasls duriul! tht' whol. life ot' the .. hild baaed its "dl'lilliuu l'ntirdy un Ih. civil COlIt'. It dot'l! nut 8lJJXar tll8t,tbe pro~"isitln" uf tilt' Codl' of Civil Prlll't'duTt' l't.'garding tht' l'n'St'riptioo of actions W('I't' illllillhd Ul'"U b.\" ('lIIm",1 on' tith,r sidt, uor was this the priocipal !,oint rur dt'll'nuinatillu h.' th.. I'ourt. In futt. it was not before the C'our( at aU, th" main il;."ut' in, disJlutt' Ixing ,,'h.tht'%' nn 8 tioo to compel 8('knnwltdgnlt'Dt of 8U alll'gt'd ,natural ('hild sUT\'in'll in fa~'or of bis mother wht'n both t!ll' I'llild and thl' )ll't.'Sullltodnatuml fathl'r are dead, the former d.';n~ during minnrit~' but aftt'r till' dt'millt' or tht' lath'r~ That part of tbt' opinion whieh Tt'lates to t!lt' Prl'llC'ript'lon of thl" artioD ('ao 001)' be an abiter dir'u';'. At all ('\'ents, the I'Tt'lIunll'd fatllt'r in this case having died in 1899, till' thiJdren must hll\'(' IJt't'n bnm before that date, aDd tbto c'alllle of aetion had thenfore alrl'ad." a('('rued wht'n Act 190 lI'ent into eft'e.... (1901). B~' thl' tt'nus of l;('(tilln 38 of Sllid A.t the periods of JlJ'es('ription thl'rein pnl\"ided did not apl'l." to this ease. .(ArCIMIa ~. (;arrid6, 5 Phil. 137; JlagallaHt:1l r. Cuneta, j Phil. 161; Tubuco. ti. /Jalisay, 7 Phit. 183; P(,lal'io ". Sudario, i Phil. 275; Fiaflza v. ReafJi., i Phil. 613 (affimled in 215 U. S. 16); "ilfarru: v. Aztirraga, 15PbiI. ]08; Patertw ('. o4quil", 2'.! Phil. 428; )'ilh/llut>ra r. Cluustro, 23 Phil. 54.) And it is al\\'ays to Jxo remembered tll8t the defense of J)reseription DlUst be eltl'rt'llSI." plead,'ll, otlll'rwilll' it ('annot be subse<fU(mtJy raised. (See also BQlIa 1.". Arqlliza, 5 Phil. 18;). ART~. 133 (3), 137.-}'or therl'asons statl'll undt'r urti .. 118 the pc.Tiods tlf presc'ription laid dOWD by these ani . ('S ha\,(' bt't'D repealed b)' thP ltro\'isions of t'hapter 3 of the Code of ('i\;1 PI"Ot'edUIr. The Supremt' Court, howev('r, has said that artieles 129 to 141 being "de\'oted to tbe deeolaration of the subHtantiw rights of ilJegitimatt (hildren ..... , aTe.'in no ~'nse adj . li\e law, hul PUl'l'J)' substantive," and ha\'e tbt'ft'fore not IJt't'n repealed by the Codl' of rh;1 Proet'dUft' (Bu

"e"'"nr

1.".

Urbano, 5,Phil. 1).

Thl' language here used .('uld ha\'e only bC'C.>n intl'lld~ to mean ill D general way, Bnd it is not to Ix- inft'rred th,ft'rro~ that in eaIIeI of direct'eonfliet Jxotween tht' provisions of the Cod(' of Civil Proeeduno and those of the ('i\;) Cod. till' lau .r toOntinnC'll rnt'rely htoC'aulM' it is 8ubstantiw

Jaw.

TheN may be mueh wisdom in the prohibition agaiut instituting aetion..to compel acknowledgmentalter the death of the presumed parent for it is said "to be inspired in the plawrible object to avoid maIi iOUll litigation, more probable of ~. without the intervention of the father or mother against whom it is directed, besides involving the imputation of nch an important personal condition u paternity or maternity, the declaration of which is BOught" (S6tteke.r Bolllti", Civil La"" vol,. 6, p. 1039), but the Philippine CommiBSion in legislating on the same nbjeetthe prescription of civil actions-did not make any exceptions of this 8Ort,and, as elsewherenoted, none can be made by the courts. For additional cases constrnirig these artieles, see CopiBtraftO v. 0. biNO,.8 Phil. 135; Muecampo v. MU4apo, 11 PIiiI. 1 (holding that the action to compel acknowledgmentnrvives where it is commencedduring the lifetime of the presumed parent who dies pending niL) ARTS.148, 156 (2)-Not statutes of limitation. Lenno v. Mo_ril, 9 Phil. 119 (art. 148). ARTS.173, 180.-Article 113 does not prescribe a period of limitation. Article 180 does, but besides the effect which the chapter on. prescription in the Code of Civil Procedure may have bad on aaid article 180, it BeeIIII clear that both artieJes are no longer in fOIee,the whole chapter in which they appear in the Civil Code having been superseded by sctioDS766 to 772 of the new Code, making up one division devoted exclusivelyto sdoption, the same matter covered by the articles in question. ARTS.184, 186, 191, 192.-Not prescriptift. ART.197.-Tbe "time fixed for prescription" referred to in this article is now to be found in the new Code. ARTS.240, 247 (2), 248, 249, 254,264 (3), 269 (6), 282, 285, 287, 288, 292.-Not prescriptive except article 287, hut they seem to have all been repealed by the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure relating to guardianship. The new Code devotes one whole chapter (27) to guardianship and it is evident that the legislature intended to. provide a COMplete system of guardianship and administration of estates based on principles of American law and jurisprndence in substitution of the old Spanish lawa OR the subjecL Moreover these artieles are highly procedural. (CoM of Cieil Procedure, Bee.795; BuetlGve"tll". v. UrbaftO, 5 Phil. 1; .AZe.ofty v. Moretto 5 Phil. 172; Tria 17. Orti., 14 Phil. 551; BOM,,", 17. Ma"'" RtJilrOtJdCo., 22 Phil. 140; Bofo" 17. R,,/oz., 22 PhiL 236.) ARTS.320, 321, 400 (2).-Not statutei of limitatioaa. ARTS.409 (2), 411.-The eeeoDd 'paragraph of artiele 409 eltablishes period of prescription. It is therefore repealed. Aa waten are, under

the civil1aw, considered real estate (Ci"il Cod~, art 334 (4); Pat1i4ae V, Commentaries, vol. 3, p. 27.), the .p1'l!llleriptive provision of the article is now superseded by seetions 40 to 42 of the Code of (,'i't'il Procedure. The rest of the artiele is in force. (M.lttatlo ". 1M. GOf1I., 12 Phil. 572; :Jlafltile 1:. Cajuco., 19 Phil. 563.) So is, the first put of artiele 411. But the right to use publie waters may now be extinguisbecl by n'on-usageduring ten yeaJ'L ART. 460 (4).-Paragraph 4 of this article states a period after whieh the rig-ht of pOSl!ession may be lost. In effeet, the term ill a limitation of the action to recover possession.
529; Maflresa,

"The right acquired by the person who has been in possession for one year and one day," says the court in tIDeimportant eaae of Bishop of Cebu 1:. Maflgarotl (6 Phil. 286), ''is the right that the former possessor lost by allowing the one year &lidone day to expire. The right is lost by the prescription of the actiftllOD. And the .aetion which prescribes upon the expiration of the yt!lU' is 'the aetion to recover or retain possession;' that is to say, the- interdictory aetion. (Art. 1968, par. 1). Then the oally right that elIIl be acquired now, as before, by the person who "fI'as in p,ossession fo. one year and oDe day is that he can not be made to answer in aD interdictory action, but this is not so in a plenary action unless he had some title in good faith." (p. 291). This action would have undoubtedly been eovered h.Ychapter' 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure had not the same Code in seetion 80 thereof PJ:Ovided a special remedy by means of which the action to recover possession may be e:-ereisedwithin exaeUythe'same period of time as that mentionecl in this article. The Supreme Court has construed and applied this article in conneetion with said seetion 80 of the Cod~ of Civil Procedlin! (u amended by Act 1778, Bee. l)"and, has deelared.it in fOfte as a whole. "So that the 10ilS of possession dealt with in art.icle 460 of the Ciy;l Code may only be recovered within one year and one day by means of the action for the recovery of possessionPllellCribed by eection 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure, but when it, ill a question of 'real property its restitution may nevertheless be c1aillllllCl in Court of First Instance even after one year and one day by _ns of the p~per plenary action for the recovery of possessioD,that is, the old actioa known as pv.bliciatIG!' Rodrigue. ". Taiiio, 16 PbiL 301, 805. See also LimptJO ". Di.OtI, 1 Phil. 261, 264; Velo8o 2 Phil. 622; Patricio 11. AmIO , 4 Phil. 615, 618; Alottso
Wl.

,Aft' Bertg T.."

Mu of

Wl.

p,..,

5 Phil. 71; Bago r. GarNa, 5 Phil. 524; MHgCO r. ll"n'i1la,7 Phil. 4989 505; Et'angelis'a 1:. rer, 8 Pliil. (i53, 661, 663, 665: Tg Lat:o Gioco fl. lltlro. 9 Phil, 100, 103; Rora" t' .llijaretl, 9 Phil. 252, 259; Priolo 1l. Priolo, 9 Phil. 506; Ll'dell_ 1'. 3Iar('oll, 9 Phil, 618; Romatt Ca'holic Church r. f".miliar, 11 Phil. 310; IJI't"l'.~a I'..be., 13 Phil. 273, 280; Gtltierrezr. 110Nario, 15 Phil. 116: Lao-8imbieNg I'. Pall'Ncia, 18 Phil. 325, 329-; .4r0l10" r. Ins. God., 19 Phil. 2'l:l; Pa.li" I'. Ilumphre,IIt1, 19 Phil. 25~; Gltmirnw ". (,un/iran, 21 Phil. 174; Pe/ialoNlIr. T'U1son, 22 Phil. 303. ARTS. 462, 468, 47-1.480, 513 (7\, 515, 516, 520, 521.-Not periods of JlJ'l>8(ription .. (Waite I'. Willia",s. ('1/Qlldler d' ('0., 5 Phil. 571 (art. 47-1); Eleizegui t'. Loll'n Te/ll/i . ('lUli, 2 Phil. 309, 314 (art. 513); llanila t: .llonte d.e Piedad, 5 Phil. 234, 23!1 (art. 51:~); ('I,inyen 1' rg"e11e8, 7 Phil. 297, 300 (art. 513).) ARTS. 537, 546 (2).-EaS<'mf'nts art' rt'al )lrtl)iert~. ('it'il ('ode, art. 334 (10).) Thf':" ma:,' tllf'J'l>ftlrthf' IIcquiJ'l>dand f'xtinguisht'd by )lJ't'S('rilltion or non-use during tf'n years. (Code of Ciril Procedurt>, see, 41; CorteN /', Yu-Tibo, 2 Phil. 24 (art. 537).) ARTS. 538, 548, 598, 609.-Do not l'stllblish )ll'E'Sl'riptivl' )wriods. (rabi,. I'. Li('I/(/uco, 11 Phil. 14 (IIrt. 538. ARTS. 612, 615.-Tht8( IIrli(11'Sin<li('ate the mllnnl'r in ",hi(h )lri\'at(' property ma:,' bt-etlme tlllllilll' again b.' abandonml'nt after the lapse of ('ertain time without the o\\'Jl('r claimin~ the samf', The~' do not impose limitations on civil Ilctions in the Il'~a) St'nSt' of that l'xpression and may thert'fort' be regardl'd in fort'e, ('atabian r. TlIny(',d, 11 Phil. 49; S. ". Cerna, 21 Phil. 144: lOp .. W.'!. Gen. 158; 1 0]1, .4tt.'!. GeR. 252; lOp. Atty, GPfI, 405; 111 0Jl' Atty. (;('1/. 374.) A(t 1147, howt'\'er; now regulatl'!' lh(' sail' of !ltra:,' nr st:>11'1J :mimals n'C'o\'I'J'('(} from thi('\('S. ART, 63a,-Xnt a !'tatule of limitations, (rama,qay" Lagera, 7 Phil. :197; Barreto ", ('it.,/ of ,11t1l/iltl, 7 Phil. 596, 6111: Lo!'ez I'. Olbes, 15 Phil. 540; J'elas']fll'z ", Biola, 1~ Phil. 2:l1; ('Ilstilltl r. ('G~li11o. 23 Phil. 364. ART!I. 646, 652,~Th('Sf' arlil'les lire stlltufl'lI Ilf limitatinn!l, Tht')' ma:,' thl'J'l>fort' Jx. ('on!lidf'red J't')lPllled in so far as thl')' )lrt'tM-rilll' )It'riods of 1'J't'S('ri)ltion, Thl' hml now in foJ't't' is )lrtlhllbly tf'n )'t'ars ifn'a) Prollert) nr a gift in writin~ is thl' suhj('('t mlltt"r of thl' Il(tion (.o4ct. 1911. _'S. 40,43), or fllur years in ('88(' of )If'1Wlnal)lI")ll'rt)' (St'C. 4:i), or it ma)' possibly IJ(> ten )'ears in an:,' ('alle (S('(', 44), The other pro~;sion~ art' C"on\'f'ni('nt-na)l'S imposed b;\' sub!ltanth'p la,,' for the ~om)lutation of tlM' p>riod in tlletlf' rtarlicular paKl'8and possibl~' still rt'main in fono.e. ARTS. 653, f163 (2),681 (2),688, 68.l),690. 701, 703. 712,719,730.756 (4), 758 (2).-Not pl't'SC"ripti\'e. (111 t1f, tfI!Itter of the n'iII of Cabig1ifl!l.

r.

14 Phil. 463 (art. 003); Ilen/{U'z r. Iler"af'z, 1 Phil. 689 (art. 681); }'elaseo r. Lopf'z, 1 Phil. 720 (art. 688); FernaNdo r. J';lhrlmt, 3 Phil. 386 (art. 688).) ART. 762.-This pt'riod is a limitation of time within whieh the a("tion for the dt'C'laration of in('apa(it~, to su('('('(d may be instituted. It therefore fulls within tIle prO\'isions of ('hapter 3 of the Cu~e of Chil Pl'Ot"t.'dureand ma~' lit' rt'Jt'arded as repeall'd. subsists. The mannl'r IIf f"omJluting It probably stiU

ARTj;. 775, 77fl, 793 (2),795,805, 8ll), 841, 869 (3) 879 (1 tf 2),880, 893, 8S18,904, 905, 90G.-Not 8tatuh-s of limitationll. (MoreNte t'. De I -"anta, 9 Phil. 381 (art. 793); .1Ujares 1'. Ser,'" 3 fllil. 195, 2tJ2 (art. 841): Llorente t'. Rodr;gllez, 10 Phil. 585, 581 (art. 841); Paterno r. Solis, 15 Phil. 153 (arts. 904, 905).) ART. 962 (2).-This ]leriod ill similar in eharll('ter to tllOse mentiouf'd ill artide 113 and is based on the somt !'Pasons. For. the eonsiderations statl'd in eonnl'l'tion with said art ide 113 the limitation hl'!'Pin preseribed has hel'n sl1lll'rsl.'d(d b~' those I))'ovidt>dfor in the Code of Chil PJ'OOt'dure .ART!<. !l65, 9('16,967, 968, 974, 915, 977, !l78. 9i9, 980, !I82 (2), 989.Xut statuh's of limitations. (J)el Ro,qario ,.. Del Rosario, 2 Phil. 321, 32(1 Inrt. 982); RanlOll r. Jlarqllez, 10 Phil. 72'2 (art .. 989).) .ARTS. 1004, 1005. 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1021, 1022.Repealed. . "TI\(' provisiollS of this law of pro('('<1I1l'l.' (.A('t 100) haw abrogated lImon/r otlll'J'S till' jlro\;8ions of art ii'''' 1003 of the Ci\il Code and others ill rdutioll to the t>ame artidf.' with J"('gard to the simple af'l't.'ptanee of tl\(' f.'statl' of a d('('('aSl"d "er~on, or to that mnde with 'It'nI'ftt of inwnlory and thl' ('onSl'flu('n('('s t'\('1'{of." (1'ar;/I t. /)e la Rfllla, 8 Phil. iO, 75. R(t.' .41!oll,'o I: ""atilhlad, fI Phil. 240: 0"';7 r .. 4rambllro. 8 Phil. 98.) ART. 1049 (O.-Not prescriptive. ART. 1067.-Th(' ri/rht of 1'{df.'mption Jm\nhd h~' thit; nrtil'le is au "'X('I,,,ti"nal om', 311 additinlllli limitatinn upon the untrnmnll'lIt>d dispositioD of "rh'llt(' "JlIlwrt~', and tI\(' 1l'lr1slator dl't'llll'd it n('('('Il,"I"r~' to ftlJui1'{' imnwdiat(' notic'(' t" 111('intl'1'{>8h'djlartil'H of itll intl'ndl'd e ('n-ilM" b~'l",. S('ribin/r the shnrt )ll'ri"d of Onl' mnnth in whilh sUIh notil'" DIU!4t h(" ~Vt'Jl. If dt'mand is not Illade within Sllid month th('J"(' is no riJt'ht tu !'Pdl'mptit1n. The t'xistenl'l' of thl' ri~ht d('IWlldll u)lon the I)('rfomlan(' of {'('rt.in Ill't \\ithin a ('l'rtain time (llnJ.rf'sa, ('ommel/tar;,,,, art. ]007). The artidl' then ('reates a l'fllldition pn>f'lod('nt to the a('C'mal of tl,. ri~ht of I\('tion. not a ijtalutl' of limitationll. As Ilul'h it iMin fol'fie tor

theft' ran bP nil inC"lIl1sish.'n,'., behn .. n su h II ,wr:ud liS lIlt' Ilrii,.J~ "1\'. fI('ribrs,8Dd tht' pt'""ds of pl't'fI(ripti'lIIfound in tht' ('od,' uf Ci,'i1 Pl\w~dun' (amt. of th,- P. L r. 11I('I.aIlRti (f ('0" 2-l Phil. 3151. ART. IG76.-It is douhtful wllt'lht'r tht' riltht l't'ft'rl't'd 10 ill this Itrli"I,' is dt'mandable at tht' pl't'St'nl time in "it'w of tht' flirt that tht' Sl'ttl"!IIt'1I1 and distribution ofestatt's of deC"t'8!wd pt'l'l!uns IIn' now ('f'f,'(tt'd h~' d,,:r,'( IIf ('Uurt. If the right to bring a l't'fI(isslIJ')'a"tion for 1("',11/ in tilt' di"'biun of an inht'ritanl't' t'xists at all. its limitatiem IIm"t hi' leluk d fur ill ,hllpt,r 3 of tilt' ClIdt' of Ci\'il Prort'durt'. (~t' -"(fhlllfl" r. f;I'(III(II,,;,.tO. 211 "'hil.

273).
ARTS. 1221, 1246 (iJ), 1280.-XlIt pn'8(ripti\'l'. (.of 'dt'fIHt'r t', 111111"111/. 2 Phil. 500 (art. 12'211; 1'iml.ol I', .11allol", 6 Phil. 254 (ltrt, 12'211. 1 Phil. 671 (art. 12RO); 1';ptfll/ I'. Aderezo, 5 Phil. 477 (art. 12801; ,11"jim ;" f'erllalldez, 9 Pbil. 403 (art. 1280). ARTR. 1299, 1301.-Tbo Ill'riods of pr",wriJllioll IIlt'nt~"IIt'd ill thl'l'l' artitles art' evidt'ntl)' (,o\'l'rt'd b)' Deltions 4:-1to 45 of tlJ" ("odt' uf Ci\'il PJ'Ol't'dUft', and IDa)' propt'rl)' be ('onsidt'l't'd l't'Jlt'lIltd, All a,'lion.. haSt'd on (ontra(t must now b hmught within tt'n or ~ix .wal'>! dt'Jll'lIding on wbetber the ('ontra('t is in writing or not. (.41'1 /!/'/, St'I'. 43)~ Tht' rul", laid down for tht' ('omputation of timt' d not St'l'm to bt' in 8uhstlllltilli ('onfli,'t with all)' pro,;sion of tbt' ('odt' of Ch'i1 Pnll',dul't', Ilt'ing' stllnt'\\'bat substantin' in naturt'. and would St'l'1Il to ('ontinu,' in fll1'('('. (.\"'1'(11 r. f:II riq un, :I Phil. 669; e. S. 1'. ,1/illl/, -I Phil. :1f11; Ti"t"I/"" '/'I((JI,'u.6 Phil. 67; BOl/dot! 1'. FeliJ', 9 Phil. 5!17; ('jt. , of .11t",i"/ I'. 1.",,1.:. HI Phil. :124; Iotlliez r. lIoI/9k(Jl/!J ((1It1 SI""'!lllUi,8m/l.:. 2'2 Phil. 57:!.) AllTR. 1309, 1314. 1329. 1345. 1:152. ]:161. 136:1, 13ifl. 1:17IJ, 13!13. ]-IllJ (1) .-Not statutes of limitations. ART. 1472.-Tht' l't'llson why tIlt' ('i\'il C,ldt' limitt'd tilt' 1l,tiO/l!! l't'l't'rr"ll to in this artil'lt' to the ,oIllJlaratinly hort "t'ri"d of' six monlhll spr:1I11:S from the prin(i"I,' that thl' t'ffi('al'y .of (i\'i1 trall!llll'tionll slnlllid /lilt h" left opt'n to otfa(k h;\' l'I'8<'issnJ')'a,tinns fc:r an;\' I~ngth nf' tinll'. Pt'l~IhS wbo l'ul'l'haSl' I'roPt'rt)' must examil1t' 10 th ir "toriI wllt'tl r th nbjt'Ct l'ol'rt'Sponds in alt rt'sJlt'l'ts ,,'itb the l'onditinmf of tht' alrn mt'nt. Tn Jl'iw tlll'm 8 long t rm in whilh to ('Xl'J'('ist'tIll' ft,tion "f J't'S(illSi"nw(luld bt' to sllhjt'Ct "olut'S to unl't'rtllint). (Jlanrt'JltI, ('ommel/taries, ,""I. 10. fil'. 15:!1531. Still, as tht' rt'Si'issoJ')' a('tion is noot' tht' I('!IS0 l'i,;1 oetiClo for thl" allO"" ('onsidl'rations. ond as nil a,tions must IIVWhe bruulZ'ht within till' Hmt' )lI'l'!Il'riJx.d b)' the Clldl' of Ch;1 PI'Olt'dUl't',it is al'l'an.nt that arlitl H72, a8 far os thl' )It'rilld of "J't>S('ril'lillu is on rnM. has heell 1't'11t'81t'd h~' l'haptt'r 3 of said Code.

AIlT. 1482.-~ t a statute.' of limitation, but a t'tmdition l)~ent. In f"rw. ( ('it.'1 "I .llllllila ". Larl., 19 Phil. 324-,3-13; .A.1rag t". CabiliNg, ] 8 Phil. -115.' AWf. 1483.-The last paragraph of this IIrti(')e t'stahlishes periods of, Jlrt'St'ripti"n fur tIlt' lwti"n fllr rt'St."ission and tht' a('lion for damag8 for II llJl('(,itit-d C'IIUst', Tltt It'nns stated are thus statutes "f limitations, )Jure and simple, and must he ('onllidl'rffl rel't'alt-'d. (.ll""rl'sa, CommeNtaries, \'01. lO, I'l'. 205-2(6)

.-\5 to tilt' roIl'S laid d\lwn for the i,mll\ltati\lu of the statutory lJeriod at' JlrestriJltiun, tht' ('C'l1rts in tIlt'. rnitl'd Statt'll Ix'ing dh;ded on the question \If tilt' IItlrnal \If thl' lwtiun f r hreach ,,1' warrant~ (25 Cye. 1091 and .,a,..'S cittd I, tilt' "K'al ('CtUrts will Jlrohahl~' lll'c't'pt and a",,))" these positi\'e prnvisiuns fit" tilt' ('i\;l Codt', tilt" nwrt' so, ('onsidt'riJ1g that rt'l'ea)s b~' imI'licatin art' a\'Uidl'd if JI\lssih)l', and b('('auS(' {'OUrts t.lldea\or to t.'Onstrue ull stat ult.,; liS II gc.lll'ral and unit"\lnn S~'stc'lU\If jurisl'rudenee. (McDOOM- . !l111t1t'. lJtl/lyhert,l/, l-l, Ga. 67-1; Robertsun,;. State, 109 Ind. 79; Stllte t". R.1",,,.ell, ](14 I lid. 5-U; RrouJ,-:. 1". FitclllJllr!1, I'te. R. ('0., 200 )JaSll. 8, 21 L. R. A. (~. Sol !J70; ('happell I'. 1..al/rll"Ier ('m",'!/, 84 Xt'b. 301.) A liT!'. UHO, },1!l6.-The rt'dhibitol')' atticOllsto whilit th~ articll1l atttll."hed a Iimitatiun ma,\' now he t'xl'rt,ist-d on)~' in llt"c'OrdaDl'ewith 1be )JI"O\'isiuns of <"1laptt'r 3 \)1' thl' ('odc uf Civil PT<l<'t-durefur the rt'HStlnSstatl'd untlt'r article 1483.A liT. 149i.-Cclllditiun )lrt't,t'dl'nt. \'col. 10, )I. 2:ii; (j"I'f, "I the 1'. I. ". In foric.
)"mh(III.,ti

(jIOlrresa, ('ommeNtaries, cf' Co., 24 Phil. 3151.

-\llT. 1499.-The f'ft'tt of this nrtide is to giw the \'\'ndt't! tlll' right to hritl~ an Retinn un a fjUlIIII"1II 1IIl'r"it or to J'(St'ind.tbe ('ontra('t de&'ribed ,,~. it within thl' time limitt'd for tl\\.' ~'isso~' action. (Jlanrna, Co.ml"l1#ttriN<, m). lO, p, 24l). This time having bet:'n iDt'reaStod by the pru\'i~illns cot"tIll' (,udl' of Civil }>nwt'dure it is evidl'nt that the latter ('laolle f thiK article JrC~ HIHn~ with suc1t f'~hnllilln. (St'(' artil'll'II 1490, 1496)

.A liT!', 1504. l5tJ5.--('ontrHchia); nllt )lrt'llt'ripth-e. A,IT. l508;-Fnr tht' rt-a!UlJ\SIItah-d in t'clJ\nt'CtioDwith artidp l00i tbia :lrtit"lt' is in fcort'e. nlthllujr]1 it lis. b('t'D 1I11id that "the 118idfour ~'t'8n t'OD"tituh- n spt>t'inl lwriotl cor prt'St'riptilln." (.A1allo t'. Bablll'II" 10 Phil. 511, 517; (jure;a I'. J);a",z(}". 8 Phil. 414.) Tilt' SU)lrem C.. Ollrt bas C'OnstruH ~nd npp)itod this arti(']" in numeJ'llUS t'Allt>S:(Pafricio r. Aragon, 4 PhiL ()}5; LIlfOllt ". l'al'I'asin, 5 Phil. 3m; Garcia r. Diomzon, 8 Phil. 414; ~4.11.ert t'. PIUll'alml. 9 Phil. 2M: Altmo 1:. Bahasa, 10 Phil. 511; Bfll'rte.",i ('. Xil't'o., 13 Phil. !Ii; JI"rt"ra t' .1lartilln, 14 Phil. 541: RI'!/u r. Li.kp,

15 Fbi). 420; II"i,."

r. Lizol'etl, Ii Pllit 112; A"!J{Io ,.. elfu Ii Phil. 260; THnIWIII'. r.od.ro, 23 Phil. 342; 1I",.i/< r . .Y(',I/M, 24 Plail. 417.) ANT. 1519.-Xot )U't_rilltive. ART. 1524.-10 fon't': a fflndition )1~Jlt. (I.illl Tu;,." r. ('II ,. -

ui J.",,.ro

ji""!I, 21 Phil. 4,93). ART. 1530.-Not pJ'ell("rilltive; ART. 1535.-10 fon't': l'OI1ditiml 1)J't.'(-Id uf. l';('(. Ilrti(11>1067, tlKpra. t Altle.l/'u'" ,.. Hod',I1", 5 Phil. 584; Robill"oll ,.. (;""",11, 8 Phil. 275). ART~, 1548, 1558, 1566, ]571. 1577, 1581, 1583, 1584.-Xot statutes of lilllitatillns. (TiptOJ' r, Aderezn, 5 Phil. -tii(art. 1548); TiptON r, Jlo,.f;IIN,5 Phil. fi7 (art. 1548); Hllrique: ,', Wt/t"OIl .t: ('0.,2'2 Phil. 6"23 (art, 1548); Hl-l'i;;eglli ", 1;a"',, 7'1'1111;,' Cl"ll, 2 Phil. 3ml (nrt. 1566, 157., 1581): (ilm:al,. ", Cri"all,fo, 2 Phil. 404 (arts. 15fi6. 1577, 1581); "'oriaNa .J-lei", Ro:1"UX, 4 Phil. 638 (arts. 1566, 1581); ('o-TiollflcO r, (;o-(;lIia, 1 Phil. :no (artl'. 1571. 1581); 8alll r, llalrl.-illfl, 1 Phil. 275, 280 (art. 15i1); relltura r. JIille,., 2 Phil. 22 (art, 1571); Tt",.,.aMe r. r.ardlf,;o, 9 PhiL li05, 607 (art. 1577); Sitin Teeo r. rellfura, 1 Phil. 497. 499, (art, 1581); (',.,,;; ". Co-('lIam. 4 Phil. 489, 490 (art, 1581); r."ell ". KocJ.:, 16 Phil, 1. 4. 5, (art. 158.1i: III' 10" Re.l,e.~ ", .A1ojallo, 16 Phil. 499, 50:~, (art,;. 158.1. 1584). AUT: 1591.- Thil' artillp (JllIragJ'8)1h 2) dOl'S not establil'h a )Il>rilld of I'n!l(ril,tilln of al"tionl' as hall bPPn sU~t'Sh>d. ("iJ)ard's Xotes, II. 87). TIll' )Wrilldll lltatffi /11'1' nllthin~ mort' than tilDl" limits 00 the duration of !hl>)milding (,Ilntnll'tnr's and an'hitPlt's liabilit~ in damaJ:t'S fllr fault~' work. 1f th" daDllljrl' n('('Ul'lIwithin thl> IlI'rindll df'Si/rllatffi, thp (,(lIllral'tllr nr an'hi 111. all the ('a!\(' ma~' )('. ill Jialtll' and a(ti"n mll~' )(' !trough tlwn'On IKfoJ'(' it is ltRJT('d b." "rdillaD' )lJ'('S(riptioll. Shnuld thl' dRlIlagl' arill(' afhr\\"ard lh(J'(' ill no Iiahilit.\', 110 right of al'tiOlI. In fonof'. (lInH,.e"a, rommi'Hta,.it'I<. ",,1. 10. )lJl. 700-703; ,;;;a/lcll,,: R(IfI~nJ, ('i";l I.n,,.. 4. JlII. 794, 7M; ('1111.'1 ". l1er,.,.,lil" 12 Phil. 2511; BOtlqN" r. ]'11 ('I,il'("(" 14 Phil. fl5.i AUT~. 1608, In09.-f"onditi"nK )In'l't'dl'nt; in fOrM', lWt>artiC"1t,lOtii'. ART, 1614.-Xllt statutt' of limitatinns.. AUT. 1620.-Titll' "18, Ruok IV of tilt' (,i,;1 (,odl', .,.lall'l1 to Iln"!lI'riptiulI, lt "!I('('mRthat tIlt' lan~ua~ used 1I'al' simpb' a (,()1I\"t'nient "'a~' of inl'or)lorating till' tllI'n pxilltill/r rull'll of Jlrt'lK'rilltion to tllP IIllbj(>('tuncWr ('011sid.ratinn. Haid rulesha"in~ I_n m"difit'd b~' llullll('(ln('nt 11111'11 it ill ("I"ar that tlIP arti(lp ('an no\\" J'l'fl'r "nl~' to tI)(' sullllillting law of )Irt'lK'rilItiOJl. With thill modifll'atinn the artil'lt' is io fOl"fle" .o\RTS. 16.17. If"138,1640.-f"onditionll(lnwodeot, not ,,1.tUIl'll of limit.li"n,; for n'aMllnt<IlnaloJllIUIlto thO!ll' I'Jt)llainPd undpr arti I(, lO6i, Rtoc-tions

fir

""I.

P"'M, .-du", ma~' howen lla\'e repealed a1l )I1'",-isi"nlSuf" tI. ('i\jJ (ud .",Iatin' to mt'lnlltiO'n in judicial sales. (De 111 Htn'" ". "';/""lI"', 10 Phil, 1-18; .lJartille: r, ('a'lllI'''f'1I, Ht Pllil. 626; .1Otlquiw ,', . ,.. lIl1J.a. 11 Phil. 2-m; Bit""" I'. IIIIl/.t/II', 13 Phil. 21.; Fabros t;. Villa. J8 Phil. 334i: AM"."., d' ('". I' .\'nrarn" 23 PlliJ. 203.~ ..\liT, 1(i46.- The ('i\'j) ('"d. has t>x'11't'SlI1~' lI'ithdnnl-n tilt' action to claim IlIIlill'mi fl'UUl IIU' uIl{'nttinll of' t11'diDa1'~' )lJ'l"ll('ri)ltilln in ""rtaiD eases. 'Thf. .'"d .lit' ('i\-il P"'l<",dll1't'.huwt>w1', makt'S DO f'XI'('JltiuDSof aD~' sort. It is \l.tJ'l!""J'l h lilwd that tht' attinD in qU('stiuD ma~' ~ml~' bt> eommeneed within th .'It1'i"d!' )I1't..,.;c,rilxd ll~- lba)lhr :I of tllt' CtlCWof: f'h;l pJ'll(-l'dure. Alrrs. lIH lli-t8, 16-t!l. If150, 1655, 1656, 16f10 (2).-Not preseri)tht'. A lIT:". 1471, 1i!l(i.---('nnditiuns )lJ'lcoffi . ut, Dilt lM'ri"C1sof )ll"l'!lc."ri)ltiou,
;uj3. to -1ft!) uf' tll. Cudt uf ('i\'il

In fort"".
AIITS. 1802, 180-1. 1806, 18-l3 (5), moo, 1!1"2-l.-Xot statntes of limitalinns. (BaJ/I'Q E"pa;;III ]-'ili},ill" ". /1",,,,711,,1111. 8illl d- ('0., 5 Phil. 418, 424 10rt, 18-l31: .. .tell: ". l'l,/, ('11111111,16 Phil. i6 (art. ]843); KlU'lIzle l- Streiff ,'. Tnll 8allc", 16 Phil. 4.0 (a1'l. 1843): .101111$10" r. Darill, 5 Pbil. 663,'66i (Ilrt. 19091: Bal/(", E"l'lI.i"l ]-'ilijlill" r. l'elenllln. i Phil. 409, 413 (art. t!J22); Ru/'ert .f (;IU/I"i", r. /.uell!l0 41: JJlIrliilez, 8 Phil. 55-1 (art. 1922): (ft.ill"ZI'II "" ('". '-. 1'1'11''''"1/. 10 Phil. 3:m. 345 (art. 19'.!2): )f(!]!it'lciflg t'. 1'rem{)!la, 14 Phil. 253 (;Irt. ]!l'12I: 1'"rre" r. (;1'1/("11, i Phil. 204 (art. 19'12): Bml1 .i'l!1 (''''1M) ral i,." r. ('urrtlle,~, 10 Phil. 435 (art. 1922); Martittez ~. lIollitla.II. 1I'i"e It.' ( ..1 Phil. 194, ]9i (a1'l. 19'24); Oiirarn ,.. HOllk . f- ('''.,2 Phil. (j8!l (nrl. l!t2-t1; Peler .11 I". Xe,,I,err!I. 6 Phil. 260 (art. 19'>..A) : (; ('/"'i.11 r. 0,n1llI"'. 7 Phil. 15, 1!J (nrt. 19'.2-1): Fide(il!1 ,(. nellOsit Co. ,.. lril"ol/, 8 Phil. 51, 58 (art. ]924); . oler r. AI:Ma, 8 Phil. 539, 543 (art. 1!l2-1); 811'111/1/ r, J'nJl BII"kirk-('rtJol' ('i,. 10 Phil. 190 (a1'l. 19'>..A).) ..-\IITS. 1!130. 1113}, 1!1:12.1!1:1:1, HIM, 1!135, 1!136, )!13., 1938.-Although 1!Ity do nul J11't'l;tril,..ptrinds wit hin w)litlI Ilttion~ must Ill' t'omD1enced tbest 111'Iitlts 111'31 l'xc')I1;;iwl~' wilh tIll' Ill\\" of !lJ'l'Sfriplin. It would be a higill~' p . ,fiI3hll' in uiry tll dl\tnnin(' th(' l't'fl'l't of l'haph'r 3 tbe ~ode of ('ivil P"'N"roU", on tl m, lmt sllth invl'Stigntiou is llt'~'''Dd tbe llC.-ope (If thi" 1Ilt'si:s. This 111\\I'h shmtltl 1lt' said, 110\\,('\'('1'. It may not 1M. reaml)' admitted 111111 tit)1' 18, Hook IV of tIll' Civil ('odt )mll lK'l'n lIhlI~',rP[K'8led, for only II 11t'f"t'S~I1'~: and irrt'Sislihlt illll'lit'ation will )1(' Iwld 10 opt>rate as a repeal uf R sln'luft (AllIballll/ Brlwcl, Bat/I.: r. Ki-rl;poJr;el;, 5 Ga.' 34; Pra" ". --tl1m.fit', p.lt'. 1l. ('" . 42 ~I...5i9: ... to. lI'el"",, 210 )to. 001; .1e3# t;. ]),.

or

,11,,.

(Tt'xasl; trood r, [~. S., 16 Pt'!. (U. S.) 342. [' . t'. Tell Th"'~(fI1I1 ('it,l,rs, 28 F(d. CIlIl. Xli, 1645H,t'BI_ially 80 as 801Dt' tlt' Iht' IIFud!'itlns a. of liD 1'S.<;(ntinU:,' s\1bJ;tanth'p hal'llt'l r. (BNt'lIalf'.",ra
('IIfIII!I,

105 S. W, lOll

,'. UrbtUItJ. 5 Phil. 11. Rut th ", ('alii bto uo 'llJt'8tion that so mUt~rluf tfKw. Ilrtit'lt'll all aJ'C' ill !'ulllltantial ('onfliet with the pr,,\"illionll of tilt' Code (.f Ch;1 PJ"O('t'dure ha\-e htotolluhroJ.,ratl-d b)' impli('atioll, sin('!" the lattl'r ('o.1f.

ntains the latest "xI'J'C'llSionor thl' It'gislath',. will in the IIJ'C'mi\q'll. VI~,,r;etta J/;". efc; ('0. r. (;urdller, 1;3 r. S. 123: .. ltlte'. S(lII'!ler, 139 Ala. 136: /lngUl,e ,.; ilo!lutle, 5. Ark. 508: People ". .-tull/Irll etc.Tltrllpike ('(1.; I2! cal. :-J:J5;("I;m; Bra"l'h R. ('0. ". EaJlf Tel'". elt'. R. ('0 14 Ga, :tli: Peopl" ". L!llIe, 1 Ida. 143: lI'ush;J1ytm,iUt, (;UrNe: r. ('/,i,'u!Jo, 15; Ill. 414, 29 IH. A, i!J8: /Jeo!!!1 r ...,ute. 8S Ind. 260; I-:d!lar ". c;reer. 8 Iowa, 394, ,-I Am. Dl'f" 316: Elliutt r. l.oI'11IIu"e, 1 Kan. 126; ('om. ". GUfI"/,al/', !t! K). ,-tJ5; 8m;lh 1', ,,"i,a". i1 .Mo.'ISO: Siale I'. Xortl,ern ('ellt. H. Cu., 90 ~ld_ 44;; J olllltron ". QU;JI('!I,1!18 .Mass. ,nl; Jlerr;rnau j'. Great .\'lrtl,eu Erpre .. ., ('01llJHlllY, (j;-J~linn. 54:-J: (;;"'10118 r. Brittell""', 51i lIiss. 232: Poul r, BruU'H. '18 Alu. 6;5; Terrilory r. (;ifl,erl, 1 ~lont, 311; Aile" ".' Ke,,,,ard, 81 Xt'b.. 289: ."ulliguu ". Ka"ullauy", 46 X, .J. L. -IS; Bal'a ". Berllalillo ('OUllly, 1" . X, 11. 438: Peuple l'~ Bull, 46 X. Y. S;, 7 Am. Hl')I. 302; ('al/,bridge r. SmallU'(J(Jd, 2; 01li" ('irl'"it n. :102: Jlllr.t r.. /la,rJl,5 Oreg. 2.5; Spt'e. r. Bugys, 204 Pa. St. 504: LUI/'re" r. ('ra,rf"rd, 55 S. C. 5!I4; lI'ell" r . ,ate, 3 IA'a (T,.nn.) 370: Jlugfllwum r.. lIig/,gnte, 55 Vt. 412: Jla!llle~ r. (om., 31 Gratt. (YII,I 96; Bftll,,; r. S,ree".'I, 5 "ash. 712.) 8t'e also ~4rt,e(f,j ('rltz ". lJe Lefll', 21 Phil. 199 (Art. 1930); Alal/o r. Rubasa. 10 Phil. 511 (Art. 111321: lIarl!.! r. J/lt,,;(';])alil!! of )'ie/ur;a, 13 Phil. 152 (art. 11136); IN". (;urt. 1'. Alrleco" .~ Co:, 19 Phft. 5U5 (art. 19361. ART. IH3!1.- This artiele is lIl'f'l'RIollIril~' obsoMe, but the Philipl)inp RI'IK.rtS IIhllUlId with ('a!lt'S dl'fid(d Oil th t;tn-ngth of the rule laid down by it. (Arm,ela '~. (;arr;(lo, S Phil. 137; Pilleda r. GalJnta!la, 5 Phil. 1:lil; (;ar('ia ". 1);a1ll.III'. 8 Phil. U4: Albert ,'. PUIlSllltJR, 9 PhiL 294; .-llaNo . BalJalla, 10 Phil. 571; ('tJN('e]JI'ioll ". ('il!! of J/all;la, 11 Pllil. 552; J'eloll" I~ FOlltftlw.u. 13 Phil. ;9; .';u,';ro ,'. Rall/;rez, 14 Phil. 500; ObralJ Pias r. Verera 1!lIUlf'io, 17 Phil, -IS: lI,irll of Jumer(, r. Lizare" 1; Phil. 112.) AHTlI. 11140,111-11, H1-f2, 1!J4:i, 11144,1945, 1946, 194;, 194M, IY-i9, 1950~ ]951, 1!152, 1!1!);-J, III54.-Thl'SP artil'les do not prest'ribe l'('riods of lJh'lICriptioll. (('umfl!/ul/ r, AliNgay, 19 Phil. 415 (art. 1940); De ('a.tro r, I-:I'''(lrr;. 20 Phil. 29 (art. 194(1); ri1lflrrue"a r. (.'1alllllro, 24 PhiL 55 (art. ]1140); rillarll; r .. harra!/u. 15' Phil. 108 (art. 1941); Delgfldo r. BORJler;t" ,f'ArQlldez. 231'hil. :-J08(art.H)41 J; ('MieN ", l"1t Him, 2 Phil. 2 (art. 1942); .f!/ala tie Ho;"(,,, ". ',1/a!"OIIIIO,8 PhiL ;-IS (art. 1942); PalJ('ttal ARiel". 13 Phil. 411 (Hrt. 19421.; Sa" ('MIt" 1' 1IMN. of ('ebu, 19 Phil. 132 (~rt. 19-12); Xu,.,.a ('ul'"elJ r. IJ;rerlor of LUJld" 24 PlliI. 485 (art. 1942) ; AmRj" 1'. (',1; IIi Phil, 3'!U lart. 19-1S); IItJIi"do BiarR('Ila. 7 PhiL 232 (artL

r.

1950, H152, 1!153): Wolf'''''';'' rtf'.'Ie,,-.8 Phil. 365 (11I't. 1!J5:'); Lt,~~rt6 !'. (;"erTe,,,, 8 Phil. 719 (art, 1!J46 1: (;"I"iel ". Blfrl"lume, 7 PhiL 699 (art. 1!150): ArrioTa ". (;Ollle" de Ilf .':PTlta, 14 Phil. 627 (urt. 1950); Santiag(j ~-,('rlfz, 1!J Phil. 145 (art. 1950).) ART. 1!155.-8l'f,tinn 43, para:tfapl. 3. uf tIlt' ('"d, tlf ('hil Pr..K't.(Jure 1"'hl\('s tu tIll' sanlt' lIIatt r (,U\,t'rt'd lJ~' th tirst tWIl puraK1'I\phs uf this artiele und has tlwr fIlTt r"p'IlI 1 tlM.'sum , ((;"',,,. "I fl,e P. 1. 1'. l',,~hatl"ti ri- Co., 2-l pilil. 315) ulthuuJrh tIlt' Rllpr lU ('uurt, ill it spirit of t'xtreme ,'Onser \"Iltism, .lllls appli,od it _ill at l''3st tW'l l'al\t'l' in whhh th la~st'S. of a tioD ;\t',-ru.d aft r th }lUS."I8!C" of A.t 11l0, (Side('o r. l'a~('I,a, 13 Phil. 341; .cajuiyan ,', ~'atit-itl/f(l, 14 Phil. 734). Jo'ur lldditiunlll ('381'!l on tllis artit!1e .~ rlfTera 1'. Fillllick, Il Phil. 482: .4 rell'l." r. Rff.llm'IJld", 19 Phil. 46; S. c. ('erl/a, 21 Phil. 1+1: lJelfladu I'. BOIlI/l'de If' .-Irat"ler, 23 Phil. 308. ART. 1!156.-Not a l';tatute of Iimihltionll. (."ide(Q 1', Pas~fUJ, 13 Phil. 3-J2: ['. 8. ". ('erna, 21 Phil. 144.) ART. 1!157.-0wn rship and oth"l'pl'up rt~' l'igi,ts ill real 1'1'01It'rty Ullly lI<lWpr.,;torilK' b,\' ad",1'St' and ,'uutimltilhi pOSl\lssion fur ten ), ars in 8('('01'dlllWI' with St'('titlns -lOan.l 41 uf' th ('od of' Ch'il Prot'Mure 88 to all p"rsons wl\('tllt'r pn'sl'nt or allSt'nt, "in whatl!\'l'r \\'a~' 10111,11 O('(upan y ma:,' !UI\'" .tllllllll'n,Id tlf "lllItinuld:' Th.. 'whole artit'l.. is tht'refore 're)l~led. Rut Sl>(, rel,,,-,, I', .Y".'I'lit, :l Phil. 604: rJ'c1rall.~ti .f- ('0 rornmanding Gel/uaT, 6 Phil. 556,.5li5: lJoUlldo ,', Ril,,"e~I', 7 Phil. 2:1'2: l;arc1litorena 1', P,.,:tiyo, 12 Phil. 374: _~rrioTa ", (;ume. de II' Serrltl, 1-1 Pbil. 62i; D, ('/lstro ". Ec1tarri, 20 Phil, 23. AIlT, 1!l58,-('ontaillR no peritld tlf 1,J'l'!i(ription. AI/T. 1!l5!l.-Replulld in the lI.'llllt' WilY and b~' th SIIII1 pTtI\;Rionll of thl' ('od of Ci\'il Prtlt,,'dul''' as urtitl, 1!157, Im}Jra. But set' ('orteN 1:'. l'lf Ti/",. 2 Phil. 2-1: l'eloso r. 'Say"it, 3 Phil. 604: (;",";1' ". lIipolito, 5 Pbil. 503: (I. "io 1', Rllt'I/". 5 Phil. i4~: Perl': ". ('tlrtl'x. 15 Phil, 211; :ifH". uf ratbaToyan " .Dire(-tor of VlIlds, 17. Phil. 216: :if,wit'illalit!1 of Ta Tol,a" r. ]Jirut"r flf 1.alllls, Ii Phil. 0126. +12: Arlletlu ('ra;: I', De I.e,,". 21 Phil. 199; I. nil, ..tlt.,/. ne". 218: III OJ!. Atty. ne", 2()O, A8H:, 1!l60. 11l61,-~tl 1"'ritldROt' pJ'l'l\t-npti n Olt'nti nt>d. ART. 1!l,f2.-TIIt' )ll'ls.riptiw Ilt'riods prt:"idl'd for in this arti,lt> mUllt lit' "'lnsid,.!'t'd r,p,altd in tIlt' 1U1Il1t' way and fr th MOle realfons 8S th(_ m ntiolll'd in arti.'l HI55, XI/I"'" ~, "aSt'!' "it,od undl'r suid arti lp 1955 ror ('onstl'lll'tilln {If this arti('ll', !lJliall~ Sid,.(,,, I'. Paf<,.fw, 13 Phil. 34,;!, ART, 1963,-TIlt' statl\tp lit' limitlltillnR ftx,d by this arti le 1188 bf,oton redu t>d to t n :,'pars hy thp I'x)ln'!\.~ )lrt'\'isionll of St'(tion 40 of th ('ode of ('h'il Pn)('eC)ure.

e.

.A89 .. 19fU.-.\ mortgage tion is on~ bro~~t to rec'O\'t'r a dt'bt IIeftIl'eCl b~lDtl1'tgagt'S (~V''''"Jla, ('QDlllIe.turif'JI, vol. 12, IJ. 869), lbat is, a real aetion to foJ't't'IOlIea lit'n or mortgagt'. . (SNnu-o v. Ramirf'z, 14 Phil. 500: ,-Ioriana I'. E"riqllez, 24 PhiL 584), .As lIu"b it is ba.sed on C'ontl'lU'tRnd its limitatiQD ill no\\" to bt' found in seetion 43 of the Code of<:;h-il Pn"t'dure, Tfle latter part of thil! arti<'le is similar to the other relief "lanse of the Code of Civil Pro('edure (seetion 44) although the (Ias.'!e'S of .t .ion!' .owl'C.'da1'l' diffe1'l'ut, }'or tlit> al'l}Ii('a~ion of this dause, see Some. t;. Gorrich", -:I: Phil. 713; Pitledo t. (;allotOllO. 5 Phil. 139; Bf'nedicto r. PerizlJf'lo. 5 Phil.; 632; Alburo I'. rillnuIlera, 7 PhiL 275; Amrraga r. Rodriguez, ~ Phil, 637; 1'elo.o t'. F(lIItmlOsa, 1:1 Phil. '79; rillar"(z r, Azarraga, 15.Phil. 108; (;omf'Z Medel r . .A"f'cilla, 15 Phil. 465; JfQrzofl )'. edtlljan. 20 Phil. :!32; ])elgtulo t'. BOJltlf'l'ie d' ~4ratldez, 23 PhiL 308. .ART.1965,-No ptriod of )lJ'eS('ril>tioll!'tatm (.Aliarallr. ~4.INJH'ara. 16 Phil. 489; De ('o"It-" I'. Edlarri, 20 Phil. 23: lrlaJldn r. Pitargllf', 2'l Phil. 383,392). ARTS. 1966, 1967, 1968.-Tht> various periods of pl\'S(ril'tion prll,idl'd for in tIlesI.' arti(,It's Ilaw hel'n 1'l'plat'ed hy those pJ'l'S('ribl'd in tIle Code of Ch'i1 Pl'{lC'l'dure. Thel't' ill a strong disllimilarit~ in the ,,18!1IIitit'ation of the t1iff('rent aC'tions I)('t\\,('('n tht' two Codes, but as elsewhe1'l' oblwrved, it ill 1lC'lievedthat .AC't190 has mnde prm-isionll for tIle limitation of ('aeh and .,-et, right of attion kno\\"n to the law and C'ontains ex(lusive rules IUl to nil Ilt'riods of pl'{'St'ription of a"tions .. Cast'S C'onstriIing tbese artiC'les: 80ml'3 r, Gorriclro, 4 Phil. 713 (art. 1966); Osmel;a r, (;orordo, 5 Phil. 37 tart, 19f16); Bf'"eili"'~J ;'. Peri;IIf'lo, 5 Phil flo12(art. 1966); Domingo t:. OlfOrio, 7 Phil. 405 (art. 1967); Alotl80 I', .Ullllici/Hlli'l/ of PlMer, 5 Phil. iI, holdinj%'that St'(4ion 2!1 nf A"t 190 has I\'I>t'nled paragraph 1 of arti,I.' 1968; Roilrigllez r. Tai,;o, 16 Phil. 301, supra, (art. 460); BiltllOp of ('f'III; r . 1In"garotl, 6 Phil. 286 (art. 1968). ART!'.,1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975,-00 not .statp IItriods pn!S('ription, (Ill re Estate of JlijaN's ill! Far;';all. 13 Phil. 79 (art, 1973); relmw r. 1-'(", ta lIo"a. 13 Phil.' 711 (arts. 1973, HI74): LitllOllctJ ", J.!",j"t'~., 19 Phil. 12 (art. 1973).) (CoNcluilf'd, all ft. thf'
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